Lebenseinkommen – Entwicklung des Einkommens im Lebensverlauf
Das im Verlauf des Erwerbslebens erzielbare Einkommen ist oft ein Entscheidungskriterium bei der Frage "Studium oder Berufsausbildung". Lohnt sich ein Studium oder kann mit einer Berufsausbildung langfristig ein höheres Einkommen erzielt werden? Wie entwickelt sich das Lebenseinkommen im inter- und intragenerationalen Vergleich? Sind Unterschiede zwischen den Geschlechtern zu beobachten? Welchen Einfluss haben Phasen der Arbeitslosigkeit auf das Lebenseinkommen?
Die Infoplattform widmet sich den theoretischen Grundlagen und empirischen Studien zum Thema.
-
Literaturhinweis
The spacing of births and women's subsequent earnings: evidence from a natural experiment (2014)
Karimi, Arizo;Zitatform
Karimi, Arizo (2014): The spacing of births and women's subsequent earnings. Evidence from a natural experiment. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2014,18), Uppsala, 37 S.
Abstract
"This paper analyzes the consequences of the spacing of births for women's subsequent labor income and wages. Spacing births in longer intervals may allow women to re-enter the labor market between childbearing events, thereby avoiding expanded work interruptions and, in turn, reducing the negative effects of subsequent children. Based on arguably exogenous variation in birth spacing induced by pregnancy loss between the first two live births, the evidence provided in this paper supports this hypothesis and suggest that delaying the second birth by one year, on average, increases the probability of re-entering the labor market between births. Moreover, spacing births are found to increase both labor market participation and labor income over a long time period after second birth. Also long-run wages are positively affected, with a more pronounced effect for highly educated mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Earnings dynamics of men and women in Finland: permanent inequality versus earnings instability (2014)
Zitatform
Kässi, Otto (2014): Earnings dynamics of men and women in Finland. Permanent inequality versus earnings instability. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 46, H. 2, S. 451-478. DOI:10.1007/s00181-013-0693-6
Abstract
"I decompose the earnings variance of Finnish male and female workers into its permanent and transitory components using the approach of Baker (J Labor Econ,15:338 - 375, 1997) and Haider (J Labor Econ, 19:799 - 836, 2001) in the spirit of scientific replication. I find that the increasing earnings inequality of men and women is driven by both the transitory and permanent components of earnings. In addition, I find considerable differences in the earnings dynamics of men and women, that have been largely neglected in previous studies of earnings dynamics. The inequality among men is dominated by the permanent component. Conversely, permanent and transitory components are of comparable magnitudes to women. As a corollary, men experience more stable income paths but display larger permanent earnings differences.Women, on the other hand, face more unstable earnings profiles but show smaller permanent differences in earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Lebensverdienste nach Qualifikation: Bildung lohnt sich ein Leben lang (2014)
Zitatform
Schmillen, Achim & Heiko Stüber (2014): Lebensverdienste nach Qualifikation: Bildung lohnt sich ein Leben lang. (IAB-Kurzbericht 01/2014), Nürnberg, 7 S.
Abstract
"Bildung zahlt sich aus. Berechnungen des IAB zeigen, dass Hochschulabsolventen durchschnittlich bis zum 2,7-Fachen dessen verdienen, was Personen ohne beruflichen Abschluss erhalten. Aber auch eine Berufsausbildung ist ihr Geld wert. Über das ganze Erwerbsleben hinweg addieren sich die Bildungsprämien zu beachtlichen Summen - für alle Berufsabschlüsse, für Männer wie Frauen und in Ost wie West. Allerdings unterscheiden sich die Bildungsprämien zwischen den betrachteten Gruppen durchaus erheblich." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
- Durchschnittliche Lebensverdienste nach höchstem Bildungsabschluss
- Kumulierte durchschnittliche Brutto-Jahresentgelte im Verlauf des Erwerbslebens nach dem höchsten Bildungsabschluss
- Durchschnittliche Bildungsprämien unterschiedlicher Abschlüsse nach Geschlecht und Region
- Durchschnittliche Brutto-Jahresentgelte nach Lebensalter und höchstem Bildungsabschluss
-
Literaturhinweis
Stature and life-time labor market outcomes: Accounting for unobserved differences (2013)
Zitatform
Böckerman, Petri & Jari Vaniomäki (2013): Stature and life-time labor market outcomes. Accounting for unobserved differences. In: Labour economics, Jg. 24, H. October, S. 86-96. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2013.06.003
Abstract
"We use twin data matched to register-based individual information on earnings and employment to examine the effect of height on life-time labor market outcomes. The use of twin data allows us to remove otherwise unobserved ability and other differences. The twin pair difference estimates from instrumental variable estimation for genetically identical twins reveal a significant height - wage premium for women but not for men. This result implies that cognitive ability explains the effect of height on life-time earnings for men. Additional findings using capital income as the outcome variable suggest that discrimination against short persons may play a role for women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Life expectancy, schooling, and lifetime labor supply: theory and evidence revisited (2013)
Zitatform
Cervellati, Matteo & Uwe Sunde (2013): Life expectancy, schooling, and lifetime labor supply. Theory and evidence revisited. In: Econometrica, Jg. 81, H. 5, S. 2055-2086. DOI:10.3982/ECTA11169
Abstract
"This paper presents a theoretical and empirical analysis of the role of life expectancy for optimal schooling and lifetime labor supply. The results of a simple prototype Ben-Porath model with age-specific survival rates show that an increase in lifetime labor supply is not a necessary, or a sufficient, condition for greater life expectancy to increase optimal schooling. The observed increase in survival rates during working ages that follows from the 'rectangularization' of the survival function is crucial for schooling and labor supply. The empirical results suggest that the relative benefits of schooling have been increasing across cohorts of U.S. men born between 1840 and 1930. A simple quantitative analysis shows that a realistic shift in the survival function can lead to an increase in schooling and a reduction in lifetime labor hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Women's retirement income in Germany and Britain (2013)
Zitatform
Fasang, Anette Eva, Silke Aisenbrey & Klaus Schömann (2013): Women's retirement income in Germany and Britain. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 29, H. 5, S. 968-980. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcs075
Abstract
"This article analyses women's retirement income in the context of two distinct welfare states. In addition to women's employment history, we consider their marital history over the life course as an important determinant of retirement income. We use longitudinal data for women born between 1930 and 1940 from the German Socio-Economic Panel and the British Household Panel Study. The results shed light on the mechanisms through which welfare states transmit gender inequality over the life course into retirement. In both countries, single women have higher retirement income than continuously married women. But there are also significant cross-country differences. In the corporatist-conservative German welfare state, marriage over the life course leads to greater dependence on a male breadwinner in retirement than in the liberal British welfare state." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Time preferences and lifetime outcomes (2013)
Zitatform
Golsteyn, Bart H.H., Hans Grönqvist & Lena Lindahl (2013): Time preferences and lifetime outcomes. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2013,22), Uppsala, 33 S.
Abstract
"This paper investigates the relationship between time preferences and lifetime social and economic behavior. We use a Swedish longitudinal dataset that links information from a large survey on children's time preferences at age 13 to administrative registers spanning over four decades. Our results indicate a substantial adverse relationship between high discount rates and school performance, health, labor supply, and lifetime income. Males and high ability children gain significantly more from being future-oriented. These discrepancies are largest regarding outcomes later in life. We also show that the relationship between time preferences and long-run outcomes operates through early human capital investments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Returns to skills around the world: evidence from PIAAC (2013)
Zitatform
Hanushek, Eric A., Guido Schwerdt, Simon Wiederhold & Ludger Wößmann (2013): Returns to skills around the world. Evidence from PIAAC. (IZA discussion paper 7850), Bonn, 47 S.
Abstract
"Existing estimates of the labor-market returns to human capital give a distorted picture of the role of skills across different economies. International comparisons of earnings analyses rely almost exclusively on school attainment measures of human capital, and evidence incorporating direct measures of cognitive skills is mostly restricted to early-career workers in the United States. Analysis of the new PIAAC survey of adult skills over the full lifecycle in 22 countries shows that the focus on early-career earnings leads to underestimating the lifetime returns to skills by about one quarter. On average, a one-standard-deviation increase in numeracy skills is associated with an 18 percent wage increase among prime-age workers. But this masks considerable heterogeneity across countries. Eight countries, including all Nordic countries, have returns between 12 and 15 percent, while six are above 21 percent with the largest return being 28 percent in the United States. Estimates are remarkably robust to different earnings and skill measures, additional controls, and various subgroups. Intriguingly, returns to skills are systematically lower in countries with higher union density, stricter employment protection, and larger public-sector shares." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Returns to skills around the world: evidence from PIAAC (2013)
Zitatform
Hanushek, Eric A., Guido Schwerdt, Simon Wiederhold & Ludger Wößmann (2013): Returns to skills around the world. Evidence from PIAAC. (NBER working paper 19762), Cambridge, Mass., 46 S. DOI:10.3386/w19762
Abstract
"Existing estimates of the labor-market returns to human capital give a distorted picture of the role of skills across different economies. International comparisons of earnings analyses rely almost exclusively on school attainment measures of human capital, and evidence incorporating direct measures of cognitive skills is mostly restricted to early-career workers in the United States. Analysis of the new PIAAC survey of adult skills over the full lifecycle in 22 countries shows that the focus on early-career earnings leads to underestimating the lifetime returns to skills by about one quarter. On average, a one-standard-deviation increase in numeracy skills is associated with an 18 percent wage increase among prime-age workers. But this masks considerable heterogeneity across countries. Eight countries, including all Nordic countries, have returns between 12 and 15 percent, while six are above 21 percent with the largest return being 28 percent in the United States. Estimates are remarkably robust to different earnings and skill measures, additional controls, and various subgroups. Intriguingly, returns to skills are systematically lower in countries with higher union density, stricter employment protection, and larger public-sector shares." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Education and lifetime income during demographic transition (2013)
Zitatform
Pfeiffer, Friedhelm & Karsten Reuß (2013): Education and lifetime income during demographic transition. (ZEW discussion paper 2013-021), Mannheim, 32 S.
Abstract
"Die Studie untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen Bildungsinvestitionen in verschiedenen Lebensphasen und der Nachhaltigkeit des umlagefinanzierten Rentenversicherungssystems in Deutschland. Kosten und Nutzen von Bildungsinvestitionen werden dabei mit Transferzahlungen verglichen, die direkt zur Reduktion von Ungleichheiten im Lebenseinkommen, insbesondere während des Rentenbezugs, beitragen. Die Studie vergleicht erstmals die Wirksamkeit von Bildungsinvestitionen für die Entwicklung der Lebenseinkommen unter Berücksichtigung des demografischen Wandels. Dieser Vergleich wird für die Kohorten der in den Jahren 1940 bis 2044 Geborenen für die Zeitspanne von 2010 bis 2080 durchgeführt. Die Analyse basiert auf einem Modell der altersabhängigen Humankapitalbildung, das durch dynamische Komplementaritäten im Lebenszyklus gekennzeichnet ist. Transferzahlungen werden mit kompensierenden Bildungsinvestitionen für unterschiedliche Altersgruppen verglichen, die beide das Potenzial haben, die Ungleichheit des Lebenseinkommens zu reduzieren. Dabei bietet unsere Analyse erstmals die Möglichkeit, auch die langfristigen Effekte von Bildungsinvestitionen abzuschätzen, die bereits in der frühen Kindheit getätigt werden. Die nachträgliche Korrektur der Lebenseinkommen durch Transferzahlungen während der Phase des Rentenbezugs und die vorsorgenden Bildungsinvestitionen haben jeweils spezifische Kosten und Nutzen für Kinder, Erwerbstätige und Rentner. Falls es das Ziel der Politik ist, die Ungleichheit des Lebenseinkommens innerhalb einer Generation zu verringern, sind aus Kosten-Nutzen-Überlegungen kompensierende Bildungsinvestitionen bis zum Alter von 17 Jahren, im Alter danach finanzielle Transferleistungen die bessere Wahl. Bildungsinvestitionen im Vorschulalter lassen aufgrund des Fähigkeitenmultiplikators der Kindheit die größten Erträge, gemessen am Lebenseinkommen, erwarten. Prognosen zeigen, dass in den nächsten Jahrzehnten die Bevölkerung in Deutschland weiter altern wird. In Folge dessen wird der Anteil der Rentner an der Erwerbsbevölkerung im Erwartungswert von 30 Prozent heute auf 50 Prozent steigen. Zukünftige Rentensteigerungen werden trotz steigender Beiträge gering oder sogar negativ sein. Nach unseren Analysen könnten nach von im Jahre 2011 eingeführten steuerfinanzierten zusätzlichen Bildungsinvestitionen im Vorschulalter bereits die Geburtsjahrgänge ab 1976 in Form einer Zunahme ihres Lebenseinkommens profitieren. Bildungsinvestitionen im Vorschulalter können demnach bei gleichbleibendem Rentenrecht die ökonomischen Konsequenzen des demografischen Übergangs abmildern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Permanent income and the black-white test score gap (2013)
Zitatform
Rothstein, Jesse & Nathan Wozny (2013): Permanent income and the black-white test score gap. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 48, H. 3, S. 509-544.
Abstract
"Analysts often examine the black-white test score gap conditional on current family income. We describe a method for identifying the gap conditional on the family's permanent income. Current income explains only about half as much of the black-white test gap as does permanent income, and the gap among families with the same permanent income is only 0.2 to 0.3 standard deviations in two commonly used samples. When we add permanent income to the controls used by Fryer and Levitt (2006), the unexplained gap in third grade shrinks below 0.15 SDs, less than half of what is found with their controls." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
An international comparison of lifetime inequality: how continental Europe resembles North America (2012)
Zitatform
Bowlus, Audra J. & Jean-Marc Robin (2012): An international comparison of lifetime inequality. How continental Europe resembles North America. In: Journal of the European Economic Association, Jg. 10, H. 6, S. 1236-1262. DOI:10.1111/j.1542-4774.2012.01088.x
Abstract
"We compare earnings inequality and mobility across the United States, Canada, France, Germany and the United Kingdom during the late 1990s. A flexible model of earnings dynamics that isolates positional mobility within a stable earnings distribution is estimated. Earnings trajectories are then simulated, and lifetime annuity value distributions are constructed. Earnings mobility and employment risk are found to be positively correlated with base-year inequality. Taken together they produce more equalization in countries with high cross-section inequality such that the countries in our sample have more similar lifetime inequality levels than cross-section measures suggest." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Risk and returns to education (2012)
Zitatform
Brown, Jeffrey, Chicun Fang & Francisco Gomes (2012): Risk and returns to education. (NBER working paper 18300), Cambridge, Mass., 47 S. DOI:10.3386/w18300
Abstract
"We analyze the returns to education in a life-cycle framework that incorporates risk preferences, earnings volatility (including unemployment), and a progressive income tax and social insurance system. We show that such a framework significantly reduces the measured gains from education relative to simple present-value calculations, although the gains remain significant. For example, for a range of preference parameters, we find that individuals should be willing to pay 300 to 500 (200 to 250) thousand dollars to obtain a college (high school) degree in order to benefit from the 32 to 42 percent (20 to 38 percent) increase in annual certainty-equivalent consumption. We also explore how the measured value of education varies with preference parameters, by gender, and across time. In contrast to findings in the education wage-premia literature, which focuses on present values and which we replicate in our data, our model indicates that the gains from college education were flat in the 1980s and actually decreased significantly in 1991-2007 period. On the other hand, the gains to a high school education have increased quite dramatically over time. We also show that both high school and college education help to decrease the gender gap in life-time earnings, contrary again to the conclusion from wage premia calculations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
The raising of the school leaving age: returns in later life (2012)
Zitatform
Buscha, Franz & Matt Dickson (2012): The raising of the school leaving age. Returns in later life. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 117, H. 2, S. 389-393. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2012.06.018
Abstract
"Using the recently released UK Household Longitudinal Study we examine whether the raising of the school leaving age in 1972 had a permanent impact on earnings for individuals in their early 50s." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Intergenerational income mobility revisited: estimation with an income dynamic model with heterogeneous age profile (2012)
Chau, Tak Wai;Zitatform
Chau, Tak Wai (2012): Intergenerational income mobility revisited. Estimation with an income dynamic model with heterogeneous age profile. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 117, H. 3, S. 770-773. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2012.08.039
Abstract
"The traditional method of estimating intergenerational income elasticity by using the average income over a few years for each generation is subject to attenuation bias due to measurement error and lifecycle bias. In this paper, I estimate the intergenerational elasticity using an income dynamic model with intergenerational linkages. The model can explicitly account for sources of biases such as heterogeneous age profile and transitory shocks of changing variance over the lifecycle. The model can be identified through the covariance structure of earnings within individuals and across generations. Based on the models, I simulate the lifetime income of both generations and calculate the implied intergenerational elasticity. Using PSID data from the United States and GSOEP data from Germany, the estimated intergenerational elasticity of fathers and sons is substantially higher than those in the literature. The intergenerational elasticity is as high as 0.66 for the US and 0.48 for Germany." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Income mobility - curse or blessing? Mobility in social security earnings: data on West-German men since 1950 (2012)
Fachinger, Uwe; Himmelreicher, Ralf K.;Zitatform
Fachinger, Uwe & Ralf K. Himmelreicher (2012): Income mobility - curse or blessing? Mobility in social security earnings. Data on West-German men since 1950. In: Schmollers Jahrbuch, Jg. 132, H. 2, S. 175-203.
Abstract
"Descriptions and analyses of citizens' or households' income have a long tradition in economics. A large body of research has recognized that levels of income and how income is distributed are important contributors to the wealth of nations. Within the broader context of income and its distribution, there has also been a considerable amount of research on the process underlying income distribution that is, income mobility. The relevance of income mobility is manifold. First of all, mobility is an indicator for an open society providing economic opportunities for everyone. As people are normally risk averse, they are interested in a steady income stream. This can be called the security aspect. Another facet of income mobility is the incentive aspect. Upward mobility provides incentives for successful economic activity as it is possible to move up the income ladder. If upward mobility offers the 'carrot', downward mobility epitomizes the 'stick' of economic activity. Downward mobility increases insecurity and insecurity is harmful to well-being. We use data covering the whole working lives of workers / employees to shed light on income mobility. This will result in more information about the adequacy of some assumptions of the life-cycle theory concerning the development of income over time - and especially on the inverse U-shape assumption of income profiles." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
The effect of early cognitive ability on earnings over the life-cycle (2012)
Zitatform
Falch, Torberg & Sofia Sandgren Massih (2012): The effect of early cognitive ability on earnings over the life-cycle. In: Labour, Jg. 26, H. 3, S. 287-312. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.2012.00553.x
Abstract
"This paper utilizes information on cognitive ability at age 10 and earnings information from age 20 to 65 to estimate the return to ability over the life-cycle. Cognitive ability measured at an early age is not influenced by the individual's choices of schooling. We find that most of the unconditional return to early cognitive ability goes through educational choice. The conditional return is increasing for low levels of experience and non-increasing for experience above about 15-25 years. The return is similar for men and women, and highest for individuals with academic education. Only a small part of the return can be explained by higher probability of having a supervisory position." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Intergenerational earnings mobility revisited: estimates based on lifetime earnings (2012)
Zitatform
Nilsen, Oivind Anti, Kjell Vaage, Arild Aakvik & Karl Jacobson (2012): Intergenerational earnings mobility revisited. Estimates based on lifetime earnings. In: The Scandinavian journal of economics, Jg. 114, H. 1, S. 1-23. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9442.2011.01672.x
Abstract
"Using Norwegian intergenerational data, which include a substantial part of the life-cycle earnings for children and almost the entire life-cycle earnings for their fathers, we present new estimates of intergenerational mobility. Extending the length of fathers' earnings window from 5 to 25 years increases estimated elasticities. Increasing the age at which fathers' earnings are observed has the opposite effect. Biases in the estimated elasticities are related to both transitory earnings variation and life-cycle measurement error; the former appear to be more important than the latter. Estimation bias stemming from persistence in transitory innovations plays only a minor role. Our findings indicate that intergenerational earnings mobility in Norway might have been strongly overstated in many earlier studies with shorter earnings histories. Some of our new estimates are twice as large as earlier estimates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Armut, Reichtum und Humankapital: zu den Beziehungen zwischen Bildung, Lebenseinkommen, Besteuerung und staatlicher Umverteilung (2012)
Petersen, Hand-Georg;Zitatform
Petersen, Hand-Georg (2012): Armut, Reichtum und Humankapital. Zu den Beziehungen zwischen Bildung, Lebenseinkommen, Besteuerung und staatlicher Umverteilung. In: Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Jg. 63, H. 2, S. 236-264.
Abstract
"Sozial- und Bildungspolitik müssen die Bereitschaft für lebenslanges Lernen fördern, um die persönliche Flexibilität und Reintegrationsfähigkeit in die Leistungsgesellschaft zu sichern. Daher muss der tradierte Wohlfahrtsstaat durch Workfare-Elemente ergänzt werden (vgl. Koch, S., Stefan, G. und Walwei, U. 2005) welche über ein effizientes und integriertes Steuer-Transfer-System umgesetzt werden müssen (vgl. Petersen, H.-G. u. Rose, M. 2004). Primäre, sekundäre, tertiäre und duale berufliche Bildung müssen für möglichst viele Bürgerinnen und Bürger ein Humankapital generieren, das zur Erzielung eines befriedigenden Lebenseinkommens befähigt. Dann kann sich zukünftig die Sozialpolitik auf diejenigen Menschen konzentrieren, die zu einer selbstverantwortlichen Lebensführung nur zum Teil oder auch gar nicht in der Lage sind. Die Beziehungen zwischen Bildung, Humankapital, Besteuerung und Transferzahlungen werden in den folgenden Unterkapiteln beschrieben und verdeutlichen die Umverteilungswirkungen, welche bei ineffizientem Systemdesign negative Anreizwirkungen setzen und hohe Wohlfahrtsverluste verursachen können." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
The career costs of children (2011)
Zitatform
Adda, Jerome, Christian Dustmann & Katrien Stevens (2011): The career costs of children. (IZA discussion paper 6201), Bonn, 65 S.
Abstract
"This paper analyzes the life-cycle career costs associated with child rearing and decomposes their effects into unearned wages (as women drop out of the labor market), loss of human capital, and selection into more child-friendly occupations. We estimate a dynamic life-cycle model of fertility, occupational choice, and labor supply using detailed survey and administrative data for Germany for numerous birth cohorts across different regions. We use this model to analyze both the male-female wage gap as it evolves from labor market entry onward and the effect of pro-fertility policies. We show that a substantial portion of the gender wage gap is explainable by realized and expected fertility and that the long-run effect of policies encouraging fertility are considerably lower than the short-run effects typically estimated in the literature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))