Zitatform

Schönherr, Daniel & Harald Glaser (2023): Zwischen Fördern und Fordern: Auswirkungen individueller Beratungs- und Vermittlungsstrategien auf die Beschäftigungschancen arbeitsuchender Menschen. Wien: 63 S., 63 S.

Abstract

"Die vorliegende Studie im Auftrag der Abt. Arbeitsmarktforschung und Berufsinformation (ABI) sowie der Abt. Service für Arbeitsuchende (SfA) des AMS Österreich geht der Frage nach, wie Berater:innen des AMS potenzielle Spielräume in der Beratung individuell nutzen, um ihre Kund:innen bei der Suche nach einer neuen Beschäftigung zu unterstützen. Darüber hinaus analysiert die Studie die Auswirkungen dieser individuellen Beratungs- und Vermittlungsstrategien auf die Wiederbeschäftigungschancen von arbeitsuchenden Menschen in Österreich. Anknüpfend an bisherige Evaluierungen der Beratungssituation am AMS, die zuletzt vor allem die Betreuungsrelation und Kontakthäufigkeit zwischen Berater:innen und Kund:innen in den Blick nahmen, unternimmt die Studie erstmals für Österreich den Versuch, die Wirkweise unterschiedlicher Arten von Beratung und Vermittlung, die Arbeitslose am AMS erfahren, zu quantifizieren. Methodisch wurde darüber hinaus untersucht, ob und inwieweit Daten aus einer standardisierten Befragung von Berater:innen des AMS mit administrativen Daten ihrer Kund:innen verknüpft und derart aufbereitet werden können, dass statistische Aussagen über etwaige Einflussfaktoren der Beratung auf die Wiederbeschäftigungschancen Arbeitsloser gewonnen werden können. (...)" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Theodoropoulos, Nikolaos & Georgios Voucharas (2023): Firm Closures and Labor Market Policies in Europe. Evidence from Retrospective Longitudinal Data. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 1288), Essen, 35 S.

Abstract

"We examine the impact of active and passive labor market policies expenditures on the probability of re-employment, re-employment duration, unemployment duration, and re-employment wages in the case of job displacements due to firm closures. We use retrospective homogeneous longitudinal data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe and OECD data for 24 countries over the period 1985-2017 and we operate within alternative econometric frameworks. Our findings suggest that, in contrast to passive labor market policies, investing in active labor market policies increases the re-employment probability and the re-employment duration, reduces the risk of staying unemployed, and leads to higher wages at the lower end of the conditional wage distribution. Passive labor market policies estimates offset active labor market estimates and their interaction effect is always negative, but complementarities effects are found for Northern countries. By breaking down active and passive labor market policies into eight subcomponents, our results indicate that they have significant heterogeneous effects within and across labor market outcomes. Further, expenditures on labor market policies vary substantially across regions. For instance, active labor market policies have a stronger impact for Eastern countries, whereas passive labor market policies such as out-of-work income has a positive impact for Southern countries. Further, females are found to benefit more from active labor market policies in terms of re-employment probability, duration of re-employment, and risk of unemployment, but not in terms of wages, compared to males. Policymakers may consider the importance of implementing diverse reforms tailored to different countries and groups to enhance the effectiveness of labor market policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ugreninov, Elisabeth & Lena Magnusson Turner (2023): Next to Nothing: The Impact of the Norwegian Introduction Programme on Female Immigrants' Labour Market Inclusion. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 52, H. 1, S. 107-128. DOI:10.1017/S004727942100043X

Abstract

"In 2003, Norway implemented an ‘Introduction Programme’ that aimed to increase labour market inclusion among newly arrived immigrants. Its main objectives were to facilitate free courses in Norwegian language training and social studies, and education or on-the-job training. The participants were given an allowance to attend the programme. This paper uses administrative register data to evaluate the effect of the Norwegian introduction programme on female immigrants’ employment and earnings prospects. The sample consists of female immigrants from Asia or Africa who immigrated to Norway 18 months before or after the implementation of the introduction programme. The study measures their probability of being employed and their mean earnings 4–6 and 7–9 years after immigration. The results show that the Norwegian introduction programme had a small but significant effect on women’s employment, but not on their earnings. This article suggests that the small effect of the programme on employment and non-effect on earnings may imply a displacement effect rather than an improvement in language skills and labour market skills." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Valizade, Danat, Jo Ingold & Mark Stuart (2023): Employer Participation in Active Labour Market Policies in the United Kingdom and Denmark: The Effect of Employer Associations as Social Networks and the Mediating Role of Collective Voice. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 4, S. 991-1012. DOI:10.1177/09500170211063094

Abstract

"Active labour market policies (ALMPs) have evolved as pivotal social policy instruments designed to place the unemployed and other disadvantaged groups in sustainable employment. Yet, little is known about what drives employer participation in such initiatives. This article provides a nuanced account of the socio-economic aspects of the demand-side of ALMPs, by investigating employer embeddedness in wider social networks created by employer associations and employee collective voice as enabling mechanisms for employer participation in ALMPs. Drawing on an original survey of employers in the United Kingdom (UK) and Denmark, we found that the extent of employer embeddedness in such social networks is positively associated with employer participation in the UK but not in Denmark, where the effect was indirect and mediated through collective bargaining. The effects of employer network ties and employee collective voice affirm the importance of a more integrated analysis of the interactions between network ties and institutions in ALMP research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Walter, Timo (2023): German labor market reform and the rise of Eastern Europe: dissecting their effects on employment. In: Empirica, Jg. 50, H. 2, S. 351-387. DOI:10.1007/s10663-023-09569-w

Abstract

"From the early 1990s until 2005 the unemployment rate rose in Germany from 7.3 to 11.7%. While the unemployment rate reached its peak in 2005, it decreased steadily in the following years. The fourth stage of the German labor market reform (Hartz IV) was implemented in 2005 with the intent to cut the unemployment rate. This paper investigates the employment and welfare effects of the Hartz IV reform. Moreover, I am interested in the employment impact of German labor market reform due the rise of the East, which is the productivity increase in Germany and Eastern Europe that has fostered joint fast-growing trade. The focus lies on the national and county level (including 402 counties). As the effects on regional labor markets differ and take time, the paper builds on the dynamic and spatial trade model of Caliendo et al. (2019). I find that the Hartz IV reform is responsible for a 25% drop in unemployment, with a particular impact on eastern German counties. The rise of the East leads to an additional positive contribution to the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Wiede, Wiebke (2023): Das arbeitslose Subjekt. Genealogie einer Sozialfigur in Großbritannien und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland nach dem Boom. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 492 S.

Abstract

"Das Buch befasst sich mit der Geschichte der Massenarbeitslosigkeit in Westeuropa seit den 1970er Jahren am Beispiel der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und Großbritanniens. Es problematisiert die Wechselwirkungen von ökonomischen Zwängen, politisch-rechtlichen Regulierungen und den Handlungen und Vorstellungen von Arbeitslosen. Aus deren Perspektive zeichnet Wiebke Wiede die sozialen Zumutungen und sozialen Effekte von Arbeitslosigkeit nach. Die Studie liefert einen grundlegenden Beitrag zur zeithistorischen Erforschung von Deindustrialisierung und Subjektivierung "nach dem Boom"." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht)

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Wijnhoven, Martijn A., Elise Dusseldorp, Maurice Guiaux & Harriët Havinga (2023): The Work Profiler: Revision and maintenance of a profiling tool for the recently unemployed in the Netherlands. In: International social security review, Jg. 76, H. 2, S. 109-134. DOI:10.1111/issr.12327

Abstract

"For the public employment services of many Member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the importance of using profiling tools for job seekers is increasing rapidly in importance. With this trend, there is also widening concern about the risks of an over reliance on such tools. Part of the concern lies with a lack of transparency concerning how such tools work. This article aims to address this by offering a detailed investigation of the Work Profiler – the instrument used in the Netherlands by the Institute for Employee Benefits (Uitvoeringsinstituut Werknemersverzekeringen – UWV) to predict re-employment success and provide a diagnosis of key factors hindering job seekers' return to work. Professionals use these insights to deepen their understanding of the situation of job seekers and decide together with job seekers how to support their return to work. UWV decided to maintain and revise the Work Profiler through a large-scale study involving a sample of 53,238 people. Work Profiler 1.0 was developed in 2007–2010 and has been in use on a regional basis since 2011 and nationwide since 2015. This article explains how the new tool (version 2.0; implemented in 2018) works and, most importantly, demonstrates the choices made to ensure that it functions well and is used effectively by professionals. These latter two aspects are rarely discussed in the literature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Zocher, Feline, Stefan Zapfel, Thomas Roßnagel, Bernhard Schrauth & Bartholomäus Zielinski (2023): „Return to Learn“ (ELAN) – Eine innovative Maßnahme zur nachhaltigen Integration von langzeitarbeitslosen Personen mit multiplen Vermittlungshemmnissen. In: T. Manderbach, C. Joas & H. Vogel (Hrsg.) (2023): Arbeitsförderung, Gesundheitswesen und Rehabilitationssystem: Wie kann die Zusammenarbeit im traditionell gegliederten System der sozialen und gesundheitlichen Sicherung besser gelingen? Modellprojekte aus dem Förderprogramm rehapro des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales, Teil 1 (=Psychosoziale und medizinische Rehabilitation 36 (2023), 2), S. 110-118.

Abstract

"Das Modellprojekt ELAN hat das Ziel, Jobcenterkund:innen mit Hilfe einer besseren Vernetzung der Rechtskreise SGB II und SGB VI sowie einer neuen und individualisierten beruflichen Rehamaßnahme verbesserte (Wieder-)Eingliederungschancen am ersten Arbeitsmarkt zu eröffnen. Der betreffende Personenkreis weist häufig multiple Vermittlungshemmnisse und oft auch besondere Bedarfe im Bereich der beruflichen Rehabilitation auf. Eine engere Zusammenarbeit der Jobcenter mit Trägern der Deutschen Rentenversicherung soll den Abbau bürokratischer Hürden fördern und dadurch der Zielgruppe den Zugang zur Maßnahme erleichtern. Der modulare Aufbau der innovativen Maßnahme ermöglicht es darüber hinaus, individuelle Problemlagen und Bedarfe der Teilnehmenden ganzheitlich zu berücksichtigen. Gleichzeitig wird die Kooperation zwischen Rentenversicherung und Jobcentern intensiviert und interorganisational positiv erlebt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

(2023): Joint Employment Report 2024. Commission proposal. (Joint employment report), Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 165 S. DOI:10.2767/17157

Abstract

"The Joint Employment Report (JER) by the European Commission and the Council monitors the employment situation in the Union and the implementation of the Employment Guidelines, in line with Article 148 of the TFEU. The report provides an annual overview of key employment and social developments in the Union and of Member States’ recent policy measures, in line with the Guidelines for the Employment Policies of the Member States. It also identifies related key priority areas for policy action. Chapter 1 of the report presents an overview of key employment and social trends and of progress made on the 2030 EU headline and national targets, as well as horizontal findings based on the principles of the Social Convergence Framework (SCF). Chapter 2 analyses challenges and policy responses in the Member States for each of the four employment guidelines. Chapter 3 provides country-specific analysis for all Member States in line with the principles of the SCF. Based on the Commission’s proposal, and following exchanges in the relevant Council advisory committees, the final text will be adopted by the Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs (EPSCO) Council. Addressing the challenges identified in the report will contribute to achieving upward social convergence, strengthen the Union’s drive towards fair green and digital transitions and contribute to facing demographic change, as well as the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals and the implementation of the Union of Equality Strategies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2023): OECD-Wirtschaftsberichte: Deutschland 2023. (OECD-Wirtschaftsberichte. Deutschland), Paris, 178 S. DOI:10.1787/80df9211-de

Abstract

"Nach zehn Jahren mit dynamischem exportinduziertem Wachstum, sinkender Arbeitslosigkeit und Haushaltsüberschüssen zeigten die Pandemie und die Energiekrise, dass Deutschland strukturelle Schwachstellen aufweist und seine ökologische und digitale Transformation unbedingt beschleunigen muss. Gleichzeitig erhöht die rasche Bevölkerungsalterung den Druck auf die öffentlichen Finanzen und verschärft den Fachkräftemangel. Um das Arbeitsangebot zu erhöhen, ist es wichtig, die Steuern und Abgaben auf Arbeit insbesondere für Geringqualifizierte und Zweitverdienende zu senken, die Fachkräftemigration zu erleichtern und die Aus‑ und Weiterbildung zu verbessern. Eine modernisierte Verwaltung mit weniger Bürokratie und besseren öffentlichen Dienstleistungen würde sich positiv auf die wirtschaftliche Dynamik und die Innovationstätigkeit auswirken. Um den hohen Investitionsbedarf zu decken und gleichzeitig die Tragfähigkeit der öffentlichen Finanzen zu wahren, müssen Steuervergünstigen abgebaut werden, denn häufig sind sie verzerrend, regressiv oder umweltschädlich. Außerdem gilt es, den Steuervollzug zu stärken, die Ausgabeneffizienz im öffentlichen Sektor zu erhöhen und die Ausgaben besser zu priorisieren. Das Ziel der Klimaneutralität bis 2045 erfordert kosteneffiziente Maßnahmen, damit weder die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit noch der soziale Zusammenhalt geschwächt werden. Deutschland sollte die CO2 ‑Bepreisung ausweiten, sie aber mit gut konzipierten sektorspezifischen Bestimmungen und Beihilfen kombinieren, um insbesondere grüne FuE zu fördern, den Ausbau nachhaltiger Verkehrs‑ und Stromnetzinfrastrukturen voranzutreiben und den Wohngebäudesektor zu dekarbonisieren. Die Einnahmen aus der CO2 ‑Bepreisung können Niedrigeinkommenshaushalten zugutekommen und die aktive Arbeitsmarktpolitik verbessern. Dies würde den sozialen Zusammenhalt stärken." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

(2023): Labour market policy - Expenditure and participants: Data 2020. (Labor market policy - expenditure and participants), Brüssel, 223 S. DOI:10.2767/74692

Abstract

"This publication presents statistics on labor market policy (LMP) interventions implemented by EU Member States, Norway and the United Kingdom in 2020, together with time-series for key variables covering the period 2008-2020. The paper is divided in four chapters. Chapter 1 is introductory. Chapters 2 and 3 deal respectively with data on expenditure and participants in LMP interventions and include tables of indicators used for monitoring the EU Employment Guidelines. Chapter 4 includes tables of external and reference data that help to put the LMP data into context." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"The EU labor market policy (LMP) database collects information about government actions to help people with a disadvantage in the labor market, primarily by facilitating and supporting transitions from unemployment or inactivity into employment. This can take the form of financial support – such as unemployment benefits – or practical support ranging from basic guidance services to the provision of training, work experience and other actions aimed at improving a persons’ employability. It also includes incentives for employers to take on people from defined target groups. In the LMP database these actions are referred to as interventions. The LMP data are collected annually from administrative sources in each country on the basis of a comprehensive methodology that provides detailed guidelines for the collection of data: which interventions to cover; how to classify interventions by type of action; how to measure the expenditure associated with each intervention; and how to measure the number of participants. The aim of collecting this data is to serve as tool for policy analysts and policy makers to gain a clear understanding of the labor market policies provided in the EU and facilitate well informed decision-making. LMP data is used both in routine monitoring and benchmarking frameworks employed by the European Commission to identify key trends and challenges across the EU Member States and in analysis supporting a range of European policy initiatives. This note presents an analysis of the latest available LMP statistics. It includes sections providing an overview of the key data available for 2019, analysis of LMP based indicators, and an examination of insights data on different type of intervention can provide for key EU policy initiatives. Readers are recommended to refer to information on the characteristics of LMP statistics provided in Annex 1 to aid understanding of the data presented." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"The European Commission broadly defines undeclared work as "any paid activities that are lawful as regards their nature, but not declared to public authorities”. Undeclared work has important economic and social implications, including the loss of social security contributions and taxes, but also higher incidence of work accidents, missed professional development opportunities for workers, unfair competition and market distortions for businesses, among others. The European Union (EU) has set a target of a 78% employment rate of the population aged 20 to 64 by 2030 (European Pillar of Social Rights). Tackling undeclared work can contribute to this target by creating more declared work. In this context, the European Commission launched this study to gather deeper insights into, and empirical evidence of, successful policies and policy combinations for tackling undeclared work. This study reviewed empirical evidence across the full range of direct and indirect policy measures, including their potential effectiveness in transforming undeclared work into declared work. The idea was to identify the most effective policies for reducing the volume of undeclared work and linked damages depending on the type of undeclared work, the target groups (drivers) and/or geographical specificities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"This report provides an overview of the design and results of a counterfactual impact evaluation of SEND@, a digital tool for employment counsellors developed by the Spanish public employment service (Servicio Público de Empleo Estatal, SEPE). The objective of the digital tool SEND@ evaluated in this report is to assist employment counsellors in guiding clients to job openings and/or active labour market policies (ALMPs) based on past outcomes amongst similar clients. Taking information on jobseekers who have successfully integrated to the labour market in the recent past, the digital tool displays the top occupations in which similar jobseekers found jobs as well as, if applicable, which ALMPs they participated in before becoming employed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Drawing on an extensive analysis of secondary literature, numerous country case studies, and the ILO's 2021 survey encompassing 94 public employment services worldwide, this report sheds light on significant insights. The report underscores that the integration of employment services within a comprehensive policy and legal framework, coupled with continuous capacity-building efforts, leads to enhanced effectiveness and long-term sustainability. Moreover, the report emphasizes the importance of synergies and harmonization between employment services, active labor market policies, social protection policies, and systems. It delves into the modernization of public employment services, extending beyond mere digitalization, by advocating for a holistic approach that assists clients in overcoming labor market and other obstacles. The report also advocates for partnerships with other labor market institutions, training organizations, and social protection entities to broaden their reach and impact." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2023): Quarterly Review of Employment and Social Developments in Europe (ESDE) - November 2023. (Employment and social developments in Europe : quarterly review), Luxembourg, 19 S.

Abstract

"ESDE quarterly reviews periodically provide an overview of recent social and labour market developments in the EU, accompanied by specific thematic analyses. The thematic part of this review focuses on the impact of demographic changes on labour market outcomes and the potential of pension reforms to counteract these projected trends. This is an important topic in the context of demographic change in the EU over the next decades and the corresponding impact on employment rate, economic dependency ratio and social security contributions. Looking at pension reforms, the thematic focus shows that increasing the statutory and effective retirement age can play an important role for addressing the impending challenges stemming from population ageing and decline. It can at least in part mitigate the impact of ageing on employment and economic dependency. Nevertheless, it is also highlighted that a more comprehensive approach encompassing broader labour market reforms may be required to ensure the financial stability of social security systems in the long term, given the projected increases of recipients paired with higher social security contributions per employed person." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2023): Instrumente des SGB III und des SGB II zur Unterstützung junger Menschen bei der Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt. (Sachstand / Deutscher Bundestag, Wissenschaftliche Dienste WD 6 - 3000 - 070/23), Berlin, 30 S.

Abstract

"Die Integration junger Menschen in den Arbeitsmarkt stellt vor dem Hintergrund des demografischen Wandels und des zunehmenden Fachkräftemangels eine wichtige staatliche Aufgabe dar. Von zentraler Bedeutung sind dabei die Förderungsmaßnahmen nach dem Dritten Buch Sozialgesetzbuch - Arbeitsförderung (SGB III) und dem Zweiten Buch Sozialgesetzbuch – Bürgergeld, Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende (SGB II). Das SGB III sieht unter anderem Maßnahmen zur Berufsorientierung, zur Aus- und Weiterbildung sowie zur Unterstützung bei der Arbeitsplatzsuche vor. Hierbei werden junge Menschen am Übergang von der Schule ins Berufsleben gezielt gefördert, um ihre Qualifikationen und Fähigkeiten zu entwickeln und ihre Chancen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt zu verbessern. Viele dieser Leistungen stehen auch Beziehern von Leistungen der Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende nach dem SGB II zur Verfügung, das SGB II bietet jedoch auch eigene Maßnahmen zur Aktivierung und beruflichen Eingliederung, von denen sich einige auch speziell an junge Menschen richten. Die vorliegende Arbeit soll einen knappen Überblick über die nach dem SGB III und dem SGB II bestehenden Fördermöglichkeiten geben. Die Darstellung beschränkt sich im Wesentlichen auf die Instrumente und Leistungen, die sich explizit an junge Menschen richten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Die Verbesserung der Lebenssituation und Unterstützung von Kindern aus Familien mit niedrigem Haushaltseinkommen sind richtige Ziele. Kinderarmut muss nachhaltig reduziert werden, hier sind bereits positive Entwicklungen erkennbar: Viele Familien und ihre Kinder haben es geschafft, nicht mehr auf Bürgergeldleistungen angewiesen zu sein. Dies gilt für Familien ohne Migrationshintergrund genauso wie für Familien die schon länger in Deutschland sind. Durch gezielte Unterstützung und Förderung wird dies auch zunehmend Familien gelingen, die zuletzt aufgrund von Krieg und Terror Schutz in Deutschland gesucht und gefunden haben. Eine digitale und automatisierte Auszahlung kann dafür sorgen, dass vorhandene Leistungen tatsächlich in Anspruch genommen werden – und im besten Fall Bürokratie abbauen. Reine Geldleistungen sind aber nicht allein entscheidend, um die Chancen von Kindern wirkungsvoll zu verbessern. Der beste Schutz vor Kinderarmut ist die Erwerbstätigkeit der Eltern. Diese fördert man nicht durch immer höhere Geldleistungen. Ziel muss sein, Arbeit attraktiver zu machen und zu ermöglichen. Die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Eltern scheitert oft an fehlender Vereinbarkeit. Familien brauchen flächendeckende und qualitativ hochwertige Bildungs- und Betreuungsangebote – und das zuverlässig und für den ganzen Tag. Hieran ändert die Kindergrundsicherung nichts. Eltern, die arbeitslos oder nur in geringem Umfang berufstätig sind, müssen eng von den Jobcentern begleitet und bei der Arbeitsaufnahme unterstützt werden. Gut ist aber wenigstens, dass der Fokus jetzt nicht mehr auf generellen Leistungsausweitungen liegt, sondern darauf, bestehende Leistungen für Kinder besser zugänglich zu machen und zu bündeln. Entscheidend werden die konkrete Umsetzung und eine gute Zusammenarbeit der verschiedenen Behörden an den Schnittstellen sein." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

(2023): Annual report 2022 / European Network of Public Employment Services (PES). (Annual report … / European Network of Public Employment Services), Luxembourg, 25 S. DOI:10.2767/54453

Abstract

"The 2022 Work Program of the PES Network was designed to be implemented in a challenging context, whereby pre-existing labor market trends have been hastened by the COVID crisis. The actual context proved to be even more demanding. While unemployment remained at record low levels, labor shortages grew across many sectors. PES were furthermore called upon when millions of Ukrainians fled their country, and so far more than 4 million registrations for temporary protection1 have been recorded in the EU. In the wake of a potential recession, PES’ expectations for short term developments in employment and unemployment levels (as measured by the European Labor Market Barometer) have fallen consistently since May, to reach levels comparable to the height of the COVID 19 crisis. Overall, the Network was able to implement more than 20 activities in 2022, including some in addition to those planned, to support PES in helping displaced people from Ukraine." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"The EU labor market policy (LMP) database collects information about government actions to help people with a disadvantage in the labor market, primarily by facilitating and supporting transitions from unemployment or inactivity into employment. This can take the form of financial support – such as unemployment benefits – or practical support ranging from basic guidance services to the provision of training, work experience and other actions aimed at improving a persons’ employability. It also includes incentives for employers to take on people from defined target groups. In the LMP database these actions are referred to as interventions. The LMP data are collected annually by a network of national delegates from administrative sources in each country on the basis of a comprehensive methodology that provides detailed guidelines on: which interventions to cover; how to classify interventions by type of action; how to measure the expenditure associated with each intervention; and how to measure the number of participants. The LMP data serve to inform analysts and policy makers about the labour market policies provided in the EU Member States and provide an evidence base for further development of policy. LMP data are used in routine monitoring and benchmarking frameworks adopted by the European Commission to identify key trends and challenges across the EU Member States and in analysis supporting a range of European policy initiatives. This note presents an analysis of the latest available LMP statistics. It includes an overview of the key data available for 2020 and an analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the provision of LMP in the Member States. Readers are recommended to refer to information on the characteristics of LMP statistics provided in Annex 1 to aid understanding of the data presented." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Altmann, Steffen, Anita Marie Glenny, Robert Mahlstedt & Alexander Sebald (2022): The Direct and Indirect Effects of Online Job Search Advice. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 15830), Bonn, 44 S.

Abstract

"We study how online job search advice affects the job search strategies and labor market outcomes of unemployed workers. In a large-scale field experiment, we provide job seekers with vacancy information and occupational recommendations through an online dashboard. A clustered randomization procedure with regionally varying treatment intensities allows us to account for treatment spillovers. Our results show that online advice is highly effective when the share of treated workers is relatively low: in regions where less than 50% of job seekers are exposed to the treatment, working hours and earnings of treated job seekers increase by 8.5–9.5% in the year after the intervention. At the same time, we find substantial negative spillovers on other treated job seekers for higher treatment intensities, resulting from increased competition between treated job seekers who apply for similar vacancies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Artmann, Elisabeth, Sarah Bernhard & Gesine Stephan (2022): Vermittlungsgutscheine: Forschungsstand und Forschungspotenzial. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 06/2022), Nürnberg, 24 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2206

Abstract

"Dieser Bericht fasst vorliegende Befunde zum Einsatz und zur Wirkung von Vermittlungsgutscheinen zusammen und diskutiert weitere Forschungspotenziale. Nach § 45 SGB III (4) können die Agenturen für Arbeit und die Jobcenter nach eigenem Ermessen einen Aktivierungs- und Vermittlungsgutschein (AVGS) ausgeben, der zur Auswahl eines zugelassenen Trägers berechtigt. Eine Variante ist dabei der Vermittlungsgutschein für Maßnahmen der privaten Arbeitsvermittlung (AVGS-MPAV). Er kann bei Trägern eingelöst werden, die eine erfolgsbezogen vergütete Arbeitsvermittlung in versicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung anbieten. Arbeitslose, die einen Anspruch auf Arbeitslosengeld haben und nach einer Arbeitslosigkeit von sechs Wochen innerhalb einer Frist von drei Monaten noch nicht vermittelt sind, haben einen Rechtsanspruch auf einen solchen Gutschein. Bei einer erfolgreichen Arbeitsvermittlung in eine versicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung (die bestimmte Voraussetzungen erfüllt) beträgt die Vergütung 2.500 Euro, sie kann bei Langzeitarbeitslosen und behinderten Menschen auf bis zu 3.000 Euro erhöht werden. Dabei sind 1.250 Euro nach 6 Wochen und der Restbetrag nach 6 Monaten Beschäftigungsdauer fällig. Sowohl die Zahl der ausgegebenen als auch der eingelösten Gutscheine ist seit längerem rückläufig. Die Zahl der ausgegebenen Gutscheine (ohne zugelassene kommunale Träger, zkT) sank zwischen 2013 und 2020 von 330.000 auf rund 47.000 pro Jahr. Wurden 2013 noch insgesamt knapp 42.800 Vermittlungsgutscheine eingelöst (mit zkT), waren es 2020 bundesweit nur noch rund 6.900. Über den gesamten Betrachtungszeitraum blieb der Anteil der Gutscheine mit bewilligter zweiter Rate fast konstant bei rund 56 Prozent. Damit dauerte etwas mehr als die Hälfte der Beschäftigungsverhältnisse, die über einen Gutschein vermittelt wurden, länger als ein halbes Jahr. Personen, die Gutscheine erhielten bzw. einlösten, gehören dabei – verglichen mit dem Bestand der Arbeitslosen – überproportional häufig zu Gruppen mit besseren Beschäftigungschancen. So waren Ältere ab 55 Jahren, Langzeitarbeitslose sowie Arbeitslose im Rechtskreis SGB II unter den Personen, die Gutscheine erhielten bzw. einlösten, unterrepräsentiert. Frühere Wirkungsanalysen mit der Methode der „statistischen Zwillinge“ deuten darauf hin, dass der Erhalt eines Gutscheins bei arbeitslosen Personen die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, eine ungeförderte versicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung aufzunehmen. Für Personen, die einen Gutschein erhalten haben, zeigen Analysen der Qualität der aufgenommenen Beschäftigungsverhältnisse: Personen, die den Gutschein einlösten, waren öfter in Leiharbeit beschäftigt und nahmen im Durchschnitt Tätigkeiten mit niedrigerem Anforderungsniveau und geringeren Entgelten auf als Personen, die den Gutschein nicht einlösten. Eine Wiederholung der bisherigen Analysen auf Basis etwas neuerer Daten verspräche kaum neue Erkenntnisse. Für eine weiterführende kausale Wirkungsanalyse schlagen die Autorinnen vor, in ausgewählten Agenturen für Arbeit bzw. Jobcentern für zufällig ausgewählte Personen einen Gutschein auszustellen. Durch die zufällige Zuweisung werden Selektivitäten im ersten Schritt des Vergabeprozesses eliminiert: Die Gruppe derjenigen Personen, die den Gutschein erhalten, würde sich hier weder in Bezug auf beobachtbare noch in Bezug auf unbeobachtbare Merkmale von der Gruppe derjenigen Personen unterscheiden, die keinen Gutschein erhalten. Damit ließen sich eindeutige kausale Effekte der Gutscheinausgabe ermitteln." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Aumond, Romain, Valerio Di Tommaso & Gerhard Rünstler (2022): A narrative database of labour market reforms in euro area economies. (Working paper series / European Central Bank 2657), Frankfurt am Main, 61 S.

Abstract

"We present a quarterly narrative database of important labour market reforms in selected euro area economies in between 1995 and 2018 covering 60 events. We provide legal adoption and implementation dates of major reforms to employment protection legislation and unemployment benefits. Estimates based on local projections find negative short-run effects of liberalising reforms on wages, while the employment effects of reforms differ markedly across age groups and partly depend on the state of the economy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Autor, David, David Cho, Leland D. Crane, Mita Goldar, Byron Lutz, Joshua K. Montes, William B. Peterman, David D. Ratner, Daniel Villar Vallenas & Ahu Yildirmaz (2022): The $800 Billion Paycheck Protection Program: Where Did the Money Go and Why Did it Go There? (NBER working paper 29669), Cambridge, Mass, 46 S. DOI:10.3386/w29669

Abstract

"The Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) provided small businesses with roughly $800 billion dollars in uncollateralized, low-interest loans during the pandemic, almost all of which will be forgiven. With 93 percent of small businesses ultimately receiving one or more loans, the PPP nearly saturated its market in just two months. We estimate that the program cumulatively preserved between 2 and 3 million job-years of employment over 14 months at a cost of $170K to $257K per job-year retained. These estimates imply that only 23 to 34 percent of PPP dollars went directly to workers who would otherwise have lost jobs; the balance flowed to business owners and shareholders, including creditors and suppliers of PPP-receiving firms. Program incidence was highly regressive, with about three-quarters of PPP funds accruing to the top quintile of households. This compares unfavorably to the other two major pandemic aid programs, enhanced UI benefits and Economic Impact Payments (i.e. stimulus checks). PPP's breakneck scale-up, its high cost per job saved, and its regressive incidence have a common origin: PPP was essentially untargeted because the United States lacked the administrative infrastructure to do otherwise. The more targeted pandemic business aid programs deployed by other high-income countries exemplify what is feasible with better administrative systems. Building similar capacity in the U.S. would enable greatly improved targeting of either employment subsidies or business liquidity when the next pandemic or other large-scale economic emergency occurs, as it surely will." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bakker, Vincent & Olaf van Vliet (2022): Social Investment, Employment and Policy and Institutional Complementarities: A Comparative Analysis across 26 OECD Countries. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 51, H. 4, S. 728-750. DOI:10.1017/S0047279421000386

Abstract

"Raising employment has been at the heart of EU strategies for over twenty years. Social investment, by now a widely debated topic in the comparative welfare state literature, has been suggested as a way to pursue this. However, there are only a couple of systematic comparative analyses that focus on the employment outcomes associated with social investment. Analyses of the interdependence of these policies with regard to their outcomes are even more scarce. We empirically analyse the extent to which variation in employment rates within 26 OECD countries over the period 1990-2010 can be explained by effort on five social investment policies. We additionally explore the role of policy and institutional complementarities. Using time-series cross-section analyses we find robust evidence for a positive association between effort on ALMPs and employment rates. For other policies we obtain mixed results. ALMPs are the only policies for which we observe signs of policy interdependence, which point at diminishing marginal returns. Additionally, our analysis demonstrates that the interdependence of social investment policies varies across welfare state regimes. Together, this indicates that the employment outcomes of social investment policies are also contingent on the broader framework of welfare state policies and institutions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Beer, Mareike (2022): Angebote der beruflichen Bildung im dualen Ausbildungssystem für Menschen mit Beeinträchtigungen und Behinderungen. Maßnahmen der Beruflichen Rehabilitation der Bundesagentur für Arbeit. In: M. Friese & D. Münk (Hrsg.) (2022): Berufliche Rehabilitation, S. 3-7.

Abstract

"Ein gelingender Übergang in eine Ausbildung wird als bedeutsam für den Lebensverlauf und als Schlüssel zur Teilhabe angesehen. Die Bundesagentur für Arbeit hält eine breite Angebotspalette an Fördermaßnahmen für Menschen mit Reha-Status vor. Die wesentlichen Förderinstrumente, mit denen Heranwachsende mit Reha-Status vorrangig erreicht werden, werden in diesem Beitrag skizziert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Berg, Gerard J. van den & Johan Vikström (2022): Long‐Run Effects of Dynamically Assigned Treatments: A New Methodology and an Evaluation of Training Effects on Earnings. In: Econometrica, Jg. 90, H. 3, S. 1337-1354. DOI:10.3982/ecta17522

Abstract

"We propose and implement a new method to estimate treatment effects in settings where individuals need to be in a certain state (e.g., unemployment) to be eligible for a treatment, treatments may commence at different points in time, and the outcome of interest is realized after the individual left the initial state. An example concerns the effect of training on earnings in subsequent employment. Any evaluation needs to take into account that some of those who are not trained at a certain time in unemployment will leave unemployment before training while others will be trained later. We are interested in effects of the treatment at a certain elapsed duration compared to “no treatment at any subsequent duration.” We prove identification under unconfoundedness and propose inverse probability weighting estimators. A key feature is that weights given to outcome observations of nontreated depend on the remaining time in the initial state. We study effects of a training program for unemployed workers in Sweden. Estimates are positive and sizeable, exceeding those obtained with common static methods. This calls for a reappraisal of training as a tool to bring unemployed back to work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bertheau, Antoine, Edoardo Acabbi, Cristina Barceló, Andreas Gulyas, Stefano Lombardi & Raffaele Saggio (2022): The Unequal Cost of Job Loss across Countries. (IZA discussion paper 15033), Bonn, 49 S.

Abstract

"We document the consequences of losing a job across countries using a harmonized research design. Workers in Denmark and Sweden experience the lowest earnings declines following job displacement, while workers in Italy, Spain, and Portugal experience losses three times as high. French and Austrian workers face earnings losses somewhere in-between. Key to these differences is that Southern European workers are less likely to find employment following displacement. Loss of employer-specific wage premiums accounts for 40% to 95% of within-country wage declines. The use of active labor market policies predicts a significant portion of the cross-country heterogeneity in earnings losses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Binder, Barbara & Andreas Haupt (2022): The fundamental role of tax systems in the relationship between workfare and inequality in the lower half of the income distribution. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 80. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2022.100712

Abstract

"In recent decades, many affluent democracies moved from traditional welfare states to workfare systems. Meanwhile, income inequality developed differently across countries, even when they made apparently similar shifts from welfare to workfare. It is a matter of debate why welfare state change had such heterogeneous consequences across countries. This article proposes that different incentives to take up low-wage work set by tax reforms in the wake of welfare-to-workfare transitions alter consequences on inequality in the lower half of the income distribution. To support this argument, we contrast the trends between the U.S. and Germany. The German and U.S. tax systems were used in very different ways to incentivize low-wage work. The U.S. provided strong incentives to take up low-wage, high-hour work through refundable tax credits. They act as in-work subsidies and represent an enormous public income support program. In contrast, in Germany, payroll taxes were reduced for marginal employment. These jobs were intended to serve as a stepping stone to full employment. Germany aimed to reduce barriers to labor market entry, but did not increase subsidies for those working higher hours in low-wage jobs. We hypothesize that the German path led to increased income inequality within the lower half of the income distribution, whereas the large U.S. tax-based subsidies in the U.S. significantly counteracted it. Decompositions of unconditional quantile regressions based on the SOEP and the CPS-ASEC for 1992 and 2014 strongly support these assumptions. Households with no labor market integration lost ground with the workfare reforms in both countries, increasing inequality in the lower half. However, U.S. households that conformed to the new workfare system by taking low-wage jobs received additional after-tax income through tax cuts and credits. This additional income of the beneficiary households increased the percentile values between the 10th and 30th percentiles by about 6 per cent, thus reducing income inequality in the lower half. Germany, on the contrary, lacked such compensatory subsidies for compliant households. Thus, increased take-up of low-wage work was associated with an increase in income inequality in the lower half. We conclude that tax systems are important in understanding why the shift towards workfare was associated with heterogeneous trends in income inequality across countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))

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Burger, Anže, Jochen Kluve, Milan Vodopivec & Matija Vodopivec (2022): A comprehensive impact evaluation of active labour market programmes in Slovenia. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 62, H. 6, S. 3015-3039. DOI:10.1007/s00181-021-02111-6

Abstract

"Using administrative database containing work history and programme participation for the entire national workforce, the paper evaluates Slovenia's four main active labour market programmes: institutional training, on-the-job training, wage subsidies and public works. The studied outcomes range from post-unemployment employment probability and job quality to cumulative effects on employment and earnings over the longer run, and also include programmes' cost-effectiveness. We identify programme effects by comparing outcomes of treatment and control groups using propensity score matching. The results show that the programmes perform rather well judged both by their impact on labour market outcomes and by their cost-effectiveness: except for public works, all programmes are found to have a net benefit in terms of government expenditures. Our results are robust to time-invariant unobserved heterogeneity in the treatment and control groups, as we corroborate the baseline propensity score matching results with a difference-in-difference estimator." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Bönke, Timm, Luisa Hammer & Dominik Hügle (2022): Berufsabschluss durch Weiterbildung. Zur Wirksamkeit beruflicher Nachqualifizierung. Gütersloh, 37 S. DOI:10.11586/2022049

Abstract

"Einen Berufsabschluss nachzuholen, zahlt sich aus. Auch wer erst im Alter von über 25 seinen Berufsabschluss macht, verbessert damit seine Berufsperspektiven. Ist es ein erster Berufsabschluss, erhöht sich die Chance auf Beschäftigung und ein höheres Einkommen deutlich – und das sogar langfristig. Ein zweiter Berufsabschluss kann das Einkommen noch weiter verbessern. Bei nachgeholten Berufsabschlüssen handelt es sich nicht notwendigerweise um vollständige Berufsausbildungen. Auch abschlussbezogene Weiterbildungen wie Umschulungen oder Teilqualifikationen führen zu einem Berufsabschluss. Mit jährlich 30.000 bis 50.000 Teilnehmenden ist die Umschulung bei einem Träger die mit Abstand meistbesuchte abschlussorientierte Maßnahme. Teilqualifikationen (TQ) sind eine attraktive Alternative dazu ebenso wie zur klassischen Berufsausbildung. TQ-Module dauern meist nur wenige Monate und sind dadurch deutlich günstiger als beispielsweise die zumeist zweijährigen Umschulungen: Nach unseren Berechnungen aus den Bundes-Durchschnittskostensätzen (Bundesagentur für Arbeit, 2020) und Experteninterviews kostet eine Teilqualifikation je nach Zielberuf und Rahmenbedingungen durchschnittlich 5.000 bis 9.000 Euro pro Teilnehmenden. Für eine Umschulung fallen dagegen im Schnitt 25.000 bis 40.000 Euro an. Trotzdem zeigen die Teilnehmenden der Teilqualifikationen ähnliche Eingliederungsquoten wie die Teilnehmenden der Umschulungen. Aktuelle Fördermöglichkeiten (wie beispielsweise durch das Qualifizierungschancengesetz) ermöglichen derartige Formen der berufsbegleitenden Qualifizierung. Arbeitsentgelte und Kosten der Maßnahmen werden dabei von der Bundesagentur für Arbeit oder dem Jobcenter übernommen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Büttner, Thomas, Julia Lang, Torben Schewe & Gesine Stephan (2022): Arbeitsmarktpolitische Maßnahmen während der Covid-19-Pandemie: Weniger Förderungen, stabile Wirkungen. (IAB-Kurzbericht 22/2022), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2222

Abstract

"In Deutschland hat aktive Arbeitsmarktpolitik einen hohen Stellenwert, und die Bundesagentur für Arbeit wendet hierfür erhebliche Mittel auf. Der Ausbruch der Covid-19-Pandemie hat auch in diesem Bereich etablierte Prozesse spürbar gestört. Dieser Bericht zeigt für den Bereich der Arbeitslosenversicherung (SGB III), wie sich die Förderzugänge in ausgewählte Maßnahmen seit der Pandemie entwickelt haben. Für die Zugangskohorten der Jahre 2019 und 2020 wird zudem überprüft, wie sich die Maßnahmen auf die Beschäftigungschancen der Teilnehmenden ausgewirkt haben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen: 2020 sind die Förderzahlen im ersten Halbjahr zurückgegangen und im zweiten Halbjahr gestiegen, wobei das Niveau von vor der Pandemie nicht wieder erreicht wurde. Die Fördereffekte auf den Anteil der Geförderten, der ein Jahr nach Förderbeginn beschäftigt ist, sind im Untersuchungszeitraum relativ stabil geblieben und im Mittel bei allen untersuchten Maßnahmekategorien positiv." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Coban, Mustafa, Zein Kasrin, Claudia Wenzig, Joachim Wolff & Cordula Zabel (2022): Beschäftigungsbegleitende Betreuung im Sozialen Arbeitsmarkt: Geförderte sind mehrheitlich zufrieden mit dem Coaching. (IAB-Kurzbericht 23/2022), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2223

Abstract

"Coaching – eine ganzheitliche beschäftigungsbegleitende Betreuung – soll Beschäftigungsverhältnisse stabilisieren, die durch die Instrumente „Eingliederung von Langzeitarbeitslosen“ und „Teilhabe am Arbeitsmarkt“ gefördert werden. Das Autorenteam untersucht in diesem Kurzbericht Aussagen von Geförderten hinsichtlich des Erhalts, der Ausgestaltung und Bewertung des Coachings und dessen Rolle für die Beschäftigungsstabilität. Den Befragungsergebnissen zufolge erhält in beiden Maßnahmen die überwiegende Mehrheit der Geförderten ein Coaching und es finden im Schnitt fünf bis sechs Coaching-Gespräche pro Quartal statt. Die Geförderten sind mit dem Coaching überwiegend sehr zufrieden, aber geteilter Meinung, ob es ihre persönliche Situation verbessert hat." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Contini, Bruno (2022): The Cost-Effectiveness of Subsidies to Youth Employment in Italy: Toward a Preliminary Evaluation. (IZA discussion paper 15097), Bonn, 8 S.

Abstract

"The European Commission has for many years advocated fiscal policies in order to improve the employability of young people. This paper aims at providing a preliminary rough estimate of the cost-effectiveness of rebates on social security contributions granted to employers that Italy has utilized since the Nineties in a variety of forms. My conclusion is that cost-effectiveness is still an open question." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Davern, Eamonn (2022): European Network of Public Employment Services: PES support to recovery. (Thematic Paper / European Network of Public Employment Services), Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 22 S. DOI:10.2767/847911

Abstract

"This paper provides an overview of the key questions and issues for Public Employment Services in determining how best to assist labour market recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. It draws upon existing promising practices and academic research, as well as the discussions held in a Thematic Review Workshop in the Network on 9-10 November 2021. Member States have introduced a wide range of measures to mitigate the negative impact of COVID-19 on employment. Despite these initiatives the longer-term challenges from structural labor market changes remain. The report highlights that to further succeed, PES need to learn from emergency measures applied during the crisis, identifying those which could be adopted for permanent use, consistently reviewing their institutional strength and corporate resilience. This will require agility with rapid responses to emerging trends, sufficient capacity, appropriate tools, and required competencies to support unemployed people through profound labour market changes. Liaison with partners will become increasingly important and need to be regularly reviewed to identify where new partnerships are needed. PES will need to support improved labor market function through promoting employment in growing sectors of the economy, particularly digital and green jobs, facilitating occupational and geographical mobility, including through training and upskilling, and supporting the agenda for longer working lives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Desiere, Sam & Bart Cockx (2022): How effective are hiring subsidies in reducing long-term unemployment among prime-aged jobseekers? Evidence from Belgium. In: IZA Journal of Labor Policy, Jg. 12. DOI:10.2478/izajolp-2022-0003

Abstract

"Hiring subsidies are widely used to create (stable) employment for the long-term unemployed. This paper exploits the abolition of a hiring subsidy targeted at long-term unemployed jobseekers older than 45 years of age in Belgium to evaluate its effectiveness in the short and medium run. Based on a triple-difference methodology, the hiring subsidy is shown to increase the job-finding rate by 13% without any evidence of spillover effects. This effect is driven by a positive effect on individuals with at least a bachelor's degree. However, the hiring subsidy mainly creates temporary short-lived employment: eligible jobseekers are not more likely to find employment that lasts at least 12 consecutive months compared with ineligible jobseekers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Eppel, Rainer, Ulrike Huemer, Helmut Mahringer & Lukas Schmoigl (2022): Welcher Kurs wirkt für wen? Effektivität der Qualifizierungsförderungen des Arbeitsmarktservice Österreich. In: Monatsberichte / WIFO, Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Jg. 95, H. 11, S. 757-767.

Abstract

"In einer rezenten WIFO-Studie wurde untersucht, wie sich welche Arten von Qualifizierungsförderungen des Arbeitsmarktservice Österreich auf die Arbeitsmarktchancen unterschiedlicher Gruppen von Arbeitslosen auswirken. Dabei wurden die Förderungen näher nach Maßnahmeninhalt, Trägertyp, Abschlussart, Intensität und Zielgruppenorientierung unterschieden. Der vorliegende Beitrag fasst die wichtigsten Ergebnisse der Evaluierung der Maßnahmeneffektivität zusammen. Alle acht evaluierten Qualifizierungsförderungen wirken sich im Durchschnitt positiv auf die Arbeitsmarktbeteiligung und die Beschäftigungschancen der geförderten Arbeitslosen aus. Kurs ist jedoch nicht gleich Kurs. Die Angebote sind äußerst heterogen in ihrer Ausgestaltung und Wirkung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © WIFO - Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung)

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Eppel, Rainer, Ulrike Huemer, Helmut Mahringer & Lukas Schmoigl (2022): Evaluierung der Effektivität und Effizienz von Qualifizierungsförderungen des Arbeitsmarktservice Österreich. Wien, 320 S.

Abstract

"Die vorliegende Studie hat eine umfangreiche Evaluierung der Effektivität und Effizienz der vom Arbeitsmarktservice gesetzten Qualifizierungsförderungen für arbeitslose Personen zum Gegenstand. Dabei beleuchtet sie nicht nur Effektunterschiede zwischen zahlreichen Subgruppen von Arbeitslosen, sondern unterscheidet vor allem auch stärker als bisher unterschiedliche Subtypen von Maßnahmen hinsichtlich Trägertyp, Inhalt, Abschlussart, Förderintensität und Zielgruppenorientierung. Die Ergebnisse illustrieren eindrücklich: Kurs ist nicht gleich Kurs. Die vom AMS eingesetzten Qualifizierungsförderungen sind äußerst heterogen zum einen in ihrer Ausgestaltung und zum anderen in ihrer Wirkung. Deshalb bleibt wertvolles Wissen über ihren Einsatz und ihre Wirkung verborgen, wenn beim Fördermonitoring nicht ausreichend differenziert wird. Die Studie zeigt Möglichkeiten auf, die Informationslage zu den umgesetzten Maßnahmen weiter zu verbessern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Ferragina, Emanuele & Federico Danilo Filetti (2022): Labour market protection across space and time: A revised typology and a taxonomy of countries' trajectories of change. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 148-165. DOI:10.1177/09589287211056222

Abstract

"We measure and interpret the evolution of labour market protection across 21 high-income countries over three decades, employing as conceptual foundations the ‘regime varieties’ and ‘trajectories of change’ developed by Esping-Andersen, Estevez-Abe, Hall and Soskice, and Thelen. We measure labour market protection considering four institutional dimensions – employment protection, unemployment protection, income maintenance and activation – and the evolution of the workforce composition. This measurement accounts for the joint evolution of labour market institutions, their complementarities and their relation to outcomes, and mitigate the unrealistic Average Production Worker assumption. We handle the multi-dimensional nature of labour market protection with Principal Component Analysis and capture the characteristics of countries’ trajectories of change with a composite score. We contribute to the literature in three ways. (1) We portray a revised typology that accounts for processes of change between 1990 and 2015, and that clusters regime varieties on the basis of coordination and solidarity levels, that is, Central/Northern European, Southern European, liberal. (2) We illustrate that, despite a persistent gap, a large majority of Coordinated Market Economies experiencing a decline in the level of labour market protection became more similar to Liberal Market Economies. (3) We develop a fivefold taxonomy of countries’ trajectories of change (liberalization, dualization, flexibility, de-dualization and higher protection), showing that these trajectories are not always path-dependent and consistent with regime varieties previously developed in the literature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Guschanski, Alexander & Özlem Onaran (2022): The decline in the wage share: falling bargaining power of labour or technological progress? Industry-level evidence from the OECD. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 20, H. 3, S. 1091-1124. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwaa031

Abstract

"We investigate whether the downward trend in the wage share is driven by technological change or a decline in labour’s bargaining power. We present an econometric analysis using industry-level data for 14 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries for the 1970–2014 period and test whether the determinants of the wage share differ between manufacturing and service industries, between workers of different skill groups and across countries with different bargaining regimes. Our findings suggest that the wage share declined due to a fall in labour’s bargaining power driven by offshoring to developing countries and changes in labour market institutions such as union density, social government expenditure and minimum wages. In contrast, the effect of technological change is not robust. While we find evidence for a negative effect on medium-skilled workers, our results cast doubt on the hypothesis of skill-biased technological change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Knaus, Michael C., Michael Lechner & Anthony Strittmatter (2022): Heterogeneous employment effects of job search programmes. A machine learning approach. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 57, H. 2, S. 597-636. DOI:10.3368/jhr.57.2.0718-9615R1

Abstract

"We systematically investigate the effect heterogeneity of job search programmes for unemployed workers. To investigate possibly heterogeneous employment effects, we combine non-experimental causal empirical models with Lasso-type estimators. The empirical analyses are based on rich administrative data from Swiss social security records. We find considerable heterogeneities during the first six months after the start of training. Consistent with previous results in the literature, unemployed persons with fewer employment opportunities profit more from participating in these programmes. Finally, we show the potential of easy-to-implement programme participation rules for improving average employment effects of these active labour market programmes." (Author's abstract, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))

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Kreiner, Claus Thustrup & Michael Svarer (2022): Danish Flexicurity: Rights and Duties. In: The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Jg. 36, H. 4, S. 81-102. DOI:10.1257/jep.36.4.81

Abstract

"Denmark is one of the richest countries in the world and achieves this in combination with low inequality, low unemployment, and high-income security. This performance is often attributed to the Danish labor market model characterized by what has become known as flexicurity. This essay describes and evaluates Danish flexicurity. The Danish experience shows that flexicurity in itself, that is, flexible hiring and firing rules for firms combined with high income security for workers, is insufficient for successful outcomes. The flexicurity policy also needs to include comprehensive active labor market programs (ALMPs) with compulsory participation for recipients of unemployment compensation. Denmark spends more on active labor market programs than any other OECD country. We review theory showing how ALMPs can mitigate adverse selection and moral hazard problems associated with high income security and review empirical evidence on the effectiveness of ALMPs from the ongoing Danish policy evaluation, which includes a systematic use of randomized experiments. We also discuss the aptness of flexicurity to meet challenges from globalization, automation, and immigration and the trade-offs that the United States (or other countries) would face in adopting a flexicurity policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Leber, Ute, Thomas Kruppe, Franziska Schreyer & Tim-Felix Grabert (2022): Vorbild Österreich: Impulse für die Weiterbildungspolitik in Deutschland? (Podium). In: IAB-Forum H. 29.11.2022 Nürnberg, 2022-11-28. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20221129.01

Abstract

"Die Bundesregierung plant, die arbeitsmarktbezogene Weiterbildung von Beschäftigten verstärkt zu fördern. Sie beruft sich dabei in ihrem Koalitionsvertrag auf Österreich als Vorbild. Dort können Beschäftigte zu Weiterbildungszwecken schon seit Längerem mit finanzieller Unterstützung vom Staat eine berufliche Auszeit nehmen oder ihre Arbeitszeit reduzieren. Allerdings nehmen auch in Österreich Menschen, die einfache Tätigkeiten ausüben, vergleichsweise selten an Weiterbildung teil." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Nellen, Marc (2022): „Stark im Beruf“ – Müttern mit Migrationshintergrund neue Erwerbsperspektiven eröffnen. In: Nachrichtendienst des Deutschen Vereins für öffentliche und private Fürsorge, Jg. 102, H. 6, S. 283-289.

Abstract

"Dem Arbeitsmarkt bleibt eine große Gruppe als Fachkräfte von morgen verborgen: Über 500.000 migrantischen Müttern mit unmittelbarem Erwerbswunsch gelingt der Berufseinstieg nicht aus eigener Kraft. Wie sie einfach, effizient und zielgerichtet in Job oder Qualifizierung begleitet werden können, zeigt das ESF-Bundesprogramm „Stark im Beruf – Mütter mit Migrationshintergrund steigen ein“. An 90 Standorten werden Migrantinnen mit Familienverantwortung auf dem Weg in die Berufstätigkeit begleitet. Die Wirkungsanalyse über 17.000 Teilnehmerinnen und deren Prozessbegleitung zeigt nun: Der Ansatz des Programms ist erfolgreich und lohnt sich, weitergetragen zu werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Nieuwenhuis, Rense (2022): No activation without reconciliation? The interplay between ALMP and ECEC in relation to women employment unemployment and inactivity in 30 OECD countries 1985-2018. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 56, H. 5, S. 808-826. DOI:10.1111/spol.12806

Abstract

"Comparative welfare state research as examined the outcomes of active labour market policies (ALMP) and work-family reconciliation policies by and large been separately. As a result, potential complementarities between these policy areas have received scant attention empirically. Using macro-level data, this study answers the question to what extent, and in which way, governments' efforts in ALMP and in early childhood education and care (ECEC) services are complementary to each other in promoting women's employment rates and reducing women's unemployment and inactivity rates in 30 OECD countries from 1985 to 2018. The article theorises about how the various policies that constitute a welfare state relate to each other, distinguishing between pluralism, complementarity and substitutability. These findings provide support for the notion of welfare pluralism, in the sense that ALMP and ECEC policies work together in improving women's employment rates in slightly different ways: ALMP achieve this through reducing women's unemployment rates, whereas ECEC also achieve lower inactivity rates for women. There was, however, more support for the notion of substitution rather than complementarity: the marginal benefits associated with an increase in either ALMP or ECEC were smaller in the context of large investments in the other policy. In other words, the highest rates of women's employment, and the lowest rates of unemployment and inactivity, are found in countries with large investments in both ALMP and ECEC, but such higher investments are associated with diminishing returns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Nieuwenhuis, Rense (2022): No activation without reconciliation? The interplay between ALMP and ECEC in relation to women employment unemployment and inactivity in 30 OECD countries 1985-2018. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2022,04), Uppsala, 36 S.

Abstract

"Comparative welfare state research has mostly examined the outcomes of active labour market policies and work-family reconciliation policies separately. As a result, potential complementarities between these policy areas have received scant attention empirically. Using macro-level data, this study answers the question to what extent, and in which way, governments' efforts in active labour market policies (ALMP) and in early childhood education and care (ECEC) services are correlated with women's employment rates, women's unemployment and inactivity rates in 30 OECD countries from 1985 to 2018. The article theorizes about how the various policies that constitute a welfare state relate to each other, distinguishing between pluralism, complementarity and substitutability. I interpret the empirical findings as being consistent with welfare pluralism, in the sense that ALMP and ECEC policies work together in improving women's employment rates in slightly different ways: ALMP is associated with low female unemployment rates, whereas ECEC also is associated with lower inactivity rates for women. There was, however, more support for the notion of substitution rather than complementarity: the marginal benefits associated with an increase in either ALMP or ECEC were smaller in the context of large investments in the other policy. In other words, the highest rates of women's employment, and the lowest rates of unemployment and inactivity, are found in countries with large investments in both ALMP and ECEC, but such higher investments are associated with diminishing returns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Petrunyk, Inna & Christian Pfeifer (2022): Diverse effects of shorter potential unemployment benefit duration on labor market outcomes in Germany. In: Labour, Jg. 36, H. 3. DOI:10.1111/labr.12221

Abstract

"This paper explores diverse effects of an unemployment benefit (UB) reform in Germany on labor market outcomes of individuals with health impairment. The reform induced substantial reductions in potential duration of regular UB for older workers, which is exploited in a difference-in-differences setting. The results provide evidence for a decrease in days in UB, an increase in days in employment, and an increase in days in unemployment assistance. The effects on UB and employment are smaller and the effects on unemployment assistance are larger for unemployed and non-employed individuals than for individuals who were employed before medical rehabilitations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Raspanti, Dario & Tatiana Saruis (2022): Trapped into Reverse Asymmetry: Public Employment Services Dealing with Employers. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 51, H. 1, S. 173-190. DOI:10.1017/S0047279420000756

Abstract

"Although often neglected, the availability of employment opportunities is central to the effectiveness of active labour market policies. Employers play a crucial role in this policy field as they are both clients and co-producers of public employment services (PES). This study focuses on that relationship and reports qualitative research conducted in Tuscany (central Italy) from a street-level perspective. The findings show how public job-brokers manage this asymmetrical relationship and develop specific strategies to obtain employers' cooperation and accomplish the PES mandate. The strategies identified here involve language adaptation, curricula “creaming”, and control of the bureaucratic procedure. These are shaped through a variable mix of four components that will be defined as relational, perceptive, technical, and tactical. This study contributes to the debate on activation policies, analysing in detail how PES frontline workers interact with employers, dealing with market logic in the public encounter." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Redman, Jamie & Del Roy Fletcher (2022): Violent bureaucracy: A critical analysis of the British public employment service. In: Critical Social Policy, Jg. 42, H. 2, S. 306-326. DOI:10.1177/02610183211001766

Abstract

"Between 2010–2015, the Coalition’s pursuit of a radical austerity programme saw Britain’s Jobcentre Plus experience some of the most punitive reforms and budget cuts in its history. Focusing on the outcomes of these reforms, a growing body of research has found that claiming processes became a more ‘institutionally violent’ and injurious experience for out-of-work benefit claimants. The present article draws upon ideas, developed by Bauman (1989), which focus on the processes that facilitate ‘institutional violence’. We use this framework to analyse ten interviews with front-line workers and managers in public/contractor employment services. In doing so, we expose an array of policy tools and hidden managerial methods used during the Coalition administration which encouraged front-line staff to deliver services in ways that led to a range of harmful outcomes for benefit claimants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Spiritus, Kevin, Étienne Lehmann, Sander Renes & Floris Zoutman (2022): Optimal Taxation with Multiple Incomes and Types. (CESifo working paper 9534), München, 53 S.

Abstract

"We analyze the optimal nonlinear income tax schedule when taxpayers earn multiple incomes and differ along many unobserved dimensions. We derive the necessary conditions for the government’s optimum using both a tax perturbation and a mechanism design approach, and show that both methods produce the same results. Our main contribution is to propose a numerical method to find the optimal tax schedule. Applied to the optimal taxation of couples, we find that optimal isotax curves are very close to linear and parallel. The slope of isotax curves is strongly affected by the relative tax-elasticity of male and female income. We make several additional contributions, including a test for Pareto efficiency and a condition on primitives that ensures the government’s necessary conditions are sufficient and the solution to the problem is unique." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))