Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Das Themendossier "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Childbearing dynamics of couples in a universalistic welfare state: the role of labormarket status, country of origin, and gender (2007)
Zitatform
Andersson, Gunnar & Kirk Scott (2007): Childbearing dynamics of couples in a universalistic welfare state. The role of labormarket status, country of origin, and gender. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 17, S. 897-938. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2007.17.30
Abstract
"This article studies childbearing dynamics by labor-market status of co-residing parents in Sweden. We apply event-history techniques to longitudinal register data on the life histories of foreign-born mothers from ten different countries and the partners to these women, as well as to a sample of Swedish-born mothers and their partners. The context is a universalistic welfare state geared towards gender and social equality where formal social rights are largely independent of a person's civil status, citizenship, and country of origin. We investigate the extent to which the associations of parents' labor-market status with childbearing in Sweden differ between women and men and by country of origin. We find that the patterns of association are fairly similar on both of these individual dimensions. As measured by the way the labor-market activity of parents is related to their subsequent childbearing, we find evidence of equality by gender and at least some evidence of integration of immigrants into the dynamics of Swedish society." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Familie und Arbeitsmarkt: eine Längsschnittstudie zum Einfluss beruflicher Unsicherheiten auf die Familienerweiterung (2007)
Zitatform
Bernhard, Sarah & Karin Kurz (2007): Familie und Arbeitsmarkt. Eine Längsschnittstudie zum Einfluss beruflicher Unsicherheiten auf die Familienerweiterung. (IAB-Discussion Paper 10/2007), Nürnberg, 40 S.
Abstract
"In der Studie werden die Auswirkungen von Unsicherheiten auf dem Arbeitsmarkt auf die Entscheidung für oder gegen ein zweites Kind bei Müttern und Vätern in Deutschland analysiert. Mit Daten des sozioökonomischen Panels werden Piecewise-constant-exponential-Modelle für die Entscheidung zum zweiten Kind geschätzt. Die Ergebnisse verweisen einerseits auf die weitgehende Verbreitung des Modells des männlichen Ernährers in Deutschland: So neigen höher gebildete Männer - von denen erwartet werden kann, dass sie auch ein höheres Einkommen realisieren können - eher dazu ihre Familie zu erweitern als weniger gebildete Männer. Außerdem entscheiden sich nichterwerbstätige oder teilzeitbeschäftigte Frauen eher für das zweite Kind als vollzeiterwerbstätige Frauen. Andererseits werden gewisse Auflösungstendenzen der traditionellen Rollenverteilung deutlich: Männer in unsicheren Beschäftigungspositionen sind nicht weniger geneigt, sich für ein zweites Kind zu entscheiden als Männer in beruflicher Sicherheit. Frauen schieben, wenn sie eine neue Stelle antreten, die Entscheidung für ein weiteres Kind zunächst auf. Frauen in befristeter Beschäftigung sind ebenfalls eher weniger geneigt, sich für ein zweites Kind zu entscheiden als unbefristet beschäftigte Mütter." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Changes in the labor supply behavior of married women: 1980-2000 (2007)
Zitatform
Blau, Francine D. & Lawrence M. Kahn (2007): Changes in the labor supply behavior of married women: 1980-2000. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 25, H. 3, S. 393-438.
Abstract
"Using March Current Population Survey data, we investigate married women's labor supply from 1980 to 2000. We find a large rightward shift in their labor supply function for annual hours in the 1980s, with little shift in the 1990s. These shifts account for most of the slowdown in the growth of labor supply during this period. A major development was the dramatic decrease in the responsiveness of married women's labor supply to their own and husbands' wages: their own wage elasticity fell by 50%-56%, while their cross wage elasticity fell by 38%-47% in absolute value." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Fertility, female labor force participation, and the demographic dividend (2007)
Zitatform
Bloom, David E., David Canning, Günther Fink & Jocelyn E. Finlay (2007): Fertility, female labor force participation, and the demographic dividend. (NBER working paper 13583), Cambridge, Mass., 41 S. DOI:10.3386/w13583
Abstract
"We estimate the effect of fertility on female labor force participation in a cross-country panel data set using abortion legislation as an instrument for fertility. We find a large negative effect of the fertility rate on female labor force participation. The direct effect is concentrated among those aged 20-39, but we find that cohort participation is persistent over time giving an effect among older women. We present a simulation model of the effect of fertility reduction on income per capita, taking into account these changes in female labor force participation as well as population numbers and age structure." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
New deal for lone parents: non-participation qualitative research (2007)
Brown, Richard; Joyce, Lucy;Zitatform
Brown, Richard & Lucy Joyce (2007): New deal for lone parents. Non-participation qualitative research. (Department for Work and Pensions. Research report 408), London, 82 S.
Abstract
"The New Deal for Lone Parents programme is part of the Government's 'Welfare to Work' agenda and is designed to help lone parents move closer to the labour market and into work. Participation in the programme is voluntary. Previous survey findings have suggested that the majority of those that do not take part in the programme are unable to provide specific reasons for non-participation. This report explores this phenomenon and tries to establish the reasons for non-participation. The research consisted of in-depth interviews with lone parents and lone parent advisers as well as focus groups; and observations of Work Focused Interviews. The research was conducted by BMRB Social Research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The gender gap in workplace authority in Sweden 1968-2000: a family affair? (2007)
Zitatform
Bygren, Magnus & Michael Gähler (2007): The gender gap in workplace authority in Sweden 1968-2000. A family affair? (Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation. Working paper 2007,28), Uppsala, 41 S.
Abstract
"We assess whether the gender gap in authority in Sweden has changed during the period 1968-2000, and investigate to what extent family factors are responsible for this gap. We find that the gap has narrowed modestly during this period, and identify the life-event of parenthood as a major cause of the gap. When men become fathers, they gain authority; when women become mothers, they do not. Our fixed effects panel estimates of the effects of family factors deviate from the cross-sectional estimates, suggesting that unobserved individual heterogeneity - routinely neglected in this line of research - matters." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeiten lohnt sich nicht - ein zweites Kind noch weniger: zu den Auswirkungen einkommensabhängiger Tarife auf das (Arbeitsmarkt-) Verhalten der Frauen (2007)
Zitatform
Bütler, Monika (2007): Arbeiten lohnt sich nicht - ein zweites Kind noch weniger. Zu den Auswirkungen einkommensabhängiger Tarife auf das (Arbeitsmarkt-) Verhalten der Frauen. In: Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik, Jg. 8, H. 1, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2516.2007.00227.x
Abstract
Staatliche Unterstützungsleistungen der Kinderbetreuung sollen es Müttern mit kleinen Kindern erleichtern, eine Erwerbsarbeit aufzunehmen. Der Beitrag zeigt, dass das zur Zeit in der Schweiz vorherrschende System der einkommensabhängigen Subventionierung (das aktuell auch in Deutschland diskutiert wird) starke negative Anreize in Bezug auf die Aufnahme einer Erwerbstätigkeit speziell für qualifizierten Frauen schafft. Das Beispiel der Stadt Zürich zeigt, dass Krippenplätze für nicht arbeitende Mütter am günstigsten sind, und dass es sich für Mütter nicht lohnt, mehr als einen bis drei Tage pro Woche zu arbeiten, weil jeder Anstieg der Arbeitszeiten zu einem überproportionalen Anstieg der Kinderbetreuungskosten führt. Bei mehr als zwei Kindern übersteigen die Steuern und zusätzlichen Kosten oft sogar das erzielbare Einkommen. Wenn man diese Mütter aus dem Arbeitsmarkt herausdrängt, hat dies einen Verlust an Humankapital und Steuereinnahmen zur Folge. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Trends in labor force participation of married mothers of infants (2007)
Cohany, Sharon R.; Sok, Emy;Zitatform
Cohany, Sharon R. & Emy Sok (2007): Trends in labor force participation of married mothers of infants. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 130, H. 2, S. 9-16.
Abstract
"The most striking feature of women's labor market gains during the post-World War II period was the entry of married mothers into the work force. In 1948, only about 17 percent of married mothers were in the labor force. By the 1980s, labor force participation had become an integral part of their lives. In 1985, for example, 61 percent of married mothers were working or looking for work. By 1995, their labor force participation rate had reached 70 percent. In fact, married mothers accounted for most of the increase in total labor force participation during the post-war period. In recent years, however, the labor force participation of married mothers, especially those with young children, has stopped its advance. In 2005, the participation rate of married mothers with preschoolers was 60 percent, about 4 percentage points lower than its peak in 1997 and 1998. Married mothers with children under a year old (infants) showed the most dramatic changes. After reaching a peak of 59.2 percent in 1997, the participation rate for married mothers of infants fell by about 6 percentage points to 53.3 percent in 2000 and has shown no clear trend since then. In comparison, the participation rate of married mothers of school-age children (aged 6 to 17) fell by just 2 percentage points, from 77 percent in 1997 to about 75 percent in 2005. This article explores the characteristics of married mothers of infants and recent trends in their labor force participation. The data in this article are from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of 60,000 households that provides a large amount of demographic, family relationship, and labor force information." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Determinants of child care participation (2007)
Coneus, Katja; Goeggel, Kathrin; Muehler, Grit;Zitatform
Coneus, Katja, Kathrin Goeggel & Grit Muehler (2007): Determinants of child care participation. (ZEW discussion paper 2007-074), Mannheim, 21 S.
Abstract
"When estimating the determinants of child care participation, the simultaneity in mothers' decision to work and in the decision to use child care is a major challenge. In this study, we provide evidence on the determinants of institutional child care use accounting for the endogeneity of mothers' labor supply by applying an instrumental variables approach. This endogeneity has been neglected in studies on this issue so far, even though the decision to use child care outside the home is strongly connected to mothers' decision to work after childbirth and vice versa. Based on the German Socio-economic Panel (GSOEP) from 1989-2006 we show that children living in Western Germany have a higher probability to attend institutional care if their mothers increase their actual weekly working time. Estimating the determining factors of child care participation without correcting for simultaneity underestimates the influence of maternal working time by more than a half." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Getting a job: is there a motherhood penalty? (2007)
Zitatform
Correll, Shelley J., Stephen Benard & In Paik (2007): Getting a job. Is there a motherhood penalty? In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 112, H. 5, S. 1297-1338.
Abstract
"Survey research finds that mothers suffer a substantial wage penalty, although the causal mechanism producing it remains elusive. The authors employed a laboratory experiment to evaluate the hypothesis that status-based discrimination plays an important role and an audit study of actual employers to assess its real-world implications. In both studies, participants evaluated application materials for a pair of same-gender equally qualified job candidates who differed on parental status. The laboratory experiment found that mothers were penalized on a host of measures, including perceived competence and recommended starting salary. Men were not penalized for, and sometimes benefited from, being a parent. The audit study showed that actual employers discriminate against mothers, but not against fathers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor force status of families: a visual essay (2007)
Cromartie, Stella Potter;Zitatform
Cromartie, Stella Potter (2007): Labor force status of families. A visual essay. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 130, H. 7/8, S. 35-41.
Abstract
"This visual essay presents highlights of data on employment and unemployment within families. Over time, work patterns within families have changed dramatically, particularly as women - notably married women and mothers - have entered the labor force. Labor force patterns vary by family type and by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. The estimates in this visual essay are based on data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national sample survey of about 60,000 households conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Why Are Mothers Working Longer Hours in Austria than in Germany? A Comparative Microsimulation Analysis (2007)
Zitatform
Dearing, Helene, Helmut Hofer, Christine Lietz, Rudolf Winter-Ebmer & Katharina Wrohlich (2007): Why Are Mothers Working Longer Hours in Austria than in Germany? A Comparative Microsimulation Analysis. In: Fiscal Studies, Jg. 28, H. 4, S. 463-495. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-5890.2007.00064.x
Abstract
"Labour force participation rates of mothers in Austria and Germany are similar; however, full-time employment rates are much higher among Austrian mothers. In order to find out to what extent these differences can be attributed to differences in the tax-transfer system, we perform a comparative microsimulation exercise. After estimating structural labour supply models for both countries, we interchange two important institutional characteristics of the two countries - namely, (i) the definition of the tax unit within the personal income tax and (ii) the parental leave benefit scheme. As our analysis shows, differences in mothers’employment patterns can partly be explained by the different tax systems: while Germany has a system of joint taxation with income splitting for married couples, Austria taxes everyone individually, which leads to lower marginal tax rates for secondary earners than in the German system." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Why are mothers working longer hours in Austria than in Germany?: a comparative micro simulation analysis (2007)
Zitatform
Dearing, Helene, Helmut Hofer, Christine Lietz, Rudolf Winter-Ebmer & Katharina Wrohlich (2007): Why are mothers working longer hours in Austria than in Germany? A comparative micro simulation analysis. (IZA discussion paper 2845), Bonn, 30 S.
Abstract
"Labor force participation rates of mothers in Austria and Germany are similar, however full-time employment rates are much higher among Austrian mothers. In order to find out to what extent these differences can be attributed to differences in the tax transfer-system, we perform a comparative micro simulation exercise. After estimating structural labor supply models of both countries, we interchange two important institutional characteristics of the two countries, namely (i) the definition of the tax unit within the personal income tax and (ii) the parental leave benefit scheme. As our analysis shows, differences in mothers' employment patterns can partly be explained by the different tax systems: While Germany has a system of joint taxation with income splitting for married couples, Austria taxes everyone individually, which leads to lower marginal tax rates for secondary earners than the German system." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: DIW-Diskussionspapiere , 695 -
Literaturhinweis
Labor market participation in France: an asymptotic least squares analysis of couples' decisions (2007)
Zitatform
Duguet, Emmanuel & Veronique Simonnet (2007): Labor market participation in France. An asymptotic least squares analysis of couples' decisions. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 5, H. 2, S. 159-179. DOI:10.1007/s11150-007-9008-z
Abstract
"This paper examines the interactions between spouses' decisions to join the labor force. We use the asymptotic least squares method in order to estimate a system of equations with limited dependent variables. We find that when spouse's decision-making is modelled as simultaneous, this affects primarily the man's participation equation who appears to be positively influenced by whether the woman works or not, by the number of children and by the birth of a child. The woman's decision to participate is not affected by whether the man participates or not and depends negatively of the number of children and the birth of a child. This implies that there is a female leadership in decisions to participate in the labor market and that the added-worker effect should be reinterpreted as a function of demography rather than unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of child and maternal health indicators on female labor force participation after childbirth: evidence for Germany (2007)
Zitatform
Dunkelberg, Annalena & C. Katharina Spieß (2007): The impact of child and maternal health indicators on female labor force participation after childbirth. Evidence for Germany. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 686), Berlin, 27 S.
Abstract
"This paper analyzes the influence of children's health and mothers' physical and mental wellbeing on female labor force participation after childbirth in Germany. Our analysis uses data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) study, which enables us to measure children's health based on the occurrence of severe health problems including mental and physical disabilities, hospitalizations, and preterm births. Since child health is measured at a very young age, we can rule out any of the reverse effects of maternal employment on child health identified in US studies. Within a two-year time period, we investigate the influence of these indicators on various aspects of female labor force participation after childbirth, including continuous labor force participation in the year of childbirth and the transition to employment in the year following childbirth. Since the majority of women in Germany do not go back to work within a year after childbirth, we also investigate their intention to return to work, and the preferred number of working hours. We find that the child's severe health problems have a significant negative effect on the mothers' labor force participation and a significant positive effect on her preferred number of working hours, but that hospitalizations or preterm births have no significant effect. For the mothers' own health, we find a significant negative effect of poor mental and physical wellbeing on female labor force participation within a year of childbirth. To our knowledge, this is the first empirical study of this kind on data outside the US." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
International differences in the family gap in pay: the role of labor market institutions (2007)
Dupuy, Arnaud; Fernandez-Kranz, Daniel;Zitatform
Dupuy, Arnaud & Daniel Fernandez-Kranz (2007): International differences in the family gap in pay. The role of labor market institutions. (IZA discussion paper 2719), Bonn, 38 S.
Abstract
"Using microdata for 35 countries over the period 1985-1994-2002 we find that labor market institutions traditionally associated to more compressed wage structures are associated to a higher family gap. Our results indicate that these policies reduce the price effect of having children but aggravate the human capital loss due to motherhood. We also find evidence that policies that help women continue in the same job after childbirth decrease the family gap. Of all the countries we study, mothers in Southern Europe suffer the biggest family gap and our analysis indicates that this is due to the bad combination of labor market policies in these countries. Our results are robust to specification changes and indicate that the main reason mothers lag behind other women in terms of earnings is the loss of accumulated job market experience caused by career breaks around childbirth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf im internationalen Vergleich: zwischen Paradigma und Praxis (2007)
Eichhorst, Werner; Thode, Eric; Kaiser, Lutz C.; Tobsch, Verena;Zitatform
Eichhorst, Werner, Lutz C. Kaiser, Eric Thode & Verena Tobsch (2007): Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf im internationalen Vergleich. Zwischen Paradigma und Praxis. Gütersloh: Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung, 132 S.
Abstract
"Bei der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen liegt Deutschland im internationalen Vergleich weit zurück - aber nicht, weil Frauen hierzulande nicht arbeiten gehen wollen. Im Gegenteil: Gerade junge Eltern wünschen sich eine Berufstätigkeit für die Mutter, vom Teilzeitjob bis zur vollen Stelle. Doch die gesellschaftspolitischen Rahmenbedingungen sind dafür bislang wenig günstig. Was muss sich ändern, damit Frauen berufliche Entwicklung und Kindererziehung miteinander in Einklang bringen können? Die Autorinnen und Autoren dieses Buches beleuchten familienpolitische Instrumente, sozial- und arbeitsmarktpolitische Regelungen sowie die Möglichkeiten, die Krippen, Kindergärten und Schulen für die Kinderbetreuung bieten. Einbezogen werden Beispiele aus dem Ausland, die wichtige Denkanstöße für die deutsche Debatte geben können. Hier geht es nicht nur um Chancengleichheit für Frauen. Erst wenn ihr Arbeitskräftepotenzial mobilisiert wird, kann es gelingen, die Engpässe auf dem Arbeitsmarkt, die der demographische Wandel mit sich bringt, zu begrenzen. Die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf wird so zu einer zentralen Aufgabe der Beschäftigungspolitik." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Hier finden Sie eine Zusammenfassung. -
Literaturhinweis
Employment and fertility choice: a differential game approach (2007)
Zitatform
Faria, Joao Ricardo & Le Wang (2007): Employment and fertility choice. A differential game approach. In: Economics Bulletin, Jg. 10, H. 9, S. 1-10.
Abstract
"For OECD countries there is an intriguing variety of combinations between total fertility rate (TFR) and female labor force participation rate (FPR) suggesting the existence of multiple equilibria. This paper provides a differential game framework where the employment choices by husband and wife affect a family's fertility. The model has multiple open-loop equilibria characterized by different combinations of FPR and TFR that are consistent with the empirical cross-country evidence. The dynamic trajectory from one equilibrium point to another also sheds lights on possible demographic transition of individual countries as displayed in their time series data. The model stresses that the husband's employment decisions are as important as wife's in determining family size." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
From welfare to work: evaluating a tax and benefit reform targeted at single mothers in Sweden (2007)
Flood, Lennart; Pylkkänen, Elina; Wahlberg, Roger;Zitatform
Flood, Lennart, Roger Wahlberg & Elina Pylkkänen (2007): From welfare to work. Evaluating a tax and benefit reform targeted at single mothers in Sweden. In: Labour, Jg. 21, H. 3, S. 443-471.
Abstract
"In this paper we evaluate a hypothetical tax and benefit reform to increase the working hours and to decrease welfare participation of single mothers in Sweden. We formulate and estimate simultaneously a structural static model of labor supply and welfare participation. The results suggest that labor supply among single mother households in Sweden is quite elastic, and that there is self-selection into welfare. We also find that the proposed reform would generate welfare gains for virtually everyone in the Sample, benefit low-income households, and would at the same time generate a Small revenue surplus." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effects of in-work benefit reform in Britain on couples: theory and evidence (2007)
Zitatform
Francesconi, Marco, Helmut Rainer & Wilbert van der Klaauw (2007): The effects of in-work benefit reform in Britain on couples. Theory and evidence. (IZA discussion paper 2980), München, 75 S.
Abstract
"This paper examines the effects of the Working Families' Tax Credit (WFTC) on couples in Britain. We develop a simple model of household decisions which explicitly accounts for the role played by the tax and benefit system. Its main implications are then tested using panel data from the British Household Panel Survey collected between 1991 and 2002. Overall, the financial incentives of the reform had negligible effects on a wide range of married mothers' decisions, such as eligible (working at least 16 hours per week) and full-time employment (working at least 30 hours per week), employment transitions, childcare use, and divorce rates. Women's responses, however, were highly heterogeneous, depending on their partners' labour supply and earnings. Mothers married to low-income men showed larger responses in employment, especially if they had younger children. They were more likely to remain in the labour force and had higher rates at which they entered it. While more likely to receive the tax credit, they also experienced a greater risk of divorce. We find virtually no effect for women with higher-income husbands. Likewise, there are no statistically significant responses among married men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug