Abstract

Thema der Mitteilung ist das Lohngefälle zwischen Männern und Frauen in der Europäischen Union. Es wird als dauerhaftes und komplexes Phänömen beschrieben, welches durch Unterschiede bei den einzelnen Personen, beim Beschäftigungstyp oder bei den Unternehmen bedingt sein kann, und das zudem auf geschlechtsspezifische Segregation auf dem Arbeitsmarkt, auf institutionelle Faktoren und soziale Normen, Traditionen und Stereotype zurückgeführt werden kann. Die Gleichstellung zwischen Frauen und Männern sowie Nichtdiskriminierung sind Teil der Grundprinzipien der Europäischen Union. Dem zufolge ist die Bekämpung des Lohngefälles eine politische Priorität für die Europäische Union. Vier Aktionsfelder werden genannt: 1. Die Analyse der Möglichkeiten zur Verbesserung des rechtlichen Rahmens und seiner Umsetzung; 2. Die volle Ausschöpfung der Europäische Strategie für Wachstum und Beschäftigung; 3. Werbung für Gleichheit des Arbeitsentgelts bei den Arbeitgebern; 4. Die Unterstützung des Austauschs bewährter Verfahren auf Gemeinschaftsebene. Zudem wird gefordert, die Analyse dieses Phänomens voranzutreiben, um gezielt Wege zu benennen, um das Lohngefälle zwischen Männern und Frauen zu verringern. Der Annex dokumentiert die rechtlichen Regelungen, beschreibt den Eurostat-Indikator für das Lohngefälle, gibt einen Überblick über die Statistik und führt für einzelne Mitgliedsländer Beispiele für politische Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung des Lohngefälles zwischen Männern und Frauen auf. (IAB)

Abstract

"The Global Employment Trends for Women Brief 2007 focuses on whether the tendency toward increased participation has continued more recently and whether women have found enough decent and productive jobs to really enable them to use their potential in the labour market and achieve economic independence. The approach is based on updates and analysis of a number of major labour market indicators. These include: labour force participation; unemployment; sector and status of employment; wages/earnings; and education and skills. Taken together, they show whether women who want to work actually do so, whether women find it harder to get a job than men, differences in the type of work done by women and men and equality of treatment in areas ranging from pay to education and training." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Albanesi, Stefania & Claudia Olivetti (2006): Home production, market production and the gender wage gap. Incentives and expectations. (NBER working paper 12212), Cambridge, Mass., 44 S., Anhang. DOI:10.3386/w12212

Abstract

"The purpose of this paper is to study the joint determination of gender differentials in labor market outcomes and in the household division of labor. Specifically, we explore the hypothesis that incentive problems in the labor market amplify differences in earnings due to gender differentials in home hours. In turn, earnings differentials across genders reinforce the division of labor within the household. This gives rise to a potentially self-fulfilling feedback mechanism. As a consequence, gender differentials in earnings will be larger than any initial difference in relative productivity across genders. Even if productivity in home and market work is the same for female and male workers, both gendered and ungendered equilibria are possible and equally likely. If womens' comparative advantage in home production is large enough, there exists a unique equilibrium in which they have higher home hours and lower earnings than men. Our model delivers predictions on the relation between earnings ratios, incentive pay and home hours. First, gender earnings differentials should be higher for married workers in occupations in which the incentive problem is more severe. This effect should be stronger when the gender difference in home hours is greater. Moreover, the difference in the fraction of incentive pay across genders should be smaller for higher values of the female/male earnings ratio. Second, the husband/wife ratio of home hours should be negatively related with both the husband/wife earnings ratio and the difference in the fraction of incentive pay. We use the Census and the PSID to study these predictions and find that they are amply supported by the data." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Biffl, Gudrun (2006): Mehr Jobs und bessere Einkommenschancen für Frauen. Eine gesellschaftspolitische Herausforderung für Österreich. In: Wiso. Wirtschafts- und sozialpolitische Zeitschrift des ISW, Jg. 29, H. 2, S. 89-108.

Abstract

"Die Beschäftigung der Frauen in Österreich ist geprägt von ihrer Doppelrolle als Berufstätige und Hausfrauen. Frauen stehen aufgrund ihrer Verpflichtungen im Haushalt nur bedingt dem Arbeitsmarkt zur Verfügung. Dieses Verhalten hat Auswirkungen auf die Bildungslaufbahnen. In Österreich ist es im Laufe der Zeit nicht zu einer Auflockerung der geschlechtsspezifischen Bildungsmuster gekommen. Männer sind auf gut vermarktbare technisch-naturwissenschaftliche Ausbildungszweige konzentriert und Frauen auf kaufmännische und personenbezogene Dienste. Die geringe Verlagerung der Haushaltsproduktion auf den Markt hat zur Folge, dass Frauen in Österreich stärker als im Schnitt der EU auf bestimmte Branchen und Berufe konzentriert sind. Obendrein arbeiten Frauen in Österreich häufiger Teilzeit, was zur Folge hat, dass sie seltener in Leitenden Positionen aufrücken können. Dieser Effekt wird dadurch noch verstärkt, dass Frauen aufgrund von Betreuungspflichten in ihrer regionalen Mobilität eingeschränkt sind, was sie stärker an den lokalen Arbeitsmarkt bindet. In der Folge arbeiten sie häufiger als Männer in Klein- und Mittelbetrieben, die nicht nur geringere Karrieremöglichkeiten anbieten können, sondern auch keine hohen Löhne." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Blau, Francine D., Marianne A. Ferber & Anne E. Winkler (2006): The economics of women, men, and work. Upper Saddle River u.a.: Pearson Prentice Hall, 444 S.

Abstract

Das Buch bietet einen umfassenden Überblick über die Stellung von Frauen und Männern auf dem Arbeitsmarkt und in der Familie. Schwerpunkte liegen auf der historischen Entwicklung und den aktuellen Trends und auf den institutionellen und politischen Rahmenbedingungen des Geschlechterverhältnisses in den USA, sowie auf Theorien zur Erklärung geschlechtsspezifischer Unterschiede. Kapitel 2 behandelt die historische Entwicklung der Geschlechterrollen, Kapitel 3 widmet sich der Familie als ökonomischer Einheit sowie der geschlechtsspezifischen Arbeitsteilung in Familien, der Verteilung von Hausarbeit zwischen den Geschlechtern und alternativen Ansätzen der Entscheidungsfindung in Familien. Kapitel 4 analysiert die Entscheidung von Individuen, wieviel Zeit für Haushalt und Erwerbsarbeit eingesetzt wird, und arbeitet die Bestimmungsfaktoren der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern und Frauen heraus. Kapitel 5 bietet einen Überblick über die geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede in Hinblick auf Beschäftigung und Löhne, in Kapitel 6 werden diese Unterschiede aus der Perspektive des Humankapitalansatzes erklärt, in Kapitel 7 dient die Diskrimierung von Frauen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt als Erklärungsansatz. In Kapitel 8 wird auf aktuelle Entwicklungen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt eingegangen, insbesondere auf die Verringerung des geschlechtsspezifischen Lohnunterschieds, die Zunahme selbstständiger und atypischer Beschäftigung sowie auf den abnehmenden Einfluss der Gewerkschaften. Im Mittelpunkt von Kapitel 9 stehen die ökonomischen Ursachen des Wandels der Familienstrukturen, zum Beispiel des Wachsen des Anteils an Doppelverdienern und Alleinerziehenden. In Kapitel 10 werden politische Maßnahmen thematisiert, die Erwerbsarbeit und Familie betreffen, insbesondere Maßnahmen zur Armutsbekämpfung sowie steuer- und familienpolitische Maßnahmen zur Vereinbarung von Beruf und Familie. Kapitel 11 vergleicht die Situation in den USA mit der in anderen Ländern, vor allem in Industrieländern. (IAB)

Zitatform

Blau, Francine D. & Lawrence M. Kahn (2006): The U.S. gender pay gap in the 1990s. Slowing convergence. In: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Jg. 60, H. 1, S. 45-66. DOI:10.1177/001979390606000103

Abstract

"Using Michigan Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) data, the authors study the slowdown in the convergence of female and male wages in the 1990s compared to the 1980s. They find that changes in human capital did not contribute to the slowdown, since women's relative human capital improved comparably in the two decades. Occupational upgrading and deunionization had a larger positive effect on women's relative wages in the 1980s than in the 1990s, explaining part of the slower 1990s convergence. However, the largest factor was a much faster reduction of the 'unexplained' gender wage gap in the 1980s than in the 1990s. The evidence suggests that changes in labor force selectivity, changes in gender differences in unmeasured characteristics and in labor market discrimination, and changes in the favorableness of demand shifts each may have contributed to the slowing convergence of the unexplained gender pay gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Blau, Francine D., Mary C. Brinton & David B. Grusky (Hrsg.) (2006): The declining significance of gender? New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 296 S.

Abstract

"The last half-century has witnessed substantial change in the opportunities and rewards available to men and women in the workplace. While the gender pay gap narrowed and female labor force participation rose dramatically in recent decades, some dimensions of gender inequality-most notably the division of labor in the family-have been more resistant to change, or have changed more slowly in recent years than in the past. These trends suggest that one of two possible futures could lie ahead: an optimistic scenario in which gender inequalities continue to erode, or a pessimistic scenario where contemporary institutional arrangements persevere and the gender revolution stalls. In The Declining Significance of Gender? editors Francine Blau, Mary Brinton, and David Grusky bring together top gender scholars in sociology and economics to make sense of the recent changes in gender inequality, and to judge whether the optimistic or pessimistic view better depicts the prospects and bottlenecks that lie ahead. It examines the economic, organizational, political, and cultural forces that have changed the status of women and men in the labor market. The contributors examine the economic assumption that discrimination in hiring is economically inefficient and will be weeded out eventually by market competition. They explore the effect that family-family organizational policies have had in drawing women into the workplace and giving them even footing in the organizational hierarchy. Several chapters ask whether political interventions might reduce or increase gender inequality, and others discuss whether a social ethos favoring egalitarianism is working to overcome generations of discriminatory treatment against women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Blau, Francine D. & Lawrence M. Kahn (2006): The U.S. gender pay gap in the 1990s. Slowing convergence. (IZA discussion paper 2176), Bonn, 43 S.

Abstract

"Using Michigan Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) data, we study the slowdown in the convergence of female and male wages in the 1990s compared to the 1980s. We find that changes in human capital did not contribute to the slowdown, since women's relative human capital improved comparably in the two decades. Occupational upgrading and deunionization had a larger positive effect on women's relative wages in the 1980s, explaining a portion of the slower 1990s convergence. However, the largest factor was that the 'unexplained' gender wage gap fell much faster in the 1980s than the 1990s. Our evidence suggests that changes in labor force selectivity, changes in gender differences in unmeasured characteristics and in labor market discrimination, as well as changes in the favorableness of demand shifts each may have contributed to the slowing convergence of the unexplained gender pay gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Couppié, Thomas, Arnaud Dupray & Stephanie Moullet (2006): Les salaires des hommes et des femmes en debut de vie active. Des sources des disparite variables selon les professions. In: Formation Emploi H. 93, S. 29-47.

Abstract

"In diesem Beitrag werden die Einkommensunterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern drei Jahre nach ihrem Eintritt ins Berufsleben je nach Berufsgruppe sowie nach Grad und Ursache der Vergeschlechtlichung - geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bei der allgemeinen und beruflichen Bildung und/oder berufliche Segregation - bestimmter Berufsbereiche untersucht, um somit Lohndiskriminierungen festzumachen. Frauen, die in typischen Männerberufen tätig sind, verdienen fast genauso viel wie ihre männlichen Kollegen. Doch der minimale Verdienstunterschied kann nicht darüber hinwegtäuschen, dass hier unterschiedliche individuelle und somit diskriminierende Kriterien zu Grunde gelegt werden (gleiche Arbeit, ungleicher Lohn). In den übrigen Berufen führen die für Männer tendenziell besseren Arbeitsbedingungen zu Lohnunterschieden zwischen den Geschlechtern. In Berufen mit geschlechtsspezifisch geprägten Ausbildungsfeldern werden Frauen am besten bezahlt. In allen Berufssparten hängt die Lohndiskriminierung von Frauen letztlich nicht von Produktivitätsunterschieden wie (Aus)Bildung, Berufserfahrung, Betriebszugehörigkeit usw., sondern von der individuellen beruflichen Situation ab." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Cournede, Boris (2006): Removing obstacles to employment for women in Ireland. (OECD Economics Department working papers 511), Paris, 19 S. DOI:10.1787/431167074033

Abstract

"Women have contributed a great deal to Ireland?s economic growth, including by joining the labour force in large numbers. The rise in female participation since 1990 has been amongst the strongest in the OECD, but from a low base. Female participation rates remain below the OECD average for all except the under-thirties. Cultural attitudes and low educational attainment among older women are factors, but policy settings play a role as well. Support to families is not targeted at working parents, implying that the return to work is low for many mothers. Working parents of school-age children also face difficulties in reconciling employment and work because out-of-school care is insufficiently developed. The tax system should be further improved to support second earners, most of whom are women, so as to strengthen their incentive to enter the labour market and reduce the bias in favour of the home production of services such as childcare. This paper reviews these issues and offers recommendations to continue to create a more favourable environment for women who want to enter the labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Daly, Anne, Akira Kawaguchi, Xin Meng & Karen A. Mumford (2006): The gender wage gap in four countries. (IZA discussion paper 1921), Bonn, 22 S.

Abstract

"In a series of studies written during the 1980s Bob Gregory and his co-authors compared the gender wage gap in Australia with that found in other countries. They found it was not the difference in human capital endowments that explained different gender wage gaps but rather the rewards for these endowments. They concluded that country-specific factors, especially the institutional environment, were important in explaining the gender wage gap. This study updates Gregory's work by comparing the gender wage gap across four countries, Australia, France, Japan and Britain. Our results concord with those of Gregory: institutions are still important in explaining the relative size of the gender wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dougherty, Crhistopher (2006): The marriage earnings premium as a distributed fixed effect. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 41, H. 2, S. 433-443.

Abstract

"Wage equations using cross-sectional data typically find an earnings premium in excess of 10 percent for married men. One leading hypothesis for the premium is that marriage facilitates specialization that enables married men to become more productive than single men. Another is that the premium is attributable to an unobserved fixed effect, married men possessing qualities that are valued in the labor market as well as the marriage market. This paper suggests that the premium is attributable to an unobserved time-distributed fixed effect that emerges and grows with the approach of marriage and continues to grow for some years after marriage. A similar distributed fixed effect is found in the case of women, but it is smaller and declines after a few years of marriage. The results appear to cast doubt on the specialization hypothesis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Goldin, Claudia (2006): The quiet revolution that transformed women's employment, education, and family. (NBER working paper 11953), Cambridge, Mass., 48 S. DOI:10.3386/w11953

Abstract

"The modern economic role of women emerged in four phases. The first three were evolutionary; the last was revolutionary. Phase I occurred from the late nineteenth century to the 1920s; Phase II was from 1930 to 1950; Phase III extended from 1950 to the late 1970s; and Phase IV, the 'quiet revolution,' began in the late 1970s and is still ongoing. Three aspects of women's choices distinguish the evolutionary from the revolutionary phases: horizon, identity, and decision-making. The evolutionary phases are apparent in time-series data on labor force participation. The revolutionary phase is discernible using time-series evidence on women's more predictable attachment to the workplace, greater identity with career, and better ability to make joint decisions with their spouses. Each of these series has a sharp break or inflection point signifying social and economic change. These changes, moreover, coincide by birth cohort or period. The relationship between the development of modern labor economics and the reality of women's changing economic role is explored. The paper concludes by assessing whether the revolution has stalled or is being reversed. Women who graduated college in the early 1980s did not 'opt-out,'but recent cohorts are too young to evaluate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Heinze, Anja & Elke Wolf (2006): Gender earnings gap in German firms. The impact of firm characteristics and institutions. (ZEW discussion paper 2006-020), Mannheim, 42 S.

Abstract

Der Beitrag widmet sich dem Betrieb als Ort, an dem die Lohnungleichheit zwischen Männern und Frauen entsteht und aufrechterhalten wird. Linked-Employer-Employee-Daten erlauben es, über individuelle Faktoren hinaus die Bedeutung des Arbeitsplatzes für geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede zu untersuchen. Vorgestellt werden die Ergebnisse einer umfassenden Studie zu den Auswirkungen betrieblicher und institutioneller Faktoren auf die geschlechtsspezifische Lohnkluft. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei nicht auf einem Vergleich der durchschnittlichen Löhne von Männern und Frauen, sondern auf einem innerbetrieblichen Vergleich der Löhne von Männern und Frauen. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die durchschnittlichen geschlechtsspezifischen Lohnunterschiede innerhalb der Betriebe geringer ausfallen als die grundsätzliche Lohnkluft zwischen Männern und Frauen. Weiterhin wird gezeigt, dass Mitbestimmung durch Betriebsräte und Tarifverträge mit einer kleineren Lohnkluft in den Betrieben einhergehen. Dies gilt auch für einen hohen Anteil an qualifizierten Frauen, vor allem in Kleinbetrieben. Die geschlechtsspezifische Lohnkluft nimmt mit der Betriebsgröße ab und steigt mit dem Lohnniveau. (IAB)

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Holst, Elke & Mechthild Schrooten (2006): Führungspositionen: Frauen geringer entlohnt und nach wie vor seltener vertreten. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 73, H. 25, S. 365-372.

Abstract

"Die Entlohnung von Frauen in Führungspositionen bleibt deutlich hinter der von Männern zurück. Unter Kostenaspekten müsste dies für Arbeitgeber ein Anreiz sein, Frauen zu beschäftigen. Tatsächlich sind Frauen in höheren Positionen aber nach wie vor viel seltener vertreten als Männer. Dies gilt insbesondere für Positionen mit sogenannten umfassenden Führungsaufgaben. Um den Anteil von Frauen in Führungspositionen deutlich zu steigern, müssen offenbar entschiedenere Maßnahmen zur Herstellung beruflicher Chancengleichheit ergriffen werden als bisher. Dazu gehören neben der Verbesserung der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf auch gezielte Personalentwicklungsmaßnahmen für qualifizierte Frauen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Ichino, Andrea & Enrico Moretti (2006): Biological gender differences, absenteeism and the earning gap. (IZA discussion paper 2207), Bonn, 57 S.

Abstract

"In most Western countries illness-related absenteeism is higher among female workers than among male workers. Using the personnel dataset of a large Italian bank, we show that the probability of an absence due to illness increases for females, relative to males, approximately 28 days after a previous illness. This difference disappears for workers age 45 or older. We interpret this as evidence that the menstrual cycle raises female absenteeism. Absences with a 28-day cycle explain a significant fraction of the male-female absenteeism gap. To investigate the effect of absenteeism on earnings, we use a simple signaling model in which employers cannot directly observe workers' productivity, and therefore use observable characteristics - including absenteeism - to set wages. Since men are absent from work because of health and shirking reasons, while women face an additional exogenous source of health shocks due to menstruation, the signal extraction based on absenteeism is more! informative about shirking for males than for females. Consistent with the predictions of the model, we find that the relationship between earnings and absenteeism is more negative for males than for females. Furthermore, this difference declines with seniority, as employers learn more about their workers' true productivity. Finally, we calculate the earnings cost for women associated with menstruation. We find that higher absenteeism induced by the 28-day cycle explains 11.8 percent of the earnings gender differential." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jirjahn, Uwe & Gesine Stephan (2006): Gender and wages in Germany. The impact of product market competition and collective bargaining. In: J. S. Heywood & J. H. Peoples (Hrsg.) (2006): Product market structure and labor market discrimination, S. 59-80.

Abstract

"A substantial literature confirms the existence of a significant gender wage differential, even controlling for productive worker characteristics. Yet, the size of the gender wage differential varies substantially across countries) These remarkable differences raise an interesting question, Do differences in institutions and markets influence the extent of discrimination? We address the question by studying blue-collar workers in West German establishments facing different market forces and institutional influences. Specifically, we investigate the impact of product market competition and collective bargaining agreements on the gender wage differential.
In the theoretical part of this chapter, we argue that it is important to consider the agents of discrimination and the channels through which discrimination occurs. In the presence of equal employment opportunity and equal pay laws, actors cannot avowedly discriminate against women. To continue in the practice they need to hide discriminatory practices. Hiding discrimination requires discretion in hiring, job evaluation, or performance appraisal. Market forces and institutions influence the degree of discretion and, thus, the degree of discrimination. These forces and institutions may influence the use of payment schemes within establishments that reduce the degree of discretion. Thus, product market competition may force management to reduce slack and improve efficiency by adopting payment schemes. Collective bargaining agreements reduce the degree of discretion in performance appraisal if they contain detailed regulations concerning the design of payment schemes. Moreover, collective bargaining may influence the creation of a trustful employer-employee relationship within establishments, which is crucial for the adopdon of particular payment schemes.
The empirical analysis uses matched employer-employee data from manufacturing establishments in the German federal state of Lower Saxony. The analysis proceeds in three steps. First, we investigate the determinants of piece rates. The focus on piece rates is motivated by the idea that piece rates provide less discretion for performance appraisals since the quantity of produced output can be easily verified (see Heywood and O'Halloran in chapter 9 of this volume). In the second step, we estimate wage regressions with fixed establishment effects on wages to analyze the impact of performance pay on wages of male and female employees at the individual level. However, performance pay is only one element of the firm wage policy and further unobserved elements may influence the gender wage gap too. The impact of the unobserved firm wage policies on the gender wage gap is reflected by differences in fixed firm effects on the wages for male and female workers. Thus, in a third step we analyze determinants of the gender-specific differences in establishment effects on wages. In particular we investigate the role of collective bargaining and product market competition." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kalenkoski, Charlene M., David C. Ribar & Leslie S. Stratton (2006): The influence of wages on parents' allocations of time to child care and market work in the United Kingdom. (IZA discussion paper 2436), Bonn, 31 S.

Abstract

"We use time-diary data on couples with children from the 2000 United Kingdom Time Use Survey to examine the impacts of own and partner's wages on parents' provision of child care and market work on weekdays and on weekends and holidays. We find that increases in partners' wages increase women's primary care on all days and decrease their market work on weekdays, while increases in women's own wages increase their market work on weekdays. In contrast, men's time use is only responsive to their own wage on weekend days, when they reduce their market time and increase their primary child care time in response to higher wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kohn, Karsten (2006): Rising wage dispersion, after all! The German wage structure at the turn of the century. (IZA discussion paper 2098), Bonn, 50 S.

Abstract

"Using register data from the IAB employment sample, this paper studies the wage structure in the German labor market throughout the years 1992-2001. Wage dispersion has generally been rising. The increase was more pronounced in East Germany and occurred predominantly in the lower part of the wage distribution for women and in the upper part for men. Censored quantile wage regressions reveal diverse age and skill patterns. Applying Machado/Mata (2005)-type decompositions I conclude that differences in the composition of the work force only had a small impact on the observed wage differentials between East and West Germany, but changes in the characteristics captured better parts of the observed wage changes over time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lee, Donghoon & Kenneth I. Wolpin (2006): Accounting for wage and employment changes in the U. S. from 1968-2000. A dynamic model of labor market equilibrium. (PIER working paper 06-005), Philadelphia, Pa., 62 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we present a unified treatment of and explanation for the evolution of wages and employment in the U.S. over the last 30 years. Specifically, we account for the pattern of changes in wage inequality, for the increased relative wage and employment of women, for the emergence of the college wage premium and for the shift in employment from the goods to the service-producing sector. The underlying theory we adopt is neoclassical, a two-sector competitive labor market economy in which the supply of and demand for labor of heterogeneous skill determines spot market skill-rental prices. The empirical approach is structural. The model embeds many of the features that have been posited in the literature to have contributed to the changing U.S. wage and employment structure including skill-biased technical change, capitalskill complementarity, changes in relative product-market prices, changes in the productivity of labor in home production and demographics such as changing cohort size and fertility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lemke, Meike, Cornelia Ruhe, Marion Woelki & Beatrice Ziegler (Hrsg.) (2006): Genus Oeconomicum. Ökonomie - Macht - Geschlechterverhältnisse. Konstanz: UVK Verlagsges., 306 S.

Abstract

"Ökonomische Ungleichheit und Abhängigkeit in den Geschlechterverhältnissen ist nicht allein ein vordringliches politisches Problem, sondern beschäftigt auch die Wissenschaft. Die Ökonomie hat Ansätze erarbeitet, die Geschlecht als Kategorie thematisieren. Die Sozialwissenschaften haben sich verstärkt mit den Geschlechterverhältnissen in der Wirtschafts- und Arbeitswelt befasst. Die Beiträge dieses Bandes gehen auf die gleichnamige, interdisziplinäre Tagung 2005 an der Universität Konstanz zurück. Sie nehmen eine Standortbestimmung in der Theoretisierung und in der empirischen Forschung vor und regen Diskussionen innerhalb und zwischen den Disziplinen an." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Leung, Danny (2006): The male/female earnings gap and female self-employment. In: The Journal of Socio-Economics, Jg. 35, H. 5, S. 759-779. DOI:10.1016/j.socec.2005.11.034

Abstract

"This paper examines the gender differences in the choice to become self-employed. Of particular interest is the relationship between the male/female earnings gap in wage and self-employment, and the male/female differences in the average predicted probability of self-employment. It has been argued that earnings inequality in wage-employment lead women to choose self-employment. However, it may be the case that inequality in the form of consumer discrimination causes an earnings gap between males and females in self-employment. If inequality is higher in self-employment than in wage-employment, then there would be females in wage-employment who would be in self-employment in the absence of inequality in both sectors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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McNabb, Robert & Viktoria Wass (2006): Male-female earnings differentials among lawyers in Britain. A legacy of the law or a current practice? In: Labour economics, Jg. 13, H. 2, S. 219-235. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2004.10.001

Abstract

"On average, female solicitors earn only 56 per cent as much as men. An historical underrepresentation of women in the profession, differences in preferences and discrimination are the most frequently quoted explanations. The data cover private practice solicitors in Britain and are unusual in two respects: hours of work are distinguished by whether or not they are billed to clients and periods of parental leave are recorded. We find that a significant part of the pay-gap is due to women's limited access to partnership status and lower earnings growth once promoted. Fewer hours worked and billed and lower postqualification experience are also important. The results presented are consistent with labour market models that emphasise end-load compensation incentive systems where the extent to which compensation is deferred is greater for women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Moulin, Stephane (2006): Modes of entrance by gender and wage differential in the French labour market. In: Labour, Jg. 20, H. 4, S. 581-599. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.2006.00354.x

Abstract

"This paper explores the gender wage differential after the exit from school in France. Using survey longitudinal data on young men and women leaving the French school system in 1998, we show that the residual entrance-level wage differential by gender may be explained by the expected gender differential of access to job opportunities. A hierarchical classification is used to estimate the probability to obtain easy access to non-subsidized jobs. After control for hours worked and hierarchical levels, and for the predicted values of this previous estimation, we find no significant impact of gender on entrance-level wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Napari, Sami (2006): Type of education and the gender wage gap. (Helsinki Center of Economic Research. Discussion paper 128), Helsinki, 43 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates the role of university majors in explaining the gender wage gap. Using data from the Confederation of Finnish Industries, significant gender differences in majors among whitecollars are found. These differences in education account for 36.8 % of the gender wage gap among young whitecollars with a bachelor level degree after controlling for age, year, gender, region, industry and firm size. The corresponding number for young whitecollars with a master level degree is 30.4 %. There are no considerable differences in the effects of majors between new entrants and whitecollars having more work experience. Furthermore, similarity of results between OLS and fixed effects estimations implies that the effect of university majors is unlikely to reflect unobserved heterogeneity. Finally, women's gains from equalizing educational distributions do not depend in significant way on the price structures used. In conclusion, the findings in this paper strongly support the idea that steering women toward maledominated majors would significantly reduce the observed gender inequality in wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Olivetti, Claudia & Barbara Petrongolo (2006): Unequal pay or unequal employment? A cross-country analysis of gender gaps. (CEPR discussion paper 5506), Boston, 46 S.

Abstract

"Gender wage and employment gaps are negatively correlated across countries. We argue that non-random selection of women into work explains an important part of such correlation and thus of the observed variation in wage gaps. The idea is that, if women who are employed tend to have relatively high-wage characteristics, low female employment rates may become consistent with low gender wage gaps simply because low-wage women would not feature in the observed wage distribution. We explore this idea across the US and EU countries estimating gender gaps in potential wages. We recover information on wages for those not in work in a given year using alternative imputation techniques. Imputation is based on (i) wage observations from other waves in the sample, (ii) observable characteristics of the nonemployed and (iii) a statistical repeated-sampling model. We then estimate median wage gaps on the resulting imputed wage distributions, thus simply requiring assumptions on the position of the imputed wage observations with respect to the median, but not on their level. We obtain higher median wage gaps on imputed rather than actual wage distributions for most countries in the sample. However, this di┐erence is small in the US, the UK and most central and northern EU countries, and becomes sizeable in Ireland, France and southern EU, all countries in which gender employment gaps are high. In particular, correction for employment selection explains more than a half of the observed correlation between wage and employment gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Olivetti, Claudia & Barbara Petrongolo (2006): Unequal pay or unequal employment? A cross-country analysis of gender gaps. (IZA discussion paper 1941), Bonn, 48 S.

Abstract

"Gender wage and employment gaps are negatively correlated across countries. We argue that non-random selection of women into work explains an important part of such correlation and thus of the observed variation in wage gaps. The idea is that, if women who are employed tend to have relatively high-wage characteristics, low female employment rates may become consistent with low gender wage gaps simply because low-wage women would not feature in the observed wage distribution. We explore this idea across the US and EU by estimating gender gaps in potential wages. We recover information on wages for those not in work in a given year using alternative imputation techniques. Imputation is based on (i) wage observations from other waves in the sample, (ii) observable characteristics of the nonemployed and (iii) a statistical repeated-sampling model. We then estimate median wage gaps on the resulting imputed wage distributions, thus simply requiring assumptions on the position of the imputed wage observations with respect to the median, but not on their level. We obtain higher median wage gaps on imputed rather than actual wage distributions for most countries in the sample. However, this difference is small in the US, the UK and most central and northern EU countries, and becomes sizeable in Ireland, France and southern EU, all countries in which gender employment gaps are high. In particular, correction for employment selection explains more than a half of the observed correlation between wage and employment gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Pencavel, John (2006): Earnings inequality and market work in husband-wife families. (IZA discussion paper 2235), Bonn, 54 S.

Abstract

"Constructing pseudo-panel data from successive Current Population Surveys, this paper analyzes earnings inequality in husband and wife families over the life cycle and over time. Particular attention is devoted to the role of labor supply in influencing measures of earnings inequality. Compact and accurate descriptions of earnings inequality are derived that facilitate the analysis of the effect of the changing market employment of wives on earnings inequality. The growing propensity of married women to work for pay has mitigated the increase in family earnings inequality. Alternative measures of earnings inequality covering people with different degrees of attachment to the labor market are constructed. Inferences about the extent and changes in earnings inequality are sensitive to alternative labor supply definitions especially in the case of wives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Pencavel, John (2006): A life cycle perspective on changes in earnings inequality among married men and women. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 88, H. 2, S. 232-242.

Abstract

"The connection between changes in earnings inequality of individuals and changes in family earnings involves several links: the movements in the employment of different family members, the association between changes in husbands' and in wives' earnings, and patterns of assortative mating. A decomposition of the logarithm of the coefficient of variation in family earnings identifies these links. The data on the dispersion of family earnings are organized not simply over time, but also by age. The growth in wives' relative employment and earnings has partly offset the effects on family earnings inequality of the increase in husbands' earnings inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Plantenga, Janneke & Chantal Remery (2006): The gender pay gap: Origins and policy responses. A comparative review of thirty European countries. The co-ordinators' synthesis report prepared for the Equality Unit, European Commission. Final report. Brüssel, 60 S.

Abstract

"Reducing the gender pay gap is an important topic on the European political agenda. Since 1999 it has been part of the European Employment Strategy and policy efforts have intensified over the years. In 2003 member states were called on to formulate targets in this respect in order 'to achieve by 2010 a substantial reduction in the gender pay gap in each Member State through a multi-faceted approach addressing the underlying factors of the gender pay gap including sectoral and occupational segregation, education and training, job classifications and pay systems, awareness raising and transparency'. This report addresses the gender pay gap. Data will be provided on the extent and the development of the gender pay gap for 25 EU member states. In addition, the report contains information from three EEA countries, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and two candidate countries, Bulgaria and Romania. In particular the report focuses on how public policies try to reduce wage differences between women and men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Taylor, Karl (2006): UK wage inequality. An industry and regional perspective. In: Labour, Jg. 20, H. 1, S. 91-124. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.2006.00335.x

Abstract

"This paper looks at male wage inequality in the UK across industries and regions over a 15 year period. After controlling for the heterogeneity of productivity characteristics across the population, that part of wage inequality which cannot be explained by observable worker characteristics is examined. This is undertaken at both the industry and regional level to assess the key themes dominant in the literature capable of explaining within-group wage inequality, namely: technology; globalization; female participation; immigration; shifts in the supply of relative education across cohorts; and falling unionization." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Thiel, Anke (2006): Zwischen Lissabon und Tallinn. Europäische Beschäftigungsstrategie und Frauenerwerbstätigkeit nach der EU-Osterweiterung. In: Femina politica. Zeitschrift für feministische Politik-Wissenschaft, Jg. 15, H. 1, S. 20-34.

Abstract

"In dem Beitrag wird zuerst ein kurzer Abriss der Beschäftigungspolitik unter frauenpolitischen Aspekten gegeben. Danach wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob sich die Annahme bestätigen lässt, dass Frauen in den neuen osteuropäischen EU-Ländern durch die sozialistisch geprägten politischen, gesellschaftlichen und arbeitsmarktbezogenen Strukturen immer noch stärker im Erwerbsleben verankert sind als in der EU-15. Gibt es gemeinsame Muster, welche die Wahrnehmung der osteuropäischen Staaten als einheitlichen 'Block' rechtfertigen? Diese Fragen werden anhand ausgewählter Indikatoren zu Beschäftigung, Arbeitslosigkeit und Lohnabstand, dokumentiert im WSI-FrauenDatenReport 2005 (Bothfeld u.a. 2005), untersucht. Auf dieser Datenbasis sollen die Zielsetzungen und Empfehlungen der Beschäftigungsstrategie heute im Hinblick auf die Frauenbeschäftigung in Osteuropa bewertet werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Trappe, Heike & Annemette Sorensen (2006): Economic relations between women and their partners. An East-West-German comparison after reunification. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 12, H. 4, S. 643-665.

Abstract

"This article compares women's and men's economic relations in East and West Germany following the 1990 reunification to exemplify the impact of varying opportunity structures on women's relative contribution to family income. West Germany's takeover set in motion a rapid transformation of East German institutions and employment structures. The analysis shows that women in West Germany became less dependent on their partners in the 1990s, largely because fewer women were housewives without earnings. In contrast, the contributions of women to the family economy in East Germany fell between 1990 and 1996. Afterwards, women in East Germany regained some of their economic power because of their partners' increasing difficulties sustaining employment. A multivariate analysis showed that the fact that women in West Germany were more likely to work less or not at all - especially if they were married or had children - accounted for much of the difference." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Weinberger, Catherine & Peter Kuhn (2006): The narrowing of the U.S. gender earnings gap, 1959-1999. A cohort-based analysis. (IZA discussion paper 2007), Bonn, 40 S.

Abstract

"Using Census and Current Population Survey data spanning 1959 through 1999, we assess the relative contributions of two factors to the decline in the gender wage gap: changes across cohorts in the relative slopes of men's and women's age-earnings profiles, versus changes in relative earnings levels at labor market entry. We find that changes in relative slopes account for about one-third of the narrowing of the gender wage gap over the past 40 years. Under quite general conditions, we argue that this provides an upper bound estimate of the contribution of changes in work experience and other post-school investments (PSIs) to the decline of the gender wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wiegand, Simon & Meike Scharfenort (2006): Das geschlechtsspezifische Entgeltgefälle in der Europäischen Union. In: Bundesarbeitsblatt H. 8/9, S. 10-15.

Abstract

"Seit fast 50 Jahren gibt es in der EU den Grundsatz des gleichen Lohns für gleiche und gleichwertige Arbeit. Bis zum heutigen Tage hat dieses Prinzip jedoch in keinem der EU-Mitgliedsstaaten zur vollständigen Beseitigung des geschlechtsspezifischen Entgeltgefälles geführt. Welche Aktivitäten werden von der EU ergriffen, um dem Grundsatz der Entgeltgleichheit zur Durchsetzung zu verhelfen - und wie sind diese zu bewerten?" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Dieser Bericht hat zum Ziel, die Debatte über das Arbeitskräfteangebot auf zweierlei Weise aus der Geschlechterperspektive zu beleuchten. Erstens durch Rückblick auf einige wichtige, auf nationalstaatlicher Ebene vorgenommene politische Reformen der Systeme der sozialen Sicherung und der damit verbundenen Arbeitsmarktprogramme, die darauf abzielen, niedrige Einkommensgruppen in Beschäftigung zu bringen, und bei welchen es, soweit sich die politischen Ziele auf das Thema 'Arbeit lohnend machen' beziehen, hauptsächlich darum geht, Beschäftigung finanziell attraktiver zu machen als den Bezug von Sozialleistungen. In dieser Diskussion prüfen wir, ob die Politik die Geschlechtergleichstellung allgemein berücksichtigt (Gender Mainstreaming), und welche geschlechtsbezogenen Auswirkungen diese Reformen voraussichtlich haben werden. Zweitens wenden wir uns den allgemeineren Anreizen und Barrieren zu, mit welchen diejenigen - nach wie vor zumeist Frauen - konfrontiert sind, die in Haushalten mit kleinen Kindern hauptsächlich für die Betreuung zuständig sind. Dabei gilt unser besonderes Augenmerk der Situation von Müttern in Haushalten mit niedrigem Einkommen (Steuern und Sozialleistungen, aktive Arbeitsmarktpolitik, Kinderbetreuung, etc.). In Abschnitt 2 prüfen wir die Regelungen für Mutterschafts- und Elternurlaub im Hinblick auf die berufliche Integration von Müttern und Vätern. Abschnitt 3 hat die Auswirkungen von Elternurlaub oder längerer Arbeitsmarktabwesenheit zur Kinderbetreuung auf die Teilnahmevoraussetzungen für aktive Arbeitsmarktmaßnahmen und anderen Schulungsregelungen zum Gegenstand. Der Ausbau der Kinderbetreuung als entscheidende soziale Infrastruktur zur Beschäftigungsförderung der Eltern wird in Abschnitt 4 untersucht. Die Schlussfolgerungen daraus werden im Abschnitt 5 gezogen. Dabei kommen auch für die Nachfrageseite relevante Punkte hinsichtlich der Arbeitsplatzqualität zur Sprache, von denen abhängt, ob diejenigen, die in Niedrigeinkommenshaushalten hauptsächlich für die Betreuung zuständig sind (in der Regel die Mütter), ihr Beschäftigungsverhältnis langfristig aufrecht erhalten können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Djurdjevic, Dragana (2005): Unemployment and under-employment. The case of Switzerland. In: Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Volkswirtschaft und Statistik, Jg. 141, H. 1, S. 23-70.

Abstract

"In dem Betrag werden die Arbeitslosigkeit und die weitere Einkommensentwicklung der Arbeitslosen analysiert. Auf Basis von informativen administrativen Panel-Daten wird ein diskretes Hazard Modell für den Austritt von verschiedenen Erwerbszuständen geschätzt. Die geschätzten Ergebnisse belegen die Existenz sozialer Randgruppen. Beispielsweise befinden sich Frauen, Ausländer und Geringqualifizierte verstärkt in schlechten Arbeitssituation oder sind in besonderem Maße von Erwerbsinstabilität betroffen. Diese Erwerbsinstabilität scheint hauptsächlich mit einem Mangel an Qualifikation verbunden zu sein. Im Gegenteil haben Männer, Jüngere und Hochqualifizierte mehr Chancen eine Beschäftigung wieder zu finden. Falls sie schlecht bezahlt (im Vergleich zu ihrem vorherigen Lohn) sind, ist es hauptsächlich für vorübergehende Perioden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Engelbrech, Gerhard & Mark Josenhans (2005): Betriebliche Ausbildung und geschlechtsspezifische berufliche Segregation in den 1990er Jahren. Einkommen von Männern und Frauen beim Berufseintritt. In: R. Gaubitsch & R. Sturm (Hrsg.) (2005): Beruf und Beruflichkeit : Diskussionsbeiträge aus der deutschsprachigen Berufsbildungsforschung (AMS report, 46), S. 69-89.

Abstract

Zwar steigt seit Beginn der 1990er Jahre der quantitative Anteil berufstätiger gut ausgebildeter Frauen am Arbeitsmarkt, doch sind sie in höheren Positionen weiterhin unterrepräsentiert, und es bestehen weiterhin geschlechtsspezifische Einkommensdiskrepanzen. Für diese unterschiedliche berufliche Integration von Männern und Frauen wird nach neuen Erklärungsansätzen gesucht. Sie berücksichtigen die stärkere Bildungsbeteilung junger Frauen, die veränderte betriebliche Wahrnehmung von jungen Frauen und die Reaktionen der jungen Männer auf den gesellschaftlichen und strukturellen Wandel. Dazu wird Datenmaterial aus einer Längs- und Querschnittstudie der Bundesagentur für Arbeit über den Berufseinstieg von Absolventen und Absolventinnen im Jahr 2001 nach dem Abschluss ihrer betrieblichen Berufsausbildung im Jahr 2000 und im Vergleich zu den 1980er und 1990er Jahren herangezogen. Berufseintritt, Arbeitslosigkeit, Tendenz zu männer- bzw. frauendominierten Berufen und geschlechtsspezifische Einkommensunterschiede innerhalb und zwischen den Berufsgruppen in Ost- und Westdeutschland werden quantitativ dargestellt und analysiert. Dabei zeigt sich u.a., dass geschlechtsspezifische Einkommensunterschiede bereits beim Berufseintritt entstehen und vertikale Einkommensunterschiede sich verfestigen. (IAB)

Zitatform

Lentz, Rasmus & Torben Tranæs (2005): Marriage, wealth, and unemployment duration. A gender asymmetry puzzle. (IZA discussion paper 1607), Bonn, 16 S.

Abstract

"This note presents evidence of the following gender asymmetry: the job-finding effort of married men and women is affected by the income of their spouses in opposite directions. For women, spouse income influences job finding negatively, just as own wealth does: the more the man earns and the wealthier the woman is, the longer it takes for her to find a job. The contrary is the case for men, where spouse income affects job finding positively: the more the wife earns, the faster the husband finds a job. This is so despite the fact that greater own wealth also prolongs unemployment spells for men. These findings are hard to reconcile with the traditional economic model of the family." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tomlinson, J., W. Olsen, D. Neff, K. Purdam & S. Mehta (2005): Examining the potential for women returners to work in areas of high occupational gender segregation. Final report to the DTI. Manchester, 106 S.

Abstract

"The aim of this project was to review the employment and earnings potential of women who return to employment after a period of caring for children or other family members. The report includes analysis of the literature and statistical data on women's employment histories, the kinds of jobs they do and what they are paid. It also looks at women's qualifications and skills and the way in which their employment reflects their skills and explores employers attitudes to women returners and the training opportunities available to them." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Vieira, Jose A. Cabral, Ana Rute Cardoso & Miguel Portela (2005): Gender segregation and the wage gap in Portugal. An analysis at the establishment level. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 3, H. 2, S. 145-168. DOI:10.1007/s10888-005-4495-8

Abstract

"Using a large linked employer-employee data set, this paper aims at quantifying the trend in worker segregation at the establishment level and its impact on wages in Portugal over a fifteen year period. We concentrate on the gender dimension, to answer the questions: What is the level of gender segregation across establishments in the Portuguese labor market and how has it evolved over time? What is the impact of segregation on wages? Is that impact different for men and women? Systematic and random components of segregation are computed. We use standard wage decomposition techniques to evaluate the impact of the composition of the labor force at the establishment level on wages. The results reveal a high degree of systematic gender segregation. A higher proportion of females in the establishment lowers females' wages while, on the contrary, it raises males' wages. The evidence gathered is consistent with the taste-based model of employer behavior and with the theory of sorting of workers across establishments based on their productivity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Brückner, Hannah (2004): Gender inequality in the life course. Social change and stability in West Germany 1975-1995. (The life course and aging), New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 158 S.

Abstract

"How do women fare in a society that is characterized by a set of institutions that promote income stability over the life course and thereby maintain and even amplify status difference? Using recently issued public files of social security records with longitudinal earnings data of well over half a million persons, this book describes gender inequality in earnings and labour market participation in Germany between 1975 and 1995. Because of the advanced industrial base of Germany, its relevance to other nations at the high end of production and consumer indices becomes apparent." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Albrecht, James, Anders Björklund & Susan Vroman (2003): Is There a Glass Ceiling in Sweden? In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 21, H. 1, S. 145-177. DOI:10.1086/344126

Abstract

"Using 1998 data, we show that the gender log wage gap in Sweden increases throughout the wage distribution and accelerates in the upper tail. We interpret this as a strong glass ceiling effect. We use quantile regression decompositions to examine whether this pattern can be ascribed primarily to gender differences in labor market characteristics or in the rewards to those characteristics. Even after extensive controls for gender differences in age, education (both level and field), sector, industry, and occupation, we find that the glass ceiling effect we see in the raw data persists to a considerable extent." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hakim, Catherine (2003): Lifestyle preferences versus patriarchal values. Causal and non-causal attitudes. In: Changing life patterns in Western industrial societies, Jg. 8, S. 69-91. DOI:10.1016/S1040-2608(03)08004-3

Abstract

"There is solid evidence, from longitudinal studies such as the NLS and PSID, of the significant long-term impact of values and life goals on occupational attainment and earnings. So far, these findings have not been incorporated into sociological and economic theory. Preference theory does this, identifying the social and economic context in which values and attitudes can become important predictors of women's (and men's) behaviour. A theoretical and methodological distinction between causal and non-causal attitudes and values is made, illustrated by data on lifestyle preferences and patriarchal values from comparative surveys in Britain and Spain. The results show that lifestyle preferences have a major impact on women's choices between family work and employment, whereas patriarchal values are only tenuously linked to behaviour." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Allen, Jim & Karin Sanders (2002): Gender gap in earnings at the industry level. In: The European Journal of Women's Studies, Jg. 9, H. 2, S. 163-180.

Abstract

"In this article the authors seek an answer to the question: does the percentage of women working in an industry have an effect on earnings distinct from the effect of sex at the individual level? On the basis of the 'comparable worth' approach, the authors hypothesized that, controlling for education, experience and sex, the percentage of women working in an industry would have a negative effect on earnings. This hypothesis was tested by performing multi-level analysis using data from 12 countries. The hypothesis was confirmed: the multi-level analysis showed a significant negative effect of the percentage of women in an industry on individual earnings, when individual characteristics were controlled for. This effect applied equally formen and women working in an industry. Part, though not all, of the effect could be accounted for by the fact that femaledominated industries are less unionized and more characterized by small firms than male-dominated industries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Padavic, Irene & Barbara Reskin (2002): Women and men at work. (Sociology for a new century), Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press, 217 S.

Abstract

"The Second Edition of this best selling book provides a comprehensive examination of the role that gender plays in work environments. This book differs from others by comparing women's and men's work status, addressing contemporary issues within a historical perspective, incorporating comparative material from other countries, recognizing differences in the experiences of women and men from different racial and ethnic backgrounds. Relying on both qualitative and quantitative data, the authors seek to link social scientific ideas about workers' lives, sex inequality, and gender to the real-world workplace. This new edition contains updated statistics, timely cartoons, and presents new scholarship in the field. It also provides a renewed focus on reasons for variability in inequality across workplaces. In sum, the second edition of Women and Men at Work presents a contemporary perspective to the field, with relevant comparative and historical insights that will draw readers in and connect them to the wider concern of making sense of our dramatically changing world." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Newell, Andrew & Barry Reilly (2001): The gender pay gap in the transition from communism: some empirical evidence. In: Economic Systems, Jg. 25, H. 4, S. 287-304. DOI:10.1016/s0939-3625(01)00028-0

Abstract

"This short paper investigates the gender pay gap in a number of former communist countries of eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. The main findings are that, in general, the gender pay gap has not exhibited an upward tendency over the transitional period to which available data relate. Most of the gender pay gap is ascribed to the ‘unexplained’ component using conventional decompositions and this may partly be attributable to the proxy measure for labour force experience used in this study. Quantile regression analysis indicates that in all but one country, the ceteris paribus gender pay gap rises as we move up the wage distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2001 Elsevier) ((en))

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Gustafsson, Siv S. & Daniele E. Meulders (Hrsg.) (2000): Gender and the labour market. Econometric evidence of obstacles to achieving gender equality. (Applied econometrics association), Basingstoke: Macmillan, 336 S.

Abstract

"The purpose of Gender and the Labour Market is to analyze the remaining obstacles in achieving gender equality. The first chapters present different aspects of the gender earnings gap. Different counteries are studied and special emphasis is made on particular sectors and occupations. The next chapters deal with the postponement of first birth by educated women, the non-cooperative behavior in time use, gender differences in job and working mobility, transitions between employment status, discriminations contained in tax systems and poverty rates of single parent households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Joshi, Heather, Pierella Paci, Gerald Makepeace & Jane Waldfogel (1998): Unequal pay for women and men. Evidence from the British birth cohort studies. Cambridge u.a.: MIT Press, 181 S.

Abstract

Wie hat sich der Einkommensabstand zwischen Männern und Frauen zwischen 1978 und 1991 in Großbritannien verändert und welchen Einfluß hatte darauf die britische Equal pay-Politik? Die differenzierte Analyse dieser Fragen auf der Basis von Paneluntersuchungen der Geburtsjahrgänge 1946 und 1958 führt u.a. zu folgenden wesentlichen Ergebnissen: Der Lohnabstand zu den Männern ist im untersuchten Zeitraum für Frauen, die nicht wegen Mutterschaft ihre Erwerbstätigkeit unterbrochen haben und die auch nicht in Teilzeit arbeiten, geringer geworden. Für Frauen, die nicht in diesem für Männer normalen Arbeitsverhältnis ohne Berufspausen tätig sind, hat sich die Einkommensdifferenz sowohl zu den Männern wie auch zu der erstgenannten Frauengruppe aber vergrößert. Die Ursachen für beide Phänomene werden im einzelnen untersucht. (IAB)

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Waldfogel, Jane (1997): The Effect of Children on Women's Wages. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 62, H. 2, S. 209-217.

Abstract

Mit Hilfe der Daten des 1968-1988 National Longitudinal Survey werden die Ursachen für Lohnunterschiede zwischen amerikanischen Müttern und kinderlosen Frauen untersucht, die nicht nur auf unterschiedlich lange Berufserfahrung zurückzuführen sind. (IAB)