Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Das Themendossier "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Education-based occupational segregation and the gender wage gap: evidence from France (2014)
Zitatform
Couppié, Thomas, Arnaud Dupray & Stéphanie Moullet (2014): Education-based occupational segregation and the gender wage gap. Evidence from France. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 35, H. 3, S. 368-391. DOI:10.1108/IJM-09-2012-0143
Abstract
"Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to test whether the gender wage gap at the beginning of the working life in France varies with the gender composition of occupations (male-dominated, female-dominated or mixed) and its main determinant (educational pre-sorting or labour market sorting).
Design/methodology/approach - The first stage of the methodology is to decompose segregation indexes at occupation level into the two components of determination noted above. The occupations are then divided into five groups on the basis of their gender composition and the weight of the educational segregation. Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions are then applied to each group.
Findings - Among 54 strongly gendered occupations, the segregation in 26 stems mainly from educational pre-sorting. This context is favourable to reduction of the gender wage gap. However, a modest wage differential is not proof of convergence towards equity, as it may conceal the existence of a significant discrimination component, as in male occupations.
Research limitations/implications - The results relate to a cohort of French youth. The earnings-equalizing impact of education-based occupational segregation should be tested in other national contexts.
Social implications - Public authorities should put in place incentives to encourage women's participation in a greater range of education and training courses and to improve the matching between education and the skill content of jobs.
Originality/value - The originality lies in the suggestion that a strong connection between education and skill requirements helps to narrow the occupational gender wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
The motherhood wage penalty and its determinants: a public-private comparison (2014)
Zitatform
Duvivier, Chloé & Mathieu Narcy (2014): The motherhood wage penalty and its determinants. A public-private comparison. (Centre d'Etudes de l'Emploi. Document de travail 172), Noisy-le-Grand, 34 S.
Abstract
"In this paper, we investigate whether public and private sector employees bear a different wage penalty from having children. Using data from the Families and Employers survey, we are able to address three potential biases: self-selection into employment, self-selection into sectors, and unobserved heterogeneity. We find that mothers of two or more children suffer from a much larger penalty when they work in the private sector. In addition, in both sectors, we find no unexplained penalty once we control for all the potential determinants of the family pay gap, namely, a reduced labour supply of mothers, child-related career interruptions, less access to management positions, and adjustments in working conditions. However, these factors play different roles in explaining the motherhood penalty in each sector; most notably, child-related career interruptions are much more harmful in the private sector than in the public sector." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
European women: the link between money, career, and financial satisfaction (2014)
Zitatform
Kulic, Nevena (2014): European women. The link between money, career, and financial satisfaction. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 287-301. DOI:10.1093/esr/jct030
Abstract
"This study goes beyond economic research on women's economic independence, which relies only on income in explaining women's economic well-being within a household, and adopts a perspective that recognizes the importance of their actual employment patterns and occupational choices (Gerson, 1993, Hakim, 2000). Using the data on financial satisfaction from the European Community Household Panel from 1994 - 2001, this article compares married and cohabiting women from five industrialized European countries. Analyses indicate that it is not relative income or pure employment that matters the most for a woman's financial satisfaction but, more likely, the choice of continuous and full-time labour market involvement. The data also offer other interesting findings: a homemaking career may be as beneficial for a woman's financial satisfaction as continuous employment, while a discontinuous employment path seems to be detrimental for a woman's financial satisfaction. Cross-country comparison shows that institutions alter women's economic well-being independently of their individual achievements, suggesting that more research is needed to disentangle the institutional components that most influence the relation between women's paid and unpaid employment, and their economic well-being." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The gender gap of returns on education across West European countries (2014)
Mendolicchio, Concetta; Rhein, Thomas;Zitatform
Mendolicchio, Concetta & Thomas Rhein (2014): The gender gap of returns on education across West European countries. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 35, H. 3, S. 219-249., 2013-08-18.
Abstract
"We study the gender specific private returns on education (RE) in Europe in a comparative perspective. We extend the model of de la Fuente (2003) by estimating the parameters by gender and introducing maternity leaves and benefits. We analyse the impact of the public policy variables evaluating the elasticities with respect to unemployment benefits, marginal and average tax rates, maternity leave and childcare benefits.
We estimate the Mincerian coefficients, with the Heckman selection model, for 12 West European countries using the EU-SILC data (2007). We then use them as input to calibrate the decision model.
The RE of females tend to be higher than those of males in all the Europeans countries but Germany, Netherlands and Sweden. The gender gap can be explained mainly by the wage premia and labour income taxes which more than compensate the negative effects on females' returns triggered by higher unemployment rates and maternity-related benefits.
The tax system has the most pronounced effect on RE. An increase in the marginal tax rates has a negative impact. An increase in the average tax rates can have a negative or positive impact, depending on the progressivity of the tax system. An increase in unemployment benefits and maternity or child-care benefits has a negative but fairly small impact.
We compute the RE using a model which allows us to take into account and assess the significance of relevant variables: wage premium, income tax, some public transfers and benefits, costs of the investments. Moreover, we estimate the wage premia using relatively recent EU-SILC data. Finally, we compare 12 EU countries spanning quite different labour market conditions and institutions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Distribution of French gender wage gap (2013)
Zitatform
Breunig, Robert & Sandrine Rospabe (2013): Distribution of French gender wage gap. In: Australian Journal of Labour Economics, Jg. 16, H. 1, S. 155-199.
Abstract
"We use a semi-parametric method to decompose the difference in male and female wage densities into two parts - one explained by characteristics and one which is attributable to differences in returns to characteristics. We demonstrate that one learns substantially more about the gender wage gap in France through this analysis than through standard parametric techniques. In particular, we find that there are no unexplained differences in male and female earnings distributions in the bottom fifth of the data. Occupation and part-time status are the most important determinants of the wage gap for all workers. In the semi-parametric estimates we find that education plays no role in the wage gap once we account for occupation and part-time status." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
EU employers take family-friendly working seriously (2013)
Broughton, Andrea;Zitatform
Broughton, Andrea (2013): EU employers take family-friendly working seriously. Dublin, 12 S.
Abstract
"A survey investigating family-friendly working policies in companies in six European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Sweden, UK) finds that employers take family-friendly working seriously and have put in place a range of policies to support this, especially in areas such as flexible working and parental support. The main driver for this in most countries was compliance with legislation or collective agreements. The economic crisis has had little impact on the provision of family-friendly working policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
'Men tend to be go-getting but women are better organised': what recruiters say about job applicants and gender (2013)
Chaintreuil, Lydie; Epiphane, Dominique;Zitatform
Chaintreuil, Lydie & Dominique Epiphane (2013): 'Men tend to be go-getting but women are better organised'. What recruiters say about job applicants and gender. (Training and Employment 107), 4 S.
Abstract
"Discrimination when hiring new staff is punishable by law. And yet gender is seldom a neutral criterion during the recruitment process. The assumption that women are less flexible in respect of their working hours is not the only issue at stake. A whole set of personality traits that are still regarded as 'innate' to men and women can bias the selection process. The statements made by recruiters, both men and women, show that the stereotypes die hard..." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor and love: wives' employment and divorce risk in its socio-political context (2013)
Cooke, Lynn Prince ; Erola, Jani ; Kan, Man-Yee ; Trappe, Heike ; Lyngstad, Torkild Hovde ; Evertsson, Marie ; Mencarini, Letizia ; Hewitt, Belinda ; Härkönen, Juho ; Jalovaara, Marika ; Mignot, Jean-Francois; Gähler, Michael ; Mortelmans, Dimitri ; Schmitt, Christian ; Poortman, Anne-Rigt;Zitatform
Cooke, Lynn Prince, Jani Erola, Marie Evertsson, Michael Gähler, Juho Härkönen, Belinda Hewitt, Marika Jalovaara, Man-Yee Kan, Torkild Hovde Lyngstad, Letizia Mencarini, Jean-Francois Mignot, Dimitri Mortelmans, Anne-Rigt Poortman, Christian Schmitt & Heike Trappe (2013): Labor and love. Wives' employment and divorce risk in its socio-political context. In: Social Politics, Jg. 20, H. 4, S. 482-509. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxt016
Abstract
"We theorize how social policy affects marital stability vis-a-vis macro and micro effects of wives' employment on divorce risk in 11 Western countries. Correlations among 1990s aggregate data on marriage, divorce, and wives' employment rates, along with attitudinal and social policy information, seem to support specialization hypotheses that divorce rates are higher where more wives are employed and where policies support that employment. This is an ecological fallacy, however, because of the nature of the changes in specific countries. At the micro level, we harmonize national longitudinal data on the most recent cohort of wives marrying for the first time and find that the stabilizing effects of a gendered division of labor have ebbed. In the United States with its lack of policy support, a wife's employment still significantly increases the risk of divorce. A wife's employment has no significant effect on divorce risk in Australia, Flanders, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. In Finland, Norway, and Sweden, wives' employment predicts a significantly lower risk of divorce when compared with wives who are out of the labor force. The results indicate that greater policy support for equality reduces and may even reverse the relative divorce risk associated with a wife's employment." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A policy mix for gender equality?: lessons from high-income countries (2013)
Gerecke, Megan;Zitatform
Gerecke, Megan (2013): A policy mix for gender equality? Lessons from high-income countries. (International Institute for Labour Studies. Discussion paper 215), Genf, 74 S.
Abstract
"Over the past 15 years, important gains have been made in gender equality. Gender gaps in educational attainment have shrunk substantially. In fact, in many high-income countries, young women's educational attainment now exceeds that of young men. At the same time, most countries have seen a significant increase in female employment rates - a trend which slowed only with the recent financial crisis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
"Das bisschen Haushalt ... sagt mein Mann" - Die politische Regulierung von Hausarbeit und Implikationen für die geschlechtliche Arbeitsteilung (2013)
Zitatform
Heimeshoff, Lisa-Marie & Helen Schwenken (2013): "Das bisschen Haushalt ... sagt mein Mann" - Die politische Regulierung von Hausarbeit und Implikationen für die geschlechtliche Arbeitsteilung. In: Arbeit. Zeitschrift für Arbeitsforschung, Arbeitsgestaltung und Arbeitspolitik, Jg. 22, H. 3, S. 199-211. DOI:10.1515/arbeit-2013-0305
Abstract
"Die ungleiche geschlechtliche Arbeitsteilung von Betreuungs- und Haushaltstätigkeiten ist persistent und wird, wie Zeitnutzungsstudien zeigen, auch nicht verändert durch eine partielle Auslagerung an Hausangestellte oder externe Dienstleister. In der EU wird der Sektor als Wachstumsmarkt begriffen. Der Beitrag analysiert Ansätze der politischen Regulierung von Haushalts- und Betreuungsarbeit in Bezug auf die sich daraus ergebenden Implikationen für die geschlechtliche und internationale Arbeitsteilung. Es wird die These vertreten, dass eine geschlechtergerechtere Arbeitsteilung kein Anliegen der Regulierungsanstrengungen ist und diese sogar eher restaurative Effekte zeigt, die auf die Externalisierung und weitere Kommodifizierung dieser Arbeiten deuten und einen Klassenbias in sich tragen. Der Beitrag nimmt die politischen Regulierungen in Deutschland sowie französische und belgische Haushaltsscheckmodelle in den Blick. Letztere gelten als gesellschaftlich breit akzeptierte Maßnahme zur Formalisierung des Sektors. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer Problematisierung der in die Regulierungen eingelassenen Trennung von Produktions- und Reproduktionssphäre, die mit Ursache für die fortgesetzte geschlechterhierarchische Arbeitsteilung ist. Daher lohnt sich das Wiederaufgreifen von Vorschlägen zu integrierenderen Perspektiven, in denen die Kommodifizierung nicht weiter "banalisiert" (Jany-Catrice), sondern thematisiert wird." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The economic impact of taking short parental leave: evaluation of a French reform (2013)
Zitatform
Joseph, Olivier, Ariane Pailhe, Isabelle Recotillet & Anne Solaz (2013): The economic impact of taking short parental leave. Evaluation of a French reform. In: Labour economics, Jg. 25, H. December, S. 63-75. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2013.04.012
Abstract
"There is a growing debate in Europe about whether parental leave should be short or long. The paper evaluates the impact of short parental leave on mothers' employment status and subsequent wages, with a special focus on the part-time parental leave option. It exploits a policy reform that took place in 2004 in France and increased the incentive to prolong the maternity leave after the first birth by six months paid parental leave. Data from the fourth round of the 'Generation 98 survey' (CEREQ) and both difference-in-differences and propensity score matching approaches are used to estimate the effect of the reform. The results show that full-time short paid parental leave had almost no effect on labour market participation and wages of first mothers at the global level. However, for part-time paid leave takers, the reform increases the employment rate but decreases the subsequent wages. The wages remain lower two years after child birth, especially for the most educated, who mainly choose the part-time option." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The gender wage gap and its institutional context: a comparative analysis of European graduates (2013)
Zitatform
Triventi, Moris (2013): The gender wage gap and its institutional context. A comparative analysis of European graduates. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 27, H. 4, S. 563-580. DOI:10.1177/0950017012460322
Abstract
"This article examines whether there is a gender gap in monthly wages among recent graduates in 11 European countries, and which variables account for it. We extend previous works considering a broader range of variables including perceived skills, responsibility at work, family obligations and attitudes to family and work. Regression analyses applied to data from the 'Research into Employment and professional FLEXibility' (REFLEX) survey (2005) show that in all countries there is a significant 'raw wage gap', but with noticeable cross-country variation. Decomposition analyses show that the 'residual wage gap' (discrimination) is lower in Nordic countries and higher in the Czech Republic, with the United Kingdom, continental and southern European countries placed in between them. Employment characteristics and working hours are the most important factors accounting for the gender gap. Wage discrimination is lower in countries with high trade union density, centralized collective bargaining, family-friendly policies, and high level of women's empowerment in society." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Kindererziehung und Pflegezeiten: Wie anpassungsfähig sind die Sozialversicherungssysteme?: Deutschland im internationalen Vergleich (2012)
Zitatform
Bothfeld, Silke (2012): Kindererziehung und Pflegezeiten: Wie anpassungsfähig sind die Sozialversicherungssysteme? Deutschland im internationalen Vergleich. (ZeS-Arbeitspapier 2012/03), Bremen, 59 S.
Abstract
"Idealtypisch basieren Sozialversicherungssysteme Bismarck'scher Prägung auf dem Beitrags- und Äquivalenzprinzip, sie haben die Erwerbsarbeit zum Ausgangspunkt und die Lebensstandardsicherung der Beitragszahlenden (und deren Familien) zum Ziel. In Ländern wie Deutschland, Belgien, Österreich und Frankreich ist eine kontinuierliche, vollzeitige bzw. durchschnittlich entlohnte Erwerbsarbeit daher eine notwendige Voraussetzung für eine hinreichende Absicherung bei Arbeitslosigkeit oder im Alter. Für die Absicherung der 'neuen sozialen Risken' Kinderbetreuung und Pflege bieten sie somit tendenziell ungünstige Ausgangsbedingungen; betreuende und pflegende Personen sind durch das Konstrukt der 'Versorgerehe' auf den familiären Haushalt verwiesen.
Die vergleichende Wohlfahrtsstaatsforschung hat in den vergangenen Jahren ein wachsendes Interesse am Wandel des Bismarck'schen Wohlfahrtsstaates entwickelt, dem lange Zeit ein starkes Beharrungsvermögen bei gleichzeitig anwachsender Dysfunktionalität unterstellt wurde. Während über den Rückbau der Systeme umfassende Erkenntnisse vorliegen, ist relativ wenig bekannt über Expansionstendenzen, die dem Äquivalenzprinzip, aber auch der allgemeinen Tendenz des Rückbaus sozialer Sicherungssysteme entgegenlaufen. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Policies, die in den vier typischen Sozialversicherungsstaaten für die Absicherung von Pflegenden und Kinder Betreuenden in der Arbeitslosen- und Rentenversicherung in den vergangenen 20 Jahren institutionalisiert wurden.
Die mehrfach vergleichende Analyse macht Folgendes deutlich. Erstens, kommt der Versorgerehe trotz ihrer teilweisen 'Modernisierung' eine nach wie vor große Bedeutung zu - vor allem bei der Alterssicherung von Eltern und Pflegepersonen. Damit bleibt ein zentrales Strukturmotiv konservativ-korporatistischer Sozialstaaten weitgehend erhalten. Zweitens wird jedoch durch die arbeitsrechtliche Institutionalisierung von Freistellungsphasen und deren sozialrechtlicher Sicherung in allen vier Ländern der Verweis auf den ehelichen Kontext 'entschärft'. Allerdings gilt dies in vollem Maße nur für Kinder betreuende Personen, die sowohl in der Arbeitslosen- als auch der Rentenversicherung während der gesetzlichen Freistellungsphasen Erwerbstätigen vergleichbar gut abgesichert sind, während für Pflegepersonen nach wie vor wichtige Sicherungslücken entstehen können. Drittens lassen sich im internationalen Vergleich idiosynkratische Entwicklungen erkennen, so dass eine im Hinblick auf ein großzügiges Sicherungsniveau von Erziehenden und Pflegenden gerichtete Policy 'gute Praktiken' aus allen vier Ländern zusammenführen würde. Grundsätzlich gleichen spezifische Ausgleichsregeln jedoch immer nur die akute Unterbrechung an Beitragszahlungen aus, nicht aber die reduzierten Einkommens- und Aufstiegschancen, Senioritätsgewinne oder Arbeitsmarktrisiken, die durch Erwerbsunterbrechungen oder Teilzeitphasen entstehen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku) -
Literaturhinweis
Winners and losers: the consequences of welfare state policies for gender wage inequality (2012)
Zitatform
Mandel, Hadas (2012): Winners and losers: the consequences of welfare state policies for gender wage inequality. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 28, H. 2, S. 241-262. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcq061
Abstract
"Cross-national studies of the impact of welfare states on gender inequality tend to overlook socio-economic divisions among women. This article challenges the implicit assumption that welfare states have uniform effects on the economic attainments of women, arguing that the impact of state intervention is necessarily conditioned by women's relative advantage or disadvantage in the labour market. Based on Luxembourg Income Study microdata for 21 advanced countries, the paper analyses gender wage gaps among highly skilled and low skilled men and women. The findings suggest that welfare state policies interact with socio-economic position: they limit the economic rewards of highly skilled women, but do not adversely affect, and by some measures actually benefit, those who are less skilled. Highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of social policies for different groups of women, the article concludes that more research is needed to explore differentiated approaches to reconciling work and family, rather than addressing universal work - family tensions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The influence of employment uncertainty on childbearing in France: a tempo or quantum effect? (2012)
Zitatform
Pailhe, Ariane & Anne Solaz (2012): The influence of employment uncertainty on childbearing in France. A tempo or quantum effect? In: Demographic Research, Jg. 26, S. 1-40. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2012.26.1
Abstract
"This paper investigates whether unemployment and insecure employment periods merely delay fertility or also impact on completed fertility in France. It analyses both the timing of first childbearing and the fertility reached at age 40. Different indicators of declining employment security are used, i.e. current individual employment characteristics, the accumulation of unstable jobs, and aggregate-level indicators of employment uncertainty. Male unemployment has a negative influence on the timing of first childbearing, while periods of insecure employment delay fertility for women. Completed fertility is impacted by unemployment spells only for men who have faced long-term unemployment. Employment uncertainty thus tends to delay first parenthood but has a relatively weak effect on lifetime fertility in France. Generous state support to families associated with a generous unemployment insurance system, and the strong French two-child family norm may explain why economic uncertainty affects fertility less than elsewhere." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effect of public sector employment on women's labour market outcomes (2011)
Zitatform
Anghel, Brindusa, Sara de la Rica & Juan J. Dolado (2011): The effect of public sector employment on women's labour market outcomes. (IZA discussion paper 5825), Bonn, 62 S.
Abstract
"This paper addresses the role played by Public Sector (PS) employment across different OECD labour markets in explaining: (i) gender differences regarding choices to work in either PS or private sector, and (ii) subsequent changes in female labour market outcomes. To do so, we provide some empirical evidence about cross-country gender differences in choice of employment in the PS vs. the private sector, using the European Community Household Panel (ECHP), in the light of different theories on gender behaviour in the labour market. We also analyze the main determinants of the hourly wage gaps across these two sectors for males and females separately. Finally, we document the main stylized facts about labour market transitions by male and female workers among inactivity, unemployment, working in the PS and working in the private sector." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender differences in time use over the life course in France, Italy, Sweden, and the US (2011)
Anxo, Dominique; Flood, Lennart; Mencarini, Letizia ; Tanturri, Maria Letizia ; Solaz, Anne ; Pailhé, Ariane ;Zitatform
Anxo, Dominique, Letizia Mencarini, Ariane Pailhé, Anne Solaz, Maria Letizia Tanturri & Lennart Flood (2011): Gender differences in time use over the life course in France, Italy, Sweden, and the US. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 17, H. 3, S. 159-195. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2011.582822
Abstract
"This contribution analyzes how men and women in France, Italy, Sweden, and the United States use their time over the life cycle and the extent to which societal and institutional contexts influence the gender division of labor. In order to test the hypothesis that contextual factors play a crucial role in shaping time allocation, this study considers countries that diverge considerably in terms of welfare state regime, employment and paid working time systems, family policies, and social norms. Using national time-use surveys for the late 1990s and early 2000s and regression techniques, the study not only finds large gender discrepancies in time use in each country at all stages of life but also determines that institutional contexts, in particular the design of family policies and employment regimes, do shape gender roles in different ways, and that Sweden displays the lowest gender gap in time allocation across the life course." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Les carrières salariales des hommes et des femmes: quelle convergence sur longue période? (2011)
Berton, Fabienne; Huiban, Jean-Pierre; Nortier, Frédérique;Zitatform
Berton, Fabienne, Jean-Pierre Huiban & Frédérique Nortier (2011): Les carrières salariales des hommes et des femmes. Quelle convergence sur longue période? In: Travail et Emploi H. 125, S. 9-25.
Abstract
"The authors test the assumption of a convergence between the wage careers of men and women. To do this, they examine a large panel of French employees from the private sector, by using a new and rich dataset : the EIC (Échantillon Inter-régimes de Cotisants) 2001 panel. Two generations are observed, the first one composed of individuals born in 1946 and the second one of individuals born in 1962. In the former case, men wage careers appear to be very different of women ones. When considering the latter a convergence may be observed toward a new form, different of the men previous model. The careers may be long now but are frequently interrupted, such interruptions being more frequent both for men and women. There is still a wage gap between men and women but also a significant increasing of heterogeneity within each population." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How mothers and fathers share childcare: a cross-national time-use comparison (2011)
Zitatform
Craig, Lyn & Killian Mullan (2011): How mothers and fathers share childcare. A cross-national time-use comparison. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 76, H. 6, S. 834-861. DOI:10.1177/0003122411427673
Abstract
"In most families today, childcare remains divided unequally between fathers and mothers. Scholars argue that persistence of the gendered division of childcare is due to multiple causes, including values about gender and family, disparities in paid work, class, and social context. It is likely that all of these factors interact, but to date researchers have not explored such interactions. To address this gap, we analyze nationally representative time-use data from Australia, Denmark, France, and Italy. These countries have different employment patterns, social and family policies, and cultural attitudes toward parenting and gender equality. Using data from matched married couples, we conduct a cross-national study of mothers' and fathers' relative time in childcare, divided along dimensions of task (i.e., routine versus non-routine activities) and co-presence (i.e., caring for children together as a couple versus caring solo). Results show that mothers' and fathers' work arrangements and education relate modestly to shares of childcare, and this relationship differs across countries. We find cross-national variation in whether more equal shares result from the behavior of mothers, fathers, or both spouses. Results illustrate the relevance of social context in accentuating or minimizing the impact of individual- and household-level characteristics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Frauen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt in Deutschland und Frankreich: warum es Französinnen besser gelingt, Familie und Beruf zu vereinbaren (2011)
Luci, Angela;Zitatform
Luci, Angela (2011): Frauen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt in Deutschland und Frankreich. Warum es Französinnen besser gelingt, Familie und Beruf zu vereinbaren. Berlin, 32 S.
Abstract
"Die Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen ist in den letzten Jahrzehnten sowohl in Deutschland als auch in Frankreich gestiegen. Aber es bestehen erhebliche Unterschiede im Beschäftigungsmuster: Während in Frankreich viele Frauen auch mit kleinen Kindern einer Vollzeit-Beschäftigung nachgehen, arbeitet in Deutschland ein großer Anteil in Teilzeit sowie in geringfügigen Beschäftigungsverhältnissen.
Gleichzeitig liegen die Geburtenraten in Deutschland und Frankreich weit auseinander. Zwar ist in beiden Ländern die durchschnittliche Anzahl Kinder pro Frau gesunken, doch der Geburtenrückgang ist in Deutschland viel dramatischer als in Frankreich.
Der Grund dafür scheint auf der Hand zu liegen: In Frankreich lassen sich Familie und Beruf besser miteinander vereinbaren als in Deutschland. Und es ist nicht allein das Betreuungsangebot für Kinder, das dafür den Ausschlag gibt. In Frankreich wird die Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern gezielt gefördert. Ein stimmiges Gesamtkonzept zieht sich durch verschiedene Politikbereiche wie Arbeitsmarkt- und Sozialpolitik, Bildungspolitik und die finanzielle Unterstützung von Familien. In Frankreich ist Gleichstellung Querschnittsaufgabe. Da kann Deutschland von seinem französischen Nachbarn lernen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug