Menschen mit Behinderungen in Ausbildung und Beruf
Mit dem Bundesteilhabegesetz und dem Nationalen Aktionsplan 2.0 wurden 2016 zwei wichtige behindertenpolitische Vorhaben angestoßen und in den Folgejahren umgesetzt und weiterentwickelt. Damit soll im Einklang mit der UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention die Inklusion in Deutschland weiter vorangetrieben werden, indem die Selbstbestimmung und Teilhabe von Menschen mit Behinderungen gestärkt werden. Mit dem schrittweisen Inkrafttreten des Bundesteilhabegesetzes erfuhren das Recht der Rehabilitation und Teilhabe von Menschen mit Behinderungen und die Eingliederungshilfe (SGB IX) weitreichende Änderungen. Wie stellt sich die Situation von behinderten Menschen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt dar? Wie lassen sich behindertengerechte Berufsleben und inklusive Arbeitswelten gestalten?
Die Infoplattform stellt zentrale Dokumente und relevante Quellenhinweise zusammen, inhaltlich strukturiert nach den Aspekten der Politik für behinderte Menschen und den diskutierten bzw. realisierten Reformanstrengungen.
- Ergebnisse und Projekte aus dem IAB
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Ausbildung, Rehabilitationsmaßnahmen
- Politik und Rechtsprechung für behinderte Menschen
- Rehabilitationseinrichtungen
- Berufsvorbereitung, Berufsberatung, Berufswahl
- Studium
- Berufsausbildung, Berufseinmündung
- Fortbildung und Umschulung
- betriebliche Rehabilitation
- Maßnahmen zur Erhaltung der Arbeitsfähigkeit
- Erfolgskontrolle, Kosten-Nutzen-Aspekte
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Arbeitsmarktsituation behinderter Menschen
- Arbeitsmarktpolitik, Inklusion, Persönliches Budget
- Beschäftigungsentwicklung
- Arbeitslosigkeit
- Beschäftigung in Werkstätten für behinderte Menschen
- Beschäftigung in alternativen Einrichtungen, Selbsthilfefirmen
- Berufliche Selbständigkeit
- Hochqualifizierte behinderte Menschen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt
- Beschäftigung im ersten Arbeitsmarkt
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Berufsleben und Arbeitswelt behinderter Menschen
- Personalpolitik, Arbeitgebereinstellungen, finanzielle Einstellungsanreize
- Eingliederungshilfe, BEM, Arbeitsassistenz, Unterstützte Beschäftigung, Arbeitsplatzsicherung
- Arbeitsbedingungen, Arbeitsplatzgestaltung, technische Arbeitshilfen, Arbeitszeit
- Berufsverlauf, Berufserfolg
- Berufsstruktur, Einzelberufe
- Arbeitszufriedenheit
- Lohn, Einkommen
- Behinderungsart
- Alter
- Geografischer Bezug
- Geschlecht
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Literaturhinweis
Disability benefit generosity and labor force withdrawal (2015)
Zitatform
Mullen, Kathleen J. & Stefan Staubli (2015): Disability benefit generosity and labor force withdrawal. (IZA discussion paper 9549), Bonn, 48 S.
Abstract
"A key component for estimating the optimal size and structure of disability insurance (DI) programs is the elasticity of DI claiming with respect to benefit generosity. Yet, in many countries, including the United States, all workers face identical benefit schedules, which are a function of one's labor market history, making it difficult to separate the effect of the benefit level from the effect of unobserved preferences for work on individuals' claiming decisions. To circumvent this problem, we exploit exogenous variation in DI benefits in Austria arising from several reforms to its DI and old age pension system in the 1990s and 2000s. We use comprehensive administrative social security records data on the universe of Austrian workers to compute benefit levels under six different regimes, allowing us to identify and precisely estimate the elasticity of DI claiming with respect to benefit generosity. We find that, over this time period, a one percent increase in potential DI benefits was associated with a 1.2 percent increase in DI claiming." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Customized employment: a review of the literature (2015)
Zitatform
Riesen, Tim, Robert L. Morgan & Cary Griffin (2015): Customized employment. A review of the literature. In: Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, Jg. 43, H. 3, S. 183-193. DOI:10.3233/JVR-150768
Abstract
Background: Customized employment (CE) is a strategy that has shown promise in improving poor employment outcome for individuals with disabilities. The term customized employment was first used in 2001 and originated from efforts by the Department of Labor, Office of Disability Employment Policy to provide access to One-Stop centers and improve employment outcomes for people with disabilities. More recently, the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act of 2014 (WIOA) contained a number of provisions and modifications to the Rehabilitation Act that more formally recognized CE as service delivery option. Specifically, WIOA modified the definition of supported employment to include CE and provided a formal definition in the statute. Given its recognition at the federal policy level, it is increasingly important to ensure that practitioners and adult service systems are implementing evidence-based practices associated with CE service delivery.
Objective: The purpose of this review, therefore, is to examine the existing literature to identify the underlying conceptual and empirical basis for CE and to make recommendations for future research.
Conclusions: Findings from this review indicate that CE is contributing to positive integrated employment outcomes for individuals with disabilities. More research is needed to replicate, validate, and establish the evidence base for CE. -
Literaturhinweis
An evaluation of risk factors related to employment outcomes for youth with disabilities (2015)
Zitatform
Sima, Adam P., Paul H. Wehman, Fong Chan, Michael D. West & Richard G. Leucking (2015): An evaluation of risk factors related to employment outcomes for youth with disabilities. In: Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, Jg. 38, H. 2, S. 89-100. DOI:10.1177/2165143414534887
Abstract
"This study explores non-modifiable risk factors associated with poor post-school competitive employment outcomes for students with disabilities. A classification tree analysis was used with a sample of 2,900 students who were in the second National Longitudinal Transition Study - 2 (NLTS2) up to 6 years following school exit to identify groups of youth with poor employment outcomes based on characteristics that are unable to be modified through an intervention. Post-school employment was related to the disability characteristics of the student (disability type, ability to understand what is being said, general health status), family characteristics (yearly income, community setting), and youth characteristics (race).The classification tree analysis identified four groups of students who were at greatest risk for poor outcomes. Future research will be directed toward modifiable variables that mitigate risks for those groups that may potentially lead to school- and home-based interventions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Disability and income (2015)
Walls, Richard T.; Dowler, Denetta L.;Zitatform
Walls, Richard T. & Denetta L. Dowler (2015): Disability and income. In: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, Jg. 58, H. 3, S. 146-153. DOI:10.1177/0034355214530788
Abstract
"It has long been recognized that people with disabilities usually have less earnings than workers who do not have disabilities. The Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA)-911 data for 2012 were examined to determine the 'true' income of workers with disabilities. The 2012 database included 579,312 cases closed during that year. The benefits and earnings of the whole data set and of 17 disability groups were examined. That is, the amount of earnings (at application for Vocational Rehabilitation [VR] services and at case closure) were combined with the amount of benefits to determine (a) whether total income increased from application for VR services to case closure, (b) the proportion of total income from benefits versus earnings, and (c) how total income for these consumers compared with the poverty level. Overall, those data revealed a 326% increase in total income from application to closure. At application, the proportion of total monthly income from earnings was 42%, whereas at closure, it had shifted to 83% of total income from earnings. Income relative to the poverty threshold was 57% for all clients at application, but had increased to 185% at closure. Results are also provided for each of the 17 disability groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employment of disabled people in the private sector: an analysis at the level of Italian provinces according to article 13 of law 68/1999 (2014)
Zitatform
Agovino, Massimiliano & Agnese Rapposelli (2014): Employment of disabled people in the private sector. An analysis at the level of Italian provinces according to article 13 of law 68/1999. In: Quality and Quantity. International Journal of Methodology, Jg. 48, H. 3, S. 1537-1552. DOI:10.1007/s11135-013-9851-3
Abstract
"Law 68 of March 12, 1999, whose aim is to regulate and promote the employment of disabled people, has contributed significantly to the employment of persons with disabilities, and consequently to their social inclusion. In particular, article 13 of this law offers exemption from national insurance contributions to private institutions that employ disabled people. In this paper we propose a two-step analysis to assess the effectiveness of this law at the level of Italian Provinces for the year 2005. In the first phase, we verify by means of data envelopment analysis which Provinces are ranked among the most efficient ones in the application of article 13 of law 68/99. Then, through the use of cluster analysis, we examine differences among Provinces in terms of the factors that determine their different efficiency in the employment of disabled people. The results show that the employment of disabled persons is significantly affected by three groups of factors, i.e. the input endowment of the factors which affect the employment of disabled people, the Province ability to coordinate actions geared to achieving the employment of persons with disabilities, and the promotion of policy actions aimed at supporting the social inclusion of disabled people." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effects of targeted labour market programs for job seekers with occupational disabilities (2014)
Zitatform
Angelov, Nikolay & Marcus Eliason (2014): The effects of targeted labour market programs for job seekers with occupational disabilities. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2014,27), Uppsala, 55 S.
Abstract
"In this study, we estimate the effects of three targeted labour market programmes (LMPs) on the labour market outcomes of occupationally disabled job seekers. Using propensity score matching, we estimate the average treatment effect on the treated of wage subsidies, sheltered public employment, and employment at Samhall, a Swedish state-owned company whose aim is to provide employment for persons with disabilities. The control group consists of individuals who are eligible for the targeted LMPs, but have not (yet) received treatment. Using a rich panel data set, containing demographics as well as health and sickness absence measures, we are able to estimate short- to medium-term effects. Our results show large positive effects of all LMPs on labour income, disposable income and employment, and the effects are relatively persistent. However, consistent with the previous empirical literature, we find considerable locking-in effects, measured by a decrease in un-subsidized employment. Furthermore, the yearly amounts of disability insurance paid decrease as a result of program participation, and the decrease becomes more pronounced with time since treatment start. Finally, the effects on disability insurance prevalence are heterogeneous, both with respect to the different LMPs and gender." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Factors associated with occupational disability classification (2014)
Zitatform
Angelov, Nikolay & Marcus Eliason (2014): Factors associated with occupational disability classification. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2014,25), Uppsala, 28 S.
Abstract
"Sweden has a long tradition of labour market policies explicitly targeting job seekers with disabilities, ranging from in-work aids to subsidized employments, aiming at strengthening their position at the labour market. To ascertain that these programs are limited to the needy they are constrained to those job seekers that are classified as occupationally disabled by the Public Employment Service. In this study we have investigated the determinants of being classified as occupationally disabled by the PES. Similar to the studies on disability retirement and self-reported disability we find that men were more likely to be classified as disabled and also that higher age and various measures of socio-economic disadvantages were associated with a higher likelihood. Rather naturally, also all measures indicating poor health were associated with an increased likelihood of being classified as occupationally disabled. A final point is that over the time period under study it became increasingly likely to be classified as occupationally disabled and especially to receive a code related to mental, socio-medical, and learning disabilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The differential earnings and income effects of involuntary job loss on workers with disabilities (2014)
Zitatform
Angelov, Nikolay & Marcus Eliason (2014): The differential earnings and income effects of involuntary job loss on workers with disabilities. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2014,26), Uppsala, 32 S.
Abstract
"People with disabilities, both in Sweden and elsewhere, are consistently found to face considerable difficulties on the labour market. In this study we have investigated the differential impact of involuntary job loss, on earnings and income, if being disabled. Our main findings are that earnings of those with and without disabilities began to diverge already several years prior to job loss because of a much larger incidence of longer periods of absence due to either sickness or rehabilitation. The seemingly permanent earnings differential following job loss seems to have been a consequence of much more of the job losers with disabilities not returning to employment but instead becoming disability retirees. Although the earnings differential experienced by the job seekers with disabilities was considerable during the post-job loss period, a majority of the difference was replaced by public social insurances." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wage discrimination against workers with sensory disabilities (2014)
Zitatform
Baldwin, Marjorie L. & Chung Choe (2014): Wage discrimination against workers with sensory disabilities. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 28, H. 1, S. 101-124. DOI:10.1111/irel.12048
Abstract
"We link information on occupation-specific job demands to data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation to provide first-ever estimates of wage discrimination against workers with sensory disabilities. Estimates are derived from wage models that control for job demands related to sensory abilities, and interactions between job demands and workers' sensory limitations. Results indicate approximately one third (one tenth) of the male (female) disability-related wage differential is potentially attributed to discrimination. The results differ from estimates of discrimination against workers with physical disabilities obtained with similar methods, underscoring the importance of accounting for heterogeneity of the disabled population in discrimination studies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employer attitudes toward blind or visually impaired employees: initial development of a measurement instrument (2014)
Capella McDonnal, Michele;Zitatform
Capella McDonnal, Michele (2014): Employer attitudes toward blind or visually impaired employees. Initial development of a measurement instrument. In: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, Jg. 58, H. 1, S. 29-36. DOI:10.1177/0034355213504140
Abstract
"The purpose of this research project was to create an instrument to measure attitudes of employers towards persons who are blind or visually impaired as employees. Items were developed based on prior research with employers that identified their concerns about hiring people with disabilities. A 15-item attitude scale (which was revised based on an expert panel review and results of a pilot test) was administered to a sample of 194 employers in hiring positions located in four states. Psychometric analyses included evaluation of coefficient alpha estimates, item-total correlations, and a common factor analysis procedure (n = 158 for these analyses). Items were hypothesized to load on two factors: productivity of blind/ visually impaired people as employees and challenges to employing blind/visually impaired people, which was supported by the data. As a result of the psychometric analyses, four items were removed from the attitude measure, resulting in an 11-item instrument consisting of a five-item productivity subscale and a six-item challenges subscale. Evidence for criterion validity was provided by significant differences in scores of employers based on whether they had ever hired someone with a visual impairment. Overall, results provide good initial evidence for the instrument's reliability and validity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The employment environment: employer perspectives, policies, and practices regarding the employment of persons with disabilities (2014)
Erickson, William A.; von Schrader, Sarah; VanLooy, Sara A.; Bruyère, Susanne M.;Zitatform
Erickson, William A., Sarah von Schrader, Susanne M. Bruyère & Sara A. VanLooy (2014): The employment environment: employer perspectives, policies, and practices regarding the employment of persons with disabilities. In: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, Jg. 57, H. 4, S. 195-208. DOI:10.1177/0034355213509841
Abstract
"Employers' characteristics and their policies and practices are workplace environmental factors with important implications for the hiring and retention of employees with disabilities. To explore these factors, a survey was conducted by Cornell University in 2011 focusing on employer policies and practices related to the employment of people with disabilities. The private employer membership of the Society of Human Resource Management (SHRM) was randomly sampled across small, medium, and large employers. In all, 675 SHRM members completed the survey and provided information regarding organizational characteristics; disability-related practices and policies regarding recruitment and hiring, training, accessibility and accommodation, retention and advancement; collection of metrics; and their perception of barriers to the employment and advancement of people with disabilities. Ratings of effectiveness of these practices/policies are examined, as well as the number of policies and practices implemented by organizational size and industry. Comparisons of employer views on employment barriers for persons with disabilities to a previous 1998 Cornell/SHRM study are made." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A qualitative study of job placement provider decisions in vocational rehabilitation (2014)
Zitatform
Fleming, Allison R., Brian N. Phillips, Ashley Kaseroff & Garrett E. Huck (2014): A qualitative study of job placement provider decisions in vocational rehabilitation. In: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, Jg. 58, H. 1, S. 7-19. DOI:10.1177/0034355213519681
Abstract
"A modified consensual qualitative research approach was taken to determine factors that influence job placement services in selected state Vocational Rehabilitation agencies. Thirty-five counselors, supervisors, and administrators participated in semistructured interviews on job placement and how they determine whether the counselor or another professional (e.g., in-house placement specialist, community rehabilitation provider) provides the direct service. Results indicated that several factors were noted by at least half of the participants, including anticipated intensity of services needed by the client, counselor caseload size/available time, existing employer relationships, availability of a placement service provider, and placement skills. Results highlight the impact of consistently high client volume on placement services, particularly for individuals with the most significant disabilities. Implications related to the current state of policy and practice for placement services, as well as potential future directions, are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effect of disability insurance receipt on labor supply (2014)
Zitatform
French, Eric & Jae Song (2014): The effect of disability insurance receipt on labor supply. In: American Economic Journal. Economic Policy, Jg. 6, H. 2, S. 291-337. DOI:10.1257/pol.6.2.291
Abstract
"This paper exploits the effectively random assignment of judges to Disability Insurance cases to estimate the causal impact of Disability Insurance receipt on labor supply. We find that benefit receipt reduces labor force participation by 26 percentage points three years after a disability determination decision, although the reduction is smaller for older people, college graduates, and those with mental illness. OLS and instrumental variables estimates are similar. Furthermore, over 60 percent of those denied benefits by an administrative law judge are subsequently allowed benefits within ten years, showing that most applicants apply, reapply, and appeal until they get benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Long-term effectiveness of supported employment: 5-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial (2014)
Zitatform
Hoffmann, Holger, Dorothea Jäckel, Sybille Glauser, Kim T. Mueser & Zeno Kupper (2014): Long-term effectiveness of supported employment. 5-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. In: The American Journal of Psychiatry, Jg. 171, H. 11, S. 1183-1190. DOI:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13070857
Abstract
"Objective:
The individual placement and support model of supported employment has been shown to be more effective than other vocational approaches in improving competitive work over 1 - 2 years in persons with severe mental illness. The authors evaluated the longer-term effects of the model compared with traditional vocational rehabilitation over 5 years.
Method:
A randomized controlled trial compared supported employment to traditional vocational rehabilitation in 100 unemployed persons with severe mental illness. Competitive work and hospital admissions were tracked for 5 years, and interviews were conducted at 2 and 5 years to assess recovery attitudes and quality of life. A cost-benefit analysis compared program and total treatment costs to earnings from competitive employment.
Results:
The beneficial effects of supported employment on work at 2 years were sustained over the 5-year follow-up period. Participants in supported employment were more likely to obtain competitive work than those in traditional vocational rehabilitation (65% compared with 33%), worked more hours and weeks, earned more wages, and had longer job tenures. Reliance on supported employment services for retaining competitive work decreased from 2 years to 5 years for participants in supported employment. Participants were also significantly less likely to be hospitalized, had fewer psychiatric hospital admissions, and spent fewer days in the hospital. The social return on investment was higher for supported employment participants, whether calculated as the ratio of work earnings to vocational program costs or of work earnings to total vocational program and mental health treatment costs.
Conclusions:
The results demonstrate that the greater effectiveness of supported employment in improving competitive work outcomes is sustained beyond 2 years and suggest that supported employment programs contribute to reduced hospitalizations and produce a higher social return on investment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Employer disability practice in Britain: assessing the impact of the Positive About Disabled People 'Two Ticks' symbol (2014)
Zitatform
Hoque, Kim, Nick Bacon & Dave Parr (2014): Employer disability practice in Britain. Assessing the impact of the Positive About Disabled People 'Two Ticks' symbol. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 28, H. 3, S. 430-451. DOI:10.1177/0950017012472757
Abstract
"This article assesses the extent to which employers displaying the Positive About Disabled People 'Two Ticks' symbol adhere to the five commitments they are expected to uphold and whether adherence to these commitments is greater in Two Ticks than non-Two Ticks workplaces. It also assesses levels of employer support for and dialogue with Disability Champions in Two Ticks workplaces. These issues are explored in the public and private sectors separately. The analysis finds only limited adherence to the five commitments in Two Ticks workplaces, no consistent evidence that adherence is higher in Two Ticks than non-Two Ticks workplaces and limited evidence of support for and dialogue with Disability Champions in Two Ticks workplaces. It also finds little evidence of variation between public and private sector workplaces." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Berufshinführung für Jugendliche mit Beeinträchtigung der geistigen Entwicklung im Vergleich europäischer Länder (2014)
Krussek, Martin; Grüning, Eberhard;Zitatform
Krussek, Martin & Eberhard Grüning (2014): Berufshinführung für Jugendliche mit Beeinträchtigung der geistigen Entwicklung im Vergleich europäischer Länder. In: Zeitschrift für Heilpädagogik, Jg. 65, H. 5, S. 164-172.
Abstract
"Die Europäische Kommission (2010) bestärkt mit der Strategie Europa 2020 eine engere Zusammenarbeit in der Berufshinführung sowie in der Aus- und Weiterbildung von Jugendlichen zwischen den Staaten der europäischen Gemeinschaft. Vor diesem Hintergrund und unter Einbeziehung der UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention (United Nations, 2008) erscheint ein europäischer Vergleich der Bedingungen für die Berufshinführung von Jugendlichen mit Beeinträchtigung der geistigen Entwicklung sinnvoll. Der vorliegende Artikel stellt Leistungen zur beruflichen Teilhabe in Dänemark, England, Schweiz und Deutschland heraus. Im Fokus stehen berufliche Vorstellungen und Motivationen von Jugendlichen sowie die Perspektiven von Lehrkräften hinsichtlich des Transitionsprozesses zwischen Schule und Beruf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
"Just having a job": career advancement for low-wage workers with intellectual and developmental disabilities (2014)
Zitatform
Lindstrom, Lauren, Kara Hirano, Colleen McCarthy & Charlotte Alverson (2014): "Just having a job". Career advancement for low-wage workers with intellectual and developmental disabilities. In: Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 40-49. DOI:10.1177/2165143414522092
Abstract
"This study examined career development and early employment experiences for four young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Researchers used a multiple-method, multiple case-study longitudinal design to explore career development within the context of family systems, high school and transition programs, adult services, and early and continued experiences in the labor market. Data sources included school and rehabilitation records, job observations, and interviews with young adults, family members, high school special education personnel, employers, and adult agency staff (N = 39). During the early career years, participants maintained stable employment, but earned annual wages well under the federal poverty line. Employment opportunities seemed to be influenced by family advocacy and expectations, schoolbased work experiences, job development services, and work environments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impacts of vocational rehabilitation (2014)
Zitatform
Markussen, Simen & Knut Røed (2014): The impacts of vocational rehabilitation. In: Labour economics, Jg. 31, H. December, S. 1-13. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2014.08.001
Abstract
"Based on local variations in vocational rehabilitation (VR) priorities, we examine the impacts of alternative VR programs on short- and long-term labor market outcomes for temporary disability insurance (TDI) claimants in Norway. The analysis builds on rich and detailed administrative registers covering 345,000 claimants. We find that a strategy focusing on rapid placement in the regular labor market is superior to alternative strategies giving higher priority to vocational training or sheltered employment. Strategies prioritizing subsidized regular education also tend to be relatively successful in terms of final outcomes, but at the cost of protracted periods of benefit dependency first." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Disability, structural inequality, and work: the influence of occupational segregation on earnings for people with different disabilities (2014)
Zitatform
Maroto, Michelle & David Pettinicchio (2014): Disability, structural inequality, and work. The influence of occupational segregation on earnings for people with different disabilities. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 38, H. December, S. 76-92. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2014.08.002
Abstract
"Occupational segregation is a fundamental cause of structural inequality within the labor market, but it remains under-researched in the case of disability status. Using 2011 American Community Survey data for working-age adults, we examine the representation of persons with different types of disabilities across occupations and industries. We find that employed workers with disabilities experience occupational segregation that limits their earnings potential. People with disabilities tend to work in lower-skilled jobs with limited educational and experience requirements. However, these disparities also vary by the nature of a person's disability, which perpetuates inequality by disability status. Although supply-side, human capital variables play a role in shaping earnings, we find that these broader, structural factors and occupational characteristics strongly influence the economic wellbeing of people with disabilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Trends in vocational rehabilitation services and outcomes of youth with autism: 2006-2010 (2014)
Zitatform
Migliore, Alberto, John Butterworth & Agnieszka Zalewska (2014): Trends in vocational rehabilitation services and outcomes of youth with autism: 2006-2010. In: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, Jg. 57, H. 2, S. 80-89. DOI:10.1177/0034355213493930
Abstract
"As the number of adults with a diagnosis of autism continues to grow, attention is drawn to whether they receive adequate services and achieve satisfactory employment outcomes, compared with their peers with other disabilities. After examining data from the U.S. state vocational rehabilitation programs from the years 2006 - 2010, we found that youth with autism received similar levels of services and reported similar employment outcomes compared with their peers with other disabilities. However, these outcomes were modest, declining, and substantially different across states, regardless of the types of disabilities. We recommend continuous monitoring of services and outcomes of people with autism and other disabilities as a means to promote their economic self-sufficiency and inclusion in society." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employer engagement that works: the European expansion of project SEARCH (2014)
O¿Bryan, Anne; Daston, Maryellen M.; Riehle, Erin;Zitatform
O¿Bryan, Anne, Maryellen M. Daston & Erin Riehle (2014): Employer engagement that works. The European expansion of project SEARCH. In: Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, Jg. 41, H. 1, S. 45-51. DOI:10.3233/JVR-140697
Abstract
"Project SEARCH is an employer-led approach to training young people with learning (intellectual) disabilities for employment in substantial paid careers. It is a one-year school-to-work transition program that is designed for students whose goal is competitive employment. The program takes place in a business setting. Students are totally immersed in the workplace, which facilitates the teaching and learning process through continuous feedback and acquisition of employability and competitive work skills. The Cincinnati-based Project SEARCH leadership team was invited by the English government to introduce the Project SEARCH model in the UK and to provide technical assistance for program start-up. The first program sites resulting from this initiative were hosted by Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals, with their partner Serco, with their first students graduating in 2009. Expansion of the program has continued beyond the initial introduction so that there are now twenty-four programs in the United Kingdom and one in the Republic of Ireland. This manuscript describes the challenges, successes, and lessons learned in the process of adapting this program, which was developed in the U.S., to the European disability resource system." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Partizipation und Inklusion: im Kontext von Arbeit und Behinderung (2014)
Plangger, Sascha;Zitatform
Plangger, Sascha (2014): Partizipation und Inklusion. Im Kontext von Arbeit und Behinderung. In: Impulse H. 71, S. 14-26.
Abstract
"Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Vielfalt aktueller Dynamiken im Verständnis von Behinderung diskutiert, wobei Behinderung als Folge ökonomischer, kultureller und politischer Diskurse in den Blick genommen wird. Als analytische Folie liegt den Ausführungen das Konzept der partizipatorischen Parität zugrunde, das von Nancy Fraser (Fraser 2001, Fraser/Honneth 2003) entwickelt wurde. Daran anschließend folgen gerechtigkeitstheoretische Überlegungen, die einen Evaluationsrahmen zur Bewertung von Strategien zur Inklusion von Menschen mit Behinderungen in die Arbeitswelt bieten sollen. Im Weiteren werden Bedingungen beruflicher Inklusion/Integration formuliert, um Prozesse sozialer Ungerechtigkeit in den Blick zu nehmen. Am Ende des Beitrags wird am Beispiel der Unterstützten Beschäftigung das Konzept der nichtreformistischen Reform diskutiert. Nichtreformistische Reformen sind Strategien, die sich zwar innerhalb eines gegebenen Rahmens bewegen und damit affirmativ bleiben, aber zugleich Transformationen anstoßen und ermöglichen können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Intermediate work outcomes for adolescents with high-incidence disabilities (2014)
Rojewski, Jay W.; Lee, In Heok; Gregg, Noel;Zitatform
Rojewski, Jay W., In Heok Lee & Noel Gregg (2014): Intermediate work outcomes for adolescents with high-incidence disabilities. In: Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, Jg. 37, H. 2, S. 106-118. DOI:10.1177/2165143412473352
Abstract
"A longitudinal sample from the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002 was used to determine differences in work outcomes between (a) individuals with learning disabilities or emotional-behavior disorders and (b) individuals with or without disabilities. Twelve factors were arranged into individual, family, school-peer, and community categories. Individuals with high-incidence disabilities were more likely to be unemployed, whereas those without disabilities were more likely to be employed for 20 hr or more per week. A limited number of risk factors were significant contributors of work outcomes. Ordered logistic regression revealed individuals with high-incidence disabilities and all women experienced less positive work outcomes. Parental discussions with children about work plans enhanced the likelihood of positive work outcomes, but only for adolescents without disabilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Policy innovations for including disabled people in the labour market: a study of innovative practices of Dutch sheltered work companies (2014)
Zitatform
Rorre, Lieske van der & Menno Fenger (2014): Policy innovations for including disabled people in the labour market. A study of innovative practices of Dutch sheltered work companies. In: International social security review, Jg. 67, H. 2, S. 67-84. DOI:10.1111/issr.12038
Abstract
"In its disability strategy, the European Union has expressed the central aim to improve the employment situation of people with disabilities. This article discusses Dutch policies, but specifically the Sheltered Work Act which contributes to this aim by regulating sheltered employment. The goal is to identify and explore innovative practices that have been applied by Dutch sheltered work companies for increasing the inclusion of disabled people in the regular labour market. The article reveals that the Netherlands has implemented a range of initiatives which together have resulted in an increase of non-sheltered jobs for disabled people. The article argues that the simple 'sheltered/non-sheltered' dichotomy does not do justice to the gradual evolution of labour participation among individual disabled people and that the role of sheltered work places as a first step to the inclusion of disabled people should not be underestimated." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Dort wo andere auch arbeiten - Berufliche Bildung und Arbeit am allgemeinen Arbeitsmarkt für Menschen mit Behinderung in der Schweiz (2014)
Schaufelberger, Daniel;Zitatform
Schaufelberger, Daniel (2014): Dort wo andere auch arbeiten - Berufliche Bildung und Arbeit am allgemeinen Arbeitsmarkt für Menschen mit Behinderung in der Schweiz. In: Impulse H. 70, S. 6-10.
Abstract
"Der Übergang von der Schule in die Ausbildung und danach ins Erwerbsleben ist für Jugendliche mit Behinderung besonders anspruchsvoll. Verwehrt werden Alternativen zur herkömmlichen Berufsbildung in Institutionen für Menschen mit Behinderung gefordert. Das Ziel heißt Ausbildung und Arbeit auf dem allgemeinen Arbeitsmarkt. Während aus Sicht der Sozialpolitik damit rentenwirksame Eingliederungen angestrebt werden, geht es aus Sicht der Nicht-Diskriminierung um Wahlfreiheit und die Möglichkeit zur Berufsbildung und Ausbildung dort, wo andere auch arbeiten. Supported Employment bzw. Supported Education (begleitete Berufsbildung) sind als mögliche Modelle dazu in der Schweiz vermehrt in die Diskussion gekommen. Dieser Beitrag geht den zentralen Merkmalen von Supported Employment bzw. Education nach und fragt nach der Umsetzung des Modells als Teil der Integrationspolitik." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Pathways to employment: a national survey of adults with intellectual disabilities (2014)
Zitatform
Siperstein, Gary N., Miriam Heyman & Jeffrey E. Stokes (2014): Pathways to employment: a national survey of adults with intellectual disabilities. In: Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, Jg. 41, H. 3, S. 165-178. DOI:10.3233/JVR-140711
Abstract
"The federal government has invested billions of dollars to promote employment for adults with intellectual disabilities. Despite this investment, the employment rate within this population has remained stable during the recent decades.
The objective of this study is to identify characteristics of adults with intellectual disabilities who are employed, and to understand the paths towards employment for these individuals.
Respondents included a nationally representative sample of 1,055 parents/guardians of adult children (21 years of age or older) with an intellectual disability surveyed by Gallup. These parents/guardians were selected from approximately 341,000 households screened by Gallup. This methodology allowed for the inclusion of a sample of adults with ID who had never been in the labor force or even sought employment.
Several characteristics are associated with greater likelihood of employment, including younger age, early work experience, higher levels of adaptive behavior, and absence of emotional and behavioral problems. These characteristics are especially predictive of employment in a competitive setting, and relatively less predictive of sheltered employment. There is very little movement between the two types of employment settings: very few people currently in competitive employment ever worked in a sheltered setting.
The results from this study have clear implications for policies and programs. Young adults with intellectual disabilities need early opportunities to work in community settings. These community-based experiences must provide them with the opportunity to develop necessary adaptive, behavioral, and emotional skills. Finally, policy makers must recognize that sheltered employment is not a stepping-stone to employment in a competitive setting." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Motivation for work among non-working disabled people in Norway in a life course perspective (2014)
Wik, Sigrid Elise; Tøssebro, Jan;Zitatform
Wik, Sigrid Elise & Jan Tøssebro (2014): Motivation for work among non-working disabled people in Norway in a life course perspective. In: ALTER. European Journal of Disability Research, Jg. 8, H. 1, S. 40-52. DOI:10.1016/j.alter.2013.11.002
Abstract
"The aim of this study is to analyze attitudes towards work among non-working disabled people and to address their motivation in a life course perspective. The background of the study is low employment rates among disabled people. One hypothesis is that a generous welfare system has disincentive effects because replacement rates of social security are too generous. Although the existing evidence is conflicting, some studies of inflow into benefits suggest that the welfare system may have such effects on people in their 50's and 60's. However these studies tend to draw general conclusions. The current article is based on a 2007 Norwegian dataset on the living conditions of disabled people (n = 1652). The findings suggest that age has a profound influence on motivation to work and is undoubtedly the most important predictor. Motivation to work among young disabled people tends to be strong but declines in later life. The substantial age effects are discussed in terms of the experience of exclusion and the availability of alternative social roles. The implication for interpretations of disincentive research is that caution must be exercised when suggesting general conclusions about disincentives based on research examining individuals who are in the final phase of a typical working career." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Inclusion of disabled people in the Italian labour market: an efficiency analysis of law 68/1999 at regional level (2013)
Agovino, M.; Rapposelli, A.;Zitatform
Agovino, M. & A. Rapposelli (2013): Inclusion of disabled people in the Italian labour market. An efficiency analysis of law 68/1999 at regional level. In: Quality and Quantity. International Journal of Methodology, Jg. 47, H. 3, S. 1577-1588. DOI:10.1007/s11135-011-9610-2
Abstract
"Law 68 of March 12, 1999, whose aim is the regulation and promotion of the employment of persons with disabilities, delegates to the regions the management of the labour market. Consequently, its successful implementation depends almost exclusively on the regions' actions and ability to efficiently coordinate the various actors involved in the work integration of disabled people. The main objective of this paper is to verify which Italian regions are ranked among the most efficient ones in the application of this law. To this purpose, the efficiency analysis is carried out by applying the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method to Italian regions data for the year 2005. In this context, we implement a 'cascade' analysis by introducing both environmental variables and social capital variables in different steps of the analysis. The results show that the sheer presence of potential employers and of employment offices is not enough to make a region able to correctly apply the law 68/1999. Both environmental and socio-welfare factors have to be considered, as they are important in determining the efficiency of each region in providing employment for disabled people. Hence, the present study represents an additional source of useful information to policy makers for future economic policy actions in order to promote the integration of disabled people in the labour market: environmental and social capital variables ought to be included as policy instruments within the context of law 68/1999." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unemployable workers? comparing the context and contract in voluntary work and regular jobs (2013)
Zitatform
Andreassen, Tone Alm (2013): Unemployable workers? comparing the context and contract in voluntary work and regular jobs. In: Social policy and society, Jg. 12, H. 3, S. 381-392. DOI:10.1017/S1474746412000565
Abstract
"In welfare societies, disability pensions or incapacity benefits provide income security to people who, due to health problems or disability, are assessed as being unemployable. However, it is sometimes possible for people on disability pensions to work, for instance on a voluntary basis in and on behalf of associations of disabled people. This article applies perspectives on employability and discusses whether voluntary workers, like representatives of associations of disabled people, could have been employed in the ordinary labour market or whether there are definite characteristics of voluntary work which allow their capacity for work to be utilised." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Do wage subsidies for disabled workers result in deadweight loss?: evidence from the Danish Flexjob scheme (2013)
Zitatform
Datta Gupta, Nabanita, Mona Larsen & Lars Brink Thomsen (2013): Do wage subsidies for disabled workers result in deadweight loss? Evidence from the Danish Flexjob scheme. (University Aarhus. Economics working paper 2013-24), Aarhus, 35 S.
Abstract
"We evaluate the effects of wage subsidy programs for the disabled, in particular, their potential for welfare-loss reduction vs. deadweight loss creation. We do this in the context of the Danish Flexjob scheme, a large, nation-wide scheme that was implemented in 1998 and targeted towards improving the employment prospects of the long-term disabled with partial working capacity. We analyse the hiring response to a shock in the wage reimbursement amount to certain firms using the program. Firms received a salary reimbursement for both current and new employees granted a Flexjob subsidy. In 2002, the reimbursement to government firms was lowered while the reimbursement to municipal and regional employers remained the same. We combine the reform with unique data on whether or not a new Flexjob hiree was previously employed in a regular (unsubsidized) job at the same firm. Thus, we can investigate whether the changes in the reimbursement amount to governmental units affected the share of Flexjobs within such firms that were allocated to retained employees versus to new hires. The findings show substantial substitution between 'insiders' and 'outsiders' after the reform. After the reform, governmental firms create fewer Flexjobs. At the same time, the composition of Flexjob hires within such firms changes substantially: the share of new Flexjobs allocated to retained employees is twice as large as it would have been in absence of the reform. The finding on deadweight loss seems to run counter to the theoretical prediction. A possible alternative mechanism for the finding could be that when subsidies are reduced and worker productivity is not known with certainty, employers have an economic incentive to fill Flexjob positions from inside the firm." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Getting disabled workers back to work: how important are economic incentives? (2013)
Zitatform
Fevang, Elisabeth, Ines Hardoy & Knut Roed (2013): Getting disabled workers back to work. How important are economic incentives? (IZA discussion paper 7137), Bonn, 31 S.
Abstract
"We investigate the impacts of economic incentives on the duration and outcome of temporary disability insurance (TDI) spells. The analysis is based on a large quasi-experiment in Norway, with a complete overhaul of the TDI benefit system. Our findings show that the labor supply of TDI claimants responds to both the benefit-level and to the level of local labor demand. The estimated elasticity of the employment hazard with respect to the benefit-level is - 0.3. We also find that the level of TDI benefits significantly affects the transition rate to alternative social insurance programs such as permanent disability and unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effects of childhood ADHD on adult labor market outcomes (2013)
Fletcher, Jason;Zitatform
Fletcher, Jason (2013): The effects of childhood ADHD on adult labor market outcomes. (NBER working paper 18689), Cambridge, Mass., 39 S. DOI:10.3386/w18689
Abstract
"While several types of mental illness, including substance abuse disorders, have been linked with poor labor market outcomes, no current research has been able to examine the effects of childhood ADHD. As ADHD has become one of the most prevalent childhood mental conditions, it is useful to understand the full set of consequences of the illness. This paper uses a longitudinal national sample, including sibling pairs, to show important labor market outcome consequences of ADHD. The employment reduction is between 10-14 percentage points, the earnings reduction is approximately 33%, and the increase in social assistance is 15 points, which are larger than many estimates of the black-white earnings gap and the gender earnings gap. A small share of the link is explained by education attainments and co-morbid health conditions and behaviors. The results also show important differences in labor market consequences by family background and age of onset. These findings, along with similar research showing that ADHD is linked with poor education outcomes and adult crime, suggest that treating childhood ADHD can substantially increase the acquisition of human capital." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Disability in the labour market: an exploration of concepts of the ideal worker and organisational fit that disadvantage employees with impairments (2013)
Zitatform
Foster, Deborah & Victoria Wass (2013): Disability in the labour market. An exploration of concepts of the ideal worker and organisational fit that disadvantage employees with impairments. In: Sociology, Jg. 47, H. 4, S. 705-721. DOI:10.1177/0038038512454245
Abstract
"The adverse employment effects that attach to disability are empirically well established. They are large and persistent. This is a conceptual article that investigates the source of this deep and enduring employment disadvantage. Debate begins by examining the origins of ideas that have shaped approaches to work study and have influenced concepts of what constitutes an ideal worker. Drawing on feminist critiques of organisational analysis that have highlighted the gendered character of processes, practices and values, it explores the relatively neglected position of disabled employees. With reference to transcripts from four Employment Appeal Tribunals brought under the Disability Discrimination Act, it illustrates how standard jobs, designed around ideal (non-disabled) employees, create a mismatch between a formal job description and someone with an impairment. We suggest this mismatch is central to the organisation's resistance to implementing adjustments and also to any radical approaches to include impaired employees in the workplace." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Inclusion through action: a participatory approach to return-to-work policy change processes in organisations (2013)
Gensby, U.; Husted, M.;Zitatform
Gensby, U. & M. Husted (2013): Inclusion through action: a participatory approach to return-to-work policy change processes in organisations. In: International Journal of Disability Management, Jg. 8, S. 1-16. DOI:10.1017/idm.2013.2
Abstract
"Many organisations strive to make disability management (DM) responses to prevent work disability and promote return-to-work (RTW). However, a deeper appreciation of methods that can ensure equitable worker participation in the development and change of RTW policy and practice is needed. Using an action research approach, this study expands the concept of participation in disability management (DM) creating new insights into the resources, dilemmas and aspirations of RTW policies in organisations. Empirical data was gathered from a development and change process conducted together with managers and workers at a large health care workplace. A series of workshops were conducted, studying the common history of RTW policy evolvement and configuration, and encouraging the creation of worker-driven proposals for alternative actions to current management. Action research protocols were used to document knowledge creation. Analysis of action research processes reveals how workers insisted on discussing their work environment as an important factor for maintenance of RTW, and how consistent participatory possibilities and team oriented RTW coordination among all levels of the organisation are perceived as critical features for supportive and sustained job retention. Participatory processes created relevant knowledge of the importance of work environments in coordination of stay at work, which may strengthen RTW capacity building and advance DM in organisations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of work-limiting disabilities on earnings and income mobility (2013)
Jolly, Nicholas A.;Zitatform
Jolly, Nicholas A. (2013): The impact of work-limiting disabilities on earnings and income mobility. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 45, H. 36, S. 5104-5118. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2013.818212
Abstract
"This article uses the 1968-2007 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to examine how work-limiting disabilities influence the intragenerational earnings and income mobility of individuals. The results show that work-limiting disabilities increase the probability of downward mobility for several years after onset. Furthermore, the probability of being in the bottom portions of the distributions increases significantly, not only during the year of onset but also for at least 10 years afterwards. These results are more pronounced for those individuals suffering from a disability that is more chronic or severe in nature. Income from spousal earnings and government transfer payments offers some protection against disability's adverse effect, with more protection being provided to those who are more chronically disabled." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Understanding changing disability-related employment gaps in Britain 1998 - 2011 (2013)
Zitatform
Jones, Melanie & Victoria Wass (2013): Understanding changing disability-related employment gaps in Britain 1998 - 2011. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 27, H. 6, S. 982-1003. DOI:10.1177/0950017013475372
Abstract
"A large and enduring employment gap attaches to impairment and disability. Nevertheless, disability remains a neglected area of research in both labour economics and sociology of work when compared to other protected groups. The government has looked to health professionals (Dame Carol Black, and Sir Michael Marmot), rather than to social scientists, for policy advice, including in relation to the workplace. The Black Review charts an improvement in employment prospects for those reporting disability (1998 - 2007), a reversal of a prior trend. The purpose of this study is to uncover and disentangle the drivers of employment growth for those reporting disability. The effects of changes in group characteristics, some of which may be linked to an increase in the rate of ill health reporting, are considered; and also the effects of changes in the employment structure towards flexible working, the public sector and non-manual jobs. The analysis extends to 2011 to capture the effects of the recession." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effects of working at gaining employment skills on the social and vocational skills of adolescents with disabilities: a school-based intervention (2013)
Zitatform
Murray, Christopher & Bonnie Doren (2013): The effects of working at gaining employment skills on the social and vocational skills of adolescents with disabilities. A school-based intervention. In: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, Jg. 56, H. 2, S. 96-107. DOI:10.1177/0034355212452614
Abstract
"The current investigation was designed to evaluate the effects of the Working at Gaining Employment Skills (WAGES) curriculum on the social and occupational skills of adolescents with disabilities. Adolescents with disabilities were assigned to either an intervention or control condition. Youth in the intervention group were exposed to the WAGES curriculum for approximately 4.5 months, whereas students in the control group received 'business-as-usual' within special education settings. Students and teachers completed brief measures pertaining to prevocational/occupational skills as well as measures pertaining to students' social skills prior to and following the intervention. Results indicated that after controlling for pretest differences on outcome variables, students participating in the intervention had greater vocational outcome expectations, greater occupational skills, and greater social skills (i.e., empathy, cooperation, and assertiveness) than did students with disabilities in the control condition following the intervention. These findings provide preliminary evidence of the effectiveness of the WAGES curriculum." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Students with disabilities in higher education - perceptions of support needs and received support: a pilot study (2013)
Zitatform
Simmeborn Fleischer, Ann, Margareta Adolfsson & Mats Granlund (2013): Students with disabilities in higher education - perceptions of support needs and received support. A pilot study. In: International journal of rehabilitation research, Jg. 36, H. 4, S. 330-338. DOI:10.1097/MRR.0b013e328362491c
Abstract
"Behinderte Studenten in berufsbildenden Hochschulstudiengängen sind bei ihrem Studium häufig auf Unterstützung angewiesen. Die bei der Bewältigung von Studium und Alltag empfundenen Probleme können bei Studenten trotz unterschiedlicher Behinderungen identisch sein, wobei die Gründe für die benötigte Unterstützung jedoch variieren können. Im Rahmen dieser Pilotstudie wurde ein Fragebogen zur Ermittlung der alltäglichen Funktionsfähigkeit bei Studenten mit Behinderungen getestet. Insgesamt 34 Studenten mit Asperger-Syndrom, motorischer Behinderung oder Taubheit/eingeschränktem Hörvermögen wurden 55 geschlossene und offene Fragen zu Teilnahmeeinschränkungen und verfügbaren Unterstützungsprogrammen gestellt. Die vorliegende Studie wollte einerseits untersuchen, wie nützlich der Fragebogen ist, und andererseits ermitteln, wie die Studenten ihr alltägliches Studentenleben sowie die ihnen gebotene Unterstützung empfinden. Dabei wurden insbesondere die Empfindungen von Bedürfnissen und Unterstützung zwischen Studenten mit Asperger-Syndrom und anderen Studentengruppen verglichen. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf die Notwendigkeit der sorgfältigen Planung der Rekrutierung von Teilnehmern hin sowie auf den Nutzen des Fragebogens. Aus den deskriptiven Analysen lässt sich ableiten, dass die Gruppen in erster Linie von den gleichen Schwierigkeiten berichteten; die offenen Kommentare hingegen legten den Schluss nahe, dass die Gründe für die Probleme von Gruppe zu Gruppe variieren. Es lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass die Antworten laut Likert-Skala bzgl. empfundener Schwierigkeiten durch offene Fragen zu den empfundenen Gründen bzgl. der Probleme ergänzt werden müssen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
National snapshot of adults with intellectual disabilities in the labor force (2013)
Zitatform
Siperstein, Gary N., Robin C. Parker & Max Drascher (2013): National snapshot of adults with intellectual disabilities in the labor force. In: Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, Jg. 39, H. 3, S. 157-165. DOI:10.3233/JVR-130658
Abstract
"Background: Employment has been recognized as an important goal for improving the quality of life of adults with intellectual disabilities (ID). Governments at both the federal and state level have invested billions of dollars to encourage better outcomes for adults with ID as they transition out of high school and into the labor force.
Objective: Given these important efforts, this study documented the employment situation of working-aged adults with intellectual disabilities across the country.
Methods: Respondents included a nationally representative random sample of 1,017 parents/guardians of adult children (21 years of age or older) with an intellectual disability surveyed by Gallup. These parents/guardians were selected from approximately 341,000 households screened by Gallup. This methodology allowed for the inclusion of a sample of adults with ID who had never been in the labor force or even sought employment.
Results: The results indicate a troublingly low employment rate for adults with ID and a puzzlingly low number who are even in the labor force.
Conclusions: The employment outlook for adults with ID will continue to be bleak until new ways are found to meaningfully incorporate this population into the labor force." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Transition from school to work: where are we and where do we need to go? (2013)
Zitatform
Wehman, Paul (2013): Transition from school to work. Where are we and where do we need to go? In: Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 58-66. DOI:10.1177/2165143413482137
Abstract
"As children become teenagers and move into early adulthood, there are many transitions they face. For young people with disabilities, this is no different except that there are invariably additional complex challenges that must be overcome. Evidence-based research is the foundation for best transition practices, but too many studies seem abstract, distant, and far removed from their classroom or school world. This article seeks to overcome the abstract by describing evidence-based transition research and recent findings. Teachers' classroom needs are highlighted with special emphasis on how research can be useful for them on a day-to-day basis. Finally, we highlight six guidelines for helping implement best practices in transition." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The disability system and programs to promote employment for people with disabilities (2013)
Zitatform
Wittenburg, David, David R. Mann & Allison Thompkins (2013): The disability system and programs to promote employment for people with disabilities. In: IZA journal of labor policy, Jg. 2, S. 1-29. DOI:10.1186/2193-9004-2-4
Abstract
"This paper examines employment-focused interventions within the US disability system. Our review illustrates the challenges of developing and implementing these types of initiatives, despite substantial policy interest. Our findings indicate that none of the demonstrations we reviewed have the potential to lead to substantial caseload reductions that could reverse program growth. However, they can inform future designs, particularly the importance of customizing supports to very well-defined target populations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Berufliche Rehabilitation statt Invaliditätspension (2012)
Buchinger, Herbert;Zitatform
Buchinger, Herbert (2012): Berufliche Rehabilitation statt Invaliditätspension. In: Wiso. Wirtschafts- und sozialpolitische Zeitschrift des ISW, Jg. 35, H. 4, S. 47-51.
Abstract
"Österreich zählt im internationalen Vergleich zu jenen Ländern, wo die Menschen sehr früh aus dem Erwerbsleben ausscheiden. Dies hat unterschiedliche Gründe. Klar ist, dass hierzulande die Menschen früher ins Erwerbsleben einsteigen als in anderen OECD-Vergleichsländern. Ein anderer Grund für Frühpensionierungen aus gesundheitlichen Gründen mag in der spezifischen österreichischen Branchenstruktur liegen, wo ein überproportional hoher Anteil an Arbeitsplätzen in Industrie, Bau, Fremdenverkehr und anderen Branchen mit besonders belastenden Arbeitsbedingungen den Arbeitsalltag vieler Erwerbstätiger dominiert. Die berufliche Rehabilitation stellt nun ein Instrumentarium dar, das von noch intakten Fähigkeiten und Fertigkeiten ausgeht, und dementsprechend werden passende Berufe für die Betroffenen gesucht. Bisher war die berufliche Rehabilitation eine Funktion der Pensionsversicherungsanstalt -- bei präventiven Maßnahmen beteiligt sich auch das Arbeitsmarktservice. Zukünftig soll das Arbeitsmarktservice zur Gänze für die Organisation der beruflichen Rehabilitation verantwortlich sein. Ist eine berufliche Rehabilitation angebracht, so leitet das Arbeitsmarktservice entsprechende Umschulungsmaßnahmen ein. Die Betroffenen, erhalten Umschulungsgeld anstatt wie bisher Übergangsgeld. Sind die betroffenen Personen vorübergehend invalid bzw. erwerbsunfähig, tritt die Möglichkeit der medizinischen Rehabilitation in Kraft. An den Leistungen bei Invalidität bzw. Berufsunfähigkeit ändert sich wenig. Offiziell wurde der Berufs- durch einen Qualifikationsschutz ersetzt. Der wesentliche Inhalt der Reform besteht in der Änderung der institutionellen Zuständigkeit. Die Versorgungsleistung während der beruflichen bzw. medizinischen Rehabilitation kommt nicht mehr von der Pensionsversicherungsanstalt, sondern von der Krankenkasse bzw. vom Arbeitsmarktservice - dadurch erhofft sich die Regierung einen Wertewandel. Zusätzlich zur institutionellen Reform stärkt die Regierung auch die präventive Rehabilitation." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Disability policy and the labor market: evidence from a natural experiment in Canada, 1998-2006 (2012)
Zitatform
Campolieti, Michele & Chris Riddell (2012): Disability policy and the labor market. Evidence from a natural experiment in Canada, 1998-2006. In: Journal of Public Economics, Jg. 96, H. 3/4, S. 306-316. DOI:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2011.09.001
Abstract
"This paper examines the effect of changes in two key parameters in disability policy: a) the earnings that disability insurance beneficiaries are allowed to earn without losing their disability benefits; and b) automatic reinstatement where beneficiaries can have benefits reinstated without re-application, and re-testing for disability determination. We examine the effects of these policy changes on the probability of employment for disability beneficiaries as well as the flows onto and off the disability rolls. We obtain our estimates using a difference-in-difference strategy that exploits the unique structure of disability insurance arrangements in Canada, namely that there are two programs: one that covers individuals in the province of Quebec, and one in the rest of Canada. Our preferred estimates indicate that the introduction of the allowable earnings change increased the propensity of disability beneficiaries to work, but we do not find that the earnings exemption had an effect on the flows on to or off the disability rolls. In contrast, we find that the introduction of the automatic reinstatement policy did not have an effect on any of the outcomes we examine." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Predictors of postschool employment outcomes for young adults with severe disabilities (2012)
Zitatform
Carter, Erik W., Diane Austin & Audrey A. Trainor (2012): Predictors of postschool employment outcomes for young adults with severe disabilities. In: Journal of Disability Policy Studies, Jg. 23, H. 1, S. 50-63. DOI:10.1177/1044207311414680
Abstract
"Although entry into the world of work is a prominent marker of postschool success in the United States, students with severe disabilities often leave high school without the skills, experiences, and supports that lead to meaningful employment. The authors examined the extent to which an array of student, family, and school factors was associated with employment during the 2 years following high school. Having held a paid, community-based job while still in high school was strongly correlated with postschool employment success. In addition, being male and having more independence in self-care, higher social skills, more household responsibilities during adolescence, and higher parent expectations related to future work were all associated with increased odds of employment after school for young adults with severe disabilities. Implications for transition policy and practice are presented along with recommendations for future research addressing the career development of youth with intellectual disabilities, multiple disabilities, and autism." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Berufseinmündung von AbsolventInnen der Integrativen Berufsausbildung: eine Analyse der Beschäftigungsverläufe (2012)
Dornmayr, Helmut;Zitatform
Dornmayr, Helmut (2012): Berufseinmündung von AbsolventInnen der Integrativen Berufsausbildung. Eine Analyse der Beschäftigungsverläufe. (ibw-Forschungsbericht 167), Wien, 42 S.
Abstract
"Seit Einführung der Integrativen Berufsausbildung (IBA) im Jahr 2003 kann ein kontinuierlicher Anstieg der Zahl der Jugendlichen verzeichnet werden, die entweder in einer verlängerten Lehrzeit (§8b Abs.1 BAG) oder in Form einer Teilqualifizierung (§8b Abs.2 BAG) ausgebildet werden. In Form einer neuen - im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft, Familie und Jugend (BMWFJ) erstellten - ibw-Publikation liegen erstmals umfassende Ergebnisse über die Beschäftigungsverläufe und Arbeitsmarktintegration der AbsolventInnen einer IBA in Österreich vor.
Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen unter anderem, dass die Integrative Berufsausbildung (IBA) 'wirkt' und positive Effekte im Sinne einer verbesserten Arbeitsmarktintegration zeigt. Sowohl die kurz- als auch längerfristige Arbeitsmarktintegration der AbsolventInnen verläuft erheblich günstiger als von jenen, welche die Ausbildung vorzeitig beenden. Aber auch innerhalb der AbsolventInnen einer Integrativen Berufsausbildung gibt es markante Unterschiede dahingehend, ob die Ausbildung in einem Betrieb oder in einer überbetrieblichen Ausbildungseinrichtung erfolgte. Bei jenen, welche die Integrative Berufsausbildung in einem Betrieb absolviert haben, zeigt sich sogar 5 Jahre nach Ausbildungsende noch eine deutlich bessere Integration am Arbeitsmarkt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku) -
Literaturhinweis
Chronic illnesses and injuries: an evaluation of their impact on occupation and revenues (2012)
Zitatform
Duguet, Emmanuel & Christine Le Clainche (2012): Chronic illnesses and injuries. An evaluation of their impact on occupation and revenues. (Centre d'Etudes de l'Emploi. Document de travail 155), Noisy-le-Grand, 26 S.
Abstract
"This paper investigates whether chronic illnesses and injuries have a significant impact on the individual's performance in the labor market. We use the 'Santé et Itinéraires Professionnels' (SIP, 'Health and Labor Market Histories') survey, conducted in France in 2006-2007. We use the propensity score method in order to evaluate the impact of chronic illnesses and accidents on labor market participation and earnings. We find that both health events, chronic illness and accidents have a negative effect on professional careers and earnings, and that accidents have a greater impact on women's earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Welfare to work and the inclusive labour market: a comparative study of activation policies for disability and long-term sickness benefit claimants in the UK and Denmark (2012)
Zitatform
Etherington, David & Jo Ingold (2012): Welfare to work and the inclusive labour market. A comparative study of activation policies for disability and long-term sickness benefit claimants in the UK and Denmark. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 22, H. 1, S. 30-44. DOI:10.1177/0958928711425265
Abstract
"The increasing number of recipients of disability and long-term sickness benefits has resulted in the introduction of specific employability programmes in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. In the UK Pathways to Work involved enabling and support measures for benefit recipients with long-term health conditions. In Denmark 'flex-jobs' are an integral occupational health intervention for both employed and unemployed people with reduced working capacity. Through a comparative analysis primarily based on stakeholder interviews in both countries, this paper argues that the concept of an inclusive labour market strategy is crucial to assisting these groups into work, underpinned by governance and a politics of representation. In Denmark both the role of the social partners and subsidized employment are significant. In the UK governance has been constrained and insufficient attention has been paid to income security. Comparing these two models highlights policy learning for the UK from the successes of and challenges to the Danish model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Berufliche Teilhabe junger Frauen und Männer mit intellektueller Beeinträchtigung am allgemeinen Arbeitsmarkt: eine qualitative Untersuchung zur nachhaltigen beruflichen Integration aus der Perspektive der Arbeitnehmer und der Arbeitgeber (2012)
Zitatform
Fasching, Helga (2012): Berufliche Teilhabe junger Frauen und Männer mit intellektueller Beeinträchtigung am allgemeinen Arbeitsmarkt. Eine qualitative Untersuchung zur nachhaltigen beruflichen Integration aus der Perspektive der Arbeitnehmer und der Arbeitgeber. In: Zeitschrift für Heilpädagogik, Jg. 63, H. 2, S. 48-53.
Abstract
"In diesem Beitrag wird eine qualitative Untersuchung zur nachhaltigen beruflichen Integration sowohl aus der Perspektive der Arbeitnehmer (junge Frauen und Männer mit intellektueller Beeinträchtigung) vorgestellt, die vor vier Jahren von der Arbeitsassistenz auf den allgemeinen Arbeitsmarkt vermittelt wurden, als auch aus der Perspektive ihrer Arbeitgeber beschrieben. Ziel der Untersuchung war es, sowohl den Unterstützungsbedarf für die Arbeitnehmer mit Behinderung im Prozess der beruflichen Integration herauszuarbeiten als auch die Rahmenbedingungen, die die Betriebe dafür benötigen. Mittels problemzentrierter Interviews wurden 20 Arbeitnehmer mit Behinderung und zehn Betriebe befragt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass für eine nachhaltige berufliche Integration die meisten Arbeitnehmer mit Behinderung eine über die betriebliche Einarbeitungszeit weiterführende, in manchen Fällen eine dauerhafte Unterstützung benötigen. Zu den wichtigsten Hilfen zählen Arbeitsassistenz, Job Coaching, betriebliches Mentoring und finanzielle Förderungen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Disability and supported employment: impact on employment, income, and allowances (2012)
Zitatform
Germundsson, Per, Johanna Gustafsson, Martin Lind & Berth Danermark (2012): Disability and supported employment. Impact on employment, income, and allowances. In: International journal of rehabilitation research, Jg. 35, H. 3, S. 263-269.
Abstract
"In diesem Artikel untersuchen wir das Konzept der unterstützten Beschäftigung und ihre Auswirkung auf Aspekte wie den Erwerbsstatus, das verfügbare Einkommen und den Umfang der Beihilfe speziell mit Bezug auf eine Gruppe mit behinderten Personen. Bei dieser Untersuchung befassten wir uns schwerpunktmäßig mit psychiatrisch erkrankten Personen. Unter unterstützter Beschäftigung versteht man einen beruflichen Rehabilitationsservice, dessen erklärtes Ziel die Befähigung der sowie eine wettbewerbsorientierte Beschäftigung für die Betroffenen sind. Hinzugezogen wurden Daten von zwei schwedischen Organisationen, deren Leistungsangebot auf einer unterstützten Beschäftigung beruht. Zwei Gruppen wurden berücksichtigt: eine Gruppe mit Personen, die eine berufliche Rehabilitation entsprechend dem unterstützten Beschäftigungsansatz erhielten, und die andere Gruppe mit Personen, die eine unterstützte Beschäftigung ablehnten (Kontrollgruppe). Die Gruppen wurden im Einklang mit einem Design 'vor und nach der Intervention' untersucht. Die ergebnisorientierten Messgrößen wurden retrospektiv analysiert. Die Ergebnisse legen den Schluss nahe, dass die Personen, die sich unterstützten Beschäftigungsmaßnahmen unterzogen, schneller eine Anstellung fanden, ein höheres verfügbares Einkommen und gleichzeitig niedrigere Beihilfebeträge bezogen. Das gleiche Muster wie für die allgemeine Population trat auf bei Personen mit psychiatrischer Erkrankung. Eine berufliche Rehabilitation auf der Grundlage der Prinzipien der unterstützten Beschäftigung kann eine äußerst effektive Maßnahme für einzelne Personen sein, um eine Anstellung, ein besseres verfügbares Einkommen und erheblich weniger Beihilfebeträge zu bekommen. Die Intervention sollte den jeweiligen Bedürfnissen angepasst werden, statt den organisatorischen Regelungen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Influences of labour participation among persons with disabilities: a systematic review and best evidence synthesis (2012)
Zitatform
Harder, Henry G., Joshua A. Rash & Sara Nelson (2012): Influences of labour participation among persons with disabilities. A systematic review and best evidence synthesis. In: International Journal of Disability Management, Jg. 7, S. 10-26. DOI:10.1017/idm.2012.5
Abstract
"A systematic literature review was conducted to assess the individual, organisation, societal, and legal influences of labour participation among individuals with a disability. Methods: Nine databases were searched, for peer-reviewed studies of individual, organisation, societal, and legal influences among disabled populations published between 1990 and 2010.
Results: Of a total of 809 papers initially selected, only 46 studies were deemed to be of sufficient quality to be included in the review. Conclusions: Numerous studies have examined labour participation among persons with physical disabilities, some among persons with chronic disabilities, and few among persons with mental disabilities. Strong evidence was found for individual and organisation influences of labour participation among persons with physical disabilities in particular pain, catastrophising, job strain, and support. Only individual influences provided strong evidence among persons with chronic disabilities and no influences provided strong evidence among those with mental disabilities. The results are presented along with methodological weaknesses and future recommendations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Ergebnisse und Projekte aus dem IAB
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Ausbildung, Rehabilitationsmaßnahmen
- Politik und Rechtsprechung für behinderte Menschen
- Rehabilitationseinrichtungen
- Berufsvorbereitung, Berufsberatung, Berufswahl
- Studium
- Berufsausbildung, Berufseinmündung
- Fortbildung und Umschulung
- betriebliche Rehabilitation
- Maßnahmen zur Erhaltung der Arbeitsfähigkeit
- Erfolgskontrolle, Kosten-Nutzen-Aspekte
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Arbeitsmarktsituation behinderter Menschen
- Arbeitsmarktpolitik, Inklusion, Persönliches Budget
- Beschäftigungsentwicklung
- Arbeitslosigkeit
- Beschäftigung in Werkstätten für behinderte Menschen
- Beschäftigung in alternativen Einrichtungen, Selbsthilfefirmen
- Berufliche Selbständigkeit
- Hochqualifizierte behinderte Menschen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt
- Beschäftigung im ersten Arbeitsmarkt
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Berufsleben und Arbeitswelt behinderter Menschen
- Personalpolitik, Arbeitgebereinstellungen, finanzielle Einstellungsanreize
- Eingliederungshilfe, BEM, Arbeitsassistenz, Unterstützte Beschäftigung, Arbeitsplatzsicherung
- Arbeitsbedingungen, Arbeitsplatzgestaltung, technische Arbeitshilfen, Arbeitszeit
- Berufsverlauf, Berufserfolg
- Berufsstruktur, Einzelberufe
- Arbeitszufriedenheit
- Lohn, Einkommen
- Behinderungsart
- Alter
- Geografischer Bezug
- Geschlecht