Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Das Themendossier "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Gender wage differentials and the occupational injury risk: evidence from Germany and the US (2007)
Zitatform
Kluve, Jochen & Sandra Schaffner (2007): Gender wage differentials and the occupational injury risk. Evidence from Germany and the US. (Ruhr economic papers 28), Bochum, 25 S.
Abstract
"Zahlreiche Studien, vor allem für die USA, haben gezeigt, dass Beschäftigte, die einem hohem Arbeitsunfallrisiko ausgesetzt sind, dafür durch entsprechende Lohnkompensationen entschädigt werden. Obwohl Männer in gefährlichen Berufen überrepräsentiert sind, haben Studien zum Lohnunterschied zwischen Männern und Frauen diesen Aspekt bisher nicht hinreichend berücksichtigt. Die Ergebnisse dieses Papiers mit Daten aus Deutschland und den USA weisen darauf hin, dass sich die Lohnkompensationen für gefährliche Berufe im Lohnunterschied widerspiegeln. Ein Teil des Lohngefälles wird also wohl durch die ungleiche Verteilung von beruflichen Unfallrisiken zwischen Männern und Frauen verursacht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Wage distributions by bargaining regime: linked employer-employee data evidence from Germany (2007)
Zitatform
Kohn, Karsten & Alexander C. Lembcke (2007): Wage distributions by bargaining regime. Linked employer-employee data evidence from Germany. (IZA discussion paper 2849), Bonn, 31 S.
Abstract
"Using linked employer-employee data from the German Structure of Earnings Survey 2001, this paper provides a comprehensive picture of the wage structure in three wage-setting regimes prevalent in the German system of industrial relations. We analyze wage distributions for various labor market subgroups by means of kernel density estimation, variance decompositions, and individual and firm-level wage regressions. Unions' impact through collective and firm-level bargaining mainly works towards a higher wage level and reduced overall and residual wage dispersion. Yet observed effects are considerably heterogeneous across different labor market groups. There is no clear evidence for wage floors formed by collectively bargained low wage brackets which would operate as minimum wages for different groups of workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: CEP discussion paper , 813 -
Literaturhinweis
The gender gap reloaded: are school characteristics linked to labor market performance? (2007)
Konstantopoulos, Spyros; Constant, Amelie;Zitatform
Konstantopoulos, Spyros & Amelie Constant (2007): The gender gap reloaded. Are school characteristics linked to labor market performance? (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 711), Berlin, 31 S.
Abstract
"This study examines the wage gender gap of young adults in the 1970s, 1980s, and 2000 in the US. Using quantile regression we estimate the gender gap across the entire wage distribution. We also study the importance of high school characteristics in predicting future labor market performance. We conduct analyses for three major racial/ethnic groups in the US: Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics, employing data from two rich longitudinal studies: NLS and NELS. Our results indicate that while some school characteristics are positive and significant predictors of future wages for Whites, they are less so for the two minority groups. We find significant wage gender disparities favoring men across all three surveys in the 1970s, 1980s, and 2000. The wage gender gap is more pronounced in higher paid jobs (90th quantile) for all groups, indicating the presence of a persistent and alarming 'glass ceiling.'" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The sex wage gap in Japan and Sweden: the role of human capital, workplace sex composition, and family responsibility (2007)
Kumlin, Johanna;Zitatform
Kumlin, Johanna (2007): The sex wage gap in Japan and Sweden. The role of human capital, workplace sex composition, and family responsibility. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 23, H. 2, S. 203-221. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcl029
Abstract
"This study examines sources of the sex wage gap in Sweden and Japan by focusing on the significance of human capital, workplace sex segregation, and family situation using recent and nationwide individual-level data. Contrasting determinants of the sex wage gap in the two advanced countries Japan and Sweden are of interest because these two societies differ significantly in their gender policies and sex structures. The results indicate that human capital factors and women's heavier family responsibilities account for more of the sex wage gap in Japan than in Sweden. Workplace sex segregation, in contrast, accounts for more of the sex wage gap in Sweden compared to Japan. In both countries, about two thirds of the sex wage gap is attributable to sex differences in average return on the explanatory variables." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Comparative advantage or discrimination?: studying male-female wage differentials using displaced workers (2007)
Zitatform
Kunze, Astrid & Kenneth Troske (2007): Comparative advantage or discrimination? Studying male-female wage differentials using displaced workers. (IZA discussion paper 3052), Bonn, 41 S.
Abstract
"In this paper we empirically examine differences in search behavior between men and women. We assess hypotheses regarding duration of search, wages and tenure. The hypotheses are derived from two models: the equilibrium search model with discriminatory firms by Black (1995) and an opportunity cost model that extends the Black model by incorporating age varying reservation wages. We identify effects using data on displaced workers and a differences in differences approach. We find that for men and women the duration of search is equal once we limit our estimation to women with a constant number of children in the household. Furthermore, we find no significant differences in the quality of job match between men and women. Finally, male/female wage differentials are largest among young workers but a significant portion of the difference is accounting for by changes in the number of children in the household. All these results suggest that differences in search behavior and outcomes between men and women are due to differences in nonmarket opportunities rather than to discrimination." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Halbe-halbe: Arbeit - Lohn (2007)
Kurz-Scherf, Ingrid; Schott, Karin; Schmollack, Simone; Christ, Pat; Nungeßer, Karin; Molitor, Carmen; Janus, Anja; Soapcua, Nathalie; Helwerth, Ulrike; Raiser, Brunhilde; Schuldt-Baumgart, Nicola; Vogt, Sina; Kröning, Kirsten;Zitatform
Kurz-Scherf, Ingrid, Karin Nungeßer, Karin Schott, Nathalie Soapcua, Anja Janus, Simone Schmollack, Pat Christ, Carmen Molitor, Nicola Schuldt-Baumgart, Kirsten Kröning, Ulrike Helwerth, Sina Vogt & Brunhilde Raiser (2007): Halbe-halbe: Arbeit - Lohn. In: Frauenrat H. 2, S. 2-33.
Abstract
Die Artikel des Heftes befassen sich mit den spezifischen Schieflagen zwischen den Geschlechtern am Arbeitsmarkt. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Ungleichstellung am Arbeitsmarkt: Gender Mainstreaming in Österreich 1996 bis 2005 - Empirische Befunde des Gleichstellungsmonitorings des AMS (2007)
Lehner, Ursula; Wagner-Pinter, Michael; Städtner, Karin;Zitatform
Lehner, Ursula, Karin Städtner & Michael Wagner-Pinter (2007): Ungleichstellung am Arbeitsmarkt. Gender Mainstreaming in Österreich 1996 bis 2005 - Empirische Befunde des Gleichstellungsmonitorings des AMS. (AMS-Info 93), S. 1-4.
Abstract
"Eine solide Fachausbildung soll den Grundstein für einen erfolgreichen Ersteinstieg junger Erwerbstätiger in das Berufsleben legen. Welche Arbeitsmarktchancen junge Frauen und Männer mit einer abgeschlossenen Lehrausbildung am österreichischen Arbeitsmarkt tatsächlich vorfinden, gilt es jedoch erst zu klären. In diesem Zusammenhang ist insbesondere von Interesse, in welchem Ausmaß junge Frauen und Männer mit einer rezenten Lehrausbildung ihr Beschäftigungspotential nutzen können und mit welchem Arbeitslosigkeitsrisiko berufseinsteigende Personen in diesem ersten Abschnitt ihrer Erwerbskarriere konfrontiert sind. Die vorgestellten Befunde sind aus 'Längsschnittanalysen ' gewonnen, bei denen alle Erwerbstätigen des Geburtsjahrganges 1980 in ihrer Erwerbslaufbahn verfolgt wurden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Do new male and female college graduates receive unequal pay? (2007)
Zitatform
MacDonald, Judith A. & Robert J. Thornton (2007): Do new male and female college graduates receive unequal pay? In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 42, H. 1, S. 32-48.
Abstract
"We analyze the female-male gap in starting-salary offers for new college graduates using data from the annual surveys of the National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE), unique (and proprietary) data that have not previously been used for this purpose. A major advantage of working with a data set on salaries for new college graduates is that we can remove the possible influence of gender differences in experience, promotions, job changes, and other factors on the salary gap. We find that as much as 95 percent of the overall gender gap in starting-salary offers can be explained by differences in college majors selected." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The persistence of the gender wage gap in Germany (2007)
Maier, Friederike;Zitatform
Maier, Friederike (2007): The persistence of the gender wage gap in Germany. (Discussion papers des Harriet Taylor Mill-Instituts für Ökonomie und Geschlechterforschung der Hochschule für Wirtschaft und Recht Berlin 01), Berlin, 33 S.
Abstract
"The gender wage gap is remarkably persistent in Germany. Additionally it is among the European Member states one of the highest. The paper ex amines the empirical data which allow analysing the gender wage gap; it discusses the development of the gender pay gap over time, the trends in wage inequality and the incidence of low pay. As institutional factors are of certain importance, the paper describes the overall system of wage determination, especially the minimum wage regulations. Important is the treatment of gender way gaps in the equal pay legislation to date, which is analysed in detail. As firm level decisions are of great importance to constitute the gender wage gap, this aspect is discussed, too. The paper summarizes the actual state of the art in empirical studies on the gender pay gap in Germany and comes to the conclusion that relevant factors to explain the persistence are mainly structural factors like vertical and horizontal segregation, especially in the work place. Individual characteristics of women and men (human capital endowments) do play a minor role, but are still existent." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
L'ecart des salaires entre les femmes et les hommes peut-il encore baisser? (2007)
Zitatform
Meurs, Dominique & Sophie Ponthieux (2007): L'ecart des salaires entre les femmes et les hommes peut-il encore baisser? In: Economie et Statistique H. 398/399, S. 99-129.
Abstract
"2002 lag die Differenz zwischen dem durchschnittlichen Monatslohn von Frauen und Männern bei 25,3 %, das heißt nur knapp ein Prozentpunkt weniger als im Jahre 1990. Zudem sind die Merkmale dieses Gefälles äußerst stabil geblieben, seien sie struktureller Art - das Ergebnis unterschiedlicher Produktions- und Beschäftigungsmerkmale - oder auf die Rentabilitätsunterschiede dieser Merkmale zurückzuführen : Unabhängig von dem untersuchten Jahr dieses Zeitraums resultieren 75 % des Lohngefälles aus den Unterschieden hinsichtlich der Struktur der Beschäftigungen, wobei der wichtigste Faktor die Arbeitszeit darstellt. Festzustellen ist schließlich auch eine große Stabilität der Streuung der Löhne innerhalb des Zeitraums im Kontext eines geringen Lohnanstiegs. Die Stabilität der Differenz der Monatslöhne zwischen Frauen und Männern und der Merkmale dieses Gefälles mag erstaunen ; denn das durchschnittliche Bildungsniveau der Frauen liegt nunmehr über demjenigen der Männer und nimmt weiter zu und die Rechtsvorschriften verbieten jede Art von Diskriminierung und fördern die berufliche Gleichstellung. Im untersuchten Zeitraum hätten einerseits die Reform des Erziehungsgelds im Jahre 1994 und andererseits die Einführung der 35-Stundenwoche möglicherweise Auswirkungen auf die Lohnunterschiede gehabt. Allerdings scheinen die Konsequenzen dieser Trends wie auch dieser Schocks für die Aufteilung der Frauen und Männer zwischen den Berufen, Funktionen, Sektoren und Arbeitszeiten überaus moderat zu sein. Dies ist die Hauptursache für die ungleiche Entlohnung von Frauen und Männern und der wichtigste Faktor ihres Fortbestands. Das Lohngefälle zwischen Frauen und Männern könnte weiter zurückgehen, wenn die Hebel gefunden werden, die eine Änderung der Verhaltensweisen und der Berufswahl bewirken." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Reconciliation policies and the effects of motherhood on employment, earnings and poverty (2007)
Zitatform
Misra, Joya, Michelle J. Budig & Stephanie Moller (2007): Reconciliation policies and the effects of motherhood on employment, earnings and poverty. In: Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, Jg. 9, H. 2, S. 135-155. DOI:10.1080/13876980701311588
Abstract
"We examine the consequences of welfare state strategies on women's economic outcomes in ten countries. These strategies are 1) the primary caregiver strategy, focused on valuing women's care work; 2) the primary earner strategy, focused on encouraging women's employment; 3) the choice strategy, which provides support for women's employment or caregiving for young children; and 4) the earner-carer strategy, focused on helping men and women balance both care and employment. We analyze the effects of motherhood and marital status on employment rates, annual earnings, and poverty rates. Our study suggests that the strategy taken by the earner-carer strategy may be most effective at increasing equality for both married and single mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Assessing the importance of male and female part-time work for the gender earnings gap in Britain (2007)
Zitatform
Mumford, Karen A. & Peter N. Smith (2007): Assessing the importance of male and female part-time work for the gender earnings gap in Britain. (IZA discussion paper 2981), München, 49 S.
Abstract
"This study examines the role of individual characteristics, occupation, industry, region, and workplace characteristics in accounting for differences in hourly earnings between men and women in full and part-time jobs in Britain. A four-way gender-working time split (male full-timers, male part-timers, female full-timers and female part-timers) is considered, and allowance is explicitly made for the possibility of both workplace and occupational segregation across each group. Individual and workplace characteristics are shown to explain much of the earnings gaps examined. Within gender groups, the striking difference between full and part-time employees is that full-timers work in higher paying occupations than do part-timers. Also, occupational segregation makes a significant contribution to the earnings gap between male and female part-time employees but not for full-time workers. A further new result is that female workplace segregation contributes significantly to the full/part time earnings gap of both males and females. Part-time employees work in more feminised workplaces and their earnings are lower. By contrast, occupational segregation has little impact on the full-time/part-time earnings gap of either males or females. There remains, moreover, a substantial residual gender effect between male and female employees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wage inequality, reservation wages and labor market participation: testing the implications of a search-theoretical model with regional data (2007)
Zitatform
Möller, Joachim & Alisher Aldashev (2007): Wage inequality, reservation wages and labor market participation. Testing the implications of a search-theoretical model with regional data. In: International Regional Science Review, Jg. 30, H. 2, S. 120-151. DOI:10.1177/0160017606298431
Abstract
Untersucht werden die regionalen Unterschiede geschlechtsspezifischer Erwerbsquoten. Ein suchtheoretisches Modell mit intertemporalem Optimierungsverhalten von Akteuren legt nahe, dass ein höheres Lohnniveau in einer Region die Erwerbsbeteiligung fördert, wohingegen sich höhere Arbeitslosigkeit entmutigend auf Arbeitskräfte auswirkt. Dieses Standardmodell wird von den Autoren erweitert, indem zwei Werte für die Lohndispersion eingeführt werden, jeweils für die Löhne unter und über dem Median. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Lohnspreizung im unteren Bereich der Lohnverteilung den Wert der Arbeitssuche und die Erwerbsquoten senkt. Das Gegenteil ist der Fall für den oberen Bereich der Lohnverteilung. Die Implikationen des Modells werden mit Verfahren der räumlichen Ökonometrie getestet. (IAB)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Möller, Joachim; -
Literaturhinweis
Gender and career development (2007)
Newell, Helen;Zitatform
Newell, Helen (2007): Gender and career development. Dublin, o. Sz.
Abstract
"This comparative study examines the issue of gender and career development and explores the continuing barriers to achieving equality of opportunity in this area. Looking at the current European Union countries (with the exception of Sweden) and Norway, the study explores the extent to which career patterns are changing in response to the restructuring of work and organisations and how this impacts on women's career experiences. It also examines the attitudes of the social partners regarding gender and career development. The study finds that although careers are changing in most countries, the nature of this change is best described as a gradual erosion of traditional work patterns, rather than a transformation which is likely to improve opportunities for women. Gender segregation remains a significant problem, despite women's increased activity rates. Female-dominated part-time work, associated with poor opportunities for training and promotion, also persists. The study reveals that most trade unions have been proactive in campaigning on this topic and in increasing their members' awareness of and ability to raise such issues with employers. However, it also shows that many employers appear to remain unconvinced about the need to prioritise gender and careers. While there are examples of some innovative attempts to tackle the problem, these often occur in isolation. In particular, translating legislation into practice at company level remains a significant problem." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Against 'gender-based taxation' (2007)
Saint-Paul, Gilles;Zitatform
Saint-Paul, Gilles (2007): Against 'gender-based taxation'. (CEPR discussion paper 6582), London, 24 S.
Abstract
"This paper criticizes the Alesina and Ichino (2007) proposal of taxing men more than women. First, the proposal is outright sex discrimination. Second, it cannot be Pareto-improving. Third, its virtues in terms of efficiency are better obtained by gender-neutral voluntary schemes for taxing households. Fourth, the tax would further undermine marriage." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender differences in personality and earnings: evidence from Russia (2007)
Zitatform
Semykina, Anastasia & Susan J. Linz (2007): Gender differences in personality and earnings. Evidence from Russia. In: Journal of economic psychology, Jg. 28, H. 3, S. 387-410. DOI:10.1016/j.joep.2006.05.004
Abstract
"Does personality affect earnings? If so, are there gender differences in personality that explain part of the gender wage gap? We use survey data collected from over 2600 Russian employees between 2000 and 2003 to evaluate the impact on earnings of two personality traits: locus of control and challenge-affiliation. We find that gender differences in personality traits are significant. Men are more likely to exhibit an internal locus of control and need for challenge, while women are more likely to exhibit an external locus of control and need for affiliation. Moreover, there are differences in the effect of personality on earnings by gender - women's earnings are strongly affected by personality, while the effect of personality on men's earnings is small and not always significant. Among the employees participating in our study, personality traits explain as much as 8% of the gender wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The incomes of families with children: a cross-national comparison (2007)
Zitatform
Sigle-Rushton, Wendy & Jane Waldfogel (2007): The incomes of families with children. A cross-national comparison. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 17, H. 4, S. 299-318. DOI:10.1177/0958928707082474
Abstract
"Using data on seven countries, we estimate trajectories in family incomes for families with and without children following several stylized life-courses. Focusing mainly on women with a medium level of education, we find, in general, that gaps in family income are smallest in the Nordic countries, intermediate in the Anglo-American countries, and largest in the continental European countries. Our findings are similar to patterns observed in the literature on family gaps in women's earnings and suggest that differences in earnings and labour market participation between women with different family histories are the major driver in the gaps in gross and disposable incomes that we observe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Motherhood and women's earnings in Anglo-American, Continental European, and Nordic Countries (2007)
Zitatform
Sigle-Rushton, Wendy & Jane Waldfogel (2007): Motherhood and women's earnings in Anglo-American, Continental European, and Nordic Countries. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 13, H. 2, S. 55-91. DOI:10.1080/13545700601184849
Abstract
"The earnings of mothers make up an important, but difficult to quantify, component of parental expenditures on children. This paper compares the long-term earnings of women with children, women without children, and men. The study conducts separate analyses for less educated, moderately educated, and highly educated people in eight Anglo-American, Continental European, and Nordic countries. The study finds that, for the most part, these countries cluster into three groups, with mothers in the Continental European group experiencing the largest earnings differentials, mothers in the Nordic group experiencing the smallest, and mothers in the Anglo-American countries occupying the middle position." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Career sidestep, wage stepback?: the impact of different types of career breaks on wages (2007)
Zitatform
Theunissen, Gert, Marije Verbruggen, Anneleen Forrier & Luc Sels (2007): Career sidestep, wage stepback? The impact of different types of career breaks on wages. (WSE report), Louvain, 22 S.
Abstract
"In this paper, we simultaneously study the wage effects of different types of interruptions, allowing for differential effects of break duration in function of the nature of the interruption. The types we will study are family leaves, unemployment spells, self-employment spells, educational leaves and a residual category, comprising 'private' reasons to interrupt one's career (e.g. travel, rest, voluntary work). Family leaves and unemployment spells have received ample attention in literature, being perhaps the most obvious reasons why an individual is not working at some point in time. Our addition of self-employment spells and educational leaves is not only inspired by their under-exposure in research on career breaks, but also by the growing recognition among policy-makers of the crucial role of lifelong learning and entrepreneurship in sustaining economic growth. It is far from certain whether career interruptions that are advocated by the government as a potential boost to employment and entrepreneurship also pay off for individuals once they return to wage employment. Besides this focus on different types of career breaks, our study also complements previous research by conducting separate analyses for men and women. In doing so, we investigate to what extent the impact of the different types of career breaks differ between male and female workers. The paper is structured as follows. First, we discuss the literature on career breaks. Then we present the methodology and the results. The paper concludes with a discussion on the key implications of the research and some suggestions for future research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working part-time for the state: gender, class and the public sector pay gap (2007)
Thornley, Carole;Zitatform
Thornley, Carole (2007): Working part-time for the state. Gender, class and the public sector pay gap. In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 14, H. 5, S. 454-475. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2007.00360.x
Abstract
"This article explores the role and nature of disadvantages associated with part-time working in perpetuating the gender pay gap in the public sector. It does so by means of a detailed case study of local government workers in the UK, with particular reference to the more than one and a half million local government service workers covered by National Joint Council bargaining arrangements. The article draws from original pay data analysis and national survey work conducted by the author. It argues that little has changed since the findings reported 20 years ago by Beechey and Perkins with respect to the disadvantages experienced by part-time workers and the 'construction' of employment in gendered ways. However, the role of class may have been understated in previous accounts: class fractions in gender-segregated employment continue to hold deep significance and provide some potential for solidaristic approaches by trade unions alongside traditional 'equality' initiatives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug