Niedriglohnarbeitsmarkt
Der Ausbau des Niedriglohnsektors sollte Ende der 1990er Jahre die hohe Arbeitslosigkeit reduzieren. Als Niedriglohn gilt ein Arbeitsentgelt, das trotz Vollzeitbeschäftigung keine angemessene Existenzsicherung gewährleistet – die OECD definiert den ihn als einen Bruttolohn, der unterhalb von zwei Dritteln des nationalen Medianbruttolohns aller Vollzeitbeschäftigten liegt. Betroffen von Niedriglöhnen sind überdurchschnittlich häufig Personen ohne beruflichen Abschluss, jüngere Erwerbstätige und Frauen.
Bietet der Niedriglohnsektor eine Chance zum Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt oder ist er eine Sackgasse? Das IAB-Themendossier erschließt Informationen zum Forschungsstand.
Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Theorie
- Politik und Maßnahmen
- Arbeitsmarkt- und Lohnentwicklung
- Arbeitswelt, Personalpolitik
- Personengruppen
- Wirtschaftszweige
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
- Alter
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Literaturhinweis
High-touch and here-to-stay: Future skills demands in US low wage service occupations (2009)
Gatta, Mary; Boushey, Heather; Appelbaum, Eileen;Zitatform
Gatta, Mary, Heather Boushey & Eileen Appelbaum (2009): High-touch and here-to-stay: Future skills demands in US low wage service occupations. In: Sociology, Jg. 43, H. 5, S. 968-989. DOI:10.1177/0038038509340735
Abstract
"Interactive service occupations, requiring face-to-face contact, are rapidly growing in the US as they are typically not susceptible to larger trends of off-shoring and computerization. Yet conventional paradigms of understanding the nature of that work, and in particular the skill demands, are often ill equipped to deal with the 'interactive' aspects of these gendered and racialized occupations. As a result, discussions of lower-end service occupations have typically grouped together a variety of jobs that require little or no higher education, without examining the actual skill content and job requirements of these occupations. In this article we delve more deeply into the rapidly growing non-professional service occupations in the US and the level of skills these jobs require, with the intention of creating a framework that will reorient future sociological research in this area." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Emerging contexts of second-generation labour markets in the United States (2009)
Goodwin-White, Jamie;Zitatform
Goodwin-White, Jamie (2009): Emerging contexts of second-generation labour markets in the United States. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 35, H. 7, S. 1105-1128. DOI:10.1080/13691830903006135
Abstract
"In this paper I examine how local labour market contexts matter for the Hispanic adult children of immigrants in the United States. Specifically, I consider how these workers fit into ethnic divisions of labour in five metropolitan areas: the traditional immigrant cities of Los Angeles, New York and Chicago, and the newer immigrant gateways of Atlanta and Phoenix. I focus on the changing economies of these cities in the 1990s, and how industrial changes affect the jobs and relative wages available to immigrants and their adult children. I also examine the extent to which the adult children of immigrants are occupationally clustered in 'immigrant jobs'. Intergenerational occupational shifts vary by metropolitan area, but are heavily gendered across all of them. I also discuss the interactions of other scales of context, since state and national-level legislation, local organising efforts and internal migration all shape the settings within which the children of immigrants come of age." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Lessons from the policy world: How the economy, work supports, and education matter for low-income workers (2009)
Zitatform
Lambert, Susan J. (2009): Lessons from the policy world: How the economy, work supports, and education matter for low-income workers. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 56-65. DOI:10.1177/0730888408329637
Abstract
"Work and employment scholars interested in jobs and workers at the lower end of the labor market have much to learn from a recent set of volumes authored by policy scholars. These volumes focus on how shifts in the macroeconomy, work supports, and postsecondary education affect the well-being of workers both on and off the job. This essay identifies some of the more subtle contributions of these volumes to knowledge on the nature of employment. It explains how many of the analyses could benefit, however, from additional consideration of the jobs low-earners perform. The essay concludes by offering specific suggestions for incorporating additional measures of job conditions into policy-relevant research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does self-employment increase the economic well-being of low-skilled workers? (2009)
Lofstrom, Magnus;Zitatform
Lofstrom, Magnus (2009): Does self-employment increase the economic well-being of low-skilled workers? (IZA discussion paper 4539), Bonn, 46 S.
Abstract
"Low-skilled workers do not fare well in today's skill intensive economy and their opportunities continue to diminish. Given that individuals in this challenging skill segment of the workforce are more likely to have poor experiences in the labor market, and hence incur greater public expenses, it is particularly important to seek and evaluate their labor market options. Utilizing data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the economic returns to business ownership among low-skilled workers and addresses the essential question of whether self-employment is a good option for low-skilled individuals that policymakers might consider encouraging. The analysis reveal substantial differences in the role of self-employment among low-skilled workers across gender and nativity - women and immigrants are shown to be of particular importance both from the perspectives of trends and policy relevance. We find that although the returns to low-skilled self-employment among men are relatively high we find that wage/salary employment is a substantially more financially rewarding option for most women. These findings raise the question of why low-skilled women enter self-employment. Our business start-up results are consistent, but not conclusive, with lack of affordable child care options and limited labor market opportunities in the wage/salary sector as motivating native born women to enter self-employment. We do not find empirical evidence of similar constraints among immigrant women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
RSA - peut-on apprendre des expériences étrangères?: un bilan des travaux sur l'EITC e le WFTC (2009)
Mikol, Fanny; Remy, Veronique;Zitatform
Mikol, Fanny & Veronique Remy (2009): RSA - peut-on apprendre des expériences étrangères? Un bilan des travaux sur l'EITC e le WFTC. In: Travail et emploi H. 120, S. 63-75.
Abstract
"Earned income tax credit have been implemented in the United States and the United Kingdom since decades with two main objectives: income redistribution and giving incentives to get back to work. The Earned Income Tax Credit in the US and the Working Family Tax Credit in the UK have been largely studied: they both had effects on recipients' labour market participation differing according to their family situation. Although these credits aim at increasing household income, they may exert downward pressure on wages of both entitled and not entitled workers. These studies' results can be useful to anticipate the consequences of the 'tax credit' part of the RSA on labour market participation and on wages. Received by low-income workers, this new tax credit is closer to American and British ones than Employment Allowance ('prime pour l'emploi ')." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Discrimination in a low-wage labor market: a field experiment (2009)
Zitatform
Pager, Devah, Bruce Western & Bart Bonikowski (2009): Discrimination in a low-wage labor market. A field experiment. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 74, H. 5, S. 777-799.
Abstract
"Decades of racial progress have led some researchers and policymakers to doubt that discrimination remains an important cause of economic inequality. To study contemporary discrimination, we conducted a field experiment in the low-wage labor market of New York City, recruiting white, black, and Latino job applicants who were matched on demographic characteristics and interpersonal skills. These applicants were given equivalent résumés and sent to apply in tandem for hundreds of entry-level jobs. Our results show that black applicants were half as likely as equally qualified whites to receive a callback or job offer. In fact, black and Latino applicants with clean backgrounds fared no better than white applicants just released from prison. Additional qualitative evidence from our applicants' experiences further illustrates the multiple points at which employment trajectories can be deflected by various forms of racial bias. These results point to the subtle yet systematic forms of discrimination that continue to shape employment opportunities for low-wage workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Discrimination in a low-wage labor market: a field experiment (2009)
Zitatform
Pager, Devah, Bruce Western & Bart Bonikowski (2009): Discrimination in a low-wage labor market. A field experiment. (IZA discussion paper 4469), Bonn, 49 S.
Abstract
"Decades of racial progress have led some researchers and policymakers to doubt that discrimination remains an important cause of economic inequality. To study contemporary discrimination we conducted a field experiment in the low-wage labor market of New York City. The experiment recruited white, black, and Latino job applicants, called testers, who were matched on demographic characteristics and interpersonal skills. The testers were given equivalent resumes and sent to apply in tandem for hundreds of entry-level jobs. Our results show that black applicants were half as likely to receive a call-back or job offer relative to equally qualified whites. In fact, black and Latino applicants with clean backgrounds fared no better than a white applicant just released from prison. Additional qualitative evidence from our testers' experiences further illustrates the multiple points at which employment trajectories can be deflected by various forms of racial bias. Together these results point to the subtle but systematic forms of discrimination that continue to shape employment opportunities for low-wage workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Identifying minimum wage effects: new evidence from monthly CPS data (2009)
Zitatform
Sabia, Joseph J. (2009): Identifying minimum wage effects. New evidence from monthly CPS data. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 48, H. 2, S. 311-328. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-232X.2009.00559.x
Abstract
"The appropriateness of including year effects in employment models has been a contentious issue in the minimum wage literature. Using monthly data from the 1979-2004 Current Population Surveys, I find consistent evidence of adverse labor demand effects for teenagers across specifications preferred by those on each side of this debate. Estimated employment elasticities range from -0.2 to -0.3 and unconditional hours elasticities from -0.4 to -0.5." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effects of minimum wage increases on retail employment and hours: new evidence from monthly CPS data (2009)
Zitatform
Sabia, Joseph J. (2009): The effects of minimum wage increases on retail employment and hours. New evidence from monthly CPS data. In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 30, H. 1, S. 75-97. DOI:10.1007/s12122-008-9054-1
Abstract
"Proponents of state and federal minimum wage increases argue that past minimum wage hikes have not adversely affected retail employment. However, the existing empirical evidence is mixed. This study uses monthly data from the 1979-2004 Current Population Survey to provide new estimates of the effect of minimum wage increases on retail employment and hours worked. The findings suggest evidence of modest adverse effects. A 10% increase in the minimum wage is associated with a 1% decline in retail trade employment and usual weekly hours worked. Larger negative employment and hours effects are observed for the least experienced workers in the retail sector. These results are robust across a number of specifications, but are sensitive to controls for state time trends." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Using local labor market data to re-examine the employment effects of the minimum wage (2009)
Thompson, Jeffrey P.;Zitatform
Thompson, Jeffrey P. (2009): Using local labor market data to re-examine the employment effects of the minimum wage. In: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Jg. 62, H. 3, S. 343-366.
Abstract
"Using quarterly Census data for 1996-2000, the author evaluates how minimum wages affected teenage employment at the county level. An analysis that includes all counties yields small and statistically insignificant effects, consistent with previous research using state panels. However, in counties where the minimum wage was likely binding (above the market-clearing wage for teens), the negative impact on employment was considerably larger. The effect was strongest in small counties, was restricted to 'transitory' jobs and new hires, and apparently was not experienced by young adults ages 19-22. The small employment effects found in much of the literature, the author argues, at least partly reflect the estimates' inclusion of local labor markets where the minimum wage is not binding. By averaging the effects across all areas, with no disaggregation based on where the minimum wage is binding and where it is not, these studies overlook important regional variation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Rethinking the regulation of vulnerable work in the USA: a sector-based approach (2009)
Zitatform
Weil, David (2009): Rethinking the regulation of vulnerable work in the USA. A sector-based approach. In: Journal of Industrial Relations, Jg. 51, H. 3, S. 411-430. DOI:10.1177/0022185609104842
Abstract
"This article discusses one of the major challenges of US workplace policy: protecting roughly 35m workers who are vulnerable to a variety of major risks in the workplace. After laying out the dimensions of this problem, I show that the vulnerable workforce is concentrated in a subset of sectors with distinctive industry characteristics. Examining how employer organizations relate to one another in these sectors provides insight into some of the causes as well as possible solutions for redressing workforce vulnerability in the US as well as other countries facing similar problems." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effect of minimum wages on wages and employment: county-level estimates for the United States (2008)
Zitatform
Addison, John T., McKinley L. Blackburn & Chad D. Cotti (2008): The effect of minimum wages on wages and employment. County-level estimates for the United States. (IZA discussion paper 3300), Bonn, 50 S.
Abstract
"We use county-level data on employment and earnings in the restaurant-and-bar sector to evaluate the impact of minimum wage changes on low-wage labor markets. Our empirical approach is similar to the literature that has used state-level panel data to estimate minimum-wage impacts, with the difference that we focus on a particular sector rather than demographic group. Our estimated models are consistent with a simple competitive model of the restaurant-and-bar labor market in which supply-and-demand factors affect both the equilibrium outcome and the probability that a minimum wage will be binding in any given time period. Our evidence does not suggest that minimum wages reduce employment in the overall restaurant-and-bar sector, after controls for trends in sector employment at the county level are incorporated in the model. Employment in this sector appears to exhibit a downward long-term trend in states that have increased their minimum wages relative to states that have not, thereby predisposing fixed-effects estimates towards finding negative employment effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Can policy interact with culture? Minimum wage and the quality of labor relations (2008)
Zitatform
Aghion, Philippe, Yann Algan & Pierre Cahuc (2008): Can policy interact with culture? Minimum wage and the quality of labor relations. (IZA discussion paper 3680), Bonn, 69 S.
Abstract
"Can public policy interfere with culture, such as beliefs and norms of cooperation? We investigate his question by evaluating the interactions between the State and the Civil Society, focusing on the labor market. International data shows a negative correlation between union density and the quality of labor relations on one hand, and state regulation of the minimum wage on the other hand. To explain this relation, we develop a model of learning of the quality of labor relations. State regulation crowds out the possibility for workers to experiment negotiation and learn about the true cooperative nature of participants in the labor market. This crowding out effect can give rise to multiple equilibria: a 'good' equilibrium characterized by strong beliefs in cooperation, leading to high union density and low state regulation; and a 'bad' equilibrium, characterized by distrustful labor relations, low union density and strong state regulation of the minimum wage. We then use surveys on social attitudes and unionization behavior to document the relation between minimum wage legislation and the beliefs about the scope of cooperation in the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: NBER working paper , 14327 -
Literaturhinweis
Trends in U.S. wage inequality: revising the revisionists (2008)
Zitatform
Autor, David, Lawrence F. Katz & Melissa S. Kearney (2008): Trends in U.S. wage inequality. Revising the revisionists. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 90, H. 2, S. 300-323. DOI:10.1162/rest.90.2.290
Abstract
"A recent 'revisionist' literature characterizes the pronounced rise in U.S. wage inequality since 1980 as an 'episodic' event of the first half of the 1980s driven by nonmarket factors (particularly a falling real minimum wage) and concludes that continued increases in wage inequality since the late 1980s substantially reflect the mechanical confounding effects of changes in labor force composition. Analyzing data from the Current Population Survey for 1963 to 2005, we find limited support for these claims. The slowing of the growth of overall wage inequality in the 1990s hides a divergence in the paths of upper-tail (90/50) inequality - which has increased steadily since 1980, even adjusting for changes in labor force composition - and lower-tail (50/10) inequality, which rose sharply in the first half of the 1980s and plateaued or contracted thereafter. Fluctuations in the real minimum wage are not a plausible explanation for these trends since the bulk of inequality growth occurs above the median of the wage distribution. Models emphasizing rapid secular growth in the relative demand for skills - attributable to skill-biased technical change - and a sharp deceleration in the relative supply of college workers in the 1980s do an excellent job of capturing the evolution of the college/high school wage premium over four decades. But these models also imply a puzzling deceleration in relative demand growth for college workers in the early 1990s, also visible in a recent 'polarization' of skill demands in which employment has expanded in high-wage and low-wage work at the expense of middle-wage jobs. These patterns are potentially reconciled by a modified version of the skill-biased technical change hypothesis that emphasizes the role of information technology in complementing abstract (high-education) tasks and substituting for routine (middle-education) tasks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The nature of occupational unemployment rates in the United States: hysteresis or structural? (2008)
Zitatform
Candelon, Bertrand, Arnaud Dupuy & Luis A. Gil-Alana (2008): The nature of occupational unemployment rates in the United States. Hysteresis or structural? (IZA discussion paper 3571), Bonn, 26 S.
Abstract
"This paper provides new evidence on the nature of occupational differences in unemployment dynamics, which is relevant for the debate between the structural or hysteresis hypotheses. We develop a procedure that permits us to test for the presence of a structural break at unknown date. Our approach allows the investigation of a broader range of persistence than the 0/1 paradigm about the order of integration, usually implemented for testing the hypothesis of hysteresis in occupational unemployment. In almost all occupations, we find support for both the structuralist and the hysteresis hypotheses, but stress the importance of estimating the degree of persistence of seasonal shocks along with the degree of long-run persistence on raw data without applying seasonal filters. Indeed hysteresis appears to be underestimated when data are initially adjusted using traditional seasonal filters." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A comparative review of workfare programmes in the United States, Canada and Australia (2008)
Zitatform
Crisp, Richard & Del Roy Fletcher (2008): A comparative review of workfare programmes in the United States, Canada and Australia. (Department of Work and Pensions. Research report 533), London, 24 S.
Abstract
"Hallam University were commissioned to undertake a literature review of international evidence of workfare programmes. Three countries were chosen as offering interesting and relevant examples of workfare type programmes: the US, Canada and Australia. It was clear from the outset that it would not be possible to import wholesale programmes from other countries into the UK, but that there would be key lessons. The report refers to key features that help participants on workfare programmes into employment. Insisting on some job search for participants during the programme is vital to ensure that they do not become dependent on this form of employment and actually move into the open labour market. The second key feature is treating participants' barriers to work and not just their lack of work experience. Additional support for those with drink and drug problems and basic employability skills helps improve participants' chances of finding work. The report points to evidence that full-time activity in such programmes leads to improved job outcomes: between a half and two-thirds of leavers found unsubsidised work at some point in the three years after leaving the Wisconsin programme. Australia's 'Work for the Dole' had a 7 per cent net increase in participants going into jobs compared to nonparticipants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Older and out of work: jobs and social insurance for a changing economy (2008)
Eberts, Randall W. ; Reville, Robert T.; Hobbie, Richard A.; Ridley, Neil; Davis, Karen; Rodgers III., William M.; Horn, Carl van; Schoen, Cathey; Kriss, Jennifer L.; Schoeni, Robert F. ; O'Leary, Christopher J. ; Smith, Ralph E.; Doty, Michelle M.; Water, Paul N. van de; Lahey, Joanna N.; White, Joseph; Krepcio, Kathy; Collins, Sara R.;Zitatform
Eberts, Randall W. & Richard A. Hobbie (Hrsg.) (2008): Older and out of work. Jobs and social insurance for a changing economy. Kalamazoo: Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 237 S.
Abstract
"The chapters in this volume, originally presented at a conference organized by the National Academy of Social Insurance, come from a group of policy experts who advance our understanding of the labor market experiences of older workers while pointing out that current workforce programs often leave this growing population underserved." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Umsetzung des Workfare-Ansatzes im BMWi-Modell für eine existenzsichernde Beschäftigung: Projekt 53/07 des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Technologie. Abschlussbericht (2008)
Eichhorst, Werner; Schneider, Hilmar;Zitatform
Eichhorst, Werner & Hilmar Schneider (2008): Umsetzung des Workfare-Ansatzes im BMWi-Modell für eine existenzsichernde Beschäftigung. Projekt 53/07 des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Technologie. Abschlussbericht. (IZA research report 18), Bonn, 94 S.
Abstract
Workfare bedeutet die Umsetzung des Prinzips von Leistung und Gegenleistung im Falle des Transferbezugs in der sozialen Grundsicherung. In dem Bericht wird die praktische Umsetzung von Workfare als Element des BMWi-Modells für eine existenzsichernde Beschäftigung untersucht. US-amerikanische, britische und niederländische Workfare-Modelle werden vorgestellt, sowie das Projekt Bürgerarbeit in Sachsen-Anhalt und Thüringen. Aus diesen Beispielen werden grundsätzliche Aspekt der Gestaltung von Workfare abgeleitet. Der Bericht zeigt insbesondere auf, welche Tätigkeitsfelder und Organisationsstrukturen geeignet sind, um eine möglichst hohe Wirksamkeit und Kosteneffizienz von Workfare zu erreichen. In Bezug auf mögliche Tätigkeitsfelder werden die Vor- und Nachteile marktferner abschreckender Tätigkeiten und marktnaher qualifizierende Tätigkeiten abgewogen. Da Workfare als Gegenleistung für den Transferbezug zu verstehen ist, wird eine Entlohnung auf dem Niveau der Grundsicherung zuzüglich einer Mehraufwandspauschale empfohlen. Für die Träger von Workfare-Projekten wird eine erfolgsabhängige Vergütung vorgeschlagen sowie eine Budgetierung, die Wettbewerbsverzerrungen vermeidet. Mögliche Verdrängungseffekte von Workfare lassen sich minimieren, indem die Aufnahmefähigkeit des regulären Arbeitsmarktes vergrößert wird, sowie durch sorgfältige Teilnehmerauswahl und Definition der Tätigkeitsfelder. Die Studie zeigt, dass eine wirksame Umsetzung von Workfare als Teil einer umfassenden Vermittlungs- und Aktivierungsstrategie von der Funktionsfähigkeit des regulären Arbeitsmarktes abhängt. Die einzelnen Fallstudien belegen darüber hinaus die Notwendigkeit einer sorgfältigen Zielgruppenorientierung. Bei der Umsetzung von Workfare bietet sich eine abgestufte Einführung nach Zielgruppen oder Regionen an. Für die politische Vermittlung und Akzeptanz von Workfare ist es wichtig, auf die positiven Aspekte des Programms hinzuweisen. Grundsätzlich belegen die vorliegenden Erfahrungen und Simulationsrechnungen positive Effekte von Workfare auf öffentliche Haushalte und Gesamtwirtschaft, da diese Strategie zu einer Entlastung der öffentlichen Haushalte durch Abgänge aus dem Transferbezug führt. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Redistribution and tax expenditures: The Earned Income Tax Credit (2008)
Eissa, Nada; Hoynes, Hilary;Zitatform
Eissa, Nada & Hilary Hoynes (2008): Redistribution and tax expenditures: The Earned Income Tax Credit. (NBER working paper 14307), Cambridge, Mass., 52 S. DOI:10.3386/w14307
Abstract
"This paper examines the distributional and behavioral effects of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). We chart the growth of the program over time, and argue several expansions show that real responses to taxes are important. We use tax data to show the distribution of benefits by income and family size, and examine the impacts of hypothetical reforms (expansions and contractions) to the credit. Finally, we calculate the efficiency effects of marginal changes to EITC parameters. Targeting the EITC to lower-income families by raising the phase-out rate generates a welfare loss for single mothers, primarily because of the disincentive to enter the labor market and not the traditional hours-of-work distortion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Workfare in den USA: das Elend der US-amerikanischen Sozialhilfepolitik (2008)
Grell, Britta;Zitatform
Grell, Britta (2008): Workfare in den USA. Das Elend der US-amerikanischen Sozialhilfepolitik. (Sozialtheorie), Bielefeld: Transcript, 470 S.
Abstract
"Das 'Sozialhilfeproblem' scheint in den USA - anders als in Europa - gelöst, worauf anhaltend hohe Beschäftigungsquoten verweisen. Die Studie stellt diesen Konsens in Frage. Sie untersucht die bislang nur unzureichend verstandenen Hintergründe und Konsequenzen der US-Sozialhilfereform von 1996, die einen radikalen Arbeitszwang für alle Bedürftigen einführte. Es wird erklärt, warum sich mit dieser 'Workfare-Politik' die Armut noch verschärft hat. Zudem wird gezeigt, wie Gewerkschaften und soziale Bewegungen auf diese Politik reagiert haben und vor welchen sozialpolitischen Herausforderungen Städte wie New York und Los Angeles zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts stehen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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- Theorie
- Politik und Maßnahmen
- Arbeitsmarkt- und Lohnentwicklung
- Arbeitswelt, Personalpolitik
- Personengruppen
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- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
- Alter