Einkommensverteilung in Deutschland
Laut einer OECD-Studie ist die Einkommensungleichheit in Deutschland seit 1990 erheblich stärker gewachsen als in den meisten anderen OECD-Ländern. Die zunehmende Kluft zwischen Arm und Reich geht vor allem auf die Entwicklung der Löhne und Gehälter zurück. Die OECD empfiehlt, dem steuer- und sozialpolitisch entgegenzuwirken, mehr Menschen in existenzsichernde Beschäftigung zu bringen sowie mehr in die Bildung Niedrigqualifizierter zu investieren.
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Literaturhinweis
Die Soziale Marktwirtschaft aus Bevölkerungsperspektive II/III: Was verbindet die Bevölkerung mit der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft? (2022)
Blesse, Sebastian ; Wochner, Timo; Necker, Sarah; Schlepper, Marcel; Potrafke, Niklas ; Gründler, Klaus; Heil, Philipp;Zitatform
Blesse, Sebastian, Klaus Gründler, Philipp Heil, Sarah Necker, Niklas Potrafke, Marcel Schlepper & Timo Wochner (2022): Die Soziale Marktwirtschaft aus Bevölkerungsperspektive II/III. Was verbindet die Bevölkerung mit der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft? In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 75, H. 12, S. 35-39.
Abstract
"Bürger*innen haben oft unterschiedliche Vorstellungen von staatlichem Handeln. Eine Repräsentativumfrage unter 2 000 Bürger*innen legt nahe, dass die Befragten eine sehr heterogene Wahrnehmung der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft haben. Während eine Mehrheit von 49% an soziale Aspekte wie Fairness, Verteilung und soziale Absicherung denkt, assoziieren 34% marktwirtschaftliche Prozesse und 11% Wohlstand und Fortschritt mit der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft. 12% der Befragten hegen ausgeprägt negative Einstellungen gegenüber der deutschen Wirtschaftsordnung, und 11% können diese mit keinem konkreten Thema assoziieren. Nur knapp ein Viertel der Befragten verbindet mit der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft explizit sowohl soziale als auch wirtschaftliche Themen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Income inequality measures and economic growth channels (2022)
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Blotevogel, Robert, Eslem Imamoglu, Kenji Moriyama & Babacar Sarr (2022): Income inequality measures and economic growth channels. In: Journal of macroeconomics, Jg. 72. DOI:10.1016/j.jmacro.2022.103413
Abstract
"This paper shows that the choice of inequality measure has a first-order impact on estimated empirical relationships. Depending on the particular inequality measure chosen, the estimated role of inequality in the transmission channels to economic growth varies and is therefore difficult to pin down with confidence. We run our analyses with six inequality measures (Gini coefficients and Top10 income shares). All six are measured consistently over time and across countries but based on distinct definitions of income—giving rise to measurement uncertainty. Differences in measurement within the set of Gini coefficients and the Top10 income shares exert a significant impact on the estimated relationships, which is generally more pronounced than the effect of switching between Gini and Top10 income shares. Finally, we show that the distinction between short- and long-run effects of inequality also becomes empirically less relevant when we allow for measurement uncertainty. We do not find a unique and stable structural relationship between inequality and the transmission channels." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Die Lohnlücke zwischen Frauen und Männern besteht bereits vor Abschluss des Studiums (2022)
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Boll, Paul David, Lukas Mergele & Larissa Zierow (2022): Die Lohnlücke zwischen Frauen und Männern besteht bereits vor Abschluss des Studiums. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 75, H. 4, S. 66-69.
Abstract
"Die Lohnlücke zwischen Frauen und Männern, der sogenannte Gender Pay Gap, besteht bereits vor Abschluss des Studiums. Eine Untersuchung unter Studierenden, die neben ihrem Studium arbeiten, zeigte, dass Studentinnen im Durchschnitt etwa 6% weniger verdienen als Studenten. Nach Berücksichtigung verschiedener entlohnungsrelevanter Faktoren verringert sich die Lücke auf 4,1%. Hauptsächlich ist die Lücke auf die unterschiedlichen Beschäftigungen, die männliche und weibliche Studierende ausüben, zurückzuführen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Understanding the public-private sector wage gap in Germany: New evidence from a Fixed Effects quantile Approach (2022)
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Bonaccolto-Töpfer, Marina, Carolina Castagnetti & Stephanie Prümer (2022): Understanding the public-private sector wage gap in Germany: New evidence from a Fixed Effects quantile Approach. In: Economic Modelling, Jg. 116 Nürnberg, 2022-08-26. DOI:10.1016/j.econmod.2022.106037
Abstract
"The public-private sector wage gap is an important labor market indicator, reflecting sectoral differences in wage and recruitment policies. We provide new evidence on this sectoral gap throughout the wage distribution in Germany. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (1984–2017), we decompose the wage gap and control for unobservable factors that endogenously determine the occupational sector choice. Our estimates confirm the result in the literature that women benefit from working in the public sector. For men, we find that they are unambiguously disadvantaged, with higher remuneration in the private sector across the entire wage distribution. This result contrasts with previous findings in the literature. Moreover, our findings show that taking endogenous selection into account substantially changes the decomposition of the gap, and it is crucial for assessing alternative policy measures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Elsevier) ((en))
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Prümer, Stephanie; -
Literaturhinweis
The Curious Incidence of Monetary Policy Across the Income Distribution (2022)
Zitatform
Broer, Tobias, John Kramer & Kurt Mitman (2022): The Curious Incidence of Monetary Policy Across the Income Distribution. (Sveriges Riksbank working paper series 416), Stockholm, 36 S.
Abstract
"We use high-frequency administrative data from Germany to study the effects of monetary policy on income and employment across the earnings distribution. Earnings growth at the bottom of the distribution is substantially more elastic to policy shocks. This unequal incidence is driven by differences in the response of employment risk across the distribution: job loss is more countercyclical for lower-earnings households. Viewed through the lens of a standard incomplete-markets model, the heterogeneous incidence substantially amplifies the equilibrium response of aggregate consumption to shocks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Misperceptions of income distributions: cross-country evidence from a randomized survey experiment (2022)
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Bublitz, Elisabeth (2022): Misperceptions of income distributions: cross-country evidence from a randomized survey experiment. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 20, H. 2, S. 435-462. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwaa025
Abstract
"Can imperfect information, as revealed in individual misperceptions about income distributions, explain the demand for redistribution? I conduct a representative survey experiment in Brazil, France, Germany, Russia, Spain and the USA, providing a personalized information treatment on income distribution to a randomly chosen subsample. Most respondents misperceive their own position in the income distribution. These biases differ notably by country and the true income position. Correcting misperceptions slightly shifts the demand towards less redistribution in Germany and Russia. This shift appears to be driven by respondents with a negative position bias. The lack of significant treatment effects in other countries may result from different individual reactions that cancel each other out. Thus, the existence of systematic misperceptions underscores their importance for understanding preferences for redistribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Perceived income positions and attitudes towards EU inequality: A cross-country survey experiment (2022)
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Bublitz, Elisabeth, Hequn Wang, Julian Jäger, Miriam Beblo & Henning Lohmann (2022): Perceived income positions and attitudes towards EU inequality: A cross-country survey experiment. (WiSo-HH working paper series 70), Hamburg, 29 S.
Abstract
"We examine the relationship between perceived income positions and attitudes towards inequality at a supranational-level. Conducting a survey in four EU Member States (Germany, Italy, Poland, and Sweden), we confirm that their citizens misperceive their own income position in the EU. Once we account for these misperceptions, we find that those with a lower income rank assess EU income differences as more unjust and are more supportive of an EU minimum wage. When we inform a randomized subsample about their actual income position in the EU, those who learn to be richer than they initially thought assess EU income differences as less unjust. Respondents in Italy, Poland, and to a lesser extent Sweden drive these results whereas income misperceptions of German respondents have opposing effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Future of Taxation in changing labour markets (2022)
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Christl, Michael, Ilias Livanos, Andrea Papini & Alberto Tumino (2022): The Future of Taxation in changing labour markets. (JRC working papers on taxation and structural reforms 2022-02), Seville, 29 S.
Abstract
"This paper provides a first assessment of the fiscal and distributional consequences of the ongoing structural changes in the labour markets of EU Member States, mostly driven by technological progress and ageing. Cedefop 2020 Skill forecasts, EUROSTAT population projections and the forecast on pension expenditures from the 2021 Ageing Report depict a scenario of an ageing population, an inverted U-shaped unemployment trend and potentially polarising labour markets, the latter mostly driven by a surge in high-skill occupations. This analysis makes use of the microsimulation model EUROMOD and reweighting techniques to analyse the fiscal and distributional impacts of these trends, given the current tax-benefit policies. The results suggest that the macro trends will increase pressure on government budgets. The analysis also shows evidence of the capacity of the current tax-benefit systems to counterbalance the increases in income inequality and poverty risks triggered by the expected future labour markets developments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
On the ambivalence of preferences for income redistribution: A research note (2022)
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Dallinger, Ursula (2022): On the ambivalence of preferences for income redistribution: A research note. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 225-236. DOI:10.1177/09589287211066469
Abstract
"Increased income inequality, and policies that can limit its further growth, are an important issue for citizens, politicians and the media. Numerous empirical studies have measured political support for redistributive policies by asking whether the government should equalize gaps between rich and poor. They try to discover whether ‘redistributive’ policies are supported by public opinion and are therefore politically feasible. This research note argues that the standard instrument measures diffuse support for more equality, but gives rather vague hints if this support is transformed into a political mandate for redistributive programmes. With regard to the way in which the political demand for state redistribution to reduce income inequality has been raised so far, methodological critique and innovation is largely lacking. This article therefore tests the validity of the standard item. It argues that the conventional measurement only captures a general ‘inclination’ towards the idea of equality. However, since the item phrasing is unspecific, other orientations confound the answers, so that ultimately the predictive power in terms of political behaviour is low. The standard item measures egalitarian preferences with inconsistence. This limits its reliability, so that hardly any conclusions can be drawn regarding voting for left parties or support for redistributive programmes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Coronabedingte Ungleichheit und Armut in Deutschland: Überschätzt oder unterschätzt? (2022)
Dauderstädt, Michael;Zitatform
Dauderstädt, Michael (2022): Coronabedingte Ungleichheit und Armut in Deutschland: Überschätzt oder unterschätzt? In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 102, H. 1, S. 64-66. DOI:10.1007/s10273-022-3096-5
Abstract
"Anfang November 2021 veröffentlichten sowohl das europäische statistische Amt Eurostat als auch das deutsche Destatis die Ergebnisse der Haushaltsbefragung 2020 zu Einkommen und Lebensbedingungen (EU-SILC: Survey of Income and Living Conditions). Die Ergebnisse für Deutschland waren auf den ersten Blick schockierend: Die Ungleichheit, gemessen mit der Quintilsquote (S80/ S20-Quote), also das Verhältnis des Einkommens des reichsten Fünftels der Bevölkerung zu dem des ärmsten Fünftels, stieg von 4,89 auf 6,47. Die Armutsrisikoquote, die den Anteil der Bevölkerung mit einem Einkommen von weniger als 60 % des mittleren Einkommens angibt, kletterte von 17,4 % auf 24,0 %. Das wären über 5 Mio. zusätzlich von Armut(srisiken) betroffene Menschen in Deutschland. Tatsächlich dürfte die Entwicklung weit weniger dramatisch sein; denn Destatis hat 2020 sein Erhebungsverfahren verändert, weswegen die Werte für 2020 mit den Vorjahren nicht vergleichbar sind. Das lässt aber die Fragen offen, wie sich die Einkommensverteilung in Deutschland tatsächlich verändert hat und ob das alte oder das neue Erhebungsverfahren ein realistischeres Bild der deutschen Verhältnisse liefert. Wenden wir uns zuerst der Veränderung in der Pandemie zu." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)
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Literaturhinweis
Wohlstand für Alle? Gemeinsame Betrachtung von Wachstum und Ungleichheit in Deutschland und Europa (2022)
Zitatform
Dolls, Mathias, Max Lay, Sarah Necker, Andreas Peichl & Ann-Christin Rathje (2022): Wohlstand für Alle? Gemeinsame Betrachtung von Wachstum und Ungleichheit in Deutschland und Europa. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 75, H. 10, S. 47-52.
Abstract
"Dieser Beitrag untersucht, inwiefern das von Ludwig Erhard proklamierte Ziel „Wohlstand für Alle“ in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Zeitraum 1962–2019 erreicht wurde. Die Analyse basiert auf einem Indikator, der das preisbereinigte Bruttoinlandsprodukt pro Kopf um die Ungleichheit in den verfügbaren Einkommen und um die Armutsrisikoquote korrigiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Bundesrepublik Deutschland in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten trotz einiger Rezessionsjahre eine stabile wirtschaftliche Entwicklung verzeichnen konnte. Das um Ungleichheit und Armutsrisiko korrigierte BIP ist seit der Wiedervereinigung etwas schwächer gewachsen als das nicht-korrigierte Pro-Kopf-Einkommen. Im europäischen Vergleich liegt Deutschland im oberen Mittelfeld." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Inequality and Income Dynamics in Germany (2022)
Drechsel-Grau, Moritz; Peichl, Andreas ; Wolter, Stefanie ; Schmieder, Johannes F.; Walz, Hannes ; Schmid, Kai D.;Zitatform
Drechsel-Grau, Moritz, Andreas Peichl, Kai D. Schmid, Johannes F. Schmieder, Hannes Walz & Stefanie Wolter (2022): Inequality and Income Dynamics in Germany. In: Quantitative Economics, Jg. 13, H. 4, S. 1593-1635., 2022-04-08. DOI:10.3982/QE1912
Abstract
"We provide a comprehensive analysis of income inequality and income dynamics for Germany over the last two decades. Combining personal income tax and social security data allows us - for the first time - to offer a complete picture of the distribution of annual earnings in Germany. We find that cross-sectional inequality rose until 2009 for men and women. After the Great Recession, inequality continued to rise at a slower rate for men and fell slightly for women due to compression at the lower tail. We further document substantial gender differences in average earnings and inequality over the life cycle. While for men earnings rise and inequality falls as they grow older, many women reduce working hours when starting a family such that average earnings fall and inequality increases. Men's earnings changes are on average smaller than women's but are substantially more affected by the business cycle. During the Great Recession, men's earnings losses become magnified and gains are attenuated. Apart from recession years, earnings changes are significantly right-skewed reflecting the good overall state of the German labor market and increasing labor supply. In the second part of the paper, we study the distribution of total income including incomes of self-employed, business owners, and landlords. We find that total inequality increased significantly more than earnings inequality. Regarding income dynamics, entrepreneurs' income changes are more dispersed, less skewed, less leptokurtic, and less dependent on average past income than workers' income changes. Finally, we find that top income earners have become less likely to fall out of the top 1 and 0.1%." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
früher (möglw. abweichend) erschienen als: CESifo working paper -
Literaturhinweis
Housing Expenditure and Income Inequality (2022)
Zitatform
Dustmann, Christian, Bernd Fitzenberger & Markus Zimmermann (2022): Housing Expenditure and Income Inequality. In: The Economic Journal, Jg. 132, H. 645, S. 1709-1736., 2021-12-01. DOI:10.1093/ej/ueab097
Abstract
"The trend of rising income inequality in Germany since the mid-1990s is strongly amplified when considering income after housing expenditure. The income share of housing expenditure rose disproportionally for the bottom income quintile and fell for the top quintile. Factors contributing to these trends include declining relative costs of homeownership versus renting, changes in household structure, declining real incomes for low-income households, and residential mobility towards larger cities. Younger cohorts spend more on housing and save less than older cohorts did at the same age, which will affect future wealth accumulation, particularly at the bottom of the income distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Your Place in the World: Relative Income and Global Inequality (2022)
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Fehr, Dietmar, Johanna Mollerstrom & Ricardo Perez-Truglia (2022): Your Place in the World: Relative Income and Global Inequality. In: American Economic Journal. Economic Policy, Jg. 14, H. 4, S. 232-268. DOI:10.1257/pol.20200343
Abstract
"Although there is abundant evidence on individual preferences for policies that reduce national inequality, there is very little evidence on preferences for policies addressing global inequality. To investigate the latter, we conducted a two-year, face-to-face survey experiment on a representative sample of Germans. We measure how individuals form perceptions of their ranks in the national and global income distributions and how these perceptions relate to their national and global policy preferences. We find that Germans systematically underestimate their true place in the world's income distribution but that correcting those misperceptions does not affect their support for policies related to global inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Changing selection into full-time work and its effect on wage inequality in Germany (2022)
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Fitzenberger, Bernd & Jakob de Lazzer (2022): Changing selection into full-time work and its effect on wage inequality in Germany. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 62, H. 1, S. 247-277., 2021-06-17. DOI:10.1007/s00181-021-02098-0
Abstract
"To explore whether changes in the selection into full-time work among German men were a driver in the rise in wage inequality since the mid-1990s, we propose a modification of selection-corrected quantile regressions. Addressing Huber and Melly’s (J Appl Econom 30(7):1144–1168, 2015) concerns, this modification allows us to estimate the effects of selection with respect to both observables and unobservables. Our findings show that those employed in 1995 would have had lower wages in 2010 than those employed in 2010 and wage dispersion would have been higher, suggesting that full-time workers have become less heterogeneous over time." (Author's abstract, © 2021 Springer Nature) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
On the long-run dynamics of income and wealth inequality (2022)
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Ghoshray, Atanu, Issam Malki & Javier Ordóñez (2022): On the long-run dynamics of income and wealth inequality. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 62, H. 2, S. 375-408. DOI:10.1007/s00181-021-02043-1
Abstract
"We analyse top income and wealth shares data, by conducting a robust estimation of trends, tests for structural breaks, and tests for determining persistence. We include Anglo-Saxon countries, continental Europe and Asian countries, grouped under different percentiles and deciles, spanning a period that is at least close to a century. We find that the top income shares for almost all countries are characterised by broken trends, or level shifts. The preponderance of trend breaks appears in the 1970s and 1980s where after a negative trend changes in magnitude or direction. Finally, shocks to the top income share data are not transitory, which have consequences for policy such as advocating redistributive measures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Löhne, Renten und Haushaltseinkommen sind in den vergangenen 25 Jahren real gestiegen (2022)
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Grabka, Markus M. (2022): Löhne, Renten und Haushaltseinkommen sind in den vergangenen 25 Jahren real gestiegen. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 89, H. 23, S. 329-337. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2022-23-1
Abstract
"Sowohl die Bruttolöhne als auch die bedarfsgewichteten Haushaltsnettoeinkommen haben in Deutschland seit 1995 inflationsbereinigt deutlich zugelegt. Insbesondere unter Vollzeitbeschäftigten fallen die realen Zuwächse bei den Löhnen mit einem Plus von mehr als 20 Prozent besonders positiv aus. Die Ungleichheit der Stundenlöhne nimmt in den letzten Jahren ab und erreicht wieder ein Niveau wie zu Beginn der 2000er Jahre. Parallel schrumpft auch der Niedriglohnsektor in Deutschland. Die Haushaltsnettoeinkommen steigen zwischen 1995 und 2019 im Schnitt real um 26 Prozent. Alle Einkommensdezile legen zu, besonders stark das oberste Dezil. Der Anteil der NiedrigeinkommensbezieherInnen stagniert seit 2015 bei rund 16,5 Prozent. Mit der aktuell stark steigenden Inflation besteht die Gefahr, dass die Reallöhne und auch die Haushaltsnettoeinkommen aber künftig eher sinken. Die Politik sollte dem zielgerichtet entgegenwirken, vor allem für die unteren Einkommensgruppen. Die beschlossene Energiepreispauschale weist hier grundsätzlich in die richtige Richtung. Jedoch sollten auch für Gruppen, die hiervon nicht profitieren, wie RentnerInnen und Studierende, ergänzende finanzielle Unterstützungsprogramme aufgelegt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
A multivariate extension of the Lorenz curve based on copulas and a related multivariate Gini coefficient (2022)
Zitatform
Grothe, Oliver, Fabian Kächele & Friedrich Schmid (2022): A multivariate extension of the Lorenz curve based on copulas and a related multivariate Gini coefficient. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 20, H. 3, S. 727-748. DOI:10.1007/s10888-022-09533-x
Abstract
"We propose an extension of the univariate Lorenz curve and of the Gini coefficient to the multivariate case, i.e., to simultaneously measure inequality in more than one variable. Our extensions are based on copulas and measure inequality stemming from inequality in each single variable as well as inequality stemming from the dependence structure of the variables. We derive simple nonparametric estimators for both instruments and exemplary apply them to data of individual income and wealth for various countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Occupational regulation, institutions, and migrants' labor market outcomes (2022)
Zitatform
Koumenta, Maria, Mario Pagliero & Davud Rostam-Afschar (2022): Occupational regulation, institutions, and migrants' labor market outcomes. (Hohenheim discussion papers in business, economics and social sciences 02-2022), Stuttgart, 32 S.
Abstract
"We study how licensing, certification and unionisation affect the wages of natives and migrants and their representation among licensed, certified, and unionized workers. We provide evidence of a dual role of labor market institutions, which both screen workers based on unobservable characteristics and also provide them with wage setting power. Labor market institutions confer significant wage premia to native workers (3.9, 1.6, and 2.7 log points for licensing, certification, and unionization respectively), due to screening and wage setting power. Wage premia are significantly larger for licensed and certified migrants (10.2 and 6.6 log points), reflecting a more intense screening of migrant than native workers. The representation of migrants among licensed (but not certified or unionized) workers is 14% lower than that of natives. This implies a more intense screening of migrants by licensing institutions than by certification and unionization." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Monetary policy and income inequality in a Schumpeterian economy with endogenous step size (2022)
Zitatform
Lu, You-Xun, Che-Chun Hsu & Ching-chong Lai (2022): Monetary policy and income inequality in a Schumpeterian economy with endogenous step size. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 213. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2022.110373
Abstract
"This letter analyzes the effects of monetary policy on economic growth and income inequality in a Schumpeterian model with heterogeneous households and endogenous step size. We find that a higher nominal interest rate decreases the arrival rate of innovation but increases the step size. Thus, increasing the nominal interest rate has an ambiguous effect on economic growth and income inequality. Under our calibrated values, although monetary policy may have a positive or an inverted-U effect on economic growth, the effect of monetary policy on income inequality remains positive over a wide range of the strength of the CIA constraint." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))