Zitatform

(2013): The missing entrepreneurs. Policies for inclusive entrepreneurship in Europe. (The missing entrepreneurs 01), Paris, 245 S. DOI:10.1787/9789264188167-en

Abstract

"Entrepreneurship development is an important requirement for achieving of smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. It is also a means to respond to new economic challenges, to create jobs and to fight social and financial exclusion. The impact of the global financial and economic crisis calls for giving entrepreneurship and self-employment a stronger role in economic and social development policies.
This book collects and synthesizes information and data on entrepreneurship activities in Europe, focusing on people that are at the greatest risk of social exclusion. These groups include young people, older people, women, ethnic minorities and migrants, people with disabilities and the unemployed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sternberg, Rolf, Arne Vorderwülbecke & Udo Brixy (2013): Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Unternehmensgründungen im weltweiten Vergleich. Länderbericht Deutschland 2012. (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Länderbericht Deutschland 13), Hannover, 32 S.

Abstract

"Der 13. Länderbericht Deutschland zum Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) beschreibt und erklärt die Gründungsaktivitäten in Deutschland im Jahr 2012. Insgesamt versuchten zum Zeitpunkt der Befragung 5,3% der erwachsenen Deutschen aktiv ein neues Unternehmen zu gründen (werdende Gründer) oder waren Inhaber und Geschäftsführer eines Unternehmens, das noch nicht älter als 3 1/2 Jahre war (Gründer junger Unternehmen). Das Geschlecht gehört zu den soziodemographischen Merkmalen mit starkem Einfluss auf die Gründungsneigung. Gründer, die sich selbstständig machen, um eine Geschäftsidee umzusetzen (4,1% aller 18-64-Jährigen), sind auch in Deutschland zahlreicher als Gründer aus Mangel an Erwerbsalternativen (1,2%). Im internationalen Vergleich wollen die Gründer in Deutschland zukünftig relativ viele Personen beschäftigen (mind. zehn Personen fünf Jahre nach der Gründung) und vergleichsweise häufig die aktuelle Beschäftigtenzahl in diesem Zeitraum um mindestens 50 Prozent erhöhen. Positiv hat sich auch ein Teil des Gründungsklimas entwickelt: 2012 sehen knapp 35 der Befragten gute Gründungschancen (Rang 7). Allerdings glauben nur 37% der befragten 1B-64-Jährigen über ausreichende Fähigkeiten und Erfahrungen zur Umsetzung einer Gründung zu verfügen (Rang 13). Die befragten Gründungsexperten bewerten 2012 insbesondere die physische Infrastruktur, die öffentlichen Förderprogramme und den Schutz geistigen Eigentums sehr positiv. Die Schwächen des Gründungsstandorts Deutschland liegen in der schulischen und außerschulischen Vorbereitung auf unternehmerische Selbstständigkeit sowie beim Arbeitskräfteangebot für neue Unternehmen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Ullrich, Katrin & Arndt Werner (2013): Alt oder Neu?: Übernahmegründer und Neugründer im Vergleich. (KfW-Bankengruppe. Studien und Materialien), Frankfurt, Main, 45 S.

Abstract

"Entscheidet sich eine Person für den Schritt in die Selbstständigkeit, muss sie die Entscheidung treffen, entweder ein bestehendes Unternehmen zu übernehmen oder ein neues zu gründen. Die vorliegende empirische Studie analysiert - basierend auf den Daten des KfW-Gründungsmonitors - erstmals für Deutschland umfassend die Unterschiede zwischen Übernahme- und Neugründern. Die Kernaussagen der Studie sind folgende:
- Im Durchschnitt der letzten zehn Jahre haben ca. 10 % der Gründer durch die Übernahme eines bestehenden Unternehmens eine Selbstständigkeit begonnen.
- Die übernommenen Unternehmen sind im Durchschnitt größer als die Projekte der Neugründer. Rund 71 % der Übernahmegründer starten im Vollerwerb, 68 % haben angestellte Mitarbeiter und 27 % gründen mit Teampartnern (Neugründer entsprechend: 50 %, 27 % und 13 %).
- Übernahmegründer führen - bei gegebenen weiteren Unternehmens- und Unternehmermerkmalen - zum Gründungszeitpunkt seltener Marktneuheiten ein als Neugründer." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Verduijn, Karen & Caroline Essers (2013): Questioning dominant entrepreneurship assumptions. The case of female ethnic minority entrepreneurs. In: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Jg. 25, H. 7/8, S. 612-630. DOI:10.1080/08985626.2013.814718

Abstract

"The aim of this paper was to shake up the entrepreneurship ideal by problematizing what seems to have become naturalized, i.e. the ideologized tale of optimism associated with entrepreneurship. We have chosen a particular group of entrepreneurs (one usually and typically excluded in not only popular discourse but also in mainstream entrepreneurship literature), and we have chosen a typical Western society, one that firmly ascribes to neoliberal ideas. We have brought into play Dutch institutional stories with those of female ethnic entrepreneurs to see if these institutions sustain the presupposed view and to find out how these women consequently 'deal' with such presuppositions, and how and at what particular aspects they resist them. Since centre-margin positionalities are central to our investigations we have turned to deconstruction analysis as an inspirational source for our analysis. Our analysis portrays how the centred ideas about entrepreneurship and the positive powers attributed to it do not hold; it demonstrates the incoherence of this centre rather than confirming its position. We have been able to establish that the hegemonic, positive discourse on entrepreneurship in general and with women of ethnic minority origin specifically indeed resonates in these institutions' stories, mostly in its non-reflexivity and ideological prejudices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Geschlechtsspezifische Ungleichheiten machen sich in allen Bereichen des Wirtschaftslebens bemerkbar und bedeuten sowohl für die betroffenen Personen als auch für die Volkswirtschaft insgesamt hohe Verluste in Form von entgangener Produktivität und niedrigeren Lebensstandards. Dieser neue OECD-Bericht befasst sich mit Lösungsansätzen zur Beseitigung dieser geschlechtsspezifischen Ungleichheiten unter folgenden thematischen Gesichtspunkten: Geschlechtergleichstellung, soziale Normen und öffentliche Politik sowie Geschlechtergleichstellung in Bildung, Berufsleben und Unternehmertum.
Die Kernaussagen lauten:
- Die Verbesserung der Geschlechtergleichheit beim Bildungsniveau hat einen stark positiven Effekt auf das Wirtschaftswachstum.
- Geschlechterstereotypen muss schon im jungen Alter bei den Bildungsentscheidungen in der Schule entgegengewirkt werden. So sollten beispielsweise Unterrichtsmethoden und -materialien angepasst werden, um Jungen stärker für das Lesen und Mädchen stärker für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften zu begeistern; Mädchen sollten ermutigt werden, verstärkt naturwissenschaftliche, ingenieurwissenschaftliche und mathematische Studienfächer zu wählen und eine Berufstätigkeit in diesen Bereichen anzustreben.
- Gute und bezahlbare Kinderbetreuung ist ein ausschlaggebender Faktor für die Verbesserung der Geschlechtergleichstellung im Berufsleben. Veränderungen sind jedoch auch im familiären Kontext notwendig, da der überwiegende Teil der Hausarbeit und Kindererziehung in vielen Ländern immer noch von den Frauen geleistet wird. Diese Veränderungen können von der Politik unterstützt werden, beispielsweise durch Elternurlaubsregelungen, die Väter explizit einschließen.
- Fördermaßnahmen für Unternehmen in Frauenbesitz müssen auf alle Unternehmen, nicht nur auf Neugründungen und Kleinbetriebe, ausgerichtet werden. Es muss ein gleichberechtigter Zugang zu Finanzierungsmitteln für männliche und weibliche Unternehmer gewährleistet werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

(2013): Entrepreneurship at a glance 2013. (Entrepreneurship at a glance), Paris, 104 S. DOI:10.1787/entrepreneur_aag-2013-en

Abstract

"Entrepreneurship at a Glance, a product of the OECD-Eurostat Entrepreneurship Indicators Programme, presents an original collection of indicators for measuring the state of entrepreneurship, along with key facts and explanations of the policy context. This third issue features a special chapter on the profile of the entrepreneur, as well as longer time series and breakdowns by sector for the main indicators." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Annink, Anne & Laura den Dulk (2012): Autonomy: The panacea for self-employed women's work-life balance? In: Community, work & family, Jg. 15, H. 4, S. 383-402. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2012.723901

Abstract

"This study aims to increase our knowledge of the work-life balance (WLB) of self-employed workers, a changing but often neglected group in work - family research. A growing number of women are starting their own business in order to combine paid work and family life. This interview study (N=24) examines how self-employed women with children feel they manage paid work and other life domains in the Netherlands. Autonomy appeared to be an important resource, allowing them to combine their work more easily with childcare, household duties, and social and personal life. However, the degree and nature of that autonomy and the ability to use it varied among the self-employed in this study owing to work-related factors such as sector, work location, employees, and years of experience. Another important resource leading to greater satisfaction with the WLB was the ability to define and reflect on personal goals in work and other life domains." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brehm, Thorsten, Kerstin Eggert & Willi Oberlander (2012): Die Lage der Freien Berufe. Studie im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Technologie. Nürnberg, 164 S.

Abstract

"Ziel der vorliegenden Studie zur Lage der Freien Berufe ist es, die Entwicklungslinien der Freien Berufe insbesondere seit dem letzten Bericht zu diesem Thema aus 2002 aufzuzeigen und einen aktuellen Überblick über deren wirtschaftliche und berufliche Lage zu präsentieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Brixy, Udo, Rolf Sternberg & Heiko Stüber (2012): The selectiveness of the entrepreneurial process. In: Journal of Small Business Management : JSBM, Jg. 50, H. 1, S. 105-131., 2010-10-21. DOI:10.1111/j.1540-627X.2011.00346.x

Abstract

"This paper focuses on the phase before a firm is founded. Based upon cross-sectional data from the German section of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, the specific aims of the paper are to shed some light on the selection that takes place during the entrepreneurial process and to explain empirically the demographic and cognitive characteristics of (potential) entrepreneurs. The results reveal significant differences between common determinants of the different phases of the entrepreneurial process." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brixy, Udo, Rolf Sternberg & Arne Vorderwülbecke (2012): "Global Entrepreneurship Monitor" 2011: Hohe Gründungsdynamik in wirtschaftlich starken Regionen. (IAB-Kurzbericht 07/2012), Nürnberg, 8 S.

Abstract

"Unternehmensgründungen sind wichtige Impulsgeber für das Wachstum der Wirtschaft und den strukturellen Wandel. Gerade in innovationsgetriebenen Volkswirtschaften wie der deutschen tragen Neugründungen dazu bei, Arbeitsplätze zu schaffen und den Wettbewerb zu forcieren. Weil Unternehmensgründungen primär lokale Ereignisse sind, liegt der Fokus in diesem Bericht auf den regionalen Unterschieden des Gründungsgeschehens in Deutschland." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Caliendo, Marco & Steffen Künn (2012): Getting back into the labor market. The effects of start-up subsidies for unemployed females. (IZA discussion paper 6830), Bonn, 43 S.

Abstract

"A shortage of skilled labor and low female labor market participation are problems many developed countries have to face. Besides activating inactive women, one possible solution is to support the re-integration of unemployed women. Due to female-specific labor market constraints (preferences for flexible working hours, discrimination), this is a difficult task, and the question arises whether active labor market policies (ALMP) are an appropriate tool to do so. Promoting self-employment among the unemployed might be promising. Starting their own business might give women more independence and flexibility in allocating their time to work and family. Access to long-term informative data allows us to close existing research gaps, and we investigate the impact of two start-up programs on long-run labor market and fertility outcomes of female participants. We find that start-up programs persistently integrate former unemployed women into the labor market and partly improve their income situations. The impact on fertility is less detrimental than for traditional ALMP programs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Caliendo, Marco & Steffen Künn (2012): Getting back into the labor market. The effects of start-up subsidies for unemployed females. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1260), Berlin, 43 S.

Abstract

"A shortage of skilled labor and low female labor market participation are problems many developed countries have to face. Besides activating inactive women, one possible solution is to support the re-integration of unemployed women. Due to female-specific labor market constraints (preferences for flexible working hours, discrimination), this is a difficult task, and the question arises whether active labor market policies (ALMP) are an appropriate tool to do so. Promoting self-employment among the unemployed might be promising. Starting their own business might give women more independence and flexibility in allocating their time to work and family. Access to long-term informative data allows us to close existing research gaps, and we investigate the impact of two start-up programs on long-run labor market and fertility outcomes of female participants. We find that start-up programs persistently integrate former unemployed women into the labor market and partly improve their income situations. The impact on fertility is less detrimental than for traditional ALMP programs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Carrasco, Raquel & Mette Ejrnæs (2012): Labor market conditions and self-employment. A Denmark-Spain comparison. In: IZA journal of labor policy, Jg. 1, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1186/2193-9004-1-13

Abstract

"Among the OECD countries, Spain faces one of the highest rates of self-employment and Denmark one of the lowest, being the difference specially relevant among women. These two countries present important differences in their labor market conditions in terms of labor market flexibility, generosity of the unemployment benefits system, child care policies, and barriers to start and operate a business. In this paper we analyze if the different institutional environment and employment conditions in both countries can help to interpret the different incidence of self-employment rates. The study is carried out for men and women separately using a strictly comparable panel data set. The results indicate that in Spain self-employment seems to offer individuals who normally are considered as marginalized in the labor market a beneficial alternative to wage employment, while this pattern is not so clear in Denmark. Specifically, in Spain those individuals in the bottom part of the wage distribution and non-employees, particularly unemployed without unemployment benefits and mothers with small children, start more often their own business than in Denmark." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cetindamar, Dilek, Vishal K. Gupta, Esra E. Karadeniz & Nilufer Egrican (2012): What the numbers tell: The impact of human, family and financial capital on women and men's entry into entrepreneurship in Turkey. In: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Jg. 24, H. 1/2, S. 29-51. DOI:10.1080/08985626.2012.637348

Abstract

"Entrepreneurship contributes to economic development in countries worldwide. Entrepreneurial activity is beneficial for both men and women, including those in developing countries. However, men and women may not engage in entrepreneurship to the same extent because of differential access to (various forms of) capital. This study examines the relative importance of three types of capital - human, family and financial - in pursuing entrepreneurship. Using data collected in Turkey, we find that regardless of sex, all three forms of capital influence the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur in varying degrees. Contrary to expectations, the impact of human capital on the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur is higher for women than men. Data also revealed that family capital facilitates women's entry into entrepreneurship only when family size is very large (i.e. seven or more). No gender differences are observed in the impact of financial capital on the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur. Findings suggest that to encourage entrepreneurship in Turkey, policymakers should emphasize access to human and financial capital. Furthermore, findings suggest that women's likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur will be especially encouraged if they have increased access to education, as well as the skills necessary to take advantage of their family capital." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Craig, Lyn, Abigail Powell & Natasha Cortis (2012): Self-employment, work-family time and the gender division of labour. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 26, H. 5, S. 716-734. DOI:10.1177/0950017012451642

Abstract

"Does being self-employed, as opposed to being an employee, make a difference to how parents with young children can balance work and family demands? Does self-employment facilitate more equal gender divisions of labour? This article uses the Australian Time Use Survey to identify associations between self-employment and mothers' and fathers' time in paid work, domestic labour and childcare and when during the day they perform these activities. The time self-employed mothers devote to each activity differs substantially from that of employee mothers, while fathers' time is relatively constant across employment types. Working from home is highly correlated with self-employment for mothers, implying the opportunity to be home-based is a pull factor in mothers becoming self-employed. Results suggest mothers use self-employment to combine earning and childcare whereas fathers prioritize paid work regardless of employment type. Self-employment is not associated with gender redistribution of paid and unpaid work, although it facilitates some rescheduling." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Davis, Amy E. & Kelly G. Shaver (2012): Understanding gendered variations in business growth intentions across the life course. In: Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Jg. 36, H. 3, S. 495-512. DOI:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00508.x

Abstract

"This article investigates differences in growth intentions of men and women entrepreneurs. Using data from the U.S. Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics I and II, we test hypotheses informed by life course theory regarding the influence of career stage and family status on high growth intentions of men and women entrepreneurs. Results show that young men are especially likely to express high growth intentions, while mothers expressed high growth intentions more frequently than did other women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dawson, Christopher & Andrew Henley (2012): Gender, risk and venture creation intentions. (IZA discussion paper 6947), Bonn, 32 S.

Abstract

"This paper is concerned with whether women are less likely to express business start-up intentions because of a less favourable attitude to risk. Previous research suggests that attitude to risk differs significantly between genders, but has not addressed the question of whether this contributes to lower levels of female interest in venture creation. This paper describes a conceptual basis for this question, and investigates it using a survey of business start-up intention from across a sample of European universities. A large proportion of the difference in average levels of intention between genders appears to be associated with attitude to risk." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Evers, Marc (2012): Existenzgründung im Wandel. DIHK-Gründerreport 2012. Zahlen und Einschätzungen der IHK-Organisation zum Gründungsgeschehen in Deutschland. (DIHK-Gründerreport), Berlin, 21 S.

Abstract

"Wie viele Menschen den Sprung in die Selbstständigkeit wagen, hängt in Deutschland nach wie vor maßgeblich von der Beschäftigungssituation ab. Zu diesem Ergebnis kommt der Deutsche Industrie- und Handelskammertag (DIHK) im aktuellen Gründerreport." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Fairlie, Robert & Justin Marion (2012): Affirmative action programs and business ownership among minorities and women. In: Small business economics, Jg. 38, H. 2, S. 319-339. DOI:10.1007/s11187-010-9305-4

Abstract

"Affirmative action programs are commonly used as a means to level the playing field for minority- and women-owned firms in public procurement markets, and therefore may be a positive factor in business entry and survival. To the extent that affirmative action programs also apply to traditional labor markets, however, they may alter the opportunity cost of starting a business. We utilize the elimination of affirmative action in California and Washington States through voter initiatives to identify the effect of affirmative action on minority and female self-employment rates. In our base specifications, we find evidence of modest increases in self-employment among minorities and women in both California and Washington after elimination of affirmative action, consistent with the hypothesis that the opportunity cost of starting a business fell due to restricting opportunities in the traditional labor markets. The sign of the estimated effect, however, is not uniformly positive when considering specific race/gender groups, and the statistical significance of the main results is somewhat sensitive to the choice of control states." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Fossen, Frank M. (2012): Gender differences in entrepreneurial choice and risk aversion. A decomposition based on a microeconometric model. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 44, H. 14, S. 1795-1812. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2011.554377

Abstract

"Why are female entrepreneurs so rare? In Germany, women exhibit both a lower entry rate into and higher exit rate from self-employment. To explain this gender gap, this study estimates a structural microeconometric model of transition rates that includes a standard risk aversion parameter. Inputs into the model are the expected value and variance of earnings from self-employment and dependent employment, estimated separately by gender and accounting for nonrandom selection into self-employment. The gender differential in the transition rates is decomposed using a novel extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca technique for nonlinear models. Women's higher estimated risk aversion explains the largest part of their higher exit rate but only a small portion of their lower entry rate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))