Zitatform

Moulin, Stephane (2006): Modes of entrance by gender and wage differential in the French labour market. In: Labour, Jg. 20, H. 4, S. 581-599. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.2006.00354.x

Abstract

"This paper explores the gender wage differential after the exit from school in France. Using survey longitudinal data on young men and women leaving the French school system in 1998, we show that the residual entrance-level wage differential by gender may be explained by the expected gender differential of access to job opportunities. A hierarchical classification is used to estimate the probability to obtain easy access to non-subsidized jobs. After control for hours worked and hierarchical levels, and for the predicted values of this previous estimation, we find no significant impact of gender on entrance-level wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Napari, Sami (2006): Type of education and the gender wage gap. (Helsinki Center of Economic Research. Discussion paper 128), Helsinki, 43 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates the role of university majors in explaining the gender wage gap. Using data from the Confederation of Finnish Industries, significant gender differences in majors among whitecollars are found. These differences in education account for 36.8 % of the gender wage gap among young whitecollars with a bachelor level degree after controlling for age, year, gender, region, industry and firm size. The corresponding number for young whitecollars with a master level degree is 30.4 %. There are no considerable differences in the effects of majors between new entrants and whitecollars having more work experience. Furthermore, similarity of results between OLS and fixed effects estimations implies that the effect of university majors is unlikely to reflect unobserved heterogeneity. Finally, women's gains from equalizing educational distributions do not depend in significant way on the price structures used. In conclusion, the findings in this paper strongly support the idea that steering women toward maledominated majors would significantly reduce the observed gender inequality in wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Olivetti, Claudia & Barbara Petrongolo (2006): Unequal pay or unequal employment? A cross-country analysis of gender gaps. (CEPR discussion paper 5506), Boston, 46 S.

Abstract

"Gender wage and employment gaps are negatively correlated across countries. We argue that non-random selection of women into work explains an important part of such correlation and thus of the observed variation in wage gaps. The idea is that, if women who are employed tend to have relatively high-wage characteristics, low female employment rates may become consistent with low gender wage gaps simply because low-wage women would not feature in the observed wage distribution. We explore this idea across the US and EU countries estimating gender gaps in potential wages. We recover information on wages for those not in work in a given year using alternative imputation techniques. Imputation is based on (i) wage observations from other waves in the sample, (ii) observable characteristics of the nonemployed and (iii) a statistical repeated-sampling model. We then estimate median wage gaps on the resulting imputed wage distributions, thus simply requiring assumptions on the position of the imputed wage observations with respect to the median, but not on their level. We obtain higher median wage gaps on imputed rather than actual wage distributions for most countries in the sample. However, this di┐erence is small in the US, the UK and most central and northern EU countries, and becomes sizeable in Ireland, France and southern EU, all countries in which gender employment gaps are high. In particular, correction for employment selection explains more than a half of the observed correlation between wage and employment gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Olivetti, Claudia & Barbara Petrongolo (2006): Unequal pay or unequal employment? A cross-country analysis of gender gaps. (IZA discussion paper 1941), Bonn, 48 S.

Abstract

"Gender wage and employment gaps are negatively correlated across countries. We argue that non-random selection of women into work explains an important part of such correlation and thus of the observed variation in wage gaps. The idea is that, if women who are employed tend to have relatively high-wage characteristics, low female employment rates may become consistent with low gender wage gaps simply because low-wage women would not feature in the observed wage distribution. We explore this idea across the US and EU by estimating gender gaps in potential wages. We recover information on wages for those not in work in a given year using alternative imputation techniques. Imputation is based on (i) wage observations from other waves in the sample, (ii) observable characteristics of the nonemployed and (iii) a statistical repeated-sampling model. We then estimate median wage gaps on the resulting imputed wage distributions, thus simply requiring assumptions on the position of the imputed wage observations with respect to the median, but not on their level. We obtain higher median wage gaps on imputed rather than actual wage distributions for most countries in the sample. However, this difference is small in the US, the UK and most central and northern EU countries, and becomes sizeable in Ireland, France and southern EU, all countries in which gender employment gaps are high. In particular, correction for employment selection explains more than a half of the observed correlation between wage and employment gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pencavel, John (2006): A life cycle perspective on changes in earnings inequality among married men and women. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 88, H. 2, S. 232-242.

Abstract

"The connection between changes in earnings inequality of individuals and changes in family earnings involves several links: the movements in the employment of different family members, the association between changes in husbands' and in wives' earnings, and patterns of assortative mating. A decomposition of the logarithm of the coefficient of variation in family earnings identifies these links. The data on the dispersion of family earnings are organized not simply over time, but also by age. The growth in wives' relative employment and earnings has partly offset the effects on family earnings inequality of the increase in husbands' earnings inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Pencavel, John (2006): Earnings inequality and market work in husband-wife families. (IZA discussion paper 2235), Bonn, 54 S.

Abstract

"Constructing pseudo-panel data from successive Current Population Surveys, this paper analyzes earnings inequality in husband and wife families over the life cycle and over time. Particular attention is devoted to the role of labor supply in influencing measures of earnings inequality. Compact and accurate descriptions of earnings inequality are derived that facilitate the analysis of the effect of the changing market employment of wives on earnings inequality. The growing propensity of married women to work for pay has mitigated the increase in family earnings inequality. Alternative measures of earnings inequality covering people with different degrees of attachment to the labor market are constructed. Inferences about the extent and changes in earnings inequality are sensitive to alternative labor supply definitions especially in the case of wives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Plantenga, Janneke & Chantal Remery (2006): The gender pay gap: Origins and policy responses. A comparative review of thirty European countries. The co-ordinators' synthesis report prepared for the Equality Unit, European Commission. Final report. Brüssel, 60 S.

Abstract

"Reducing the gender pay gap is an important topic on the European political agenda. Since 1999 it has been part of the European Employment Strategy and policy efforts have intensified over the years. In 2003 member states were called on to formulate targets in this respect in order 'to achieve by 2010 a substantial reduction in the gender pay gap in each Member State through a multi-faceted approach addressing the underlying factors of the gender pay gap including sectoral and occupational segregation, education and training, job classifications and pay systems, awareness raising and transparency'. This report addresses the gender pay gap. Data will be provided on the extent and the development of the gender pay gap for 25 EU member states. In addition, the report contains information from three EEA countries, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and two candidate countries, Bulgaria and Romania. In particular the report focuses on how public policies try to reduce wage differences between women and men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Taylor, Karl (2006): UK wage inequality. An industry and regional perspective. In: Labour, Jg. 20, H. 1, S. 91-124. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.2006.00335.x

Abstract

"This paper looks at male wage inequality in the UK across industries and regions over a 15 year period. After controlling for the heterogeneity of productivity characteristics across the population, that part of wage inequality which cannot be explained by observable worker characteristics is examined. This is undertaken at both the industry and regional level to assess the key themes dominant in the literature capable of explaining within-group wage inequality, namely: technology; globalization; female participation; immigration; shifts in the supply of relative education across cohorts; and falling unionization." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Thiel, Anke (2006): Zwischen Lissabon und Tallinn. Europäische Beschäftigungsstrategie und Frauenerwerbstätigkeit nach der EU-Osterweiterung. In: Femina politica. Zeitschrift für feministische Politik-Wissenschaft, Jg. 15, H. 1, S. 20-34.

Abstract

"In dem Beitrag wird zuerst ein kurzer Abriss der Beschäftigungspolitik unter frauenpolitischen Aspekten gegeben. Danach wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob sich die Annahme bestätigen lässt, dass Frauen in den neuen osteuropäischen EU-Ländern durch die sozialistisch geprägten politischen, gesellschaftlichen und arbeitsmarktbezogenen Strukturen immer noch stärker im Erwerbsleben verankert sind als in der EU-15. Gibt es gemeinsame Muster, welche die Wahrnehmung der osteuropäischen Staaten als einheitlichen 'Block' rechtfertigen? Diese Fragen werden anhand ausgewählter Indikatoren zu Beschäftigung, Arbeitslosigkeit und Lohnabstand, dokumentiert im WSI-FrauenDatenReport 2005 (Bothfeld u.a. 2005), untersucht. Auf dieser Datenbasis sollen die Zielsetzungen und Empfehlungen der Beschäftigungsstrategie heute im Hinblick auf die Frauenbeschäftigung in Osteuropa bewertet werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Trappe, Heike & Annemette Sorensen (2006): Economic relations between women and their partners. An East-West-German comparison after reunification. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 12, H. 4, S. 643-665.

Abstract

"This article compares women's and men's economic relations in East and West Germany following the 1990 reunification to exemplify the impact of varying opportunity structures on women's relative contribution to family income. West Germany's takeover set in motion a rapid transformation of East German institutions and employment structures. The analysis shows that women in West Germany became less dependent on their partners in the 1990s, largely because fewer women were housewives without earnings. In contrast, the contributions of women to the family economy in East Germany fell between 1990 and 1996. Afterwards, women in East Germany regained some of their economic power because of their partners' increasing difficulties sustaining employment. A multivariate analysis showed that the fact that women in West Germany were more likely to work less or not at all - especially if they were married or had children - accounted for much of the difference." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Weinberger, Catherine & Peter Kuhn (2006): The narrowing of the U.S. gender earnings gap, 1959-1999. A cohort-based analysis. (IZA discussion paper 2007), Bonn, 40 S.

Abstract

"Using Census and Current Population Survey data spanning 1959 through 1999, we assess the relative contributions of two factors to the decline in the gender wage gap: changes across cohorts in the relative slopes of men's and women's age-earnings profiles, versus changes in relative earnings levels at labor market entry. We find that changes in relative slopes account for about one-third of the narrowing of the gender wage gap over the past 40 years. Under quite general conditions, we argue that this provides an upper bound estimate of the contribution of changes in work experience and other post-school investments (PSIs) to the decline of the gender wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wiegand, Simon & Meike Scharfenort (2006): Das geschlechtsspezifische Entgeltgefälle in der Europäischen Union. In: Bundesarbeitsblatt H. 8/9, S. 10-15.

Abstract

"Seit fast 50 Jahren gibt es in der EU den Grundsatz des gleichen Lohns für gleiche und gleichwertige Arbeit. Bis zum heutigen Tage hat dieses Prinzip jedoch in keinem der EU-Mitgliedsstaaten zur vollständigen Beseitigung des geschlechtsspezifischen Entgeltgefälles geführt. Welche Aktivitäten werden von der EU ergriffen, um dem Grundsatz der Entgeltgleichheit zur Durchsetzung zu verhelfen - und wie sind diese zu bewerten?" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Dieser Bericht hat zum Ziel, die Debatte über das Arbeitskräfteangebot auf zweierlei Weise aus der Geschlechterperspektive zu beleuchten. Erstens durch Rückblick auf einige wichtige, auf nationalstaatlicher Ebene vorgenommene politische Reformen der Systeme der sozialen Sicherung und der damit verbundenen Arbeitsmarktprogramme, die darauf abzielen, niedrige Einkommensgruppen in Beschäftigung zu bringen, und bei welchen es, soweit sich die politischen Ziele auf das Thema 'Arbeit lohnend machen' beziehen, hauptsächlich darum geht, Beschäftigung finanziell attraktiver zu machen als den Bezug von Sozialleistungen. In dieser Diskussion prüfen wir, ob die Politik die Geschlechtergleichstellung allgemein berücksichtigt (Gender Mainstreaming), und welche geschlechtsbezogenen Auswirkungen diese Reformen voraussichtlich haben werden. Zweitens wenden wir uns den allgemeineren Anreizen und Barrieren zu, mit welchen diejenigen - nach wie vor zumeist Frauen - konfrontiert sind, die in Haushalten mit kleinen Kindern hauptsächlich für die Betreuung zuständig sind. Dabei gilt unser besonderes Augenmerk der Situation von Müttern in Haushalten mit niedrigem Einkommen (Steuern und Sozialleistungen, aktive Arbeitsmarktpolitik, Kinderbetreuung, etc.). In Abschnitt 2 prüfen wir die Regelungen für Mutterschafts- und Elternurlaub im Hinblick auf die berufliche Integration von Müttern und Vätern. Abschnitt 3 hat die Auswirkungen von Elternurlaub oder längerer Arbeitsmarktabwesenheit zur Kinderbetreuung auf die Teilnahmevoraussetzungen für aktive Arbeitsmarktmaßnahmen und anderen Schulungsregelungen zum Gegenstand. Der Ausbau der Kinderbetreuung als entscheidende soziale Infrastruktur zur Beschäftigungsförderung der Eltern wird in Abschnitt 4 untersucht. Die Schlussfolgerungen daraus werden im Abschnitt 5 gezogen. Dabei kommen auch für die Nachfrageseite relevante Punkte hinsichtlich der Arbeitsplatzqualität zur Sprache, von denen abhängt, ob diejenigen, die in Niedrigeinkommenshaushalten hauptsächlich für die Betreuung zuständig sind (in der Regel die Mütter), ihr Beschäftigungsverhältnis langfristig aufrecht erhalten können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Djurdjevic, Dragana (2005): Unemployment and under-employment. The case of Switzerland. In: Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Volkswirtschaft und Statistik, Jg. 141, H. 1, S. 23-70.

Abstract

"In dem Betrag werden die Arbeitslosigkeit und die weitere Einkommensentwicklung der Arbeitslosen analysiert. Auf Basis von informativen administrativen Panel-Daten wird ein diskretes Hazard Modell für den Austritt von verschiedenen Erwerbszuständen geschätzt. Die geschätzten Ergebnisse belegen die Existenz sozialer Randgruppen. Beispielsweise befinden sich Frauen, Ausländer und Geringqualifizierte verstärkt in schlechten Arbeitssituation oder sind in besonderem Maße von Erwerbsinstabilität betroffen. Diese Erwerbsinstabilität scheint hauptsächlich mit einem Mangel an Qualifikation verbunden zu sein. Im Gegenteil haben Männer, Jüngere und Hochqualifizierte mehr Chancen eine Beschäftigung wieder zu finden. Falls sie schlecht bezahlt (im Vergleich zu ihrem vorherigen Lohn) sind, ist es hauptsächlich für vorübergehende Perioden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Engelbrech, Gerhard & Mark Josenhans (2005): Betriebliche Ausbildung und geschlechtsspezifische berufliche Segregation in den 1990er Jahren. Einkommen von Männern und Frauen beim Berufseintritt. In: R. Gaubitsch & R. Sturm (Hrsg.) (2005): Beruf und Beruflichkeit : Diskussionsbeiträge aus der deutschsprachigen Berufsbildungsforschung (AMS report, 46), S. 69-89.

Abstract

Zwar steigt seit Beginn der 1990er Jahre der quantitative Anteil berufstätiger gut ausgebildeter Frauen am Arbeitsmarkt, doch sind sie in höheren Positionen weiterhin unterrepräsentiert, und es bestehen weiterhin geschlechtsspezifische Einkommensdiskrepanzen. Für diese unterschiedliche berufliche Integration von Männern und Frauen wird nach neuen Erklärungsansätzen gesucht. Sie berücksichtigen die stärkere Bildungsbeteilung junger Frauen, die veränderte betriebliche Wahrnehmung von jungen Frauen und die Reaktionen der jungen Männer auf den gesellschaftlichen und strukturellen Wandel. Dazu wird Datenmaterial aus einer Längs- und Querschnittstudie der Bundesagentur für Arbeit über den Berufseinstieg von Absolventen und Absolventinnen im Jahr 2001 nach dem Abschluss ihrer betrieblichen Berufsausbildung im Jahr 2000 und im Vergleich zu den 1980er und 1990er Jahren herangezogen. Berufseintritt, Arbeitslosigkeit, Tendenz zu männer- bzw. frauendominierten Berufen und geschlechtsspezifische Einkommensunterschiede innerhalb und zwischen den Berufsgruppen in Ost- und Westdeutschland werden quantitativ dargestellt und analysiert. Dabei zeigt sich u.a., dass geschlechtsspezifische Einkommensunterschiede bereits beim Berufseintritt entstehen und vertikale Einkommensunterschiede sich verfestigen. (IAB)

Zitatform

Lentz, Rasmus & Torben Tranæs (2005): Marriage, wealth, and unemployment duration. A gender asymmetry puzzle. (IZA discussion paper 1607), Bonn, 16 S.

Abstract

"This note presents evidence of the following gender asymmetry: the job-finding effort of married men and women is affected by the income of their spouses in opposite directions. For women, spouse income influences job finding negatively, just as own wealth does: the more the man earns and the wealthier the woman is, the longer it takes for her to find a job. The contrary is the case for men, where spouse income affects job finding positively: the more the wife earns, the faster the husband finds a job. This is so despite the fact that greater own wealth also prolongs unemployment spells for men. These findings are hard to reconcile with the traditional economic model of the family." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tomlinson, J., W. Olsen, D. Neff, K. Purdam & S. Mehta (2005): Examining the potential for women returners to work in areas of high occupational gender segregation. Final report to the DTI. Manchester, 106 S.

Abstract

"The aim of this project was to review the employment and earnings potential of women who return to employment after a period of caring for children or other family members. The report includes analysis of the literature and statistical data on women's employment histories, the kinds of jobs they do and what they are paid. It also looks at women's qualifications and skills and the way in which their employment reflects their skills and explores employers attitudes to women returners and the training opportunities available to them." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Vieira, Jose A. Cabral, Ana Rute Cardoso & Miguel Portela (2005): Gender segregation and the wage gap in Portugal. An analysis at the establishment level. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 3, H. 2, S. 145-168. DOI:10.1007/s10888-005-4495-8

Abstract

"Using a large linked employer-employee data set, this paper aims at quantifying the trend in worker segregation at the establishment level and its impact on wages in Portugal over a fifteen year period. We concentrate on the gender dimension, to answer the questions: What is the level of gender segregation across establishments in the Portuguese labor market and how has it evolved over time? What is the impact of segregation on wages? Is that impact different for men and women? Systematic and random components of segregation are computed. We use standard wage decomposition techniques to evaluate the impact of the composition of the labor force at the establishment level on wages. The results reveal a high degree of systematic gender segregation. A higher proportion of females in the establishment lowers females' wages while, on the contrary, it raises males' wages. The evidence gathered is consistent with the taste-based model of employer behavior and with the theory of sorting of workers across establishments based on their productivity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Brückner, Hannah (2004): Gender inequality in the life course. Social change and stability in West Germany 1975-1995. (The life course and aging), New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 158 S.

Abstract

"How do women fare in a society that is characterized by a set of institutions that promote income stability over the life course and thereby maintain and even amplify status difference? Using recently issued public files of social security records with longitudinal earnings data of well over half a million persons, this book describes gender inequality in earnings and labour market participation in Germany between 1975 and 1995. Because of the advanced industrial base of Germany, its relevance to other nations at the high end of production and consumer indices becomes apparent." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Albrecht, James, Anders Björklund & Susan Vroman (2003): Is There a Glass Ceiling in Sweden? In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 21, H. 1, S. 145-177. DOI:10.1086/344126

Abstract

"Using 1998 data, we show that the gender log wage gap in Sweden increases throughout the wage distribution and accelerates in the upper tail. We interpret this as a strong glass ceiling effect. We use quantile regression decompositions to examine whether this pattern can be ascribed primarily to gender differences in labor market characteristics or in the rewards to those characteristics. Even after extensive controls for gender differences in age, education (both level and field), sector, industry, and occupation, we find that the glass ceiling effect we see in the raw data persists to a considerable extent." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))