Niedriglohnarbeitsmarkt
Der Ausbau des Niedriglohnsektors sollte Ende der 1990er Jahre die hohe Arbeitslosigkeit reduzieren. Als Niedriglohn gilt ein Arbeitsentgelt, das trotz Vollzeitbeschäftigung keine angemessene Existenzsicherung gewährleistet – die OECD definiert den ihn als einen Bruttolohn, der unterhalb von zwei Dritteln des nationalen Medianbruttolohns aller Vollzeitbeschäftigten liegt. Betroffen von Niedriglöhnen sind überdurchschnittlich häufig Personen ohne beruflichen Abschluss, jüngere Erwerbstätige und Frauen.
Bietet der Niedriglohnsektor eine Chance zum Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt oder ist er eine Sackgasse? Das IAB-Themendossier erschließt Informationen zum Forschungsstand.
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- Theorie
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Literaturhinweis
Low-wage work in five European countries and the United States (2009)
Bosch, Gerhard;Zitatform
Bosch, Gerhard (2009): Low-wage work in five European countries and the United States. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 148, H. 4, S. 337-356.
Abstract
"Analysing research findings on Denmark, Germany, France, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States, the author shows that the incidence and conditions of low-paid employment in each country are determined by a set of institutions, including minimum wage and active labour market policies, tax and social security systems, and collective bargaining. The widely assumed trade-off between employment and wages, he argues, is not inescapable: active labour market policies for individual empowerment and institutions imposing 'beneficial constraints' can prevent improved conditions at the bottom of the earnings distribution from translating into higher unemployment, while also helping to narrow inequalities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working at the boundary between market and flexicurity: housekeeping in Danish hotels (2009)
Zitatform
Eriksson, Tor & Jingkun Li (2009): Working at the boundary between market and flexicurity. Housekeeping in Danish hotels. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 148, H. 4, S. 357-373.
Abstract
"Though housekeeping in Danish hotels is unskilled, low-paid work, because of Denmark's compressed wage structure it is comparatively well paid. The authors examine the working conditions and experience of housekeepers in eight hotels of various types, to establish the industry's response to growing competition and pressure to restructure. Approaches include reorganizing work, increased work intensity, outsourced and in-house housekeeping, and Denmark's own 'flexicurity'. Flexible work arrangements, job security and in-kind social benefits prove to compensate for scanty unemployment insurance and career prospects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employers' use of low-skilled migrant workers: Assessing the implications for human resource management (2009)
Zitatform
Forde, Chris & Robert MacKenzie (2009): Employers' use of low-skilled migrant workers: Assessing the implications for human resource management. In: International Journal of Manpower, Jg. 30, H. 5, S. 437-452. DOI:10.1108/01437720910977643
Abstract
"The purpose of this paper is to explore the implications for HRM of employers' use of migrants in low-skilled work in a UK-based firm. Is the use of migrant workers for low skilled work associated with 'soft' or 'hard' approaches to HRM? How do employers recruit migrant workers? What career progression paths are available to these workers in firms? What are the expectations and aspirations of migrant workers? The paper examines these issues through a case study of a UK-based employer using large numbers of migrant workers. The paper draws on data from a survey of migrant workers in the firm conducted in 2006, and from interviews with managers and migrant workers within this firm, conducted between 2005 and 2006. The paper highlights the 'hard' HRM strategy pursued by the company in order to maintain a competitive advantage based on low labour costs and substitutability of workers. A contradiction is noted between the desire of the firm to retain migrant workers with a strong work ethic and gain high commitment, on the one hand, and their continued attempt to compete on the basis on minimal labour costs and follow a 'hard' approach to HRM, on the other. The paper points to the importance of analysis of employers' use of migrants and the strategies they are adopting towards using these workers. Developing an understanding of these strategies is critical to understanding the social and economic experiences of migrant workers. The paper combines qualitative and quantitative research through an intensive case study to illuminate the implications for HRM of employers' use of migrants in low-skilled jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
High-touch and here-to-stay: Future skills demands in US low wage service occupations (2009)
Gatta, Mary; Boushey, Heather; Appelbaum, Eileen;Zitatform
Gatta, Mary, Heather Boushey & Eileen Appelbaum (2009): High-touch and here-to-stay: Future skills demands in US low wage service occupations. In: Sociology, Jg. 43, H. 5, S. 968-989. DOI:10.1177/0038038509340735
Abstract
"Interactive service occupations, requiring face-to-face contact, are rapidly growing in the US as they are typically not susceptible to larger trends of off-shoring and computerization. Yet conventional paradigms of understanding the nature of that work, and in particular the skill demands, are often ill equipped to deal with the 'interactive' aspects of these gendered and racialized occupations. As a result, discussions of lower-end service occupations have typically grouped together a variety of jobs that require little or no higher education, without examining the actual skill content and job requirements of these occupations. In this article we delve more deeply into the rapidly growing non-professional service occupations in the US and the level of skills these jobs require, with the intention of creating a framework that will reorient future sociological research in this area." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Can more inclusive wage-setting institutions improve low-wage work?: pay trends in the United Kingdom's public-sector hospitals (2009)
Zitatform
Grimshaw, Damian (2009): Can more inclusive wage-setting institutions improve low-wage work? Pay trends in the United Kingdom's public-sector hospitals. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 148, H. 4, S. 439-459.
Abstract
"International research findings highlight the important role of institutions in shaping the wage structure of an economy. Evidence from a sample of seven public hospitals in the United Kingdom confirms those findings, suggesting that a more coordinated and centralized system of wage-setting (including extension of public-sector conditions to outsourced workers) improves pay for low-wage cleaners and assistant nurses. Renewal of wage-setting institutions provides a necessary but insufficient foundation for the elimination of low-wage work. Employee investment in skill development, career advancement and skill-based pay require management's commitment to the design of new, higher-skilled jobs and the strengthening of internal labour markets" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Low wages and high unemployment rates: The role of social interactions in hiring discrimination (2009)
Zitatform
Jacques, Jean-Francois & Emmanuelle Walkowiak (2009): Low wages and high unemployment rates: The role of social interactions in hiring discrimination. In: The Journal of Socio-Economics, Jg. 38, H. 3, S. 456-463. DOI:10.1016/j.socec.2008.12.008
Abstract
"The purpose of this paper is to explain why low-wage workers with identical qualifications to higher-wage workers are more exposed to unemployment. Each worker is considered to belong to a social group (defined according to his/her gender, age, and nationality). We assume that workers experience both productive interdependencies and social interactions within the firm. Also inter- and intra-group interactions determine worker productivity, and frictions on the labor market limit the hiring of the most productive workers. Consequently, externalities acting both within the firm and in the labor market can lead to a higher rate of unemployment for low-wage workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Retail jobs in the Netherlands: low pay in a context of long-term wage moderation (2009)
Zitatform
Klaveren, Maarten van, Wiemer Salverda & Kea Tijdens (2009): Retail jobs in the Netherlands. Low pay in a context of long-term wage moderation. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 148, H. 4, S. 412-438.
Abstract
"Wage moderation has been at the heart of the Netherlands' model of socio-economic governance since the 1980s. Low-paid employment has grown significantly, lower wages being constrained by declining minimum wages. Lagging incomes and consumption have depressed demand in retail, whose workforce - especially young people - accepted low-paid, part-time jobs. Low pay tends to reduce job quality - a phenomenon which has been heightened by the exceptionally long tail of youth minimum wages and the education grant system allowing students to work and skewing the labour market against young full-time jobseekers. The current crisis may thwart retail's budding re-professionalization." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Paradoxe Wirkung von Niedriglohnzuschüssen: zum Einfluss der Reziprozitätsnorm auf die Stabilität finanziell geförderter Beschäftigung (2009)
Zitatform
Krug, Gerhard (2009): Paradoxe Wirkung von Niedriglohnzuschüssen. Zum Einfluss der Reziprozitätsnorm auf die Stabilität finanziell geförderter Beschäftigung. (IAB-Bibliothek 319), Bielefeld: Bertelsmann, 223 S. DOI:10.3278/300674w
Abstract
"Die Forschungsarbeit setzt sich mit der Frage nach der Stabilität finanziell geförderter Beschäftigungsverhältnisse (Kombilöhne) auf drei Ebenen auseinander. Inhaltlicher Schwerpunkt ist zunächst die Evaluation der arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahme Kombilohn. Ausgangspunkt ist die bisher wenig thematisierte empirische Beobachtung, dass finanziell bezuschusste Beschäftigungsverhältnisse oft nur von kurzer Dauer sind. Da mehr Einkommen scheinbar zu geringerer Neigung zum Verbleib in Beschäftigung führt, wird dies im Anschluss an Boudon als eine Rationalitäts-Paradoxie aufgefasst. Es wird untersucht, welche Faktoren einer dauerhaften Integration in Beschäftigungsverhältnisse durch finanzielle Kombilohnzuschüsse entgegenstehen könnten. Dies führt auf der Ebene der Handlungstheorie dazu, das Konzept der Rationalität als finanzielle Nutzenmaximierung zu hinterfragen, wie es in Bezug auf die erhoffte Wirkung arbeitsmarktpolitischer Maßnahmen wie dem Kombilohn oft unterstellt wird. Als Alternative wird der Begriff der Reziprozität von Arbeitslohn und Arbeitsleistung als handlungsleitende Norm aus der aktuellen soziologischen, ökonomischen und sozialpsychologischen Forschung herausgearbeitet. In methodologischer Hinsicht diskutiert die Arbeit, inwiefern das in der Arbeitsmarktforschung verbreitete Ideal des Zufallsexperimentes und das daran orientierte Kausalmodell von Donald B. Rubin sowie seine Umsetzung im Propensity Score Matching für die Analyse von sozialen Handlungen überhaupt angemessen ist. Es wird herausgearbeitet, dass Rubins Kausalmodell entgegen kritischer Stimmen aus der Soziologie einen geeigneten Analyserahmen für die soziologische Forschung liefert. Aus den handlungstheoretischen Überlegungen wird die Hypothese abgeleitet, dass die subjektiv-normative Orientierung der Geförderten am Reziprozitätsprinzip für das frühzeitige Ende ihrer Beschäftigungen verantwortlich ist. Auf Basis einer Befragung aus den Jahren 2002/2003 zur Kombilohnmaßnahme 'Mainzer Modell' und unter Verwendung des Propensity Score Matchings wird diese Hypothese überprüft und im Wesentlichen bestätigt. Zusätzlich werden umfassende Sensitivitätsanalysen und Robustheitschecks durchgeführt, welche die Validität der erlangten Ergebnisse stützen. Aus der Analyse wird der Schluss gezogen, dass sowohl die Konzeption als auch die nachträgliche Evaluation arbeitsmarktpolitischer Maßnahmen davon profitieren könnte, neben dem Motiv der Nutzenmaximierung auch subjektive und normative Gründe des Handelns zu berücksichtigen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
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Literaturhinweis
Armut trotz Arbeit: die neue Arbeitswelt als Herausforderung für die Sozialpolitik (2009)
Kutzner, Stefan; Küttel, Rolf; Liebermann, Sascha; Nollert, Michael ; Loer, Thomas; Budowski, Monica ; Mäder, Ueli; Iglesias, Katja; Maeder, Christoph ; Wyss, Malika; Masia, Maurizia; Gazareth, Pascale; Nadai, Eva ; Bonvin, Jean-Michel ; Pakoci, Daniel; Kraemer, Klaus ; Soulet, Marc-Henry;Zitatform
Kutzner, Stefan, Michael Nollert & Jean-Michel Bonvin (Hrsg.) (2009): Armut trotz Arbeit. Die neue Arbeitswelt als Herausforderung für die Sozialpolitik. (Schriften zur Sozialen Frage 04), Zürich: Seismo Verlag, 200 S.
Abstract
"Seit den 1990er-Jahren reicht das erzielte Einkommen selbst in der Schweiz für viele Erwerbstätige nicht mehr aus, um sich einen Lebensstandard zu finanzieren, der mehr bietet als die bloße Sicherung der Existenz. Zudem besteht in naher Zukunft für viele Beschäftige in prekären Arbeitsverhältnissen kaum Aussicht auf einen Arbeitsplatz in den gut bezahlten Segmenten des Erwerbssystem. In der neuen, wieder unsicher gewordenen Arbeitsplatz bietet ein Erwerbseinkommen keinen Schutz mehr gegen Armut. Dass die Vollbeschäftigung aller Erwerbspersonen nicht mehr die Beseitigung des Armutsproblems garantiert, bildet daher eine zentrale Problemstellung für den modernen Sozialstaat. Die Beiträge von ArmutsforscherInnen und SozialpolitikerexpertInnen in diesem Band befassen sich mit unterschiedlichen Aspekten der Armut, des strukturellen Wandels im Erwerbsbereich und der sozialpolitischen Armutsbekämpfung. So wird die Vielschichtigkeit und Komplexität der neuen Arbeitswelt deutlich ebenso wie die Notwendigkeit, neue Wege in der Armutsbekämpfung zu beschreiten." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Does self-employment increase the economic well-being of low-skilled workers? (2009)
Lofstrom, Magnus;Zitatform
Lofstrom, Magnus (2009): Does self-employment increase the economic well-being of low-skilled workers? (IZA discussion paper 4539), Bonn, 46 S.
Abstract
"Low-skilled workers do not fare well in today's skill intensive economy and their opportunities continue to diminish. Given that individuals in this challenging skill segment of the workforce are more likely to have poor experiences in the labor market, and hence incur greater public expenses, it is particularly important to seek and evaluate their labor market options. Utilizing data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the economic returns to business ownership among low-skilled workers and addresses the essential question of whether self-employment is a good option for low-skilled individuals that policymakers might consider encouraging. The analysis reveal substantial differences in the role of self-employment among low-skilled workers across gender and nativity - women and immigrants are shown to be of particular importance both from the perspectives of trends and policy relevance. We find that although the returns to low-skilled self-employment among men are relatively high we find that wage/salary employment is a substantially more financially rewarding option for most women. These findings raise the question of why low-skilled women enter self-employment. Our business start-up results are consistent, but not conclusive, with lack of affordable child care options and limited labor market opportunities in the wage/salary sector as motivating native born women to enter self-employment. We do not find empirical evidence of similar constraints among immigrant women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Prekäre Beschäftigung und Arbeitnehmende mit Migrationshintergrund: Bildungsangebote zur Förderung der Gleichberechtigung im Betrieb (2009)
Zitatform
Mauer, Heike (2009): Prekäre Beschäftigung und Arbeitnehmende mit Migrationshintergrund. Bildungsangebote zur Förderung der Gleichberechtigung im Betrieb. (Hans-Böckler-Stiftung. Arbeitspapier 179), Düsseldorf, 99 S.
Abstract
"Das Projekt 'GleichbeRECHTigt?!' führte der Verein 'Mach meinen Kumpel nicht an!' e.V. im Auftrag der Hans-Böckler-Stiftung von April 2007 bis Mai 2009 durch. Ziel war es, die Gleichstellung von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund zu fördern. Mit der Ausbreitung prekärer und atypischer Arbeitsverhältnisse vollzieht sich ein tiefgreifender Wandel in der Arbeitswelt. Neue Spannungen und Konfliktlinien entstehen innerhalb von Belegschaften und Betrieben. Dies stellt das Engagement für Gleichstellung von Migrantinnen und Migranten vor neue Herausforderungen: Als Gruppe sind sie besonders von unsicheren Arbeitsverhältnissen betroffen. Gleichzeitig werden gerade in Zeiten der ökonomischen Krise Vorurteile und Ressentiments geschürt, die ausländische Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer als Verursacher von Arbeitslosigkeit und wachsender Beschäftigungsunsicherheit erscheinen lassen. Im Rahmen des Projekts wurden Betriebsräte und gewerkschaftliche Akteure zu ihren Handlungsspielräumen im Umgang mit prekärer Beschäftigung und ihren Konzepten zu betrieblicher Antidiskriminierungsarbeit befragt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Interviews sind in diesem Arbeitspapier dokumentiert. Sie bilden die Grundlage für die Konzeption von Seminarmodulen, die Betriebsräte, Jugend- und Auszubildendenvertretungen sowie aktive Gewerkschafterinnen und Gewerkschafter zum Thema Gleichstellung von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund sensibilisieren. Zudem können sie in der gewerkschaftlichen Bildungsarbeit eingesetzt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Low-wage employment versus unemployment: Which one provides better prospects for women? (2009)
Zitatform
Mosthaf, Alexander, Thorsten Schank & Claus Schnabel (2009): Low-wage employment versus unemployment: Which one provides better prospects for women? (Universität Erlangen, Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Arbeitsmarkt- und Regionalpolitik. Diskussionspapiere 65), Erlangen, 28 S.
Abstract
Mit Daten des Sozio-ökonomischen Panels für 2000-2006 untersucht diese Studie die Wahrscheinlichkeit westdeutscher Frauen, in Niedriglohnbeschäftigungen zu verbleiben ("state dependence"). Wir schätzen dynamische multinomiale Logit-Modelle mit zufälligen Effekten und finden, dass ein Niedriglohnjob die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Niedriglohntätigkeit in der Zukunft erhöht und die Chancen auf einen Hochlohnjob verringert. Dies gilt insbesondere für geringverdienende Frauen, die Teilzeit arbeiten. Allerdings sind die Aussichten bezüglich künftiger Löhne für Frauen in Niedriglohntätigkeiten deutlich besser als für solche, die arbeitslos oder inaktiv sind. Wir folgern daraus, dass für Frauen Niedriglohnjobs als Sprungbrett aus der Arbeitslosigkeit dienen können und dass sie eine bessere Alternative darstellen als arbeitslos zu bleiben und auf bessere Arbeitsplatzangebote zu warten.
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Literaturhinweis
Discrimination in a low-wage labor market: a field experiment (2009)
Zitatform
Pager, Devah, Bruce Western & Bart Bonikowski (2009): Discrimination in a low-wage labor market. A field experiment. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 74, H. 5, S. 777-799.
Abstract
"Decades of racial progress have led some researchers and policymakers to doubt that discrimination remains an important cause of economic inequality. To study contemporary discrimination, we conducted a field experiment in the low-wage labor market of New York City, recruiting white, black, and Latino job applicants who were matched on demographic characteristics and interpersonal skills. These applicants were given equivalent résumés and sent to apply in tandem for hundreds of entry-level jobs. Our results show that black applicants were half as likely as equally qualified whites to receive a callback or job offer. In fact, black and Latino applicants with clean backgrounds fared no better than white applicants just released from prison. Additional qualitative evidence from our applicants' experiences further illustrates the multiple points at which employment trajectories can be deflected by various forms of racial bias. These results point to the subtle yet systematic forms of discrimination that continue to shape employment opportunities for low-wage workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Discrimination in a low-wage labor market: a field experiment (2009)
Zitatform
Pager, Devah, Bruce Western & Bart Bonikowski (2009): Discrimination in a low-wage labor market. A field experiment. (IZA discussion paper 4469), Bonn, 49 S.
Abstract
"Decades of racial progress have led some researchers and policymakers to doubt that discrimination remains an important cause of economic inequality. To study contemporary discrimination we conducted a field experiment in the low-wage labor market of New York City. The experiment recruited white, black, and Latino job applicants, called testers, who were matched on demographic characteristics and interpersonal skills. The testers were given equivalent resumes and sent to apply in tandem for hundreds of entry-level jobs. Our results show that black applicants were half as likely to receive a call-back or job offer relative to equally qualified whites. In fact, black and Latino applicants with clean backgrounds fared no better than a white applicant just released from prison. Additional qualitative evidence from our testers' experiences further illustrates the multiple points at which employment trajectories can be deflected by various forms of racial bias. Together these results point to the subtle but systematic forms of discrimination that continue to shape employment opportunities for low-wage workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Training and low-pay mobility: the case of the UK and the Netherlands (2009)
Zitatform
Pavlopoulos, Dimitris, Ruud Muffels & Jeroen K. Vermunt (2009): Training and low-pay mobility. The case of the UK and the Netherlands. In: Labour, Jg. 23, H. s1, S. 37-59. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.2008.00438.x
Abstract
"This paper investigates the effect of training on low-pay mobility in the UK and the Netherlands. We contribute to the literature by estimating the 'true' effect of training correcting for measurement error and transitory fluctuations - random shocks - of earnings. This is accomplished by using a random-effects multinomial logit model with a latent structure to take account of the measurement error. Our results indicate that although the countries have rather different training practices, training increases the likelihood for moving from low to higher pay and reduces the likelihood for a transition from higher pay to low pay. However, in the UK, contrary to what we expected, work-related or firm-specific training programmes but not general training programmes pay off better for the intermediate- and the higher-educated workers. No effect of training is found for the low-educated workers. The lower-skilled seem to gain less than the high-skilled from firms' investments in human capital in the UK." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender differences in low pay labour mobility and the national minimum wage (2009)
Zitatform
Phimister, Euan & Ioannis Theodossiou (2009): Gender differences in low pay labour mobility and the national minimum wage. In: Oxford economic papers, Jg. 61, H. S1, S. i122-i146. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpn045
Abstract
"This paper examines gender differences in the duration of low pay employment spells prior to and after the introduction in the National Minimum Wage in 1999. The results suggest that the dynamics out of low pay differ by gender and that these differences change after 1999. These differences are driven by the differing impact of a number of covariates such as age and education on the baseline hazards. Overall, the effect of many covariates on expected duration is often less in absolute terms for women than men, although such differences frequently decline after 1999. At mean values, gender differences in expected duration of low pay effectively disappear and gender differences in the exit probability to high pay decline after 1999. However, for individuals with characteristics most associated with long periods of low pay, the high pay exit probability is substantially lower after 1999 for women than for men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Geringverdiener: Wem und wie gelingt der Aufstieg? (2009)
Zitatform
Schank, Thorsten, Claus Schnabel & Jens Stephani (2009): Geringverdiener: Wem und wie gelingt der Aufstieg? In: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, Jg. 229, H. 5, S. 584-614. DOI:10.1515/jbnst-2009-0505
Abstract
"Mit repräsentativen verbundenen Arbeitgeber-Arbeitnehmer-Daten der Bundesagentur für Arbeit wird untersucht, inwieweit Personen, die in den Jahren 1998/99 vollzeitbeschäftigte Geringverdiener mit weniger als zwei Dritteln des Medianlohns waren, in den folgenden Jahren den Aufstieg aus dem Niedriglohnsektor schafften und welche Faktoren hierbei eine Rolle spielten. Es zeigt sich, dass nur gut jeder Achte der ursprünglichen Geringverdiener im Jahr 2005 einen Lohn oberhalb der Geringverdienerschwelle erreichen konnte. Während jüngere und besser ausgebildete Geringverdiener eine deutlich höhere Aufstiegswahrscheinlichkeit aufweisen, schaffen Frauen seltener den Aufstieg. Auch die Größe und Beschäftigtenstruktur des Betriebes stehen in einem signifikanten Zusammenhang mit der Aufstiegswahrscheinlichkeit. Ein wichtiges Instrument für das Verlassen von Niedriglohntätigkeiten stellt der Wechsel des Betriebes dar." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The good, the bad, and the ordinary: Work identities in "good" and "bad" jobs in the United Kingdom (2009)
Sengupta, Sukanya; Edwards, Paul K.; Tsai, Chin-Ju;Zitatform
Sengupta, Sukanya, Paul K. Edwards & Chin-Ju Tsai (2009): The good, the bad, and the ordinary: Work identities in "good" and "bad" jobs in the United Kingdom. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 26-55. DOI:10.1177/0730888408329222
Abstract
"Much debate exists about postbureaucratic organizational forms that are sometimes felt to strengthen the polarization between good and bad jobs. Small firms provide one test in that they lack bureaucracy. Such firms from two contrasting sectors, food manufacture and the media, are used to assess, respectively, the models of good and bad jobs. Data from 66 firms and 203 employees show a mixed picture: Food jobs are bad for pay but relatively good for autonomy. Media jobs offer autonomy, but this is constrained by tight performance demands and low pay. These results help to explain why national surveys find no polarization in terms of autonomy and are explained by the economic contingencies of the two sectors. Ordinariness rather than stark polarization is the key picture." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Poverty, deprivation and social exclusion: The unemployed and the working poor (2009)
Zitatform
Sirovátka, Tomáš & Petr Mares (2009): Poverty, deprivation and social exclusion: The unemployed and the working poor. In: M. C. Fournier & C. S. Mercier (Hrsg.) (2009): Economics of employment and unemployment, S. 1-32.
Abstract
"The purpose of the study is to explore the relationship between the forms of labour market marginalization - understood here in terms of labour market status and job quality - on the one hand, and income disadvantage, material deprivation and social exclusion on the other. Public policies that aim to improve the labour market status and levels of income of those disadvantaged on the labour market are also discussed. We use data gathered in a survey on social exclusion in which 2,500 respondents were interviewed, they were either welfare benefit recipients or considered their situation similar to their. We demonstrate that marginalization on the labour market is evident not only in relation to unemployment (often repeated and long-term) but at the same time in temporary, low paid and poor quality jobs. The incomes of those employed in the lowest segment of the labour market and of the unemployed are very similar while deprivation of the unemployed is greater in many respects, e.g. in opportunities to influence the course of their lives and the life opportunities of their own as well as of their families in particular. We identify under-use of welfare benefits and measures that might improve the standard of living and human capital of those who are disadvantaged. A portion of the disadvantaged remain active on the labour market and identify employment incentives, yet we also identify poverty traps which emerge in the case of those who become discouraged and welfare dependent." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employment and wage trajectories for mothers entering low-skilled work: evidence from the British lone parent cohort (2009)
Zitatform
Stewart, Kitty (2009): Employment and wage trajectories for mothers entering low-skilled work. Evidence from the British lone parent cohort. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 43, H. 5, S. 483-507. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9515.2009.00675.x
Abstract
"UK government policy encourages mothers of young children in low-income families to enter or return to work, via tax credit subsidies and support for childcare. Maternal employment is seen a central plank in the campaign against child poverty, both because it raises income immediately and because working now is seen as paving the way to better employment prospects in the future. But there is little evidence about medium- and long-term outcomes for mothers entering low-skilled employment. We know little about how likely such women are to remain in work, let alone how likely they are to progress to higher-skilled and better-paid jobs. This article uses the British Lone Parent Cohort, a data set which tracked lone mothers from 1991 to 2001, to examine employment trajectories for up to 560 mothers with a youngest child under five at the start of the period. It creates a typology of trajectories over the decade, identifying the share of women broadly stable in work, those remaining at home and those following unstable pathways between the two. It goes on to explore the factors associated with different pathways, asking whether individual and household characteristics, job characteristics, or changes in circumstances such as new health problems are most important. Finally, the article examines differences in wage progression across groups of women following different pathways, and similarly tries to identify the main factors associated with faster progress." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Theorie
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