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Auswirkungen der Covid-19-Pandemie auf Wirtschaft und Arbeitsmarkt in Deutschland

Wirtschaft und Arbeitsmarkt stehen seit der Ausbreitung des Coronavirus vor großen Herausforderungen. Zur Unterstützung von Beschäftigten und Unternehmen hatte der Bundestag im Eilverfahren u.a. einen leichteren Zugang zum Kurzarbeitergeld beschlossen. Dieses Themendossier stellt Einschätzungen aus Forschung und Politik zu den Auswirkungen der Pandemie auf den Arbeitsmarkt, die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und notwendige Maßnahmen in Deutschland zusammen.
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  • Literaturhinweis

    When the Burden Lifts: The Effect of School and Day Care Reopenings on Parents' Life Satisfaction (2024)

    Tobler, Lina ; Jacob, Marita ; Fervers, Lukas ; Christoph, Bernhard ;

    Zitatform

    Tobler, Lina, Bernhard Christoph, Lukas Fervers & Marita Jacob (2024): When the Burden Lifts: The Effect of School and Day Care Reopenings on Parents' Life Satisfaction. In: Journal of happiness studies, Jg. 26, 2024-09-15. DOI:10.1007/s10902-024-00819-7

    Abstract

    "The availability of childcare services eases parents’ daily lives and research has shown that it positively affects well-being, especially for mothers. However, the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted established childcare arrangements, with school and day care closures adding to parental burdens. Despite extensive discourse on the influence of these closures on parental well-being, few studies have empirically analysed the effects of the increase in childcare responsibilities associated with the closures on the well-being of parents. We seek to address this gap by examining the impact of school and day care reopenings on parental well-being. We expect that parents’ life satisfaction will increase when schools and day care facilities are reopened —and that this effect is particularly strong for mothers. Leveraging the variation in the time of reopenings across Germany’s federal states, we employ a difference-in-differences and a difference-in-difference-in-differences approach to assess changes in well-being. The research design accounts for state-level differences and potential confounding factors related to the pandemic. By using data from the German IAB-HOPP study, which offers timely measures of life satisfaction, we aim to quantify the effects of reopenings on parental well-being. Results show only a small and marginally positive effect of reopenings on average life satisfaction among parents. However, this is due to a strong and significant effect of reopenings on mothers’ life satisfaction and no significanteffect for fathers. Our findings contribute to research on the division of unpaid labour and childcare and support the notion that public childcare provision is crucial, particularly for mothers’ life satisfaction." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Christoph, Bernhard ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Unequal effects on working time: immigrants’ vulnerability in the German labor market in the early COVID-19 pandemic (2024)

    Tobler, Lina ; Knize, Veronika ; Jacob, Marita ; Fervers, Lukas ;

    Zitatform

    Tobler, Lina, Lukas Fervers, Marita Jacob & Veronika Knize (2024): Unequal effects on working time: immigrants’ vulnerability in the German labor market in the early COVID-19 pandemic. In: European Societies, Jg. 26, H. 5, S. 1307-1332., 2024-01-16. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2024.2308011

    Abstract

    "Do economic shocks increase labor market inequalities between immigrants and natives? The COVID-19 crisis reduced economic activity for almost all social groups, providing a recent case for answering this question. Research tends to focus on employment levels, overlooking potential inequalities in other job characteristics. Workers in Germany have largely kept their jobs, although their working hours were reduced. Using German high-frequency survey data, we analyze whether there was a difference in the reduction of hours for immigrants and immigrants’ descendants (IAD) compared to natives. Since IAD are overrepresented in both heavily affected and essential jobs, we argue that the effects may be heterogeneous across the distribution of the change in hours. As merely comparing averages would ignore this heterogeneity, we employ OLS and quantile treatment effect estimations to analyze working hours changes in the early COVID-19 crisis. Results show that IAD reduced hours more than natives. This effect is particularly pronounced at the lower end of the distribution of the change in working hours. Our findings suggest that IAD experienced economic hardship more often than natives and corroborate earlier findings of increased immigrant-native inequalities in times of crisis. This calls for further investigation of policies aimed at protecting vulnerable groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Taylor & Francis) ((en))

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Knize, Veronika ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Parental stress and working situation during the COVID-19 shutdown – Effects on children’s skill development (2024)

    Vogelbacher, Markus ; Schneider, Thorsten ;

    Zitatform

    Vogelbacher, Markus & Thorsten Schneider (2024): Parental stress and working situation during the COVID-19 shutdown – Effects on children’s skill development. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 60. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2024.100609

    Abstract

    "Objective: This study examines whether parental emotional distress during the first pandemic-related school shutdown in 2020 in Germany affected the development of primary school students’ mathematical skills and investigates changes in parents’ working conditions as triggers of cascading stress processes. Background: The Family Stress Model (FSM) explains the mechanisms that mediate between families’ structural conditions and children's developmental outcomes. Foundational works for this approach focus on historic events that instigate rapid structural changes which, in turn, undermine families' economic situation. The economic losses trigger stress processes. Research on the COVID-19 pandemic reports heightened levels of parental stress and negative impacts on children's cognitive and socioemotional development. This study examines the role of parental emotional distress during the COVID-19 shutdown on children's cognitive development. Expanding on the classical FSM, we hypothesize that changes in parents' working situation, rather than economic changes, may have triggered family stress processes during the shutdown, as federal support largely cushioned economic cutbacks in Germany. Method: For the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS), interviews were conducted with parents, and primary school students in Starting Cohort 1 were tested after the first shutdown in 2020. The database provides rich information from survey waves prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, allowing a longitudinal analysis of a sample of 1512 primary school students with ordinary least squares regression. Results: Parents’ emotional distress during the pandemic had a robust negative effect on students’ mathematical skills, even when controlling for prior parenting stress. Changes in parents’ working conditions also had an effect on children’s test scores, and the negative effect of working from home on the test scores was mediated by parents’ emotional distress. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic was a historic event which, at least in Germany, challenged the mental health of many parents and, in turn, impaired the skill development of primary school students. We introduce the role of changes in working conditions as triggers of such processes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Dokumentation und Codebuch für das Hochfrequente Online Personen Panel "Leben und Erwerbstätigkeit in Zeiten von Corona" (IAB-HOPP, Welle 1–9) (2024)

    Volkert, Marieke ; Zins, Stefan ; Dummert, Sandra ; Schmidtke, Julia ; Bellmann, Lisa ; Haas, Georg-Christoph ; Heusler, Anna ; Altschul, Sophie; Müller, Bettina ; Müller, Dana ; Osiander, Christopher ; Ludsteck, Johannes ; Haensch, Anna-Carolina; Trahms, Annette; Hensgen, Sophie ; Stephan, Gesine ; Wayment, Heidi;

    Zitatform

    Volkert, Marieke, Georg-Christoph Haas, Stefan Zins, Sophie Altschul, Lisa Bellmann, Sandra Dummert, Anna-Carolina Haensch, Sophie Hensgen, Anna Heusler, Johannes Ludsteck, Bettina Müller, Dana Müller, Christopher Osiander, Julia Schmidtke, Gesine Stephan, Annette Trahms & Heidi Wayment (2024): Dokumentation und Codebuch für das Hochfrequente Online Personen Panel "Leben und Erwerbstätigkeit in Zeiten von Corona" (IAB-HOPP, Welle 1–9). (FDZ-Datenreport 01/2024 (de)), Nürnberg, 39 S. DOI:10.5164/IAB.FDZD.2401.de.v1

    Abstract

    "Seit sich das Corona-Virus SARS-CoV-2 ausbreitet, hat sich das Leben in Deutschland stark verändert. Viele Menschen müssen neue Anforderungen wie Homeoffice oder Kinderbetreuung zu Hause bewältigen, sind von Kurzarbeit betroffen oder haben ihre Stelle verloren. Die Regierungen auf Bundes- und Länderebene versuchen dieser Lage mit verschiedensten Maßnahmen – wie Ausgangsbeschränkungen oder Maskenpflicht – Herr zu werden. Aber wie wirken sich das Virus und die Maßnahmen auf das Sozial- und Arbeitsleben der Menschen aus? Das IAB hat mit dem Hochfrequenten Online-Personen-Panel „Leben und Erwerbstätigkeit in Zeiten von Corona“ (IAB-HOPP) eine neue Befragung mit acht Wellen aufgesetzt, die im Zeitraum von Mai 2020 bis Juni 2022 Personen zu ihrer derzeitigen Lebens- und Arbeitssituation befragte. Die Daten sollen Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern die Möglichkeit geben, die Auswirkungen der Covid-19-Pandemie zu erforschen. Dieser Datenreport gibt einen Überblick über den Datensatz und die dazu notwendigen Aufbereitungsschritte." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Volkert, Marieke ; Zins, Stefan ; Dummert, Sandra ; Schmidtke, Julia ; Bellmann, Lisa ; Haas, Georg-Christoph ; Heusler, Anna ; Müller, Dana ; Osiander, Christopher ; Ludsteck, Johannes ; Trahms, Annette; Hensgen, Sophie ; Stephan, Gesine ;

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Willingness to pay for improved working conditions of nurses: Results from a factorial survey experiment in Germany (2024)

    Wolff, Richard ; Osiander, Christopher ; Kunaschk, Max ; Heusler, Anna ;

    Zitatform

    Wolff, Richard, Anna Heusler, Max Kunaschk & Christopher Osiander (2024): Willingness to pay for improved working conditions of nurses: Results from a factorial survey experiment in Germany. In: International journal of nursing studies, Jg. 155, 2024-04-19. DOI:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2024.104779

    Abstract

    "Background: Many countries are faced with substantial shortages of skilled nurses. With an aging population and global demographic changes, developing a skilled workforce of nurses has become one of the central challenges for public health care. The recent COVID -19 pandemic may even be exacerbating the current and future labor shortages, which may, in turn, pose a threat to the quality of publicly provided health care. Improving nurses’ working conditions could be a means by which to address the global shortages of nurses. However, in countries with public health care, such improvements may come with additional costs in the form of higher taxes or social security contributions. Therefore, such improvements partly depend on people’s willingness to pay (WTP) for them. Objective: In this paper, we investigate workers’ willingness to pay for improvements in the working conditions of nurses. Design: This study is a factorial survey experiment included as part of an online survey. Setting(s): The factorial survey experiment was implemented within the high -frequency online panel survey “Life and Employment in Times of Corona” (IAB -HOPP) conducted by the Institute for Employment Research (Germany). Participants: We analyze data from N = 2,128 survey participants; our main analysis Journal Pre-proof Journal Pre-proof consists of N = 6,384 responses from those participants. Methods: Our research is based on a factorial survey experiment (vignette analysis) designed to quantitatively measure the willingness to pay for various improvements in the working conditions of nurses. We use random effect models and mixed models to estimate the individual-level willingness to pay for these improvements. Results: Our results show that the survey participants are generally willing to pay for particular policies aimed at improving the working conditions of nurses. However, the amount that respondents are willing to pay varies with the type of policy changes. Survey participants exhibit a high willingness to pay for increases in minimum wages for nurses and wagerelated improvements in general. We find, however, a lower willingness to pay for the right to participate in training courses aimed at reducing work-related stress. Conclusions: The broad support for improvements in the working conditions of nurses provides policymakers with some guidance in implementing policy measures that might address labor shortages in the nursing sector." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Osiander, Christopher ; Kunaschk, Max ; Heusler, Anna ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    “With the Pandemic Everything Changes!”: Examining Welfare Reform and Conditionality Prior to and During the COVID-19 Pandemic Amongst NEET Experienced Young People (2024)

    Wrigley, Liam ;

    Zitatform

    Wrigley, Liam (2024): “With the Pandemic Everything Changes!”: Examining Welfare Reform and Conditionality Prior to and During the COVID-19 Pandemic Amongst NEET Experienced Young People. In: Journal of applied youth studies, Jg. 7, H. 1, S. 9-25. DOI:10.1007/s43151-023-00110-1

    Abstract

    "The purpose of this article is to critically explore pre-existing and continuing welfare conditionality of NEET (not in education, employment, or training) experienced young people in the UK. The article traces the policy history of NEET over the last 25 years, to demonstrate the enduring nature of benefit sanctioning that NEET experienced young people have faced throughout a decade of austerity, Brexit, and now the COVID-19 pandemic. The article engages with key narratives from 43 interviews of NEET experienced young people and youth work professionals, undertaken prior and during the pandemic. Overall, the article argues that government actors and policy makers alike have not gone far enough to support NEET experienced young people. The article found that more structural and institutional levels of support from central government are needed to meaningfully engage NEET experienced young people in their education, employment, and training trajectories throughout periods of crisis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Local Labour Market Resilience: The Role of Digitalisation and Working from Home (2024)

    Yahmed, Sarra Ben ; Berlingieri, Francesco ; Brüll, Eduard ;

    Zitatform

    Yahmed, Sarra Ben, Francesco Berlingieri & Eduard Brüll (2024): Local Labour Market Resilience: The Role of Digitalisation and Working from Home. (CESifo working paper 11114), München, 41 S.

    Abstract

    "We show that digital capital and working from home were essential for the resilience of local labour markets in the context of the COVID-19 crisis in Germany. Employment responses differed widely across local labour markets, with differences in short-time work rates of up to 30 percentage points at the beginning of the pandemic. Using recent advancements in the difference-in-differences approach with a continuous treatment, we find that pre-crisis digital capital potential reduced short-time work rate by up to 3 percentage points. The effect was nonlinear, disproportionately disadvantaging regions at the lower end of the digital capital distribution for a longer period. One channel of impact is working from home, which was more often adopted in regions with higher digital capital. But digital capital smoothed the employment shock beyond the effect of remote work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Why Does Working from Home Vary Across Countries and People? (2024)

    Zarate, Pablo ; Davis, Steven J. ; Aksoy, Cevat Giray ; Dolls, Mathias ; Barrero, José María ; Bloom, Nicholas ;

    Zitatform

    Zarate, Pablo, Mathias Dolls, Steven J. Davis, Nicholas Bloom, José María Barrero & Cevat Giray Aksoy (2024): Why Does Working from Home Vary Across Countries and People? (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 32374), Cambridge, Mass, 42 S. DOI:10.3386/w32374

    Abstract

    "We use two surveys to assess why work from home (WFH) varies so much across countries and people. A measure of cultural individualism accounts for about one-third of the cross-country variation in WFH rates. Australia, Canada, the UK, and the US score highly on individualism and WFH rates, whereas Asian countries score low on both. Other factors such as cumulative lockdown stringency, population density, industry mix, and GDP per capita also matter, but they account for less of the variation. When looking across individual workers in the United States, we find that industry mix, population density and lockdown severity help account for current WFH rates, as does the partisan leaning of the county in which the worker resides. We conclude that multiple factors influence WFH rates, and technological feasibility is only one of them." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Younger and less satisfied? Young workers life satisfaction during the Covid-19 pandemic in Germany (2023)

    Achatz, Juliane; Christoph, Bernhard ; Anger, Silke ;

    Zitatform

    Achatz, Juliane, Bernhard Christoph & Silke Anger (2023): Younger and less satisfied? Young workers life satisfaction during the Covid-19 pandemic in Germany. In: IAB-Forum H. 29.12.2023. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20231229.01

    Abstract

    "Adverse effects on workers’ employment situation are highly unequal for different groups. Young workers were particularly affected by the pandemic. They were less likely to receive short-time work allowance and their income developed less favourably than the income of older workers. While financial concerns and job insecurity decrease life satisfaction, it appears that additional threats and restrictions coming along with the pandemic—as approximated by incidence rates—had a much more substantial influence on young workers’ life satisfaction than labour market-related disadvantages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Christoph, Bernhard ; Anger, Silke ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Berufsberatung: In der Corona-Krise konnten nicht alle Themenwünsche junger Menschen ausreichend besprochen werden (2023)

    Anger, Silke ; Malfertheiner, Verena; Toussaint, Carina ; Bernhard, Sarah ; Singer, Stefanie; Malfertheiner, Verena; Sandner, Malte ; Lerche, Adrian ; Dietrich, Hans ; Patzina, Alexander ;

    Zitatform

    Anger, Silke, Sarah Bernhard, Hans Dietrich, Adrian Lerche, Alexander Patzina, Malte Sandner, Stefanie Singer, Carina Toussaint & Verena Malfertheiner (2023): Berufsberatung: In der Corona-Krise konnten nicht alle Themenwünsche junger Menschen ausreichend besprochen werden. In: IAB-Forum H. 23.08.2023. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20230823.01

    Abstract

    "Angesichts der zunehmenden Komplexität der Berufswelt hat die Berufsberatung für junge Menschen an Bedeutung gewonnen. Um die Berufsorientierung zu unterstützen, bietet die Bundesagentur für Arbeit neben umfassenden Informationen zur Ausgestaltung und Anforderung von Berufen auch individuelle Beratungsgespräche an. Eine Befragung angehender Abiturient*innen zeigt, dass sich junge Erwachsene insbesondere Beratung zu beruflichen Möglichkeiten und zu ihrer persönlichen Eignung wünschen. In den Beratungsgesprächen konnten allerdings nicht alle Themenwünsche aufgegriffen werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Anger, Silke ; Toussaint, Carina ; Bernhard, Sarah ; Sandner, Malte ; Lerche, Adrian ; Dietrich, Hans ; Patzina, Alexander ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Digitalisierung in der Covid-19-Pandemie: Corona hat den digitalen Graben zwischen den Betrieben vertieft (2023)

    Arntz, Melanie ; Böhm, Michael; Johanning, Jan Moritz; Gregory, Terry ; Matthes, Britta ; Graetz, Georg; Lehmer, Florian ; Niers, Nick; Lipowski, Cäcilia ;

    Zitatform

    Arntz, Melanie, Michael Böhm, Georg Graetz, Terry Gregory, Jan Moritz Johanning, Florian Lehmer, Cäcilia Lipowski, Britta Matthes & Nick Niers (2023): Digitalisierung in der Covid-19-Pandemie: Corona hat den digitalen Graben zwischen den Betrieben vertieft. (IAB-Kurzbericht 4/2023), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2304

    Abstract

    "Um in der Covid-19-Pandemie bestehen zu können, mussten Betriebe in digitale Technologien investieren. Offen ist bislang, ob der „digitale Graben” zwischen den Betrieben dadurch tiefer geworden ist – ob also digitalisierungserfahrene Betriebe stärker in eine weitere Digitalisierung investiert haben als Betriebe, die vor der Pandemie noch keine Erfahrung mit dem Einsatz solcher Technologien gemacht hatten. Diese Frage kann erstmals mit Daten der neuen IAB-IZA-ZEW-Betriebsbefragung „Arbeitswelt 4.0“ untersucht werden. Dabei zeigt sich, dass es während der Covid-19-Pandemie nur in wenigen Betrieben zu einem Digitalisierungsschub kam. Tatsächlich haben vor allem Betriebe, die vor der Pandemie schon Erfahrung mit sogenannten 4.0-Technologien gesammelt hatten, coronabedingte Investitionen getätigt, sodass sich der digitale Graben zwischen den Betrieben während der Pandemie vertieft hat." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Arntz, Melanie ; Matthes, Britta ; Lehmer, Florian ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Ausbildungsperspektiven nach Corona: Eine repräsentative Befragung von Jugendlichen 2023 (2023)

    Barlovic, Ingo; Ullrich, Denise; Wieland, Clemens;

    Zitatform

    Barlovic, Ingo, Denise Ullrich & Clemens Wieland (2023): Ausbildungsperspektiven nach Corona. Eine repräsentative Befragung von Jugendlichen 2023. Gütersloh, 26 S. DOI:10.11586/2023036

    Abstract

    "Nach Corona blicken junge Menschen deutlich optimistischer auf ihre berufliche Zukunft – dies ist ein zentrales Ergebnis unserer repräsentativen Jugendumfrage, die im Juni 2023 durchgeführt wurde. Dieses erfreuliche Ergebnis gilt aber nicht für alle: Trotz zahlreicher unbesetzter Ausbildungsplätze hat jeder vierte junge Mensch in Deutschland den Eindruck, dass die Zahl der Ausbildungsplätze nicht ausreicht und vor allem Jugendliche mit niedriger Schulbildung machen sich Sorgen um ihre Ausbildungschancen. Aber es gibt noch viel mehr zu entdecken in den Ergebnissen – zum Beispiel, welche Unterstützung sich junge Menschen bei der Suche nach Ausbildungsplätzen wünschen. Oder wie gut sie sich von der Schule über das Thema Ausbildung informiert fühlen. Neu bei der diesjährigen Befragung ist das Thema Praktika: Welche Erfahrungen werden mit Praktika gemacht? Sind sie hilfreich oder enttäuschend, fühlen sich die jungen Menschen über- oder unterfordert? Manche Erwartungen werden bestätigt, aber es gibt auch viele Überraschungen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Corona Monitoring Nationwide (RKI-SOEP-2): Seroepidemiological Study on the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 Across Germany (2023)

    Bartig, Susanne; Wernitz, Jörg; Rother, Nina ; Zinn, Sabine ; Priem, Maximilian; Wilking, Hendrik ; Poethko-Müller, Christina; Wieler, Lothar H. ; Torregroza, Sabrina; Brücker, Herbert ; Niehuis, Wenke; Tanis, Kerstin ; Kubisch, Ulrike; Stahlberg, Silke ; Jordan, Susanne ; Siegert, Manuel ; Butschalowsky, Hans ; Schlaud, Martin; Schaade, Lars ; Hoebel, Jens ; Gößwald, Antje ; Hey, Isabell; Steinhauer, Hans Walter ; Hess, Doris; Danne, Christian; Haller, Sebastian ; Schaffrath Rosario, Angelika ; Grabka, Markus M. ; Trübswetter, Parvati ; Goßner, Laura ;

    Zitatform

    Bartig, Susanne, Herbert Brücker, Hans Butschalowsky, Christian Danne, Antje Gößwald, Laura Goßner, Markus M. Grabka, Sebastian Haller, Doris Hess, Isabell Hey, Jens Hoebel, Susanne Jordan, Ulrike Kubisch, Wenke Niehuis, Christina Poethko-Müller, Maximilian Priem, Nina Rother, Lars Schaade, Angelika Schaffrath Rosario, Martin Schlaud, Manuel Siegert, Silke Stahlberg, Hans Walter Steinhauer, Kerstin Tanis, Parvati Trübswetter, Jörg Wernitz, Sabine Zinn, Hendrik Wilking, Lothar H. Wieler & Sabrina Torregroza (2023): Corona Monitoring Nationwide (RKI-SOEP-2): Seroepidemiological Study on the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 Across Germany. In: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, Jg. 243, H. 3-4, S. 431-449., 2022-08-09. DOI:10.1515/jbnst-2022-0047

    Abstract

    "SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus, spread across Germany within just a short period of time. Seroepidemiological studies are able to estimate the proportion of the population with antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 infection (seroprevalence) as well as the level of undetected infections, which are not captured in official figures. In the seroepidemiological study Corona Monitoring Nationwide (RKI-SOEP-2), biospecimens and interview data were collected in a nationwide population-based subsample of the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). By using laboratory-analyzed blood samples to detect antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, we were able to identify a history of vaccination or infection in study participants. By combining these results with survey data, we were able to identify groups within the population that are at increased risk of infection. By linking the RKI-SOEP-2 survey data with data from other waves of the SOEP survey, we will be able to examine the medium- to long-term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, including effects of long COVID, in diverse areas of life. Furthermore, the data provide insight into the population’s willingness to be vaccinated as well as related attitudes and conditions. In sum, the RKI-SOEP-2 survey data offer a better understanding of the scope of the epidemic in Germany and can help in identifying target groups for infection control in the present and future pandemics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © De Gruyter) ((en))

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Brücker, Herbert ; Trübswetter, Parvati ; Goßner, Laura ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Socioeconomic Differences in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination in Germany: A Seroepidemiological Study After One Year of COVID-19 Vaccination Campaign (2023)

    Bartig, Susanne; Beese, Florian ; Schmid, Lorenz; Mercuri, Elisabetta; Poethko-Müller, Christina; Schranz, Madlen ; Goßner, Laura ; Schmid-Küpke, Nora Katharina; Wachtler, Benjamin ; Hoebel, Jens ; Niehues, Wenke ; Gößwald, Antje ; Grabka, Markus M. ; Hövener, Claudia; Zinn, Sabine ; Schaade, Lars ;

    Zitatform

    Bartig, Susanne, Florian Beese, Benjamin Wachtler, Markus M. Grabka, Elisabetta Mercuri, Lorenz Schmid, Nora Katharina Schmid-Küpke, Madlen Schranz, Laura Goßner, Wenke Niehues, Sabine Zinn, Christina Poethko-Müller, Lars Schaade, Claudia Hövener, Antje Gößwald & Jens Hoebel (2023): Socioeconomic Differences in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination in Germany: A Seroepidemiological Study After One Year of COVID-19 Vaccination Campaign. In: International Journal of Public Health, Jg. 68 9 S., 2023-09-04. DOI:10.3389/ijph.2023.1606152

    Abstract

    "Objective: To evaluate the socioeconomic patterns of SARS-CoV-2 antigen contacts through infection, vaccination or both (“hybrid immunity”) after 1 year of vaccination campaign. Methods: Data were derived from the German seroepidemiological Corona Monitoring Nationwide study (RKI-SOEP-2; n = 10,448; November 2021–February 2022). Combining serological and self-report data, we estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) of SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 vaccination, basic immunization (at least two SARS-CoV-2 antigen contacts through vaccination and/or infection), and three antigen contacts by education and income. Results: Low-education groups had 1.35-times (95% CI 1.01–1.82) the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to high-education groups. COVID-19 vaccination (at least one dose) and basic immunization decreased with lower education and income. Low-education and low-income groups were less likely to have had at least three antigen contacts (PR low vs. high education: 0.74, 95% CI 0.65–0.84; PR low vs. high income: 0.66, 95% CI 0.57–0.77). Conclusion: The results suggest a lower level of protection against severe COVID-19 for individuals from low and medium socioeconomic groups. Pandemic response and vaccination campaigns should address the specific needs and barriers of these groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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    Goßner, Laura ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Competing for Jobs: How COVID-19 Changes Search Behavior in the Labor Market (2023)

    Bauer, Anja ; Keveloh, Kristin; Mamertino, Mariano; Weber, Enzo ;

    Zitatform

    Bauer, Anja, Kristin Keveloh, Mariano Mamertino & Enzo Weber (2023): Competing for Jobs: How COVID-19 Changes Search Behavior in the Labor Market. In: German Economic Review, Jg. 24, H. 4, S. 323-347., 2023-11-13. DOI:10.1515/ger-2021-0010

    Abstract

    "We provide insights on how job search changed in the Covid-19-crisis by analyzing data from the LinkedIn professional network for Germany. We find that competition among workers for jobs strongly increased – which is due to additional job seekers rather than higher search intensity. Furthermore, the LinkedIn data show that people from industries particularly affected by the crisis applied much more frequently and there had been a substantial shift in the target industries for applications. Finally, we find that at the onset of the Covid-19-crises applications were made significantly more often below and significantly less often above a person’s level of seniority." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © De Gruyter) ((en))

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    Weber, Enzo ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Accounting for Qualification in Mismatch Unemployment (2023)

    Bauer, Anja ;

    Zitatform

    Bauer, Anja (2023): Accounting for Qualification in Mismatch Unemployment. (IAB-Discussion Paper 09/2023), Nürnberg, 31 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.DP.2309

    Abstract

    "Dieses Papier zeigt die Entwicklung der Mismatch-Arbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland im Zeitraum von 2007 bis 2022. Ein wesentlicher Teil der Mismatch-Arbeitslosigkeit resultiert aus einer Fehlallokation auf der Qualifikationsebene und nicht auf der beruflichen Ebene. Unter Berücksichtigung des Qualifikationsniveaus zeigt sich ein Aufwärtstrend der Mismatch-Arbeitslosigkeit nach der Covid-Krise, der den Anteil der Mismatch-Arbeitslosigkeit an der Gesamtarbeitslosigkeit um etwa 3 Prozentpunkte über dem Vor-Krisen-Niveau liegt. Zudem hatte die Covid-Krise einen anderen Einfluss auf das Berufsqualifikationsniveau als die globale Finanzkrise. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die Covid-Krise vor allem den Arbeitsmarkt für un- und angelernte Arbeitskräfte getroffen hat." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Distance Work and Life Satisfaction after the COVID-19 Pandemics (2023)

    Becchetti, Leonardo ; Conzo, Gianluigi; Pisani, Fabio;

    Zitatform

    Becchetti, Leonardo, Gianluigi Conzo & Fabio Pisani (2023): Distance Work and Life Satisfaction after the COVID-19 Pandemics. (CEIS Tor Vergata research papers 566), Rom, 36 S.

    Abstract

    "We use data of the 10th European Social Survey containing information on COVID-19 and work at distance. We find that working with employers that accept working from home or place of choice less than before the COVID-19 period impacts negatively and significantly on respondents' wellbeing. We calculate that the reduction of this opportunity produces a fall of 5.6 percent in the probability of declaring high life satisfaction, the effect being concentrated in the subsample of respondents with work-life balance problems where the magnitude of the impact goes up to a maximum of 11 percent. Our findings contribute to explain the COVID-19 Easterlin paradox (contemporary occurrence of a sharp fall in GDP and non decrease/increase, in life satisfaction in the first 2020 COVID-19 year in many countries) and the great resignation - the rise of quit rates after COVID-19, partly motivated by absence of offers of hybrid contracts allowing a mix of work in presence and work at distance" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Delivering the goods? German industrial relations institutions during the COVID-19 crisis (2023)

    Behrens, Martin ; Pekarek, Andreas ;

    Zitatform

    Behrens, Martin & Andreas Pekarek (2023): Delivering the goods? German industrial relations institutions during the COVID-19 crisis. In: Industrial Relations, Jg. 62, H. 2, S. 126-144. DOI:10.1111/irel.12319

    Abstract

    "The COVID-19 pandemic has caused labor market disruptions at an unprecedented scale and is akin to a stress test for industrial relations institutions. Drawing on a large-scale (n = 6111) study of German employees, we empirically investigate whether and how the two institutions comprising Germany's dual system of employee representation—works councils and collective bargaining—have delivered on their protective potential and mitigated the impact of the pandemic on workers. We demonstrate that employees in representative environments fare better on a range of protective outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Übergänge von der Schule in den Beruf: Kann Deutschland von der Schweiz lernen? (2023)

    Bellmann, Lutz ; Schmid, Günther;

    Zitatform

    Bellmann, Lutz & Günther Schmid (2023): Übergänge von der Schule in den Beruf: Kann Deutschland von der Schweiz lernen? (WZB discussion paper : Emeriti EME 2023-001), Berlin, 47 S.

    Abstract

    "Obwohl sich das duale System der Berufsausbildung im Hinblick auf die Integration von jungen Menschen in das Bildungs- und Beschäftigungssystem generell als erfolgreich erwiesen hat, bestehen erhebliche Unterschiede in der Governance. Dementsprechend variieren Bildungs- und Beschäftigungsniveaus sowie die Risiken von NEET (neither in employment, nor in education and training), Arbeitslosigkeit und Armut. Nicht erst seit der COVID-19-Pandemie wird das deutsche System der Berufsausbildung aus vielen Gründen stark kritisiert, während das entsprechende System in der Schweiz eher positiv gewürdigt wird. Deshalb vergleichen wir die beiden Steuerungssysteme des Übergangs von der Schule in den Beruf. Vor dem Hintergrund der Theorie der Übergangsarbeitsmärkte betrachten wir die jeweiligen Ordnungen, Akteure, Übergangspfade und aktuellen Entwicklungen. Danach präsentieren wir unsere Bewertung: Deutschland kann von der Schweiz lernen, insbesondere hinsichtlich der Schaffung verlässlicher Brücken zwischen verschiedenen Ausbildungs- und Erwerbsverläufen, der Verbesserungen im Bereich der Berufsorientierung, der laufenden Aktualisierung der Berufsbildungs-Curricula durch verbindliche Vereinbarungen, der Modularisierung und nachhaltigen Finanzierung der beruflichen Bildungsgänge. Überlegungen zu konkreten und grundlegenden Reformoptionen bilden den Abschluss." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Bellmann, Lutz ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Labour Mobility in German Establishments during the COVID-19 Crisis: Panel Data Analyses with Special Reference to Short-Time Work and Working from Home (2023)

    Bellmann, Lisa ; Bellmann, Lutz ; Hübler, Olaf ;

    Zitatform

    Bellmann, Lisa, Lutz Bellmann & Olaf Hübler (2023): Labour Mobility in German Establishments during the COVID-19 Crisis: Panel Data Analyses with Special Reference to Short-Time Work and Working from Home. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 15935), Bonn, 23 S.

    Abstract

    "Using 21 waves of German high-frequency establishment panel data collected during the COVID-19 crisis, we investigate the effects of short-time work (STW) and working from home (WFH) on hiring, firings, resignations and excess labour turnover (or churning). Thus, we enquire whether STW avoids firings as intended by policymakers and is associated with unintended side effects by subsidising some establishments and locking in some employees. Additionally, where it was feasible, establishments used WFH to continue working without risking an increase in COVID-19 infections and allowing employed parents to care for children attending closed schools. While much of the literature investigating the effects of STW and WFH remains descriptive, we conduct panel data analyses. We apply data and methods that allow for the dynamic pattern of STW and WFH during the pandemic. Furthermore, our data include relevant establishment-level variables, such as the existence of a works council, employee qualifications, establishment size, the degree to which the establishment was affected by the COVID-19 crisis, industry affiliation and a wave indicator for the period the survey was conducted. Our results show the important influences of STW and WFH on employment during the pandemic. By means of STW, establishments are able to avoid an increase in involuntary layoffs, and hiring decreases significantly. In contrast, WFH is associated with a rise in resignations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Bellmann, Lisa ; Bellmann, Lutz ;
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