Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Das Themendossier "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Fertility and female employment dynamics in Europe: the effect of using alternative econometric modeling assumptions (2011)
Zitatform
Michaud, Pierre-Carl & Konstantinos Tatsiramos (2011): Fertility and female employment dynamics in Europe. The effect of using alternative econometric modeling assumptions. In: Journal of Applied Econometrics, Jg. 26, H. 4, S. 641-668. DOI:10.1002/jae.1133
Abstract
We investigate the direct and long-run effects of fertility on employment in Europe, estimating dynamic models of labor supply under different assumptions regarding the exogeneity of fertility and modelling assumptions related to initial conditions, unobserved heterogeneity and serial correlation in the error terms. We find overall large direct and long-run effects of giving birth on employment probabilities, and these effects differ considerably across countries. We find that within countries the results are sensitive to the statistical assumption made on initial conditions, the inclusion of serial correlation and the assumption of strict exogeneity of children. However, the pattern across countries is robust to these assumptions. We show that such patterns are largely consistent with prevailing institutional differences related to the flexibility of the labor markets and family policies.
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Literaturhinweis
Gender gaps across countries and skills: supply, demand and the industry structure (2011)
Olivetti, Claudia; Petrongolo, Barbara;Zitatform
Olivetti, Claudia & Barbara Petrongolo (2011): Gender gaps across countries and skills. Supply, demand and the industry structure. (CEP discussion paper 1093), London, 42 S.
Abstract
"The gender wage gap varies widely across countries and across skill groups within countries. Interestingly, there is a positive cross-country correlation between the unskilled-to-skilled gender wage gap and the corresponding gap in hours worked. Based on a canonical supply and demand framework, this positive correlation would reveal the presence of net demand forces shaping gender differences in labor market outcomes across skills and countries. We use a simple multi-sector framework to illustrate how differences in labor demand for different inputs can be driven by both within-industry and between-industry factors. The main idea is that, if the service sector is more developed in the US than in continental Europe, and unskilled women tend to be over-represented in this sector, we expect unskilled women to suffer a relatively large wage and/or employment penalty in the latter than in the former. We find that, overall, the between-industry component of labor demand explains more than half of the total variation in labor demand between the US and the majority of countries in our sample, as well as one-third of the correlation between wage and hours gaps. The between-industry component is relatively more important in countries where the relative demand for unskilled females is lowest." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Maternity and labour market outcome: short and long term effects (2010)
Zitatform
Brugiavini, Agar, Giacomo Pasini & Elisabetta Trevisan (2010): Maternity and labour market outcome. Short and long term effects. (Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging. Discussion paper 222), Mannheim, 12 S.
Abstract
"The aim of this paper is to till this gap by analyzing the long term effects of childbearing, i.e. the effect of motherhood on pension income at retirement, given the labour market participation of women at childbirth. Since labour market attachment is higher for younger generations, it is relevant for policy makers to Look at the behaviour of women who want to work excluding those who plan a 'family-life' (see also Lyberaki et al. in chapter 12 of this volume). SHARELIFE is particularly suitable for this analysis since it contains complete life time histories, including all the employment and maternity episodes experienced by European women currently aged 50 and over. Moreover, details on maternity leave provisions and other institutional features of the SHARE countries are collected and provided together with the survey data. These institutional features allow us to investigate if and how the presence of maternity benefits affects the labour market participation decisions of women after childbirth and, consequently, the impact of pension income at retirement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender wage differentials in the French nonprofit and for-profit sectors: evidence from quantile regression (2010)
Etienne, Jean Michel; Narcy, Mathieu;Zitatform
Etienne, Jean Michel & Mathieu Narcy (2010): Gender wage differentials in the French nonprofit and for-profit sectors. Evidence from quantile regression. In: Annals of Economics and Statistics H. 99/100, S. 67-90. DOI:10.2307/41219160
Abstract
"Using the French Labor Force Survey from 1994-2001, this paper investigates the gender wage gap in the nonprofit and for-profit sectors throughout the wage distribution. Following Leete [2000], if nonprofit employers are more likely than for-profit employers to rely an intrinsically motivated employees, one should expect nonprofit organizations to exhibit a lower gender wage gap than for-profit organizations as a means of maintaining and enhancing employees' intrinsic motivation. We use the quantile regression decomposition technique proposed by Machado and Mata [2005]. Because individuals may self-select into sectors, we have extended this technique to account for selection effects. Our main results show that the unexplained gender wage gap is larger in the for-profit sector than in the nonprofit sector throughout the wage distribution. These results seem to be primarily attributed to lower levels of occupational segregation in the French nonprofit sector." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Strategische Prozessführung, Tarifverhandlungen und Antidiskriminierungsbehörden: verschiedene Wege zur Lohngleichheit? (2010)
Zitatform
Fuchs, Gesine (2010): Strategische Prozessführung, Tarifverhandlungen und Antidiskriminierungsbehörden. Verschiedene Wege zur Lohngleichheit? In: Femina politica. Zeitschrift für feministische Politik-Wissenschaft, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 102-111.
Abstract
Die Autorin analysiert in einem Ländervergleich von Deutschland, Schweiz und Frankreich politische Maßnahmen, die einen Erfolg gegen die Entgeltungleichheit versprechen. In Deutschland stehen gerade die Tarifparteien stark in der Verantwortung für das Lohngefüge, was einen Teil der Handlungsstarre bezüglich des Equal Pay erklären mag. Der Blick auf andere Staaten, die beispielsweise in ihren nationalen politischen Traditionen Antidiskriminierungsbehörden favorisieren, zeigt, dass in Deutschland rechtlichen Maßnahmen ein größeres Gewicht zukommen könnte bei der Herstellung von Lohngleichheit. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Frauenerwerbstätigkeit in Geschlechterregimen: Großbritannien, Frankreich und Schweden im Vergleich (2010)
Halwachs, Inga;Zitatform
Halwachs, Inga (2010): Frauenerwerbstätigkeit in Geschlechterregimen. Großbritannien, Frankreich und Schweden im Vergleich. Wiesbaden: VS, Verl. für Sozialwissenschaften, 266 S.
Abstract
"Obwohl die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter gesetzlich verankert ist, sind Frauen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt sowie in anderen Bereichen des öffentlichen und privaten Lebens nach wie vor mit Benachteiligungen aufgrund ihres Geschlechts konfrontiert. Dies zeigt sich bspw. in der Unterrepräsentativität von Frauen in Führungspositionen, geschlechtsspezifischen Einkommensdifferenzen sowie weiteren hier untersuchten Aspekten. Wie also wird die weibliche Erwerbstätigkeit in den hier untersuchten Ländern Großbritannien, Frankreich und Schweden gefördert, um Benachteiligungen zu kompensieren und den Ursachen entgegenzuwirken? Die Autorin analysiert und vergleicht zur Beantwortung dieser Frage die Arbeitsmarktpolitik sowie weitere politische und gesellschaftliche Bereiche der Wohlfahrtsstaatsregime sowie den darin eingebetteten Geschlechterregimen und stellt hierzu die These auf, dass die Quantität und Qualität der Strategien zur Frauenförderung vom jeweiligen Typus des Geschlechterregimes abhängen und sich die Wohlfahrtsstaaten in ihrer Politik hinsichtlich sozialer Sicherung sowie in ihren arbeitsmarktpolitischen Instrumenten einander annähern, da auf EU-Ebene vereinheitlichte Regelungen in Bezug auf Geschlechtergleichstellung vorgegeben werden, die Einfluss auf die Frauenerwerbstätigkeit nehmen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
A-typical work patterns of women in Europe: what can we learn from SHARELIFE? (2010)
Zitatform
Lyberaki, Antigone, Platon Tinios & George Papadoudis (2010): A-typical work patterns of women in Europe. What can we learn from SHARELIFE? (Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging. Discussion paper 221), Mannheim, 16 S.
Abstract
"The second half of the twentieth century was a time of rapid social transformation. Nowhere were the changes more radical than in women's participation in society and work. Women increasingly claimed a fuller and more active position in all societal functions. Though all parts of Europe and all social strata were affected, this process was unevenly distributed over time and space and driven by a variety of influences. Such influences could have been structural changes in production, transformations in the function of the family and last, but not least, attitudes in what woman's position ought to be, as reflected in shifts of policy priorities. This period of rapid change corresponds to the lifetime of individuals in the SHARE survey. When today's 50+ population were young girls, the world they were entering was very difficult from today. The long term social changes correspond to lived experience of women in the SHARE sample. The women in SHARE were witnesses to the foundation, flowering and restructuring of the Welfare State. Social policy stances towards maternity and family polices as well as labour market institutions were defining fissures between certain forms of the so-called 'European Social Model'. This paper begins exploring how these factors - labour and social policy transformation - were reflected in the lives of women in the SHARELIFE sample." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender inequalities in the 21st century: new barriers and continuing constraints (2010)
Scott, Jacqueline; Henau, Jerome De; Gershuny, Jonathan ; Yee Kan, Man; Crompton, Rosemary; Ahmed, Sameera; Le Feuvre, Nicky ; Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth ; Mastekaasa, Arne ; Devine, Fiona; Nolan, Jane ; Evans, Mary; Plagnol, Anke C. ; Bennett, Fran ; Schoon, Ingrid ; Ellingsceter, Anne Lise; Sung, Sirin ; Dale, Angela; Warren, Tracey ; Lyonette, Clare ; Webb, Janette ;Zitatform
Scott, Jacqueline, Rosemary Crompton & Clare Lyonette (Hrsg.) (2010): Gender inequalities in the 21st century. New barriers and continuing constraints. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 297 S.
Abstract
"Both women and men strive to achieve a work and family balance, but does this imply more or less equality? Does the persistence of gender and class inequalities refute the notion that lives are becoming more individualised? Leading international authorities document how gender inequalities are changing and how many inequalities of earlier eras are being eradicated. However, this book shows there are new barriers and constraints that are slowing progress in attaining a more egalitarian society. Taking the new global economy into account, the expert contributors to this book examine the conflicts between different types of feminisms, revise old debates about 'equality' and 'difference' in the gendered nature of work and care, and propose new and innovative policy solutions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en));
Content:
Jacqueline Scott, Rosemary Crompton,Clare Lyonette: Introduction: what's new about gender inequalities in the 21st century? (1-16);
PART I FAMILY AND LABOUR MARKET CHANGE;
Ingrid Schoon: Becoming adult: the persisting importance of dass and gender (19-39);
Fiona Devine: Class reproduction, occupational inheritance and occupational choices (40-58);
Angela Dale, Sameera Ahmed: Ethnic differences in women's economic activity: a focus an Pakistani and Bangladeshi women (59-81);
PART II OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURES AND WELFARE REGIMES;
Janette Webb: Gender and the post-industrial shift (85-108);
Tracey Warren: Penalties of part-time work across Europe (109-125);
Nicky Le Feuvre: Feminising professions in Britain and France: how countries differ (126-149);
PART III THE CHALLENGE OF INTEGRATING FAMILY AND WORK;
Man Yee Kan, Jonathan Gershuny: Gender segregation and bargaining in domestic labour: evidence from longitudinal time-use data (153-173);
Rosemary Crompton, Clare Lyonette: Family, dass and gender 'strategies' in mothers' employment and childcare (174-192);
Jacqueline Scott, Anke C. Plagnol, Jane Nolan: Perceptions of quality of life: gender differences across the life course (193-212);
PART IV UNDERSTANDING INEQUALITIES;
Fran Bennett, Jerome De Henau, Sirin Sung: Within-household inequalities across classes? Management and control of money (215-241);
Gunn Elisabeth Birkelund and Arne Mastekaasa: Restructuring gender relations: women's labour market participation and earnings inequality among households ( 242-254);
PART V CONFRONTING COMPLEXITY;
Anne Lise Ellingsceter: Feminist policies and feminist conflicts: daddy's care or mother's (257-274);
Mary Evans: A mysterious commodity: capitalism and femininity ( 275-289). -
Literaturhinweis
Aléas de carrières des seniors et impact sur les retraites (2009)
Zitatform
Briard, Karine, Cindy Duc, Najat El Mekkaoui de Freitas, Bérangère Legendre & Sabine Mage (2009): Aléas de carrières des seniors et impact sur les retraites. (Centre d'Etudes de l'Emploi. Document de travail 112), Noisy-le-Grand, 31 S.
Abstract
"The diversity of working life has an impact on retirement age and the pension benefits. Employment breaks like unemployment or parental leave will reduce earnings and pension benefits in the future. This paper provides empirical evidence on the trajectories between men and women for generations 1938-1944 and anlyses how the timing of employment breaks affects pension benefits in France. By using a data set from French survey (Patrimoine 2003-2004), the paper examines, firstly, the employment histories of generations 1938-1948. Secondly, it focuses on the impact of these interruptions on the pension rights by considering the methodology of type's cases." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The employment of separated women in Europe: Individual and institutional determinants (2009)
Zitatform
Damme, Maike van, Matthijs Kalmijn & Wilfred Uunk (2009): The employment of separated women in Europe. Individual and institutional determinants. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 25, H. 2, S. 183-197. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcn042
Abstract
"Studies on the economic consequences of divorce for women have paid little attention to changes in employment. In this article, we investigate changes in employment for separating women and the impact of individual and institutional factors on these changes using data on 13 countries from the European Community Household Panel (1994-2001). Our dynamic analyses of the odds of employment entry and exit, and changes in working hours demonstrate that European women only modestly increase employment after separation, although in some countries this change is larger than in others. Important individual-level determinants of employment changes are education and labour market experience (positive effects), health (positive effect), and the presence of young children (negative effect). Institutional factors have opposing influences: more generous public childcare provisions encourage the employment of separated women, whereas more generous allowances for single parents discourage employment. The results underline the importance of distinguishing between income- and employment-related institutions in studying outcomes of union dissolution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
In search of gender differences in access to continuing training: is there a gender training gap and if yes, why? (2009)
Zitatform
Dieckhoff, Martina & Nadia Steiber (2009): In search of gender differences in access to continuing training. Is there a gender training gap and if yes, why? (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. Discussion papers SP 1 2009-504), Berlin, 35 S.
Abstract
"Geschlechterunterschiede im Zugang zu beruflicher Weiterbildung gelten weiterhin als wichtige Ursache weiter bestehender Ungleichheiten zwischen den Geschlechtern in Bezug auf deren Chancen am Arbeitsmarkt und deren beruflichen Erfolg. Allerdings schaffen empirische Studien bis dato keine Klarheit darüber, ob bzw. welche Geschlechterunterschiede im Weiterbildungsverhalten tatsächlich bestehen. Die vorliegende Analyse untersucht, auf Basis harmonisierter Survey-Daten des European Social Survey 2004, berufsbezogene Weiterbildungsaktivitäten in Europa und testet eine Reihe von mikroökonomischen und soziologischen Theorien (z.B. Humankapitaltheorie, Geschlechtersegregation am Arbeitsmarkt, Diskriminierung durch den Arbeitgeber etc.), die häufig zur Erklärung von Geschlechterunterschieden in der Teilnahme an Weiterbildung herangezogen werden. Der Beitrag untersucht die Mechanismen, die einem potenziell geschlechtsspezifischen Teilnahmeverhalten an beruflicher Weiterbildung zugrunde liegen. Die Ergebnisse der Analyse zeigen, dass männliche Arbeitnehmer, ceteris paribus, häufiger an berufsbezogener Weiterbildung teilnehmen als weibliche Arbeitnehmer. Als Fazit kann festgestellt werden, dass die vorherrschenden theoretischen Ansätze mehr Erklärungskraft für das Weiterbildungsverhalten von Männern als für jenes von Frauen haben. Vor allem in Bezug auf weibliches Weiterbildungsverhalten bei Präsenz von Betreuungspflichten für kleine Kinder zeigen sich vorherrschende Erklärungsmodelle als wenig valid." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Work-life Balance: a matter of choice? (2009)
Gregory, Abigail; MacGinnity, Frances; O'Connell, Philip J.; Hunt, Kate; Kvande, Elin ; Emslie, Carol; Warren, Tracey ; Guillaume, Cecile; Milner, Susan ; Watts, Jacqueline H.; Pascall, Gillian; Halrynjo, Sigtona ; Pochic, Sophie ; Fox, Elizabeth; Russell, Helen ;Zitatform
MacGinnity, Frances, Philip J. O'Connell, Kate Hunt, Elin Kvande, Carol Emslie, Tracey Warren, Cecile Guillaume, Jacqueline H. Watts, Gillian Pascall, Sigtona Halrynjo, Sophie Pochic, Elizabeth Fox & Helen Russell (sonst. bet. Pers.) (2009): Work-life Balance. A matter of choice? In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 16, H. 1, S. 1-172. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2008.00429.x
Abstract
"Existing literature casts the work-life interface in terms of three issues: time management; inter-role conflict (role overload and interference) and care arrangements for dependents. This special issue looks through a gender lens at the ways in which both men and women negotiate the relationship between work and home life, particularly when they have caring responsibilities at home. It explores the relationship between formal policies and their impact on men and women's ability to effect a choice in shaping their careers and their day-to-day commitments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Towards a framework for assessing family policies in the EU (2009)
Zitatform
Lohmann, Henning, Frauke H. Peter, Tine Rostgaard & Stephen P. Jenkins (2009): Towards a framework for assessing family policies in the EU. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 88), Paris, 94 S. DOI:10.1787/223883627348
Abstract
"This report presents the results of a first attempt to create a framework for assessing the performance of national family policies. The report is part of a joint EU and OECD project, which aims to help the EU Government Expert Group on Demographic Issues in evaluating national family policies. The idea behind the framework is that it allows individual countries to compare their overall performance in the area of family policies with the performance of other countries. The main focus of the report is policies for families with smaller children. The framework provides a set of cross-nationally comparable indicators on contexts, policy measures, and outcomes, organised on a systematic basis. The policy measure indicators presented in the report cover leave schemes, early childhood education and care, family benefits and workplace policies. The indicators build upon, interalia, previous work by the OECD in various studies on family-friendly policies that were carried out on a cross-national basis using different sets of indicators. Most of these indicators are today available in the OECD Family Database. Wherever the OECD Family Database contains indicators for the majority of EU member states and OECD countries, these data have been used in the present study. Otherwise, data from other cross-national databases have been included. Each indicator in the framework is presented as a single-standing indicator in the general absence of scientific consensus on different aggregation weights. In the report no explicit ranking of countries has been attempted, instead the relative position of countries has been illustrated with the help of standard deviation scores. In the last part of the report the linkages between policy aims and the various context, outcome and policy measures are indicated, which help construct 'score cards'. This 'score card-approach' is illustrated for three countries: Denmark, Germany and the United Kingdom. The report offers tools for assessment that may be developed further, and should offer an approach to using the OECD Family Database, acknowledging this unique data source for cross-country comparisons in the field of family policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeitsangebot der Mütter in Frankreich: Auswirkungen der Geburt des dritten Kinds (2009)
Zitatform
Moschion, Julie (2009): Arbeitsangebot der Mütter in Frankreich: Auswirkungen der Geburt des dritten Kinds. In: Economie et Statistique H. 422, S. 51-78.
Abstract
"Zwischen 1962 und 2005 nahm die Erwerbsquote der Frauen in Frankreich (von 45,8 % auf 63,8 %) zu, steht aber weiterhin in negativem Verhältnis zur Anzahl der Kinder. Inwiefern schränkt die Geburt eines zusätzlichen Kinds die Teilnahme der Mütter am Arbeitsmarkt ein? Die Relation zwischen Kinderzahl und Erwerbstätigkeit ist komplex, da die Entscheidungen zugunsten einer Geburt und einer Erwerbstätigkeit gemeinsame Determinanten haben und sich gegenseitig beeinflussen. Somit ist es schwierig, a priori zu sagen, ob die Entscheidung, zu arbeiten oder nicht zu arbeiten, der Grund oder die Folge einer bestimmten Anzahl von Kindern ist. Um das Vorhandensein eines negativen kausalen Zusammenhangs zwischen Kinderzahl und Arbeitsangebot der Mütter zu testen, greifen wir auf instrumentale Variablen zurück, d. h. Variablen, die sich auf die Erwerbstätigkeit der Frauen nur indirekt, d. h. durch ihren Einfluss auf die Kinderzahl auswirken. Das Geschlecht der beiden älteren Kinder und die Tatsache, dass eine Frau bei der Erstgeburt Zwillinge bekommt, sind zwei aleatorische Quellen für die exogene Schwankung der Fruchtbarkeit. Zwei ältere Kinder gleichen Geschlechts oder Zwillinge bei der zweiten Geburt erhöhen die Wahrscheinlichkeit, mehr als zwei Kinder zu haben; in diesem Fall schränken die Mütter ihre Erwerbstätigkeit ein. Anhand dieser beiden Variablen lässt sich der kausale Einfluss des Vorhandenseins von mehr als zwei Kindern auf die Erwerbstätigkeit der Mütter schätzen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass bei mehr als zwei Kindern die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Erwerbstätigkeit der Mütter um ca. 20 Prozentpunkte und im Fall einer Erwerbstätigkeit die Anzahl der gearbeiteten Wochenstunden um zwei Stunden abnimmt. Die negative Auswirkung auf die Erwerbstätigkeit der Mütter könnte umso größer sein, je geringer die Beschäftigungs- und Entlohnungsperspektiven der Mütter am Arbeitsmarkt sind oder je mehr sie ihre Kinder betreuen lassen müssen. Dieser Effekt ist bei den gering qualifizierten Müttern besonders ausgeprägt; er dauert an, wenn die Kinder größer werden, und schwankt nicht entsprechend der Größe des Wohnorts." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Geschlechtergerechtigkeit des Einkommensteuersystems: Mythos oder Wahrheit? (2009)
Mühlböck, Vanessa;Zitatform
Mühlböck, Vanessa (2009): Geschlechtergerechtigkeit des Einkommensteuersystems. Mythos oder Wahrheit? In: Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Jg. 35, H. 1, S. 45-64.
Abstract
"Anhand eines Vergleichs des österreichischen Einkommensbesteuerungssystems der Individualbesteuerung und des französischen Familiensplittingsystems kann gezeigt werden, dass ein Familiensplittingmodell nicht frauen- und familienfreundlich ist, sondern vielmehr Alleinverdienende mit hohen Einkommen steuerlich begünstigt. Weiters ist festzustellen, dass Alleinverdienende vorwiegend männlich und im oberen Einkommensbereich vorzufinden sind. Dies und die Tatsache, dass von derartigen Besteuerungsmodellen negative Arbeitsanreize auf Zuverdienerinnen ausgehen, lässt darauf schließen, dass solche Modelle keine Förderung der Geschlechtergerechtigkeit bewirken. Doch auch das österreichische Einkommensteuersystem, obschon ein System der Individualbesteuerung, ist keineswegs gendergerecht. Aufgrund von Analysen diverser Steuerstatistiken offenbart sich, dass steuerfreie Einkommensbestandteile bei Frauen ein geringeres Ausmaß annehmen als bei Männern. Frauen beziehen weiters im Durchschnitt nur 61,3% des Einkommens des durchschnittlichen Männereinkommens, wodurch für sie die Zugänglichkeit gewisser Steuerbegünstigungen erschwert wird und die daraus resultierende steuerliche Wirkung für sie geringer ist. Von Gendergerechtigkeit kann somit wegen der spezifischen Ausgestaltung des Einkommensteuersystems selbst in Österreich nicht gesprochen werden. Um eine solche zu verwirklichen, wären Maßnahmen von Nöten, die die wirtschaftliche Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern im Erwerbsleben induzieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Do women choose to work in the public and nonprofit sectors?: empirical evidence from a French national survey (2009)
Zitatform
Narcy, Mathieu, Joseph Lanfranchi & Dominique Meurs (2009): Do women choose to work in the public and nonprofit sectors? Empirical evidence from a French national survey. (Centre d'Etudes de l'Emploi. Document de travail 111-2), Noisy-le-Grand, 31 S.
Abstract
"Women are over-represented in public and nonprofit sector jobs. This article aims to bring to light the reasons behind that phenomenon. In particular, do women choose these sectors because they offer female employees specific advantages that are absent from the private sector? The feminization of the public sector can be explained by the fact that women obtain a higher wage gain from choosing this sector than men do. However, this is not true for the nonprofit sector. Working hours - in the form of part-time work in the nonprofit sector and total hours worked in the public sector - appear to play an important role in the over-representation of women in these two sectors. On the other hand, the idea that women are more attracted to the social objectives pursued by public and nonprofit organizations does not appear to play any part. 'Family-friendly' measures - aiming to reconcile the demands of family life and professional life - appear to attract women to the public sector, but it is difficult to interpret their influence, because it is impossible to distinguish between the attractiveness of these measures and the result of professional segregation in the public sectorKey words." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
frühere Version -
Literaturhinweis
Child-care and participation in the labor market for married women in Mediterranean countries (2009)
Zitatform
Nicodemo, Catia & Robert Waldmann (2009): Child-care and participation in the labor market for married women in Mediterranean countries. (IZA discussion paper 3983), Bonn, 37 S.
Abstract
"Parents in the labor force have balance their work and home life, including the choice of the type of care to provide for their children while they work. In this paper we study the connection between the married women's labor force participation, child care arrangements and the time that husbands and wives spent to take care of children in Mediterranean countries. As more women now are in the labor force the interest in the use child care and housework of husband have grown. We use the new database from the EU-SILC (European Survey on Income and Living Conditions) in 2006 and data from the ECHP (European Community Household Panel)in 2001, because these two data-set give us different information about child care and housework. The traditional role of mothers in child care activities is highly valued by many families, especially in Southern European countries. The results show that while Mediterranean countries have advanced in the incorporation of women into the labor market, most of them still have to assume total responsibility for housework and the care of the children. Child care arrangements is an important instrument for women to enter in paid employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender pay gap and quantile regression in European families (2009)
Zitatform
Nicodemo, Catia (2009): Gender pay gap and quantile regression in European families. (IZA discussion paper 3978), Bonn, 37 S.
Abstract
"In this paper we analyze the trend of the gender gap between wives and husbands for Mediterranean countries with a strong family tradition, using data from the European Household Panel (ECHP) of 2001 and the European Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) of 2006. In general, wives and husbands, when married, have the same characteristics but wives suffer from two types of discrimination with respect to husbands: a lower wage for the same work and a primary responsibility for children. This paper uses quantile regression and counterfactual decomposition methods to investigate whether a glass ceiling exists or if instead a sticky floor is more prevalent among European families over time (2001 and 2006). We correct for selectivity the unconditional wage distribution of married women and we show that the wage gap decomposition is different if we ignore self-selection. We find that the wage gap is positive in each country, and the greater part of it is composed of a discrimination effect, while the characteristics effect is small. In Mediterranean countries, wives suffer from the sticky floor effect, i.e. the gender gap is bigger at the bottom of distribution, while we can observe that the glass ceiling effect decreased in most countries in 2006." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Modelling the employment and wage outcomes of spouses: is she outearning him? (2008)
Zitatform
Bloemen, Hans & Elena Stancanelli (2008): Modelling the employment and wage outcomes of spouses. Is she outearning him? (IZA discussion paper 3455), Bonn, 33 S.
Abstract
"This paper is focused on couple households where the wife is the main earner. The economic literature on this subject is particularly scant. According to our estimates, the wife was the main earner in one of every six couple households in France in 2002, including wife-sole-earner households. The proportion of wives outearning their husbands was 18% for dual-earners. About 24% of American women in dual-earner households earned more than their husband in 2004. Using a model of household labour supply behaviour, we show that households where the wife is the main earner may come about either because the husband has a weaker preference for work than his wife, due possibly to her high wage, or because he is hit by adverse circumstances, such as, for example, a decline in the demand for men with his particular qualifications. Positive assortative mating may also come into play. Our empirical model specifies spouse labour-market participation equations within each household, endogenizing wages and allowing for random effects and correlations in spouses' unobservables. We conclude that the determinants of wife-sole-earner households are quite distinct from those for dual-earner households where she outearns him. The probability of observing the first seems to be more related to labour market difficulties of the husband, while the latter is not. Dual-earners where she outearns him are more likely to be found among higher educated couples, and especially, among couple where the wife's education level is high." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor income taxation, human capital and growth: the role of child care (2008)
Zitatform
Casarico, Alessandra & Alessandro Sommacal (2008): Labor income taxation, human capital and growth. The role of child care. (CESifo working paper 2363), München, 32 S.
Abstract
"This paper studies the implications of introducing child care in the human capital production function when assessing the effects of labor income taxation on growth. We develop an OLG model where formal schooling and child care enter the human capital production function as complements and we compare it with a model where only formal schooling matters for skill formation. Using a numerical analysis we find that, depending on the quality of child care services relative to parental care, the omission of child care from the technology of skills' formation can significantly bias the results related to the effects of labor income taxation on growth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug