Arbeitszeit: Verlängern? Verkürzen? Flexibilisieren?
Verkürzung, Verlängerung oder Flexibilisierung der Arbeitszeit stehen immer wieder im Zentrum der Debatten. Was wünschen sich Unternehmen und Beschäftigte? Wie kann Arbeitszeitpolitik die Schaffung neuer Arbeitsplätze und die Sicherung vorhandener Arbeitsplätze unterstützen?
Dieses Themendossier bietet Publikationen zur Entwicklung der Arbeitszeiten in Deutschland auch im internationalen Vergleich, zur betrieblichen Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit und zu den Arbeitszeitwünschen der Beschäftigten.
Publikationen zur kontroversen Debatte um die Einführung der Vier-Tage-Woche finden Sie in unserem Themendossier Vier-Tage-Woche – Arbeitszeitmodell der Zukunft?
Im Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
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Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonten
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Total work, gender and social norms (2007)
Zitatform
Burda, Michael C., Daniel S. Hamermesh & Philippe Weil (2007): Total work, gender and social norms. (IZA discussion paper 2705), Bonn, 45 S.
Abstract
"Using time-diary data from 25 countries, we demonstrate that there is a negative relationship between real GDP per capita and the female-male difference in total work time per day - the sum of work for pay and work at home. In rich northern countries on four continents, including the United States, there is no difference - men and women do the same amount of total work. This latter fact has been presented before by several sociologists for a few rich countries; but our survey results show that labor economists, macroeconomists, the general public and sociologists are unaware of it and instead believe that women perform more total work. The facts do not arise from gender differences in the price of time (as measured by market wages), as women's total work is further below men's where their relative wages are lower. Additional tests using U.S. and German data show that they do not arise from differences in marital bargaining, as gender equality is not associated with marital status; nor do they stem from family norms, since most of the variance in the gender total work difference is due to within-couple differences. We offer a theory of social norms to explain the facts. The social-norm explanation is better able to account for within-education group and within-region gender differences in total work being smaller than inter-group differences. It is consistent with evidence using the World Values Surveys that female total work is relatively greater than men's where both men and women believe that scarce jobs should be offered to men first." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The role of nonstandard work hours in maternal caregiving for young children (2007)
Connelly, Rachel; Kimmel, Jean;Zitatform
Connelly, Rachel & Jean Kimmel (2007): The role of nonstandard work hours in maternal caregiving for young children. (IZA discussion paper 3093), Bonn, 56 S.
Abstract
"This paper examines the effect of the timing of mothers' daily work schedules on the amount of maternal caregiving she engages in on that same day. We look at total caregiving time on weekdays, early morning and evening caregiving time on weekdays, and total caregiving time on weekends. Since the timing of employment is, in part, a choice made by mothers, which is sometimes explicitly related to caregiving concerns, we argue that the decision to work nonstandard hours must be modeled jointly with its effect on caregiving time. Using an endogenous switching model, we examine the importance of demographic, spatial, and economic factors in mothers' time choices distinctly by nonstandard work status. We find that the effect of additional children in the household has a larger effect on caregiving time for standard time workers than nonstandard workers, both weekdays and weekend. Especially important is the additional hours of evening care given by those with a young school-aged child if the mother works standard hours only, but no additional hours of evening care given by those with a young school-age child if the mother works any time after 6 pm. Being married reduces early morning and evening caregiving only if the mother is working in the early morning or the evening. In households with mothers working standard hours only, being married has no effect on mothers' caregiving time. Finally, higher working mothers' wages are associated with increased caregiving minutes both during the week and on the weekend only for those mothers who perform some of their paid employment during nonstandard hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Advertising and labour supply: why do Americans work such long hours? (2007)
Cowling, Keith; Poolsombat, Rattanasuda;Zitatform
Cowling, Keith & Rattanasuda Poolsombat (2007): Advertising and labour supply. Why do Americans work such long hours? (Warwick economic research papers 789), Coventry, 38 S.
Abstract
"Americans are working much longer hours in the paid labour market than workers in Western Europe. Much of the debate focuses on whether this is the result of voluntary worker choice or whether this is a decision imposed on workers by their employers. This paper shows that American hours of work have become more or less stabilised as a result of the rising intensity of advertising in the U.S.: advertising may raise the desired amount of marketed goods and services for which workers find it necessary to work long hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The work-family time squeeze: conflicting demands of paid and unpaid work among working couples in 29 countries (2007)
Zitatform
Edlund, Jonas (2007): The work-family time squeeze. Conflicting demands of paid and unpaid work among working couples in 29 countries. In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Jg. 48, H. 6, S. 451-480. DOI:10.1177/0020715207083338
Abstract
"The article analyzes work-family balance among working couples in 29 countries using data from ISSP 2002. Arguments derived from theories on family regimes and modernization are tested. The results indicate that respondents can be categorized into three clusters. The first comprises those having a work-family balance; the second, those having an occupational work-overload; and the third, those having a dual work-overload (i.e. those experiencing too strong demands from both work and family responsibilities). Across countries, cluster sizes vary tremendously. The results indicate that the wealth of a country is strongly associated with the likelihood of achieving a balanced work-family situation. Although the overall probability increases with economic wealth, the relative disadvantage for women compared to men persists. The female disadvantage is mainly a higher risk of occupational overload in the rich countries, whereas in poorer countries there is a higher risk of being in a dual work-overload situation. Among the wealthy industrialized democracies, a balanced work-family situation is more common in the familialist German-linguistic country grouping, followed by the Nordic countries characterized by de-familialization. Market-oriented countries perform less well. Within the perspective of the theory on family regimes, the similarity between the familialist and the de-familialist regimes is an unexpected result." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Are those who bring work home really working longer hours?: implications for BLS productivity measures (2007)
Zitatform
Eldridge, Lucy P. & Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia (2007): Are those who bring work home really working longer hours? Implications for BLS productivity measures. (BLS working paper 406), Washington, 48 S.
Abstract
"An ongoing debate surrounding BLS productivity data is that official labor productivity measures may be overstating productivity growth because of an increase in unmeasured hours worked outside the traditional workplace. This paper uses both the ATUS and May CPS Work Schedules and Work at Home Supplements to determine whether the number of hours worked by nonfarm business employees are underestimated and increasing over time due to unmeasured hours worked at home. We find that 8 - 9 percent of nonfarm business employees bring some work home from the workplace. In addition, those who bring work home report working longer hours than those who work exclusively in a workplace, resulting in a 0.8 - 1.1 percent understatement of measured hours worked. However, we find no conclusive evidence that productivity trends were biased over the 1997-2005 period due to work brought home from the workplace." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work-life balance (2007)
Fleetwood, Steve; MacKenzie, Robert ; Perret, Rob; Lewis, Suzan; Tomlinson, Jennifer ; Fleetwood, Steve; Collins, Gráinne; Gambles, Richenda; Peters, Pascale ; Gatrell, Caroline; Ransome, Paul; Lippe, Tanja van der ; Rapoport, Rhona; Gardiner, Jean; Smithson, Janet ; Forde, Chris ; Stuart, Mark ; Greenwood, Ian ; Sullivan, Cath;Zitatform
MacKenzie, Robert, Rob Perret, Suzan Lewis, Jennifer Tomlinson, Steve Fleetwood, Gráinne Collins, Richenda Gambles, Pascale Peters, Caroline Gatrell, Paul Ransome, Tanja van der Lippe, Rhona Rapoport, Jean Gardiner, Janet Smithson, Chris Forde, Mark Stuart, Ian Greenwood & Cath Sullivan (sonst. bet. Pers.) (2007): Work-life balance. In: The international journal of human resource management, Jg. 18, H. 3, S. 351-489.
Abstract
Die Beiträge des Sonderhefts zu 'Work-Life-Balance' beleuchten verschiedene Aspekte dieses Konzepts. Das Konzept der 'Work-Life-Balance' wird kritisch hinterfragt, und Annahmen, die ihm zugrunde liegen, sowie Probleme, die mit Work-Life-Balance-Diskursen und -Praktiken verbunden sind, werden herausgearbeitet. Die Reichweite und die Grenzen des Konzepts werden anhand empirischer Studien illustriert. Deren inhaltliche Schwerpunkte liegen auf Heim- und Telearbeit, auf dem Geschlechterverhältnis sowie auf dem Berufsausstieg älterer Arbeitnehmer. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Overemployment mismatches: the preference for fewer hours (2007)
Golden, Lonnie; Gebreselassie, Tesfayi;Zitatform
Golden, Lonnie & Tesfayi Gebreselassie (2007): Overemployment mismatches: the preference for fewer hours. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 130, H. 4, S. 18-37.
Abstract
"The preference of workers for having either more or fewer hours of work has remained virtually unchanged since 1985; rates of overemployment differ considerably by job type, workweek length, income level, gender, and stage of workers' life cycle." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Mothers' time choices: caregiving, leisure, home production, and paid work (2007)
Kimmel, Jean; Connelly, Rachel;Zitatform
Kimmel, Jean & Rachel Connelly (2007): Mothers' time choices. Caregiving, leisure, home production, and paid work. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 42, H. 3, S. 643-681.
Abstract
"Using data from the 2003 and 2004 American Time Use Survey, we study the role that socioeconomic factors play in mothers' time choices. We estimate a four-equation system in which the dependent variables are the minutes used in home production, active leisure, market work, and child caregiving. Our results show that mothers' caregiving time increases with the number of children, decreases with age of the child, and increases with the price of child care. We also find a substantial positive wage elasticity for caregiving time, while both leisure and home production time declines with increased wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A time to work: recent trends in shift work and flexible schedules (2007)
McMenamin, Terence M.;Zitatform
McMenamin, Terence M. (2007): A time to work: recent trends in shift work and flexible schedules. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 130, H. 12, S. 3-15.
Abstract
"The traditional work schedule for an American employee has long been 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday through Friday. However, an examination of data from the Work Schedules and Work at Home survey, a special supplement to the Current Population Survey (CPS) conducted in May 2004, reveals that substantial proportions of workers' schedules do not fit this paradigm. For instance, nearly one-third of wage and salary workers have flexible schedules on their primary jobs, meaning that they can vary their beginning and ending hours; about one-fifth work a shift other than a regular daytime shift on their primary job; and a slightly smaller proportion works on Saturday, Sunday, or both. The use of alternate shifts and flexible work schedules is often determined by the demands of the industry, rather than by workers' preferences. However, schedule considerations and flexibility are influential factors in the career-planning and labor market decisions of many workers. The Work Schedules and Work at Home survey obtained information on individuals' work schedules or shifts and on whether they did any job-related work at home. The data presented in this article pertain to work schedules and alternate shifts. Because of the high prevalence of both shift work and flexitime among part-time workers, the article analyzes total employment, including that of both full- and part-time workers in most cases." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
When flexibility helps: Another look at the availability of flexible work arrangements and work-family conflict (2007)
Zitatform
Shockley, Kristen M. & Tammy D. Allen (2007): When flexibility helps: Another look at the availability of flexible work arrangements and work-family conflict. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 71, H. 3, S. 479-493. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2007.08.006
Abstract
"Despite the positive press given to flexible work arrangements (FWA), empirical research investigating the link between the availability of these policies and work-family conflict is largely equivocal. The purpose of the present study was to begin to reconcile these mixed results through more precise measurement and the examination of moderators. Using a sample of employed women, we found that FWA relate more highly to work interference with family (WIF) than to family interference with work (FIW) and that temporal flexibility (flextime) has a stronger relationship with WIF than does spatial flexibility (flexplace). Additionally, we found family responsibility significantly moderated these relationships, such that the relationship was stronger for those with greater family responsibility. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employment regulation, welfare and gender regimes: a comparative analysis of womens's working-time patterns and work-life balance in the UK and the US (2007)
Zitatform
Tomlinson, Jennifer (2007): Employment regulation, welfare and gender regimes. A comparative analysis of womens's working-time patterns and work-life balance in the UK and the US. In: The international journal of human resource management, Jg. 18, H. 3, S. 401-415. DOI:10.1080/09585190601167466
Abstract
Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über Arbeitszeitmuster erwerbstätiger Frauen und Mütter in den beiden neoliberalen Wohlfahrtsstaaten Großbritannien und den USA. Zur Erklärung der länderspezifischen Unterschiede zwischen Voll- und Teilzeit-Quoten erwerbstätiger Mütter wird ein Ansatz entwickelt, der wohlfahrtsstaatliche Regelungen, Spielarten des Kapitalismus und das Geschlechterverhältnis einbezieht. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden die institutionellen Strukturen in beiden Ländern verglichen, insbesondere die Regulierung von Vollzeit- und Teilzeitarbeit sowie der Sozialeistungen. Hierdurch werden unterschiedliche positive bzw. negative Anreizsysteme für Teilzeitarbeit erwerbstätiger Mütter geschaffen, wobei Teilzeitarbeit als Möglichkeit betrachtet wird, eine bessere Vereinbarkeit zwischen Beruf und Familie zu finden. Für Großbritannien wird eine Inkonsistenz zwischen dem Ziel stärkerer Frauenerwerbsbeteiligung und den mangelnden institutionellen Strukturen, um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, herausgearbeitet. Fehlende Kinderbetreuungsmöglichkeiten und die schlechte Qualität von Teilzeitarbeitsplätzen sind typisch für Großbritannien. Für die USA werden weniger Inkonsistenzen festgestellt. Hier wird ein striktes neoliberales Modell verfolgt, in dem Vollzeitarbeit als Standard gilt, auch für erwerbstätige Mütter. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Work-life balance, management practices and productivity (2006)
Zitatform
Bloom, Nick, Tobias Kretschmer & John Van Reenen (2006): Work-life balance, management practices and productivity. London, 53 S.
Abstract
"A debate is raging all over the developed world about quality of work issues. As unemployment has fallen in the US and UK, attention has focused more on the quality rather than quantity of jobs. This has sharpened as women's participation has risen and issues of work-life balance and family-friendly policies have risen up the political agenda. This paper has tried to shed some empirical light on these debates. We characterized two opposing views of globalization entitled the pessimistic (or trade off) and the optimistic (or win-win) view. The pessimists argue that 'savage neoliberalism' encapsulated by tougher product market competition, globalization and 'Anglo-Saxon' managerial policies are undesirable for workers. Although these forces will raise productivity, they come at the expense of misery for workers in the form of poor work-life balance (long hours, job insecurity, intense and unsatisfying work). The more optimistic Human Resource Management literature argues that better work-life balance will, in fact, improve productivity (and even profitability) and employers are mistakenly failing to treat their workers as assets and implement better work-life balance policies. In short, we find evidence for a hybrid view between these two extremes. Using originally collected data, we show that we have a useful firm specific measure of WLB. The pessimists' argument that 'Anglo-Saxon' management practices are negatively associated with worse WLB is rejected - there is a positive association as suggested by the optimists. Similarly, the pessimists' theory that competition is inevitably bad for workers' WLB is also rejected: there is no significantly negative relationship. Larger firms - which are typically more globalized - also have better WLB practices on average. However, the view that WLB will improve productivity is also rejected: there is no relationship between productivity and WLB once we control for good management. Neither is there support for the pessimists' prediction that WLB is negatively associated with productivity. Finally, looking at US multinationals based in Europe we find an intriguing result that these firms appear to bring over their superior US management practices with them to Europe but then adopt more worker-friendly European work-life balance practices. Why US firms internationalize their management practices but localize their work-life balance practices appears to be due to a combination of regulations and social norms, an area of ongoing research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Kurzfassung -
Literaturhinweis
The distribution of total work in the EU and US (2006)
Zitatform
Burda, Michael C., Daniel S. Hamermesh & Philippe Weil (2006): The distribution of total work in the EU and US. (IZA discussion paper 2270), Bonn, 84 S.
Abstract
"Using two time-diary data sets each for Germany, Italy the Netherlands and the U.S. from 1985-2003, we demonstrate that Americans work more than Europeans: 1) in the market; 2) in total (market and home production) - there is no one-for-one tradeoff across countries in total work; 3) at unusual times of the day and on weekends. In addition, gender differences in total work within a given country are significantly smaller than variation across countries and time. We conclude that some of the transatlantic differences could reflect inferior equilibria that are generated by social norms and externalities. While an important outlet for total work, home production by females appears very sensitive to tax rates in the G-7 countries. We adapt the theory of home production to account for fixed costs of market work and adduce evidence that they, in contrast to other relative costs, vary significantly across countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The time and timing costs of market work, and their implications for retirement (2006)
Zitatform
Hamermesh, Daniel S. (2006): The time and timing costs of market work, and their implications for retirement. (IZA discussion paper 2030), Bonn, 38 S.
Abstract
"Retirement ages among older Americans have only recently begun to increase after a precipitous fifty-year decline. Early retirement may result from incentives provided by retirement systems; but it may also result from the rigidities imposed by market work schedules. Using the American Time Use Survey of 2003 and 2004, I first examine whether additional market work is neutral with respect to the mix of non-market activities. The estimates indicate that there are fixed time costs of remaining in the labor market that alter the pattern of non-market activities, reducing leisure time and mostly increasing time devoted to household production. Market work also alters the timing of a fixed amount of non-market activities during the day, away from the schedule chosen when timing constraints imposed by market work do not exist. All of these effects are mitigated by higher family income, presumably because higher-income people can purchase market substitutes that enable them to overcome the fixed time costs of market work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Managing flexible work arrangements in US organizations: formalized discretion or 'a right to ask' (2006)
Zitatform
Kelly, Erin L. & Alexandra Kalev (2006): Managing flexible work arrangements in US organizations. Formalized discretion or 'a right to ask'. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 4, H. 3, S. 379-416. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwl001
Abstract
"Scholars of the American workplace agree that the employment relationship has changed in significant ways but disagree about whether workplaces are now best characterized as 'legalized' or 'restructured', a designation that implies a market orientation in the treatment of workers. We investigate whether a new set of employment practices, namely flexible work arrangements (FWA) such as flextime, compressed work weeks, telecommuting and reduced-hours schedules, are administered using the principles and practices associated with either or both management regimes. Our analyses of in-depth interviews with human resources managers from 41 diverse organizations show that most organizations have formalized FWA with written policies, but these policies institutionalize managerial discretion rather than creating outright rights for employees. Even when organizations write a formal written policy, FWA are managed as negotiated perks available to valued workers if and when managers choose to allow them, as suggested by the restructured workplace regime. We argue that this 'formalized discretion' explains the low utilization and unequal access to FWA found in previous studies. These findings suggest the need to reconsider the theoretical link between formalization and employees' rights in the workplace." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The expanding workweek?: understanding trends in long work hours among U.S. men, 1979-2004 (2006)
Kuhn, Peter; Lozano, Fernando;Zitatform
Kuhn, Peter & Fernando Lozano (2006): The expanding workweek? Understanding trends in long work hours among U.S. men, 1979-2004. (IZA discussion paper 1924), Bonn, 50 S.
Abstract
"After declining for most of the century, the share of employed American men regularly working more than 50 hours per week began to increase around 1970. This trend has been especially pronounced among highly educated, high-wage, salaried, and older men. Using two decades of CPS data, we rule out a number of factors, including business cycles, changes in observed labor force characteristics, and changes in the level of men's real hourly earnings as primary explanations of this trend. Instead we argue that increases in salaried men's marginal incentives to supply hours beyond 40 accounted for the recent rise. Since these increases were accompanied by a rough constancy in real earnings at 40 hours, they can be interpreted as a compensated wage increase." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: NBER working paper , 11895 -
Literaturhinweis
Unemployment and hours of work: the North Atlantic divide revisited (2006)
Zitatform
Pissarides, Christopher A. (2006): Unemployment and hours of work. The North Atlantic divide revisited. (CEP discussion paper 757), London, 51 S.
Abstract
"The author examines the dynamic evolutions of unemployment, hours of work and the service share since the war in the United States and Europe. The theoretical model brings together all three and emphasizes technological growth. Computations show that the very low unemployment in Europe in the 1960s was due to the high productivity growth associated with technological catch-up. Productivity also played a role in the dynamics of hours but a full explanation for the fast rise of service employment and the big fall in aggregate hours needs further research. Taxation has played a role but results are mixed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A century of work and leisure (2006)
Ramey, Valerie A.; Francis, Neville;Zitatform
Ramey, Valerie A. & Neville Francis (2006): A century of work and leisure. (NBER working paper 12264), Cambridge, Mass., 48 S. DOI:10.3386/w12264
Abstract
"Has leisure increased over the last century? Standard measures of hours worked suggest that it has. In this paper, we develop a comprehensive measure of non-leisure hours that includes market work, home production, commuting and schooling for the last 105 years. We also present empirical and theoretical arguments for a definition of 'per capita' that encompasses the entire population. The new measures reveal a number of interesting 20th Century trends. First, 70 percent of the decline in hours worked has been offset by an increase in hours spent in school. Second, contrary to conventional wisdom, average hours spent in home production are actually slightly higher now than they were in the early part of the 20th Century. Finally, leisure per capita is approximately the same now as it was in 1900." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A model of the trends in hours (2006)
Zitatform
Vandenbroucke, Guillaume (2006): A model of the trends in hours. (IEPR Working paper 05.40), Los Angeles, CA, 23 S.
Abstract
"During the first half of the 20th century the workweek in the United States declined, and its distribution across wage deciles narrowed. The hypothesis proposed is twofold. First, technological progress, through the rise of wages and the decreasing cost of recreation, made it possible for the average US worker to afford more time off from work. Second, changes in the wage distribution explain the shift in the hours distribution. A general equilibrium model is built to explore whether such mechanisms can, quantitatively, account for the observations. The model is calibrated to match moments of the US economy in 1900. It predicts the trends in hours closely, from 1900 to 1950. Counterfactual experiments show that the rise in wages is the main contributor to the decline in hours. The decline in the price of leisure goods explain 6% of the total decline in hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work and leisure in the U.S. and Europe: why so different? (2005)
Zitatform
Alesina, Alberto, Edward Glaeser & Bruce Sacerdote (2005): Work and leisure in the U.S. and Europe. Why so different? (NBER working paper 11278), Cambridge, Mass., 74 S. DOI:10.3386/w11278
Abstract
"Americans average 25.1 working hours per person in working age per week, but the Germans average 18.6 hours. The average American works 46.2 weeks per year, while the French average 40 weeks per year. Why do western Europeans work so much less than Americans? Recent work argues that these differences result from higher European tax rates, but the vast empirical labor supply literature suggests that tax rates can explain only a small amount of the differences in hours between the U.S. and Europe. Another popular view is that these differences are explained by long-standing European 'culture,' but Europeans worked more than Americans as late as the 1960s. In this paper, we argue that European labor market regulations, advocated by unions in declining European industries who argued 'work less, work all' explain the bulk of the difference between the U.S. and Europe. These policies do not seem to have increased employment, but they may have had a more society-wide influence on leisure patterns because of a social multiplier where the returns to leisure increase as more people are taking longer vacations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Bargaining frictions and hours worked (2005)
Auray, Stéphane; Danthine, Samuel;Zitatform
Auray, Stéphane & Samuel Danthine (2005): Bargaining frictions and hours worked. (IZA discussion paper 1722), Bonn, 36 S.
Abstract
"A matching model with labor/leisure choice and bargaining frictions is used to explain (i) differences in GDP per hour and GDP per capita, (ii) differences in employment, (iii) differences in the proportion of part-time work across countries. The model predicts that the higher the level of rigidity in wages and hours the lower are GDP per capita, employment, part-time work and hours worked, but the higher is GDP per hours worked. In addition, it predicts that a country with a high level of rigidity in wages and hours and a high level of income taxation has higher GDP per hour and lower GDP per capita than a country with less rigidity and a lower level of taxation. This is due mostly to a lower level of employment. In contrast, a country with low levels of rigidity in hour and in wage setting but with a higher level of income taxation has a lower GDP per capita and a higher GDP per hour than the economy with low rigidity and low taxation, because while the level of employment! is similar in both economies, the share of part-time work is larger." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Job satisfaction and gender segregation (2005)
Zitatform
Bender, Keith A., Susan M. Donohue & John S. Heywood (2005): Job satisfaction and gender segregation. In: Oxford economic papers, Jg. 57, H. 3, S. 479-496. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpi015
Abstract
"Using data from the US, the determinants of overall job satisfaction are estimated as part of explaining 'the paradox of the contented female worker'. Confirming earlier studies women report higher job satisfaction than men and higher job satisfaction in workplaces dominated by women workers. The US data allow us to demonstrate that men and women value job flexibility differently and that once differences in the extent of job flexibility are accounted for, the gender composition of the workplace plays no role in determining the job satisfaction of women. Thus, women in female dominated workplaces may report higher job satisfaction because they value job flexibility and so choose to dominate the workplaces that provide job flexibility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wachstumsschwäche in Europa - Wege aus der Stagnation (2005)
Berthold, Norbert; Zenzen, Jupp;Zitatform
Berthold, Norbert & Jupp Zenzen (2005): Wachstumsschwäche in Europa - Wege aus der Stagnation. (Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Beiträge des Lehrstuhls für Volkswirtschaftslehre, Wirtschaftsordnung und Sozialpolitik 84), Würzburg, 28 S.
Abstract
Der Beitrag untersucht, wie sich die Wirtschaft der großen europäischen Staaten im Vergleich zur USA entwickelt hat, und weshalb die Wachstumsdynamik in Europa und insbesondere Deutschland geringer ist als in den USA. Die Analyse konzentriert sich auf die Entwicklung des Bruttoinlandsprodukt pro Kopf als Indikator für Wohlstand und wirtschaftliche Dynamik. Die Bestandteile des Pro-Kopf-Wachstums werden analyisiert: Das Wachstum der Arbeitsstunden pro Kopf als Aggregat des Wachstums der geleisteten Arbeitsstunden pro Erwerbstätigem, der Beschäftigungsquote und der Erwerbsquote sowie das Produktivitätswachstum als Aggregat des gewichteten Wachstums der Kapitalausstattung und des TFP-Wachstums. Die Analyse zeigt, dass die Zahl der geleisteten Arbeitsstunden in Europa und in Deutschland durchweg geringer ist, als in den USA. Fazit: "Die Gründe der deutschen Wachstumsmisere sind bekannt. Die Deutschen arbeiten zu wenig. Kurze Arbeitszeiten, eine hohe Arbeitslosigkeit und ein immer ausgeprägteres Missverhältnis von Lebensarbeitszeit zu Lebenserwartung belasten das Wirtschaftswachstum. Das Produktivitätswachstum ist rückläufig, schuld ist vor allem der überregulierte Dienstleistungssektor." Als Abhilfe wird eine Erhöhung der Lebensarbeitszeit gefordert, insbesondere eine Verkürzung der Ausbildungs- und Studiendauer und die Heraufsetzung des Renteneintrittsalters. Weiterhin wird für eine Ankurbelung der Produktivität in den "traditionellen" Industrien plädiert, für einen Umbau des Steuer- und Sozialsystems sowie für mehr Wettbewerb und weniger Regulierung auf allen Märkten. (IAB2)
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Literaturhinweis
Nachhaltige Familienpolitik: Zukunftssicherung durch einen Dreiklang von Zeitpolitik, finanzieller Transferpolitik und Infrastrukturpolitik. Gutachten (2005)
Bertram, Hans; Rösler, Wiebke; Ehlert, Nancy;Zitatform
Bertram, Hans, Wiebke Rösler & Nancy Ehlert (2005): Nachhaltige Familienpolitik. Zukunftssicherung durch einen Dreiklang von Zeitpolitik, finanzieller Transferpolitik und Infrastrukturpolitik. Gutachten. Berlin, 54 S.
Abstract
Nachhaltige Familienpolitik begründet ihren Anspruch auf der Gestaltung der Rahmenbedingungen familiären Lebens mit dem Grundsatz, zukünftigen Generationen die gleichen Chancen zur Gestaltung eigener Lebensvorstellungen und Ziele zu ermöglichen, wie das für die jetzt aktive Generation möglich ist. Als Ziele einer nachhaltigen Familienpolitik wird die Sicherung einer ausreichenden Kinderzahl genannt, um der Alterung der Gesellschaft entgegenzuwirken, und die Integration der Frauen in das Erwerbsleben, um einem antizipierten Mangel an Fachkräften entgegenwirken zu können. Diese ökonomische Argumentation wird erweitert um einige demographische und familiensoziologische Argumente, um deutlich zu machen, dass eine nachhaltige Familienpolitik auf einem Mix aus Infrastrukturpolitik, Zeitpolitik und finanzieller Transferpolitik aufbauen muss, um Rahmenbedingungen zu schaffen, die es jungen Erwachsenen ermöglichen, ihre Zukunft gemeinsam und gemeinsam mit Kindern zu planen und zu realisieren. Der Vergleich zwischen Deutschland und den USA zeigt, dass sowohl die Ausbildung als auch die erreichte Berufsposition die beiden zentralen Faktoren für die individuelle Entscheidung sind, ohne Kinder zu leben. Personen mit der höchsten Qualifikation und einer hohen Karriereorientierung entscheiden sich zunehmend für ein Leben ohne Kinder. Die deutliche Mehrheit der befragten Mütter präferiert ein Modell, das ihnen die Gestaltung der Erwerbstätigkeit auch in Abhängigkeit vom Lebensalter der Kinder ermöglicht, um auch die Bedürfnisse der Kinder in die Zeitstrukturen des Erwerbslebens mit einbauen zu können. Die subjektiven Entscheidungen für unterschiedliche Lebensstile müssen von Staat und Gesellschaft akzeptiert werden. Eine nachhaltige Familienpolitik sollte auf die unterschiedlichen Präferenzen berufs- und familienorientierter Frauen mit unterschiedlichen Optionen reagieren. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Emulation, inequality, and work hours: was Thorsten Veblen right? (2005)
Zitatform
Bowles, Samuel & Yongjin Park (2005): Emulation, inequality, and work hours. Was Thorsten Veblen right? In: The economic journal, Jg. 115, H. 507, S. F397-F412.
Abstract
"We investigate the manner in which a desire to emulate the rich influences individuals' allocation of time between labour and leisure, greater inequality inducing longer work hours as a result. Data on work hours in ten countries over the period 1963-98 show that greater inequality is indeed associated longer work hours. These 'Veblen effects' are large and the estimates are robust using country fixed effects and other specifications. Because consumption inequality is a public bad, a social welfare optimum cannot be implemented by a flat tax on consumption but may be accomplished by more complicated (progressive) consumption taxes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work-Life-Balance für Fach- und Führungskräfte (2005)
Erler, Gisela;Zitatform
Erler, Gisela (2005): Work-Life-Balance für Fach- und Führungskräfte. In: Personalführung, Jg. 38, H. 1, S. 48-55.
Abstract
"Beim Thema Work-Life-Balance für Fach- und Führungskräfte hat sich in der Wirtschaft in den letzten Jahren zwar manches bewegt, doch gleichzeitig herrschen noch immer Ambivalenz und Skepsis. Mitunter scheine es sogar so, als verlangsame sich das Tempo des Fortschritts, schreibt die Autorin in ihrem Beitrag. Dabei ist das Thema Work-Life-Balance für sie unmittelbar mit dem der Förderung von Frauen in Führungspositionen verknüpft. Nach einem kurzen Überblick über die wichtigsten Argumente für Reformen fragt die Autorin nach den impliziten und expliziten Gründen für die gegenwärtige Stagnation, nach verlässlichen und absehbaren Trends, empirischen Belegen und zentralen Herausforderungen für die Personalarbeit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Marketization of household production and the EU-US gap in work (2005)
Zitatform
Freeman, Richard B. & Ronald Schettkat (2005): Marketization of household production and the EU-US gap in work. In: Economic policy, Jg. 20, H. 41, S. 6-50. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0327.2005.00132.x
Abstract
Ausgangspunkt des Beitrags sind die Unterschiede zwischen den USA und der EU hinsichtlich der Beschäftigungsquoten und geleisteten Arbeitsstunden. Das höhere Arbeitsvolumen in den USA wird auf die höhere Vermarktlichung der Haus- und Familienarbeit (Kochen und Putzen, Kinder- und Altenbetreuung) zurückgeführt. Zeitbudgetstudien zeigen, dass in den USA weniger Zeit für Hausarbeit und mehr Zeit für Erwerbsarbeit aufgewendet wird. Da für Hausarbeit vor allem Frauen zuständig sind, betrifft dieser Unterschied vor allem Frauen. Die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen kann durch eine Politik gefördert werden, die es Frauen erleichtert, Hausarbeit durch Erwerbsarbeit zu ersetzen und für die Hausarbeit Diensteistungen in Anspruch zu nehmen. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Hours worked: long-run trends (2005)
Zitatform
Greenwood, Jeremy & Guillaume Vandenbroucke (2005): Hours worked. Long-run trends. (NBER working paper 11629), Cambridge, Mass., 16 S. DOI:10.3386/w11629
Abstract
"For 200 years the average number of hours worked per worker declined, both in the market place and at home. Technological progress is the engine of such transformation. Three mechanisms are stressed: (i) The rise in real wages and its corresponding wealth effect; (ii) The enhanced value of time off from work, due to the advent of time-using leisure goods; (iii) The reduced need for housework, due to the introduction of time-saving appliances. These mechanisms are incorporated into a model of household production. The notion of Edgeworth-Pareto complementarity/substitutability is key to the analysis. Numerical examples link theory and data. This note has been prepared for The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd edition, edited by Lawrence E. Blume and Steven N. Durlauf (London: Palgrave Macmillan)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Off-Ramps and On-Ramps: Keeping talented women on the road to success (2005)
Hewlett, Sylvia Ann; Buck Luce, Carolyn;Zitatform
Hewlett, Sylvia Ann & Carolyn Buck Luce (2005): Off-Ramps and On-Ramps: Keeping talented women on the road to success. In: Harvard Business Review, Jg. 83, H. 3, S. 43-54.
Abstract
"Most professional women step off the career fast track at some point. With children to raise, elderly parents to care for, and other pulls on their time, these women are confronted with one off-ramp after another. When they feel pushed at the same time by long hours and unsatisfying work, the decision to leave becomes even easier. But woe to the woman who intends for that exit to be temporary. The on-ramps for professional women to get back on track are few and far between, the authors confirm. Their new survey research reveals for the first time the extent of the problem - what percentage of highly qualified women leave work and for how long, what obstacles they face coming back, and what price they pay for their time-outs. And what are the implications for corporate America? One thing at least seems clear: As market and economic factors align in ways guaranteed to make talent constraints and skill shortages huge issues again, employers must learn to reverse this brain drain. Like it or not, large numbers of highly qualified, committed women need to take time out of the workplace. The trick is to help them maintain connections that will allow them to reenter the workforce without being marginalized for the rest of their lives. Strategies for building such connections include creating reduced-hour jobs, providing flexibility in the workday and in the arc of a career, removing the stigma of taking time off, refusing to burn bridges, offering outlets for altruism, and nurturing women's ambition. An HBR Special Report, available online at www.womenscareersreport.hbr.org, presents detailed findings of the survey." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Testing labour supply and hours constraints (2005)
Martinez-Granado, Maite;Zitatform
Martinez-Granado, Maite (2005): Testing labour supply and hours constraints. In: Labour economics, Jg. 12, H. 3, S. 321-343. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2003.11.007
Abstract
"This paper provides empirical evidence that, at a given wage, individuals cannot freely choose the number of hours they work. The novelty relative to the existing literature (e.g. [Altonji, J., Paxson, C., 1986. Job characteristics and hours of work. In: Ehrenberg, R. (Ed.), Research in Labor Economics, vol. 8. Westview Press, Greenwich, 1-55]) is twofold. We use the US data on prime age males from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and we account for endogenous switching between jobs. Our results are: (i) the variance of the change in hours worked is more than six times higher for movers than for stayers; (ii) the intertemporal labour supply elasticity is positive and significant for movers and zero for stayers. This is further evidence for the presence of hours constraints. One important implication is that estimates of the labour supply elasticity that ignore these constraints are biased." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Flexible hours, workplace authority, and compensating wage differentials in the US (2005)
McCrate, Elaine;Zitatform
McCrate, Elaine (2005): Flexible hours, workplace authority, and compensating wage differentials in the US. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 11, H. 1, S. 11-40. DOI:10.1080/1354570042000332588
Abstract
"The theory of compensating differentials suggests that workers with flexible schedules will earn less than other workers. Some authors have also contended that the concentration of women in jobs with flexible hours explains a significant part of the gender pay gap. This paper uses data from the US subset of the Comparative Project in Class Analysis to test these hypotheses. These data first indicate that, contrary to popular wisdom, women workers do not have more flexible schedules than men. Second, the really striking differential is by race: black workers have much more rigid schedules than white workers. Third, workers with more authority at the workplace typically have more flexibility than subordinate workers. Finally, the data show that any compensating differentials for flexible hours are small and are offset by returns to workplace authority." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work and retirement plans among older Americans (2004)
Zitatform
Abraham, Katharine G. & Susan N. Houseman (2004): Work and retirement plans among older Americans. (Upjohn Institute staff working paper 2004-105), Kalamazoo, 38 S.
Abstract
"We compare older workers' plans for work and retirement with their subsequent work and retirement outcomes using panel data from the Health and Retirement Study. Among those with retirement plans, about half indicate they would like to cut back on their work hours or otherwise change the type of work they do prior to, or instead of, fully retiring. Yet, the fraction that follows through on these alternative plans is dramatically lower than the fraction that realizes plans to stop working. Our analysis shows that individuals who likely would need to change jobs in order to reduce their work hours are much less likely to have plans to reduce hours and, conditional on having such plans, are much less likely to follow through on them. Instead, a large fraction of these individuals stop working entirely. Our findings suggest that older workers may face substantial barriers to job change, and we conclude with a discussion of potential policy implications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Phasing into retirement (2004)
Zitatform
Allen, Steven G., Robert L. Clark & Linda S. Ghent (2004): Phasing into retirement. In: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Jg. 58, H. 1, S. 112-127.
Abstract
"To help workers navigate the transition from work to retirement more effectively, employers have been launching phased retirement programs, which allow older employees to work part-time and receive full retirement benefits. This paper examines the experience of the phased retirement system for tenured faculty in the University of North Carolina system over the years 1996-98. After phased retirement was introduced, there was a sizable increase in the overall separation rate in the system. The key finding from an empirical analysis of the retirement decision as a function of pension incentives, employee performance, demographics, and campus characteristics is that the odds of entering phased retirement were strongly and inversely related to employee performance, as measured by recent pay increases." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Contesting time: International comparisons of employee control of working time (2004)
Zitatform
Berg, Peter, Eileen Appelbaum, Tom Bailey & Arne L. Kalleberg (2004): Contesting time: International comparisons of employee control of working time. In: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Jg. 57, H. 3, S. 331-349. DOI:10.1177/001979390405700301
Abstract
"The authors hypothesize that three broad factors affect the degree of workers' control over the timing and the total hours of their work: the institutional and regulatory environment within the country, labor market conditions, and management and labor union strategies. Drawing from their Interviews in 2000 with managers, public sector policy-makers and administrators, and union Leaders, as well as from previous literature, they illustrate how these factors actually affected working time and employee control over working time in the United States, Australia, Japan, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Their comparative analysis shows that in some countries, employers and labor unions negotiated contracts that increased employee control over working time and provided employers with greater flexibility; in others, employee control over working time remained unevenly distributed across the occupational spectrum." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Alternative measures of supervisory employee hours and productivity growth (2004)
Eldridge, Lucy P.; Manser, Marilyn E.; Flohr Otto, Phyllis;Zitatform
Eldridge, Lucy P., Marilyn E. Manser & Phyllis Flohr Otto (2004): Alternative measures of supervisory employee hours and productivity growth. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 127, H. 4, S. 9-28.
Abstract
"An evaluation of new estimates of nonproduction and supervisory employee hours finds that the procedure currently used by BLS to estimate nonproduction and supervisory employee hours for the major sector productivity statistics does not misstate past productivity trends, but does undercount the number of hours worked." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
What can time-use data tell us about hours of work? (2004)
Frazis, Harley; Stewart, Jay;Zitatform
Frazis, Harley & Jay Stewart (2004): What can time-use data tell us about hours of work? In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 127, H. 12, S. 3-9.
Abstract
"The number of hours people work for pay is an important economic measure. In addition to being a measure of labor utilization, it is a component of other economic statistics. For example, productivity measures are computed by dividing total output by total hours worked, and hourly wages are often computed by dividing usual weekly earnings by usual weekly hours worked. There are two major sources of hours data for the United States - the BLS Current Population Survey (CPS) and the BLS Current Employment Statistics survey (CES) - and estimates of weekly hours from these two surveys behave differently for a variety of reasons. The goal of this article is to use data from the new American Time Use Survey (ATUS) to shed light on the accuracy of hours-worked reports in the CPS. Because the purpose of this study is to determine whether respondents report hours correctly in CPS, it does not examine other factors that could result in differences in estimates of hours worked from CPS and ATUS. In addition to differences in the reporting of hours, differences in estimates can be due to differences in sample composition and differences in the reporting of other variables. We control for these other factors, but do not analyze their effects on differences in estimates. We examine the effect of these other factors on comparisons of weekly hours from CPS and ATUS in a forthcoming publication." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Mehr Beschäftigung für Ältere: Lehren aus dem Ausland (2004)
Funk, Lothar;Zitatform
Funk, Lothar (2004): Mehr Beschäftigung für Ältere. Lehren aus dem Ausland. (IW-Positionen 08), Köln, S. 1-64.
Abstract
"Von 100 Einwohnern im Alter von 55 bis 64 Jahren waren in Deutschland im Jahr 2002 nur noch 38,4 Prozent beschäftigt. Das sind deutlich weniger als vor dreißig Jahren, als noch fast 50 Prozent erwerbstätig waren. Die Entwicklung in einer Reihe von Ländern zeigt, dass es möglich ist, höhere Erwerbstätigenquoten Älterer zu erreichen. Ausgehend von einem teilweise ähnlich geringen Niveau wie in Deutschland steigerten sie in wenigen Jahren die Erwerbstätigkeit Älterer erheblich. Hieraus lassen sich wesentliche Bedingungen für mehr Beschäftigung Älterer ableiten: Erstens könnten die Rentensysteme so gestaltet werden, dass ein vorzeitiges Ausscheiden aus dem Erwerbsleben weniger leicht und finanziell unattraktiv für Arbeitnehmer und Arbeitgeber ist. Zweitens verhilft ein geringer Regelungsgrad bei den Arbeitsverhältnissen zu einer hohen Erwerbstätigkeit aller und vor allem auch Älterer. Drittens würden höhere Investitionen in das vorhandene Humankapital auch über das 45. Lebensjahr hinaus erheblich dazu beitragen, die Beschäftigungsfähigkeit Älterer zu verbessern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum hours constraints, job requirements and retirement (2004)
Gustman, Alan L.; Steinmeier, Thomas L.;Zitatform
Gustman, Alan L. & Thomas L. Steinmeier (2004): Minimum hours constraints, job requirements and retirement. (NBER working paper 10876), Cambridge, Mass., 43 S. DOI:10.3386/w10876
Abstract
"A structural retirement model estimated with data from the Health and Retirement Study is used to simulate the effects of policies firms might adopt to improve employment conditions for older workers and thereby encourage delayed retirement. Firm policies that effectively abolished minimum hours constraints would strongly increase the number partially retired, while reducing full time work and full retirement, resulting in only a small net increase in full-time equivalent employment. Reducing physical and mental requirements of jobs would have much weaker effects on retirement than was suggested by work with the 1970s Retirement History Study. Reducing informal pressures to retire, increasing employer accommodations to health problems, and reducing the prevalence of layoffs and retirement windows would have only small effects on retirement outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working time at the crossroads?: workers-hours demand versus hedonic wage-hours models (2004)
Zitatform
Hart, Robert A. (2004): Working time at the crossroads? Workers-hours demand versus hedonic wage-hours models. In: L. Bellmann & C. Schnabel (Hrsg.) (2004): Betriebliche Arbeitszeitpolitik im Wandel (Beiträge zur Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, 288), S. 1-10.
Abstract
Der Autor plädiert dafür, den Blick vom europäischen Arbeitszeitmodell, dass arbeitsnachfrageorientiert ist, auf das in Amerika zunehmend an Einfluss gewinnende hedonische Lohn-Stunden-Modell zu wenden, um herauszufinden, warum Arbeitszeitpolitik als Beschäftigungspolitik im allgemeinen wenig erfolgreich ist. Das amerikanische Modell wurde von Lewis bereits 1969 entwickelt und schließt die Beschäftigungseffekte von Überstundenzuschlägen in die Betrachtung ein. Es zeigt auf, dass eine Arbeitszeitverkürzung zum Beschäftigungsabbau und zu mehr Überstunden führt. Somit steigt der durchschnittliche Stundenlohn. Weiterhin wird ausgeführt, dass in Europa über die Bedeutung von Arbeitsverträgen mit fest vereinbarter Arbeitszeit wenig bekannt ist. Auf welche Weise verhandeln Arbeitnehmer und Firmen Lohn-Stunden-Verträge? Werden die Kürzungen der Arbeitszeit durch einen internen Lohnausgleich neutralisiert? (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Planing, designing, and executing the BLS American time-use survey (2004)
Horrigan, Michael; Herz, Diane;Zitatform
Horrigan, Michael & Diane Herz (2004): Planing, designing, and executing the BLS American time-use survey. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 127, H. 10, S. 3-19.
Abstract
"From conception to implementation, the American Time Use Survey was 12 years in the making; its four developmental phases represented ever deeper levels of agency commitment and outside statistical support, as well as an evolution in thinking regarding survey estimation objectives, units of measurement, sampling plans, and data collection and coding protocols." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Who among white collar workers has a opportunity for phased retirement? (2004)
Hutchens, Robert M.; Grace-Martin, Karen;Zitatform
Hutchens, Robert M. & Karen Grace-Martin (2004): Who among white collar workers has a opportunity for phased retirement? (IZA discussion paper 1155), Bonn, 40 S.
Abstract
"Utilizing a new survey of employers, this paper examines how and why establishments differ in their willingness to permit an older full-time white-collar worker to take phased retirement. Phased retirement means that an older worker remains with his or her employer while gradually reducing work hours and effort. Although older workers often express an interest in phased retirement, actual occurrences are evidently rare. A possible explanation is that employers limit opportunities for phased retirement. The survey indicates that employers are often willing to permit phased retirement, but primarily as an informal arrangement. The results also indicate that opportunities for phased retirement are greater in establishments that employ part-time white-collar workers, allow job sharing, and have flexible starting times. Opportunities tend to be more limited in establishments where white collar workers are unionized, and where the establishment is part of a larger organization." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Single mothers working at night: standard work, child care subsidies, and implications for welfare reform (2004)
Zitatform
Tekin, Erdal (2004): Single mothers working at night. Standard work, child care subsidies, and implications for welfare reform. (IZA discussion paper 1014), Bonn, 44 S.
Abstract
"Using a data set from the post welfare reform environment (the 1999 National Survey of America's Families), this paper investigates the impact of child care subsidies on the standard work (i.e., work performed during the traditional work hours of 8 a.m. and 6 p.m. through Monday and Friday) decision of single mothers and tests whether this impact differs between welfare recipients and nonrecipients. The econometric strategy accounts for sample selection into the labor force and the potential endogeneity of child care subsidy receipt and welfare participation. Results suggest that child care subsidies are associated with a 6 percentage point increase in the probability of single mothers working at standard jobs. When the impact of subsidies is allowed to differ between welfare recipients and non-recipients, results indicate that welfare recipients are 14 percentage points more likely to work at standard jobs than others when they are offered a child care subsidy. Among non-recipients, child care subsidies increase standard work probability by only 1 percentage point. These results underscore the importance of child care subsidies helping low-income parents, especially welfare recipients, find jobs with conventional or standard schedules and lend support to the current practice of states' giving priority to welfare recipients for child care subsidies. Results are found to be robust to numerous specification checks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Supports for working families: Work and care policies across welfare states (2003)
Gornick, Janet C.; Meyers, Marcia K.;Zitatform
Gornick, Janet C. & Marcia K. Meyers (2003): Supports for working families: Work and care policies across welfare states. In: CESifo DICE report, Jg. 1, H. 4, S. 13-18.
Abstract
Eltern überall in Europa und den USA teilen das gleiche Problem, nämlich eine Balance zwischen den Verpflichtungen des Arbeitsmarkts und der Familie herzustellen. Die notwendige Arbeitsteilung muss sowohl gerecht als auch ökonomisch vertretbar sein. Unter dieser Perspektive werden die sozialpolitischen Maßnahmen, die zehn industrielle Wohlfahrtsstaaten auf diesem Gebiet getroffen haben, beschrieben und miteinander verglichen. Der internationale Vergleich bezieht sich auf Belgien, Dänemark, Finnland, Frankreich, Deutschland, die Niederlande, Norwegen, Schweden, Großbritannien und die USA. Im allgemeinen lässt sich feststellen, dass sozialdemokratisch regierte Länder die großzügigsten Regelungen haben, die zudem für beide Geschlechter gleich gelten. Konservativ regierte europäische Länder unterstützen zwar Maßnahmen zur Bereitstellung der notwendigen Betreuungszeit und zur ökonomischen Stabilisierung der familiären Situation, sind aber weit weniger aktiv, was die Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern bei bezahlter und unbezahlter Arbeit angeht. In diesen Ländern sind die Ungleichheiten in der Aufteilung von Arbeit unter den Geschlechtern am offensichtlichsten. Die Staaten wiederum wie Großbritannien und vor allem die USA, die sich am Konzept der freien Marktwirtschaft orientieren, stellen kaum Unterstützung für berufstätige Eltern bereit. In diesen Ländern sind die meisten Eltern auf das Wohlwollen ihrer Arbeitgeber angewiesen, wenn es um bezahlten Familienurlaub, geringere Arbeitszeiten oder mehr Freizeit geht. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Stressed on four continents: time crunch or yuppie kvetch? (2003)
Zitatform
Hamermesh, Daniel S. & Jungmin Lee (2003): Stressed on four continents. Time crunch or yuppie kvetch? (NBER working paper 10186), Cambridge, Mass., 28 S., Anhang. DOI:10.3386/w10186
Abstract
"Social commentators have pointed to problems of women workers who face time stress' an absence of sufficient time to accomplish all their tasks. An economic theory views time stress as reflecting how tightly the time constraint binds households. Time stress will be more prevalent in households with higher incomes and whose members work longer in the market or on required' homework. Evidence from Australia, Canada, Germany, Korea and the United States corroborates this view. Adults in higher-income households perceive more time stress for the same amount of time spent in market work and household work. The importance of higher full incomes in generating time stress is not small, particularly in North America much is yuppie kvetch.' While time stress is most prevalent among working wives, a decomposition suggests that women would perceive more time stress than men even if both worked the same number of hours in the market and at home.This paper provides an answer to an important empirical puzzle in the retirement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Differences in US-German time-allocation: why do Americans work longer hours than Germans? (2003)
Schettkat, Ronald;Zitatform
Schettkat, Ronald (2003): Differences in US-German time-allocation. Why do Americans work longer hours than Germans? (IZA discussion paper 697), Bonn, 26 S.
Abstract
"The conventional view is that Americans work longer hours than Germans and other Europeans but when time in household production is included, overall working time is very similar on both sides of the Atlantic. Americans spend more time on market work but German invest more in household production. This paper examines whether these differences in the allocation of time can be explained by differences in the incentive structure, this is by the taxwedge and differences in the wage differentials, as economic theory suggests. Its analysis of unique time-use data reveals that the differences in time-allocation patterns can indeed be explained by economic variables." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does the Statutory Overtime Premium Discourage Long Workweeks? (2003)
Zitatform
Trejo, Stephen J. (2003): Does the Statutory Overtime Premium Discourage Long Workweeks? In: ILR review, Jg. 56, H. 3, S. 530-551. DOI:10.2307/3590923
Abstract
"Using a pooled data set consisting of 20 annual observations on each of 11 major industry groups, the author estimates the effects of overtime pay regulation on weekly work schedules. In an analysis that controls for workweek trends within industries, the sharp expansions in overtime pay coverage resulting from legislative amendments and Supreme Court decisions are found to have had no discernible impact on overtime hours. This finding is consistent with a model of labor market equilibrium in which straight-time hourly wages adjust to neutralize the statutory overtime premium." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor market effects of technological change and working time reduction: some insights from a general equilibrium perspective (2003)
Weiss, Matthias M.;Zitatform
Weiss, Matthias M. (2003): Labor market effects of technological change and working time reduction. Some insights from a general equilibrium perspective. Mannheim, 100 S.
Abstract
Neuere Befunde legen nahe, dass wachsende Arbeitslosenraten in Kontinentaleuropa und zunehmende Lohnungleichheit in den USA und Großbritannien beide die Folge eines auf Facharbeit ausgerichteten technologischen Wandels sind. Die Rückkopplungseffekte dieser Entwicklung lassen sich nicht vollständig mit der sonst üblichen partiellen, sondern nur mit einer allgemeinen Gleichgewichtsanalyse erfassen. Die wichtigsten Folgen des Wandels der Produktivität bzw. der Arbeitszeit für die unterschiedlichen Arbeitsanforderungen, Löhne und die Beschäftigung werden diskutiert. Dazu gehört zum einen die Verdichtung der Lohnverteilung im Bereich der Facharbeit, zum anderen der Wandel der Produktivität, dem die gewandelten Güterpreise entgegenwirken. Auf dieser Grundlage wird diskutiert, ob Arbeitszeitverkürzung ein geeignetes Mittel gegen Beschäftigungslosigkeit sein kann. Dabei zeigt sich, dass Arbeitszeitverkürzung zu einem veränderten Konsumbedarf führt, was aber im Gegenschritt die Forderung nach ungelernter Arbeit und Beschäftigung zur Folge hat. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Operating hours in Europe: state-of-the-art-report on operating hours research in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, the United Kingdom, Sweden and the USA (2002)
Zitatform
(2002): Operating hours in Europe. State-of-the-art-report on operating hours research in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, the United Kingdom, Sweden and the USA. (Berichte des ISO 66), Köln, 341 S.
Abstract
"Lange und flexible Betriebszeiten gelten als Indikatoren für die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und Standortqualität der Wirtschaft. Die Art und Weise der Betriebs- und Arbeitszeitorganisation entscheidet auch über Umfang, Struktur und Form der Beschäftigung. Bislang sind im Rahmen der Europäischen Union drei Betriebszeitstudien (1989, 1994 und 1999) durchgeführt worden, die an den Kriterien der Repräsentativität und Vergleichbarkeit orientiert waren. Diese Untersuchungen weisen jedoch eine Reihe von methodischen und inhaltlichen Problemen auf, die sowohl die Vergleichbarkeit als auch die Zuverlässigkeit der Ergebnisse in Frage stellen. Ziel des internationalen Projektvorhabens EUCOWE ist es daher, durch eine repräsentative Betriebsbefragung in allen Wirtschaftsbereichen und Betriebsgrößenklassen in sechs europäischen Ländern (ergänzt durch Sekundäranalysen in Schweden und den USA) auf einer methodologisch zuverlässigen, die Kriterien der Repräsentativität und internationalen Vergleichbarkeit erfüllenden Grundlage den Zusammenhang von Betriebs- und Arbeitszeitmanagement und deren Auswirkungen auf Beschäftigung zu erforschen. Im Rahmen dieser auf die Gewinnung wichtiger Grundinformationen ausgelegten international vergleichenden Betriebsbefragung sollen noch folgende Spezialthemen (teil s mit den aus der Primärerhebung gewonnenen Daten, teils mithilfe von Sekundäranalysen) mitbearbeitet werden. - Das 'Service-Paradox'; - Der Flexibilitätskonflikt; - Defensive und offensive Strategien der Sicherung und Schaffung von Arbeitsplätzen; - Beschäftigungspolitik kleiner und mittlerer Firmen; - Globale, europäische, nationale oder sektorale Konkurrenz; - Betriebszeitmanagement, Flexibilität von Arbeitszeiten und das soziale Leben. Der Bericht stellt die Bestandsaufnahme zur Datenlage dar, die auf einem ersten Projekttreffen im Februar/März 2002 erarbeitet wurden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Entwicklung und Stand der Arbeitszeitflexibilisierung in Deutschland: Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Große Anfrage der Fraktion der FDP (2002)
Zitatform
(2002): Entwicklung und Stand der Arbeitszeitflexibilisierung in Deutschland. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Große Anfrage der Fraktion der FDP. (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 14/9177 (29.05.2002)), 53 S.
Abstract
In der Drucksache werden Fragen zur allgemeinen Entwicklung der Arbeitszeit, zur Flexibilisierung der Arbeitszeit - auch im Vergleich zu anderen Ländern - und zur Regelung der Sonn- und Feiertagsarbeit beantwortet. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
The incentive for working hard: explaining hours worked differences in the US and Germany (2001)
Zitatform
Bell, Linda A. & Richard B. Freeman (2001): The incentive for working hard. Explaining hours worked differences in the US and Germany. In: Labour economics, Jg. 8, H. 2, S. 181-202. DOI:10.1016/S0927-5371(01)00030-6
Abstract
"This paper seeks to explain the greater hours worked by Americans compared to Germans in terms of forward-looking labor supply responses to differences in earnings inequality between the countries. We argue that workers choose current hours of work to gain promotions and advance in the distribution of earnings. Since US earnings are more unequally distributed than German earnings, the same extra work pays off more in the US, generating more hours worked. Supporting this inequality-hours hypothesis, we show that in both countries hours worked is positively related to earnings inequality in cross-section occupational contrasts and that hours worked raises future wages and promotion prospects in longitudinal data." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
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Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonten
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug