Berufswahl
Was will ich werden? Welche Ausbildung, welches Studium passt zu mir und bietet langfristig sichere Perspektiven auf dem Arbeitsmarkt? Die Wahl eines Berufes gehört zu den wichtigen biographischen Weichenstellungen, auch wenn sie heute keine Festlegung für ein ganzes (Berufs-)leben mehr darstellt. Sie hat Auswirkungen auf die spätere ökonomische Sicherheit, den sozialen Status und auf Chancen zur Entfaltung der Persönlichkeit.
Dieses Themendossier bietet eine Auswahl von Literatur- und Forschungsprojektnachweisen zur Berufswahlforschung in Deutschland und anderen Ländern. Sie gibt einen Überblick über theoretische Ansätze und empirische Befunde zur Erklärung des Berufswahlverhaltens, zu Motiven der Berufswahl bei besonderen Personengruppen sowie zu Bestimmungsgründen und Einflussfaktoren bei der Entscheidungsfindung.
Im Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
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Literaturhinweis
L'insertion des femmes artistes: entre obstables culturels et choix rationnels (2008)
Danner, Magali; Galode, Gilles;Zitatform
Danner, Magali & Gilles Galode (2008): L'insertion des femmes artistes. Entre obstables culturels et choix rationnels. In: Formation Emploi H. 104, S. 37-52.
Abstract
"Künstlerinnen hatten es früher schwer, öffentliche Anerkennung für ihr Werk zu erlangen, da ihnen der Zugang zu Kunstakademien und ausstellenden Instituten und Orten lange Zeit verwehrt wurde. Heutzutage können Frauen an Kunst- und Fachhochschulen studieren, wobei die Zahl der weiblichen Studierenden die der männlichen bei Weitem übersteigt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag sollen Aspekte der Eingliederung dieser Kunsthochschul-Absolventinnen hinterfragt und beleuchtet werden. Diese Untersuchung macht - ähnlich wie die meisten anderen Studien zu diesem Thema - deutlich, wie sehr die Berufswahl von Künstlerinnen immer noch von kulturellen Zwängen und Hemmnissen geprägt ist. Absolventinnen von Kunsthochschulen haben meist größere Eingliederungs-Probleme als ihre männlichen Kommilitonen. Sie versuchen auch seltener sich auf dem Kunstmarkt zu etablieren, sondern suchen eher nach einer bezahlten Arbeit mit sicheren Arbeitsbedingungen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag geht es nicht darum, Künstlerinnen als passive Opfer einer Diskriminierung auf dem Arbeitsmarkt zu sehen, im Vordergrund stehen vielmehr die rationalen Beweggründe und pragmatischen Erwägungen, die bei der Wahl ihrer beruflichen Orientierung eine Rolle spielen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Selbstselektion bei der Wahl eines Lehramtsstudiums: zum Zusammenspiel individueller und institutioneller Faktoren (2008)
Zitatform
Denzler, Stefan & Stefan C. Wolter (2008): Selbstselektion bei der Wahl eines Lehramtsstudiums. Zum Zusammenspiel individueller und institutioneller Faktoren. In: Beiträge zur Hochschulforschung, Jg. 30, H. 4, S. 112-141.
Abstract
"Die Selbstselektion bei der Wahl einer Lehrerausbildung hat einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Zusammensetzung des zukünftigen Lehrkörpers. Dementsprechend verdient auch die Frage, wer sich überhaupt für den Lehrberuf interessiert, mehr Beachtung. In diesem Beitrag werden Ergebnisse aus einem Forschungsprojekt zur Studien- und Berufswahl von Gymnasiastinnen und Gymnasiasten in der Schweiz vorgestellt. Die Analysen beruhen auf einer repräsentativen Stichprobe von 1.567 Schülerinnen und Schülern kurz vor der Reifeprüfung. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass es eine Selbstselektion in die Studiengänge der Pädagogischen Hochschulen gibt, die auf den Faktoren Geschlecht, Herkunft sowie Fächerkombination am Gymnasium beruht und die durch institutionelle und strukturelle Merkmale des Hochschultyps und dessen Studiengänge verstärkt wird. Dieser Befund bedeutet, dass die Auswahl zukünftiger Lehrpersonen auch entscheidend davon abhängt, wo und wie Lehrpersonen ausgebildet werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Occupational choice and the spirit of capitalism (2008)
Zitatform
Doepke, Matthias & Fabrizio Zilibotti (2008): Occupational choice and the spirit of capitalism. In: The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Jg. 123, H. 2, S. 747-793. DOI:10.1162/qjec.2008.123.2.747
Abstract
"The British Industrial Revolution triggered a socioeconomic transformation whereby the landowning aristocracy was replaced by industrial capitalists rising from the middle classes as the economically dominant group. We propose a theory of preference formation under financial market imperfections that can account for this pattern. Parents shape their children's preferences in response to economic incentives. Middle-class families in occupations requiring effort, skill, and experience develop patience and a work ethic, whereas upper-class families relying on rental income cultivate a refined taste for leisure. These class-specific attitudes, which are rooted in the nature of preindustrial professions, become key determinants of success once industrialization transforms the economic landscape." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Patterns of social inequalities in access to higher education in France and Germany (2008)
Zitatform
Duru-Bellat, Marie, Annick Kieffer & David Reimer (2008): Patterns of social inequalities in access to higher education in France and Germany. In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Jg. 49, H. 4/5, S. 347-368. DOI:10.1177/0020715208093081
Abstract
"This article explores social selectivity in access to tertiary education in France and Germany in the period from 1980 to 2000. Results of multinomial logistic regression models show that access to different postsecondary institutions is characterized by marked social background effects in both countries. Depending on the type of tertiary institution we consider in France or Germany, social selectivity into fields of study is also observed. Overall, there is no indication for substantial changes in the pattern of inequality in access to tertiary education in either country during the past two decades." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wie die Studienwahl zustande kommt (2008)
Eglin-Cahppuis, Noemi;Zitatform
Eglin-Cahppuis, Noemi (2008): Wie die Studienwahl zustande kommt. In: Panorama. Bildung, Beratung, Arbeitsmarkt, Jg. 22, H. 6, S. 28-30.
Abstract
"Wer ein Studium wählt, schielt nur bedingt nach künftigen beruflichen Tätigkeiten. Dies zeigt eine Studie, die vom Schweizerischen Wissenschafts- und Technologierat (SWTR) in Auftrag gegeben wurde. Sie weist zudem nach, dass die Information über die Studien an den Gymnasien wesentlich verbessert werden sollte." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Marriage and career: the dynamic decisions of young men (2008)
Zitatform
Gould, Eric D. (2008): Marriage and career. The dynamic decisions of young men. In: Journal of Human Capital, Jg. 2, H. 4, S. 337-378. DOI:10.1086/597668
Abstract
"This paper examines the extent to which human capital and career decisions are affected by their potential returns in the marriage market. Although schooling and career decisions often are made before getting married, these decisions are likely to affect the future chances of receiving a marriage offer, the type of offer, and the probability of getting divorced. Therefore, I estimate a forward-looking model of the marriage and career decisions of young men between the ages of 16 and 39. The results show that if there were no returns to career choices in the marriage market, men would tend to work less, study less, and choose blue-collar jobs over white-collar jobs. These findings suggest that the existing literature underestimates the true returns to human capital investments by ignoring their returns in the marriage market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Accident risk, gender, family status and occupational choice in the UK (2008)
Grazier, S.; Sloane, P.J.;Zitatform
Grazier, S. & P.J. Sloane (2008): Accident risk, gender, family status and occupational choice in the UK. In: Labour economics, Jg. 15, H. 5, S. 938-957. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2007.07.007
Abstract
"Many studies show that women are more risk averse than men. In this paper, following DeLeire and Levy [Deleire T. and Levy H. (2004) 'Worker Sorting and the Risk of Death on the Job', Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 210-217.] for the US, we use family structure as a proxy for the degree of risk aversion to test the proposition that those with strong aversion to risk will make occupational choices biased towards safer jobs. In line with DeLeire and Levy we find that women are more risk averse than men and those that are single with children are more risk averse than those without. The effect on the degree of gender segregation is somewhat smaller than for the US." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Shaped by place: young people's decisions about education, training and work (2008)
Zitatform
Green, Anne E. & Richard White (2008): Shaped by place. Young people's decisions about education, training and work. In: Benefits : the journal of poverty and social justice, Jg. 16, H. 3, S. 213-224.
Abstract
"This article explores the ways in which young people's decisions about post-compulsory education, training and employment are shaped by place, drawing on case study evidence from three deprived neighbourhoods in England. It discusses the way in which place-based social networks and attachment to place influence individuals' outlooks and how they interpret and act on the opportunities they see. While such networks and place attachment can be a source of strength in facilitating access to opportunities, they can also be a source of weakness in acting to constrain individuals to familiar choices and locations. In this way, 'subjective' geographies of opportunity may be much more limited than 'objective' geographies of opportunity. Hence it is important for policy to recognise the importance of 'bounded horizons'." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Educational fields of study and the intergenerational mobility process in comparative perspective (2008)
Jackson, Michelle ; Luijkx, Ruud ; Pollak, Reinhard ; Werfhorst, Herman G. van de ; Vallet, Louis-Andre;Zitatform
Jackson, Michelle, Ruud Luijkx, Reinhard Pollak, Louis-Andre Vallet & Herman G. van de Werfhorst (2008): Educational fields of study and the intergenerational mobility process in comparative perspective. In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Jg. 49, H. 4/5, S. 369-388. DOI:10.1177/0020715208093082
Abstract
"This article examines the importance of educational field of study, in addition to educational level, for explaining intergenerational class mobility in four countries: France, Germany, the UK and the Netherlands. Starting from standard models that only include educational level, we increase the complexity of the educational measure by differentiating between fields of study within levels. Contrary to our expectations, including field of study does not substantially reduce the partial effect of class origin on class destination. This seems to be due to the limited association between class origin and field choice, and between field choice and class destination. Implications for stratification and mobility studies are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Identity, parochial institutions, and occupational choice: linking the past to the present in the American Midwest (2008)
Zitatform
Munshi, Kaivan & Nicholas Wilson (2008): Identity, parochial institutions, and occupational choice. Linking the past to the present in the American Midwest. (NBER working paper 13717), Cambridge, Mass., 39 S., Anhang. DOI:10.3386/w13717
Abstract
"This paper documents the presence of non-economic career motivations in the U.S. labor market, explores reasons why such motivations could arise, and provides an explanation for why they might have persisted across many generations. The analysis links ethnic (migrant) labor market networks in the American Midwest when it was first being settled, the local identity or attachment to place that emerged endogenously to maintain the integrity of these networks, and occupational choice today. While fractionalization may adversely affect the performance of secular institutions, ethnic competition in the labor market could at the same time have strengthened within-group loyalty and parochial institutions. These values and their complementary institutions, notably the church, could have mutually reinforced each other over many overlapping generations, long after the networks themselves had ceased to be salient. Counties with greater ethnic fractionalization in 1860 are indeed associated with steadily increasing participation in select religious denominations historically dominated by the migrants all the way through the twentieth century. Complementing this result, individuals born in high fractionalization counties are significantly less likely to select into geographically mobile professional occupations and, hence, to migrate out of their county of birth, despite the fact that these counties are indistinguishable from low fractionalization counties in terms of local public good provision and economic activity today." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Highly-educated immigrants and native occupational choice (2008)
Zitatform
Peri, Giovanni & Chad Sparber (2008): Highly-educated immigrants and native occupational choice. (CReAM discussion paper 2008,13), London, 33 S.
Abstract
"Economic debate about the consequences of immigration in the US has largely focused on how influxes of foreign-born labor with little educational attainment have affected similarly-educated native-born workers. Fewer studies analyze the effect of immigration within the market for highly-educated labor. We use O*NET data on job characteristics to assess whether native-born workers with graduate degrees respond to an increased presence of highly-educated foreign-born workers by choosing new occupations with different skill content. We find that immigrants with graduate degrees specialize in occupations demanding quantitative and analytical skills, whereas their native-born counterparts specialize in occupations requiring interactive and communication skills. When the foreign-born proportion of highlyeducated employment within an occupation rises, native employees with graduate degrees choose new occupations with less analytical and more communicative content. For completeness, we also assess whether immigration causes highlyeducated natives to lose their jobs or move across state boundaries. We find no evidence that either occurs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Who becomes an entrepreneur?: labor market prospects and occupational choice (2008)
Poschke, Markus;Zitatform
Poschke, Markus (2008): Who becomes an entrepreneur? Labor market prospects and occupational choice. (IZA discussion paper 3816), Bonn, 37 S.
Abstract
"Why do some people become entrepreneurs (and others don't)? Why are firms so heterogeneous, and many firms so small? To start, the paper briefly documents evidence from the empirical literature that the relationship between entrepreneurship and education is U-shaped, that many entrepreneurs start a firm 'out of necessity', that most firms are small, remain so, yet persist in the market, and that returns to entrepreneurship have a much larger cross-sectional variance than returns to wage work. Popular models of firm heterogeneity cannot easily account for the U-shape or for the persistence of low-productivity firms. The paper shows that these facts can be explained in a model of occupational choice between wage work and entrepreneurship where agents are heterogeneous in their ability as workers, and starting entrepreneurs face uncertainty about their project's productivity. Then, if agents' expected productivity as entrepreneurs is increasing and not too concave in their ability as workers, the most and the least able individuals choose to become entrepreneurs. This sorting is due to heterogeneous outside options in the labor market. Because of their low opportunity cost, low-ability agents benefit disproportionately from the ability to pursue only good business projects and abandon low-productivity ones. This also makes them more likely to immediately abandon a project for a new one. Data from the NLSY79 gives support to these two predictions. Individuals with relatively high or low wages when employed, or with a high or low degree, are more likely to be entrepreneurs or to become entrepreneurs, and spend more time in entrepreneurship. Among entrepreneurs, more of the firms run by individuals with low wages when employed, or with a low degree, are abandoned after only a year." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Turning to teaching: gender and career choice (2008)
Zitatform
Raggl, Andrea & Geoff Troman (2008): Turning to teaching. Gender and career choice. In: British Journal of Sociology of Education, Jg. 29, H. 6, S. 581-595. DOI:10.1080/01425690802423254
Abstract
"As the largest public sector institution in the United Kingdom, education is a key site for studying the context of 'choice' and changes in the identities of professional workers in contemporary society. Recruitment and retention problems in education have led to the creation of new routes into teaching to attract career changers from other professions and occupations. In this paper we focus on career changers within the Economic and Social Research Council project 'Primary Teacher Identity, Commitment and Career in Performative School Cultures' who have entered teaching from other private sector occupations. We analyse these career changes in terms of 'turning points' in the participants' lives in order to assess the extent to which choices are 'self-initiated', 'forced' or 'structural'. We are interested in the basis on which these choices were made and the impact of gender on career decisions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The role of personality in adolescent career planning and exploration: a social cognitive perspective (2008)
Zitatform
Rogers, Mary E., Peter A. Creed & A. Ian Glendon (2008): The role of personality in adolescent career planning and exploration. A social cognitive perspective. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 73, H. 1, S. 132-142. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2008.02.002
Abstract
"Social cognitive career theory (SCCT) recognises the importance of individual differences and contextual influences in the career decision-making process. In extending the SCCT choice model, this study tested the role of personality, social supports, and the SCCT variables of self-efficacy, outcome expectations and goals in explaining the career readiness actions of career planning and exploration. The authors surveyed 414 Australian high school students in Years 10, 11 and 12. Career exploration was associated with goals and social supports, whereas career planning was associated with self-efficacy, goals, personality and an interaction term for goals and social support that indicated that levels of planning were highest when social support and goals were highest. Implications for parents, teachers and guidance counsellors as well as recommendations for future research directions are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Why are there so few women in information technology?: assessing the role of personality in career choices (2008)
Zitatform
Rosenbloom, Joshua L., Ronald A. Ash, Brandon Dupont & LeAnne Coder (2008): Why are there so few women in information technology? Assessing the role of personality in career choices. In: Journal of economic psychology, Jg. 29, H. 4, S. 543-554. DOI:10.1016/j.joep.2007.09.005
Abstract
"Despite increases in female labor force participation, women remain substantially under represented in most scientific and technical fields. The small number of women in engineering, physics, chemistry, computer science and other similar fields has variously been attributed to discrimination, differences in ability or choice. This paper uses a unique data set containing information on vocational interests to examine the determinants of entry in to Information Technology occupations. We show that men and women differ systematically in their interests, and that these differences can account for an economically and statistically large fraction of the occupational gender gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Studienwahlmotive bei angehenden Studierenden der Sozialen Arbeit: eine fallrekonstruktiv erschlossene Typologie (2008)
Schallberger, Peter; Schwendener, Alfred;Zitatform
Schallberger, Peter & Alfred Schwendener (2008): Studienwahlmotive bei angehenden Studierenden der Sozialen Arbeit. Eine fallrekonstruktiv erschlossene Typologie. In: Neue Praxis, Jg. 38, H. 6, S. 609-630.
Abstract
"In der Form einer Typologie werden im Folgenden zunächst die Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung vorgestellt, die auf die Rekonstruktion von Motiven für ein Studium der Sozialen Arbeit ausgerichtet war.' Daran anschließend werden einige Konsequenzen für die Hochschulpädagogik diskutiert, die sich aus den Befunden ziehen lassen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Analysis of the vocational and residential preferences of a rural population: application of an experimental technique to rural Slovenia (2008)
Zitatform
Zanni, Alberto M., Alastair Bailey & Sophia Davidova (2008): Analysis of the vocational and residential preferences of a rural population. Application of an experimental technique to rural Slovenia. In: Spatial Economic Analysis, Jg. 3, H. 1, S. 89-114. DOI:10.1080/17421770701775465
Abstract
"This study applies choice experiments to the analysis of the relative importance of both monetary and non-monetary determinants of vocational choice and spatial labour supply. It identifies the determinants of individuals' choice of jobs and places of residence, and provides a better understanding of how rural labour adjustments might be managed in a country in transition. The results indicate that while wages are the most important factor influencing employment choice, other determinants affecting working conditions and residence do have a counterbalancing impact on choice. Results suggest that sample respondents do appear to be relatively immobile between sectors and also in terms of migration and commuting. However, our results do identify a range of non-wage determinants that might be used to stimulate mobility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Occupational choice of high skilled immigrants in the United States (2007)
Zitatform
Chiswick, Barry R. & Sarinda Taengnoi (2007): Occupational choice of high skilled immigrants in the United States. (IZA discussion paper 2969), München, 41 S.
Abstract
"This paper explores the impact of English language proficiency and country of origin on the occupational choice of high-skilled immigrants in the U.S. using the 2000 Census. The findings reveal that high-skilled immigrants with limited proficiency in English, or whose mother tongue is linguistically distant from English, are more likely to be in occupations in which English communication skills are not very important, such as computer and engineering occupations. Moreover, the degree of exposure to English prior to immigration is found to have little influence on selecting occupations in the U.S. The paper also shows that immigrants from some origins with little exposure to English and whose native language is far from English tend to be in some 'speaking-intensive' occupations, in particular social services occupations. These occupations may not require workers to be fluent in English if they mostly provide services to immigrants from their same linguistic background." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The risk-return trade-off in human capital investment (2007)
Zitatform
Christiansen, Charlotte, Juanna Schröter Joensen & Helena Skyt Nielsen (2007): The risk-return trade-off in human capital investment. In: Labour economics, Jg. 14, H. 6, S. 971-986. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2007.06.001
Abstract
"In this paper, we analyze investments in human capital in a way which is standard for financial assets, but not (yet) for human capital assets. We study mean-variance plots of human capital assets. We compare the properties of human capital returns using a performance measure and by using tests for mean-variance spanning. Fields differ strongly not only in common rates of return, but also in return per unit of risk. We identify a range of educations that are efficient in terms of investment goods, and a range of educations that may be chosen for consumption purposes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
L'importance de l'environnement familial comme determinant du travail independant (2007)
Zitatform
Colombier, Nathalie & David Masclet (2007): L'importance de l'environnement familial comme determinant du travail independant. In: Economie et Statistique H. 405/406, S. 99-118.
Abstract
"In der wirtschaftlichen Fachliteratur wurde viel über die mikroökonomischen Grundlagen bei dem Entschluss diskutiert, sich 'selbständig' zu machen. Mehrere empirische Studien betonen die entscheidende Rolle der finanziellen Situation, des Bildungsniveaus und des familiären Umfelds. So stellt Laferrere (1998) fest, dass die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer selbständigen Erwerbstätigkeit in einem positiven Zusammenhang mit der Tatsache steht, dass ein oder beide Elternteile selbständig sind. Mehrere Arbeiten erklären diese Korrelation der selbständigen Arbeit zwischen den Generationen mit der Möglichkeit der selbständigen Eltern, ihren Kindern ein informelles Humankapital zu übermitteln (Dunn und Holtz-Eakin, 2000). In diesem Artikel wird insbesondere auf die Rolle eingegangen, die das familiäre Umfeld spielt. Die Eltern vermitteln ihren Kindern im Allgemeinen nicht nur spezielle Fachkenntnisse eines bestimmten Berufs, sondern auch bestimmte Führungsfähigkeiten, die sich nicht auf einen besonderen Beruf beziehen. Die Eltern, die einen selbständigen Beruf ausüben, übermitteln ihren Kindern somit ein 'Denkvermögen' (Führungsfähigkeiten, eigenständiges Arbeiten), was unabhängig vom gewählten Beruf die Ausübung einer selbständigen Erwerbstätigkeit erleichtert. Die mikroökonomischen Grundlagen der Entscheidung zugunsten einer selbständigen Erwerbstätigkeit unterscheiden sich je nach dem, ob die Betroffenen von ihren selbständigen Eltern einen Transfer von Kompetenzen erhalten haben oder nicht. Beispielsweise ist das Niveau der formellen Bildung für die ersten Generationen der selbständigen Erwerbstätigen (diejenigen, deren Eltern nicht selbständig sind) entscheidender als für die zweiten Generationen der selbständigen Erwerbstätigen (diejenigen, deren Eltern selbständig sind)." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)