Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Das Themendossier "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Expansions in Paid Parental Leave and Mothers' Economic Progress (2022)
Zitatform
Corekcioglu, Gozde, Marco Francesconi & Astrid Kunze (2022): Expansions in Paid Parental Leave and Mothers' Economic Progress. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 15585), Bonn, 89 S.
Abstract
"We examine the impact of government-funded universal paid parental leave extensions on the likelihood that mothers reach top-pay jobs and executive positions, using eight Norwegian reforms. Up to a quarter of a century after childbirth, such reforms neither helped nor hurt mothers' chances to be at the top of their companies' pay ranking or in leadership positions. We detect no differential effect across many characteristics, and no impact on other outcomes, such as hours worked and promotions. No reform affected fathers' pay or the gender pay gaps between mothers and their male colleagues and between mothers and their partners." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Child-rearing, Social Security and Married Women's Labor Supply over the Life Cycle (2022)
Das, Debasmita;Zitatform
Das, Debasmita (2022): Child-rearing, Social Security and Married Women's Labor Supply over the Life Cycle. (MPRA paper / University Library of Munich 117614), München, 68 S.
Abstract
"This paper studies how career interruptions during child-rearing years affect the labor market trajectory, lifetime earnings, and Social Security benefits of married women in the United States. To this end, I develop a dynamic structural life-cycle model of female labor supply, savings, and Social Security benefit claiming and estimate the model using the Method of Simulated Moments for the 1943-1954 birth cohort. Utilizing the estimated model, I evaluate the effects of revenue-neutral introduction of the Social Security Caregiver Credits that cover lost earnings during early child-rearing years through change in retirement benefits. The model predicts that introducing the provision of earning credits for child care in the Social Security system would lead to a sizeable reduction in gender gap in average career earnings at the Social Security Early Retirement Age. The findings suggest that instituting caregiver credits for child-rearing in the absence of the marriage-based Social Security benefits would offset a substantial portion of the motherhood penalty in lifetime labor earnings of married women and increase their retirement benefit adequacy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Home care allowance and labor market participation of immigrant and native-born mothers (2022)
Zitatform
Fendel, Tanja & Beate Jochimsen (2022): Home care allowance and labor market participation of immigrant and native-born mothers. In: SN Social Sciences, Jg. 2, 2022-04-26. DOI:10.1007/s43545-022-00393-w
Abstract
"Most countries still have a significant gender gap in labor force participation, and this gap is especially large for immigrants. Despite this gap, Germany introduced various forms of home care allowances in the last decade. Parallel to the extension of early child care and the inclusion of a legal claim for it, from 2013 to 2015, a nationwide home care allowance existed for parents who did not use public child care for children aged one or two years. After 2015, home care allowances continued to exist in several German federal states. Some politicians strongly criticized this transfer for allegedly decreasing work incentives, particularly for mothers with lower labor market integration, such as immigrant mothers. Using federal state differentiated data obtained from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we investigate the impact of a home care allowance on the labor market participation of mothers. For both native-born and especially immigrant mothers, the effects are significantly negative. We conclude that a home care allowance has negative effects on the labor force participation of mothers of young children, irrespective of the legal claim for and the extension of public child care." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work-Family Policies and Gender Inequalities in Childcare Time (2022)
Zitatform
Gao, Melody Ge & Hangqing Ruan (2022): Work-Family Policies and Gender Inequalities in Childcare Time. In: Socius, Jg. 8, S. 1-14. DOI:10.1177/23780231221142677
Abstract
"The United States is the only country to admit the majority of its immigrants on the basis of kinship ties. Although policy makers typically view family migration as less favorable and assume that family immigrants do not contribute to the U.S. economy, this argument is oversimplified and ignores the role of gender and the various ways that family immigration works. This study captures the multiple aspects of immigrants’ entry visas and its intersection with gender to examine the employment behavior of college-educated immigrant men and women who arrived in the United States via several family-based and skill-based categories. Using nationally representative data from 2010, 2013, and 2015 National Survey of College Graduates, the author finds that immigrants’ initial entry pathways into the United States continue to stratify their employment behavior and trajectories, especially for immigrant women. The conditions of family-sponsored immigration matter; temporary migration as a spouse is negatively associated with immigrant women’s employment but not permanent family migration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Immigration, Female Labour Supply and Local Cultural Norms (2022)
Zitatform
Jessen, Jonas, Sophia Schmitz & Felix Weinhardt (2022): Immigration, Female Labour Supply and Local Cultural Norms. (Discussion paper / Berlin School of Economics 1), Berlin, 47 S. DOI:10.48462/opus4-4647
Abstract
"We study the local evolution of female labour supply and cultural norms in West Germany in reaction to the sudden presence of East Germans who migrated to the West after reunification. These migrants grew up with high rates of maternal employment, whereas West German families mostly followed the traditional breadwinner-housewife model. We find that West German women increase their labour supply and that this holds within households. We provide additional evidence on stated gender norms, West-East friendships, intermarriage, and child care infrastructure. The dynamic evolution of the local effects on labour supply is best explained by local cultural learning and endogenous child care infrastructure." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Immigration, childcare and gender differences in the Spanish labor market (2022)
Zitatform
Palencia-Esteban, Amaia (2022): Immigration, childcare and gender differences in the Spanish labor market. (ECINEQ working paper series / Society for the Study of Economic Inequality 610), Verona, 38 S.
Abstract
"This paper analyzes the effect of immigrants on the women-men gap in several labor market outcomes, focusing on their role as child caretakers and substitutes for women’s domestic work. We use administrative Spanish Social Security records from 1998 to 2008 and follow a spatial correlations approach with instrumental variables, based on the distribution of early migrants across provinces. We exploit the presence of children and its interaction with immigrants share to capture the home-care substitution effect. We find that one percentage point increase in the regional share of immigrants rises the women-men differential in employment probability by 0.6 points in families with children, while the effect equals 0.2 for the childless. The additional effect of 0.4 points on families with children is attributed to the impact of immigrants through the supply of childcare services. This effect also applies to the work intensity (days and hours worked) and labor earnings. Our results are largely driven by individuals below tertiary education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Die Vereinbarkeit von Berufs- und Privatleben als Teil eines kontext- und gendersensiblen Talent Managements (2022)
Zitatform
Papmeyer, Kathrin & Nicole Böhmer (2022): Die Vereinbarkeit von Berufs- und Privatleben als Teil eines kontext- und gendersensiblen Talent Managements. In: Gender, Jg. 14, H. 2, S. 134-150. DOI:10.3224/gender.v14i2.10
Abstract
"Trotz wachsender Bedeutung von Talent Management (TM) in Unternehmen gelingt es nicht, der Talentknappheit zu begegnen. Die Corona-Pandemie verschärft die Situation. Denn der bislang nicht ausgeschöpfte Anteil qualifizierter Frauen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt wächst u. a., weil sich anteilig mehr Frauen als Männer zur Erfüllung von Sorgeaufgaben vom Arbeitsmarkt zurückziehen. Gleichzeitig werden Maßnahmen zur Vereinbarung von Berufs- und Privatleben bislang bei der Rekrutierung und Bindung von Talenten nicht oder unzureichend thematisiert. Auf der Basis der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion wird daher die Frage untersucht, inwiefern sich Vereinbarkeitsangebote von Talenten karriereunschädlich nutzen lassen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Can public policy increase paternity acknowledgement? Evidence from earnings-related parental leave (2022)
Zitatform
Raute, Anna, Andrea Weber & Galina Zudenkova (2022): Can public policy increase paternity acknowledgement? Evidence from earnings-related parental leave. (CReAM discussion paper 2022,06), London, 47 S.
Abstract
"A child's family structure is a fundamental determinant of future well-being, making it essential to understand how public policies affect the involvement of fathers. In this paper, we exploit a reform of the German parental leave system - which increased mother's income and reduced legal father's financial support burden - to measure the impact on the relationship contract choices of parents who were unmarried at conception. Based on detailed birth record data, we demonstrate that short-run reform incentives during the first period after birth nudge unmarried fathers into the long-term commitment of acknowledging paternity. This shift reduces single motherhood by 6% but leaves the share of marriages at birth constant. Moreover, the change in relationship contract choices is mostly driven by parents of boys. These findings are compatible with predictions from a model where parents choose between three types of relationship contracts based on the mother's and father's incomes and support obligations. Our results highlight the necessity of studying intermediate relationship contracts (i.e., between the extremes of marriage and single motherhood) to improve our understanding of potential risk groups among the rising number of children growing up outside of marriage." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Care and careers: Gender (in)equality in unpaid care, housework and employment (2022)
Zitatform
Samtleben, Claire & Kai-Uwe Müller (2022): Care and careers: Gender (in)equality in unpaid care, housework and employment. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 77. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2021.100659
Abstract
"This article examines whether reducing care and housework duties and redistributing them within different-sex couples could further enhance gender equality on the labor market in terms of labor market participation for different employment types and actual working hours. Women around the world perform the majority of unpaid care and housework, with a large and persistent gap to men. Most research explains the unequal gender division of domestic chores, but less frequently their consequences for employment outcomes and career outlooks. Based on the German Socio-Economic Panel (2001–2017 N = 40,419 for employment probabilities / N = 30,795 for working hours) matched with regional data on external child- and elderly care, the authors use an instrumental variables approach and eliminate time-constant individual effects in first-differenced regressions to address endogeneity issues and to disentangle the reciprocal relationship. Results show that both the overall amount as well as the unequal division of housework and care in couple households have detrimental effects on women's labor market participation and actual working hours. Reducing the overall burden from housework and care duties and achieving a more symmetric within-couple distribution improves female integration into the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Timing of early childcare take-up in Germany: An application of rational choice theory (2022)
Zitatform
Steinberg, Hannah Sinja & Corinna Kleinert (2022): Timing of early childcare take-up in Germany: An application of rational choice theory. In: Journal of Marriage and Family, Jg. 84, H. 3, S. 840-859., 2022-01-21. DOI:10.1111/jomf.12825
Abstract
"Objective: This study investigates some of the mechanisms, which may explain social inequalities in the usage of early childhood education and care (ECEC) by focusing on a recently born child cohort born in Germany, a universal childcare regime. Background: Research recognizes rational cost–benefit considerations as important for understanding social inequalities in educational decisions. Yet, given data limitations, we know relatively little about how these considerations are associated with inequalities in ECEC take-up. Thus, we model the decision to use ECEC as a rational cost–benefit investment strategy, which simultaneously affects the human capital of mothers and children. Method: We test our assumptions with data from the newborn cohort of the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS), estimating the timing of first entry into ECEC, using discrete-time event history models (N = 3257). Results: Results indicate that cost–benefit calculations are relevant for the timing of ECEC take-up, but do not explain social differences. Mothers who perceive ECEC as an investment in child development, and as an opportunity to maintain their own employment status use ECEC earlier. This association is particularly pronounced for more highly educated mothers. Conclusion: Findings highlight mothers' awareness of future educational returns for ECEC decisions. Additionally, they illustrate the importance of the cultural and structural context for these decisions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Wiley) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does the provision of childcare reduce motherhood penalties in job-related training participation?: Longitudinal evidence from Germany (2022)
Zitatform
Zoch, Gundula (2022): Does the provision of childcare reduce motherhood penalties in job-related training participation? Longitudinal evidence from Germany. (SocArXiv papers), 38 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/8f59x
Abstract
"Previous studies highlight gender differences in job-related training participation, particularly in countries with few family policies supporting maternal employment. This study examines whether higher levels of state-subsidized childcare provision are positively linked to mothers’ participation in job-related training. It combines individual-level data from the National Educational Panel Study for Germany (NEPS-SC6 adult cohort, N=5512, 2008-2020) with annual administrative records on county-level childcare coverage. Results from fixed effects models provide evidence that higher childcare levels reduce the negative impact of childbirth on mothers’ job-related training participation. Nevertheless, motherhood training penalties exist even in contexts with higher childcare coverage levels, especially in West Germany. The findings highlight the importance of supporting family policies to reduce motherhood training penalties and associated gender inequalities in the labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Cause for concerns: gender inequality in experiencing the COVID-19 lockdown in Germany (2021)
Zitatform
Czymara, Christian S., Alexander Langenkamp & Tomás Cano (2021): Cause for concerns: gender inequality in experiencing the COVID-19 lockdown in Germany. In: European Societies, Jg. 23, H. sup1, S. S68-S81. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2020.1808692
Abstract
"COVID-19 is having a tremendous impact on gender relations, as care needs have been magnified due to schools and day-care closures. Using topic modeling on over 1,100 open reports from a survey fielded during the first four weeks of the lockdown in Germany, we shed light on how personal experiences of the lockdown differ between women and men. Our results show that, in general, people were most concerned about social contacts and childcare. However, we find clear differences among genders: women worried more about childcare while men were more concerned about paid work and the economy. We argue that the COVID-19 pandemic is affecting women more heavily than men not only at the physical level of work (e.g. women are reducing more paid work hours than men), but also through increasing the division regarding the cognitive level of work (e.g. women are more worried about childcare work while men are about paid work). These developments can potentially contribute to a future widening of the gender wage gap during the recovery process." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Rechtsanspruch auf Kinderbetreuung für unter Dreijährige: Welche Familien profitieren vom Ausbau? (Serie "Befunde aus der IAB-Grundsicherungsforschung 2017 bis 2020") (2021)
Zitatform
Lietzmann, Torsten & Claudia Wenzig (2021): Rechtsanspruch auf Kinderbetreuung für unter Dreijährige: Welche Familien profitieren vom Ausbau? (Serie "Befunde aus der IAB-Grundsicherungsforschung 2017 bis 2020"). In: IAB-Forum H. 26.07.2021, o. Sz.
Abstract
"Mit der Verbesserung institutioneller Betreuungsangebote für Kinder sollen sowohl die frühkindliche Bildung als auch die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Erwerbstätigkeit gefördert werden. Das gilt insbesondere für Alleinerziehende und Eltern, die Arbeitslosengeld II beziehen. Bei der Nutzung von Kinderbetreuung für unter Dreijährige spielen Unterschiede nach Einkommen oder Bildung noch immer eine Rolle." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
COVID-19 and OECD Labour Markets: What Impact on Gender Gaps? (2021)
Queisser, Monika;Zitatform
Queisser, Monika (2021): COVID-19 and OECD Labour Markets: What Impact on Gender Gaps? In: Intereconomics, Jg. 56, H. 5, S. 249-253. DOI:10.1007/s10272-021-0993-6
Abstract
"Across the board statements on who suffers most are not helpful and may actually be a disservice to the fight for greater gender equality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Combining Parenthood and Work: Transmission Channels and Heterogenous Returns to Early Public Childcare (2021)
Zitatform
Schuss, Eric & Mohammed Azaouagh (2021): Combining Parenthood and Work: Transmission Channels and Heterogenous Returns to Early Public Childcare. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 19, S. 641-676., 2020-11-26. DOI:10.1007/s11150-020-09530-x
Abstract
"We exploit local and temporal variation in the availability of public childcare for children under the age of three that induces exogenous variation in childcare attendance. We find a weak, positive average treatment effect (ATE) on maternal labor supply. The estimation of the average treatment effect is interesting – however, possibly masking important effect heterogeneity. Examining selection behavior and estimating marginal treatment effects along the distribution of observables and unobservables that drive individual treatment decisions reveal transmission channels and uncover substantial heterogeneity in marginal returns from public childcare reforms. By estimating marginal returns, we detect reverse selection on gains at the intensive margin, whereas a substantial share (40 percent) of mothers with median desire to public childcare react with increased probability to work full time. Thus, if the supply of public childcare is expanded from a modest to a more generous level of coverage, those with average resistance towards early public childcare do gain. At the extensive margin, positive selection on gains is found; however, only a small fraction of mothers with the lowest distaste for early public childcare shift from non-employment to part-time jobs." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does more free childcare help parents work more? (2020)
Zitatform
Brewer, Mike, Sarah Cattan, Claire Crawford & Birgitta Rabe (2020): Does more free childcare help parents work more? (IFS working paper / Institute for Fiscal Studies 2020,09), London, 42 S.
Abstract
"Many governments are considering expanding childcare subsidies to increase the labour force participation of parents (especially mothers) with young children. In this paper, we study the potential impact of such a policy by comparing the effects of offering free part-time childcare and of expanding this offer to the whole school day in the context of England. We use two different strategies exploiting free childcare eligibility rules based on date of birth. Both strategies suggest that free part-time childcare only marginally affects the labour force participation of mothers whose youngest child is eligible, but expanding from part-time to full-time free childcare leads to significant increases in labour force partici-pation and employment of these mothers. These effects emerge immediately and grow over the months following entitlement. We find no evidence that parents adjust their labour supply in anticipation of their children's entitlement to free childcare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Why firms offer paid parental leave: an exploratory study (2020)
Zitatform
Goldin, Claudia, Sari Pekkala Kerr & Claudia Olivetti (2020): Why firms offer paid parental leave. An exploratory study. In: I. V. Sawhill & B. Stevenson (Hrsg.) (2020): Paid Leave For Caregiving. Issues And Answers, S. 66-92.
Abstract
"Why do competitive firms in the US provide paid parental leave (PPL)? Which firms do and to what extent? We use several firm- and individual-level data sets to answer these questions. These include the BLS-Employee Benefit Survey (EBS) for 2010 to 2018 and an extensive firm-level data collection that we compiled. Our work is undergirded by a two-period model with competitive firms whose workers vary by their optimal firm-specific training and the probability that each will remain on the job after PPL is taken. We find that firm-provided PPL has greatly increased in the last two decades and generally covers new fathers. The levels of provision differ greatly by the industry, firm size, and the degree of firm-specific training. But even the top-of-the-line firm in the US provides fewer fully paid parental weeks than does the median OECD nation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Free daycare and its effects on children and their families (2018)
Zitatform
Busse, Anna & Christina Gathmann (2018): Free daycare and its effects on children and their families. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 958), Berlin, 61 S.
Abstract
"Many governments invest substantial public funds to foster early childhood education. And yet, there are still many open questions who responds to and who benefits from public investments into early childcare. We use the introduction of free public daycare in German states to analyze its effects on children and their families. Our results suggest that effects of the policy differ by child age, gender and socio-economic status. Free daycare increases attendance among 2-3 year olds with little response among older children. Yet, even with access to free daycare, we find few effects on maternal labor supply. Responses are generally stronger for poorer households and other vulnerable families. Child development, in turn, shows gender-specific effects that are in part explained by the differential choices parents of boys make compared to parents of girls." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Betriebliche Unterstützung bei der Kinderbetreuung steigert die Zufriedenheit von Müttern (2016)
Lauber, Verena; Storck, Johanna;Zitatform
Lauber, Verena & Johanna Storck (2016): Betriebliche Unterstützung bei der Kinderbetreuung steigert die Zufriedenheit von Müttern. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 83, H. 10, S. 187-193.
Abstract
"Familienfreundliche Arbeitsplätze werden zunehmend als wesentlich gesehen, um die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf zu erleichtern. Zu den Fragen, welche familienfreundlichen Maßnahmen Unternehmen anbieten und wie sich diese Maßnahmen tatsächlich auf das Wohlbefinden von Eltern auswirken, gibt es jedoch für Deutschland kaum repräsentative Forschungsergebnisse. In dieser Studie wird am Beispiel der betrieblichen Unterstützung bei der Kinderbetreuung untersucht, inwiefern familienfreundliche Arbeitsplätze die Zufriedenheit von Müttern und Vätern mit der Arbeit, der Familie, der Kinderbetreuung sowie dem Leben insgesamt beeinflussen. Auf Basis des Datensatzes 'Familien in Deutschland' kann gezeigt werden, dass die Einführung einer Unterstützung bei der Kinderbetreuung von Seiten des Arbeitgebers die Zufriedenheit von Müttern in fast allen Bereichen signifikant erhöht. Nur die Zufriedenheit mit der Familie ändert sich nicht signifikant. Die Zufriedenheit von Vätern hingegen bleibt von einer solchen Maßnahme weitestgehend unbeeinflusst." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Kinderbetreuungsangebote für eine bessere Vereinbarkeit von Wissenschaft und Familie: Ergebnisse einer Evaluationsstudie aus den Jahren 2010/2011 (2015)
Kunadt, Susann;Zitatform
Kunadt, Susann (2015): Kinderbetreuungsangebote für eine bessere Vereinbarkeit von Wissenschaft und Familie. Ergebnisse einer Evaluationsstudie aus den Jahren 2010/2011. (GESIS papers 2015,07), Mannheim, 32 S.
Abstract
Die Autorin thematisiert zunächst die Ursachen für die hohe Zahl kinderloser Wissenschaftler/innen sowie die Unterrepräsentanz von Frauen an deutschen Hochschulen. Hierzu zählen die prekären Beschäftigungsbedingungen, die spezifische Wissenschaftskultur sowie der Mangel an Kinderbetreuungsmöglichkeiten. Im Folgenden wird die Evaluation eines Landesprogrammes zur Schaffung von Kinderbetreuungsmöglichkeiten an den Hochschulen in Baden-Württemberg vorgestellt. Hierzu wurde unter anderem von März bis Mai 2011 eine Online-Befragung des wissenschaftlichen Personals an einer ausgewählten, am Programm teilnehmenden Hochschule realisiert. Die Befragung diente dazu, die Wirkung von Kinderbetreuungsangeboten exemplarisch zu erfassen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen deutlichen Mehrbedarf an Kinderbetreuungsangeboten und ihren positiven Nutzen für die Wissenschaftler/innen mit Kind. Sie machen aber auch deutlich, dass neben Kinderbetreuung längerfristige Jobperspektiven für eine Familiengründung essentiell sind. (IAB)
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug