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Lübker, Malte & Aline Zucco (2020): Was ist wichtig? Die Corona-Pandemie als Impuls zur Neubewertung systemrelevanter Sektoren. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 73, H. 6, S. 472-484. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2020-6-472

Abstract

"Um den weiteren Ausbruch des Corona-Virus in Deutschland zu verhindern, wurde im März 2020 das soziale und wirtschaftliche Leben erheblich eingeschränkt. Lediglich Beschäftigte in den systemrelevanten Sektoren waren dazu angehalten, ihrer Erwerbstätigkeit weiter nachzugehen, da sie den Erhalt der kritischen In­frastruktur sicherten. In diesem Beitrag gehen die Autoren der Beschäftigung und insbesondere der Entlohnung in diesen Sektoren nach. Sie stützen ihre Analyse auf einen Linked-Employer-Employee-Datensatz (LIAB) des IAB. Mittels deskriptiver Statistiken und Regressionen zeigen sie zunächst, dass die Beschäftigten in diesen Sektoren sich deutlich von sonst hoch angesehenen Beschäftigtengruppen unterscheiden, denn dort sind vor allem teilzeitbeschäftigte Frauen und Personen mit fachlichen Tätigkeiten beschäftigt. Weiterhin zeigt sich, dass die Entlohnung in diesen Sektoren durchaus heterogen ist: Denn während in einigen systemrelevanten Branchen weit überdurchschnittlich entlohnt wird, liegen die Löhne anderer systemrelevanter Sektoren weiter unter dem Schnitt. Dieses Resultat ist stabil, wenn für Humankapital-Variablen kontrolliert wird. Die angesichts der Krisensituation offenbarte Relevanz dieser Tätigkeiten verdeutlicht die Notwendigkeit einer Neubewertung dieser Sektoren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Mercan, Yusuf & Benjamin Schoefer (2020): Jobs and Matches: Quits, Replacement Hiring, and Vacancy Chains. In: The American economic review. Insights, Jg. 2, H. 1, S. 101-124. DOI:10.1257/aeri.20190023

Abstract

"In the canonical DMP model of job openings, all job openings stem from new job creation. Jobs denote worker-firm matches, which are destroyed following worker quits. Yet, employers classify 56 percent of vacancies as quit-driven replacement hiring into old jobs, which evidently outlived their previous matches. Accordingly, aggregate and firm-level hiring tightly track quits. We augment the DMP model with longer-lived jobs arising from sunk job creation costs and replacement hiring. Quits trigger vacancies, which beget vacancies through replacement hiring. This vacancy chain can raise total job openings and net employment. The procyclicality of quits can thereby amplify business cycles." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Müller, Steffen & Georg Neuschäffer (2020): Worker participation in decision-making, worker sorting, and firm performance. (IWH-Diskussionspapiere 2020,11), Halle, 39 S.

Abstract

"Worker participation in decision-making is often associated with high-wage and high-productivity firm strategies. Using linked-employer-employee data for Germany and worker fixed effects from a two-way fixed effects model of wages capturing observed and unobserved worker quality, we find that establishments with formal worker participation via works councils indeed employ higher-quality workers. We show that worker quality is already higher in plants before council introduction and further increases after the introduction. Importantly, we corroborate previous studies by showing positive productivity and profitability effects even after taking into account worker sorting." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Oberfichtner, Michael, Claus Schnabel & Marina Töpfer (2020): Do Unions and Works Councils Really Dampen the Gender Pay Gap? Discordant Evidence from Germany. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 196, 2020-08-28. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109509

Abstract

"Using a large employer-employee dataset, we provide new evidence on the relationship between the gender pay gap and industrial relations from within German workplaces. Controlling for unobserved workplace heterogeneity, we find no evidence that introducing or abandoning collective agreements or works councils affects the gender pay gap. This result holds at the mean and along the distribution, challenging the stylized fact that unions and works councils dampen the gender pay gap." (Author's abstract, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))

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Schroeder, Sarah (2020): Exporters, Multinationals and Residual Wage Inequality: Evidence and Theory. (CESifo working paper 8701), München, 73 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies the implications for wage inequality of two distinct forms of globalisation, namely trade and foreign direct investment. I use German linked employer-employee data to (1) jointly estimate the exporter and the multinational wage premium and (2) to further distinguish between wage premia of multinational firms that are foreign owned (inward FDI) and domestically owned (outward FDI). My findings exhibit a clear hierarchy of firms' international activities with regard to wage premia and workforce ability. I interpret these patterns using a theoretical framework, which incorporates ex-ante homogeneous workers, heterogeneous firms and search and matching frictions into a multi-region model of trade and FDI with monopolistic competition. The model allows me to account for the observed empirical patterns, and delivers novel insights about the interplay between trade, FDI and labour market institutions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Woodcock, Simon D. (2020): The Effect of the Hartz Labor Market Reforms on Post-unemployment Wages, Sorting, and Matching. (IZA discussion paper 13300), 66 S.

Abstract

"We use linked longitudinal data on employers and employees to estimate how the 2003-2005 Hartz reforms affected the wages of displaced German workers after they returned to work. We also present a simple new method to decompose the wage effects into components attributable to selection on unobservables, and to changes in the way that displaced workers are sorted across firms and worker-firm matches upon re-employment. We find that the Hartz reforms substantially reduced the wages of displaced workers after their return to work. Women experienced smaller wage losses than men. For both sexes, over 80 percent of the increased wage loss was because displaced workers found re-employment in lower-wage firms after the reforms. A disproportionate share of these low-wage firms offer temporary employment services to other firms, and we document a large increase in post-displacement employment in the temporary work sector after the reforms. Sorting into worse matches with employers explains a smaller 5-9 percent of the wage loss experienced by men, and 12.5-23 percent of the female wage loss. Collectively, the sorting and matching channels explain almost all of the Hartz reforms' effect on post-displacement wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Addison, John T., Paulino Teixeira, Philipp Grunau & Lutz Bellmann (2019): Dissonant works councils and establishment survivability. (IZA discussion paper 12438), Bonn, 29 S.

Abstract

"Using subjective information provided by manager respondents on the stance taken by the works council in company decision making, this paper investigates the association between a measure of works council dissonance or disaffection and plant closings in Germany, 2006-2015. The potential effects of worker representation on plant survivability have been little examined in the firm performance literature because of inadequate information on plant closings on the one hand and having to assume homogeneity of what are undoubtedly heterogeneous worker representation agencies on the other. Our use of two datasets serves to identify failed establishments, while the critical issue of heterogeneity is tackled via manager perceptions of works council disaffection or otherwise. The heterogeneity issue is also addressed by considering the wider collective bargaining framework within which works councils are embedded, and also by allowing for works council learning. It is reported that works council dissonance is positively associated with plant closings, although this association is not found for establishments that are covered by sectoral agreements. Taken in conjunction, both findings are consistent with the literature on the mitigation of rent seeking behavior. Less consistent with the recent empirical literature, however, is the association between plant closings and dissonance over time, that is, from the point at which works council dissonance is first observed. Although the coefficient estimate for dissonance is declining with the length of the observation window, it remains stubbornly positive and highly statistically significant. Finally, there is evidence that establishments with dissonant works councils are associated with a much higher probability of transitioning from no collective bargaining to sectoral bargaining coverage over the sample period than their counterparts with more consensual works councils." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Addison, John T., Paulino Teixeira, Philipp Grunau & Lutz Bellmann (2019): Dissonant works councils and establishment survivability. (CESifo working paper 7722), München, 28 S.

Abstract

"Using subjective information provided by manager respondents on the stance taken by the works council in company decision making, this paper investigates the association between a measure of works council dissonance or disaffection and plant closings in Germany, 2006-2015. The potential effects of worker representation on plant survivability have been little examined in the firm performance literature because of inadequate information on plant closings on the one hand and having to assume homogeneity of what are undoubtedly heterogeneous worker representation agencies on the other. Our use of two datasets serves to identify failed establishments, while the critical issue of heterogeneity is tackled via manager perceptions of works council disaffection or otherwise. The heterogeneity issue is also addressed by considering the wider collective bargaining framework within which works councils are embedded, and also by allowing for works council learning. It is reported that works council dissonance is positively associated with plant closings, although this association is not found for establishments that are covered by sectoral agreements. Taken in conjunction, both findings are consistent with the literature on the mitigation of rent seeking behavior. Less consistent with the recent empirical literature, however, is the association between plant closings and dissonance over time, that is, from the point at which works council dissonance is first observed. Although the coefficient estimate for dissonance is declining with the length of the observation window, it remains stubbornly positive and highly statistically significant. Finally, there is evidence that establishments with dissonant works councils are associated with a much higher probability of transitioning from no collective bargaining to sectoral bargaining coverage over the sample period than their counterparts with more consensual works councils." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bossler, Mario (2019): The rise in orientation at collective bargaining without a formal contract. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 58, H. 1, S. 17-45., 2018-08-24. DOI:10.1111/irel.12226

Abstract

"While firm participation in collective bargaining between unions and employers' associations has been decreasing in Germany over the last two decades, orientation at collectively bargained wages has increased in popularity. Orientation implies that employers claim to set wages according to collective agreements but they are not formally bound by the respective bargaining contract, and in fact, I observe that they pay significantly lower wages than firms that are formally covered. Dynamic nonlinear panel estimation applied to establishment-level data shows that this orientation is a stepping stone into formal participation. However, the decline in formal participation and the opposing rise in orientation are mostly due to a changing establishment composition rather than to behavioral transitions." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Brändle, Tobias & Anne Zühlke (2019): Personalpolitische Maßnahmen in baden-württembergischen Betrieben. Eine empirische Analyse auf der Basis des IAB-Betriebspanels Baden-Württemberg sowie verknüpfter Linked-Employer-Employee Daten. (IAW-Kurzberichte 2019,05), Tübingen, 45 S.

Abstract

"Im vorliegenden Bericht wird zunächst für baden‐württembergische Betriebe der allgemeine Stellenwert der Anwendung spezifischer Personalpolitiken dargestellt. Diese Auswertungen erfolgen einerseits repräsentativ für die jeweiligen Wellen des IAB‐Betriebspanels sowie, wenn möglich, im Zeitablauf. Anschließend wird der Einfluss dieser personalpolitischen Maßnahmen auf verschiedene Zielgrößen im Zusammenhang mit der Existenz bzw. der Behebung des Fachkräftemangels untersucht." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Burns, Benjamin (2019): Changes in workplace heterogeneity and how they widen the gender wage gap. In: American Economic Journal. Applied Economics, Jg. 11, H. 2, S. 74-113. DOI:10.1257/app.20160664

Abstract

"Using linked employer-employee data for West Germany, I investigate the role of growing wage differentials between firms in the slowdown of gender wage convergence since the 1990s. The results show that two factors are at play: first, high-wage firms experience higher wage growth and employ disproportionately more men, and second, male firm premiums grow faster than female premiums in the same firms. These developments were catalyzed by a decline of union coverage, coupled with more firm-specific wage setting in collective bargaining agreements. Taken together, these conditions prevented the gender gap from narrowing by approximately 15 percent between the 1990s and 2000s." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dummert, Sandra, Ute Leber & Barbara Schwengler (2019): Unfilled training positions in Germany. Regional and establishment-specific determinants. In: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, Jg. 239, H. 4, S. 661-701., 2018-11-19. DOI:10.1515/jbnst-2018-0014

Abstract

"The current situation in the German apprenticeship market is characterized by two contradictory developments. On the one hand, establishments are experiencing increasing problems filling the training positions they offer, and the number of vacant training positions is climbing. On the other hand, the transition into training is still difficult for many young people, and the number of unsuccessful vocational training applicants is rising. Hence, matching supply with demand is becoming increasingly difficult in the German job market for training positions. Using the Linked Employer-Employee dataset (LIAB) from the Institute for Employment Research (IAB), our paper provides a closer examination of the phenomenon of unfilled training positions. It presents an overview of the evolution of vacant training positions in eastern and western Germany and attempts to explain the number of vacancies by investigating the factors responsible for the establishments' inability to fill their training positions. We assume that training position vacancies are due not only to internal company reasons such as firm size or the wage offer for apprentices but also to external conditions such as general regional factors. Therefore, our analysis also considers the situation on the demand side of the labor market within a region. The results of our multilevel mixed-effects estimations show that in addition to characteristics on the enterprise level, regional determinants also affect the share of vacant apprenticeships. With respect to establishment-related factors, mainly characteristics that describe the attractiveness of the firm prove to be important. With regard to regional-specific factors, we find that the availability of school leavers in a region in addition to the level of regional-sectoral competition impacts the recruiting success of establishments. Our analysis also shows that there are remarkable differences between eastern and western Germany concerning both the quantitative importance of unfilled training positions and the factors affecting them." (Author's abstract, © De Gruyter) ((en))

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Dütsch, Matthias, Franziska Ganesch & Olaf Struck (2019): Employment trajectories in heterogeneous regions. Evidence from Germany. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 40, H. March, S. 43-84. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2019.03.002

Abstract

"To what extent do regional characteristics influence employment trajectories? Do regional factors diversely affect the employment careers of different sociodemographic groups? By investigating these questions, we extend current life course research in two ways: First, from a conceptual perspective, we use approaches from regional economics in addition to established sociological labour market theories to gain insights into the effects of regional determinants on individual labour market outcomes. Second, from a methodological point of view, we conduct event history analyses based on a German dataset that contains information on individuals, firms and regions. Our results show that there are considerable regional heterogeneities regarding population density and the amount of human capital endowment, both of which influence working careers differently. Regional agglomeration predominantly offers opportunities in terms of employment trajectories, while regional human capital accumulation increases employment risks. Additionally, our findings indicate that group-specific inequalities with respect to employment careers can be weakened or even strengthened by regional frame conditions. Female and foreign employees benefit most from denser regions and from a higher human capital endowment. By contrast, the unemployment risks of workers who previously experienced unemployment periods during their working lives are increased by both of these regional characteristics. Findings regarding education level are mixed: Workers with occupational qualifications profit from regional agglomeration to a greater extent than do low or even generally qualified workers. However, a high local human capital endowment leads to skill segregation between vocationally trained and highly qualified employees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ehrl, Philipp (2019): On the use of firm fixed effects as a productivity measure for analyzing labor market matching. In: Bulletin of Economic Research, Jg. 71, H. 2, S. 195-208. DOI:10.1111/boer.12173

Abstract

"The present note evaluates the performance of firm fixed effects as a productivity measure when identified from wage regressions with two-way fixed effects in matched employer-employee data. This setting is frequently applied to study the matching between workers and firms. Exploiting wage and production data from a large administrative German data set, I find that the correlation between firm fixed effects (FFE) and total factor productivity is close to zero. Once TFP is used, the matching pattern is positive assortative, whereas the two-way fixed effect technique yields the opposite result." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fackler, Daniel, Jens Stegmaier & Eva Weigt (2019): Does extended unemployment benefit duration ameliorate the negative employment effects of job loss? In: Labour economics, Jg. 59, H. August, S. 123-138., 2019-03-18. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.03.001

Abstract

"We study the effect of job displacement due to bankruptcies on earnings and employment prospects of displaced workers and analyse whether extended potential unemployment benefit duration (PBD) ameliorates the negative consequences of job loss. Using German administrative linked employer-employee data, we find that job loss has long-lasting negative effects on earnings and employment. Displaced workers also more often end up in irregular employment relationships (part-time, marginal part-time employment, and temporary agency work) than their non-displaced counterparts. Applying a regression discontinuity approach that exploits a three months PBD extension at the age threshold of 50 we find hardly any effects of longer PBD on labour market outcomes of displaced workers." (Author's abstract, © 2019 Elsevier) ((en))

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Ganesch, Franziska, Matthias Dütsch & Olaf Struck (2019): Betriebs- und raumstrukturelle Einflüsse der Beschäftigungsstabilität von Frauen. In: N. Burzan (Hrsg.) (2019): Komplexe Dynamiken globaler und lokaler Entwicklungen, Göttingen, S. 1-9.

Abstract

"Arbeitsmärkte sind nach betrieblicher Beschäftigungsstabilität und unterschiedlich hohen Löhnen segmentiert. Solche Segmentierungen lassen sich als betriebliche Beschäftigungssysteme analysieren. Zudem sind Beschäftigungsverhältnisse vor dem Hintergrund regionaler Gegebenheiten zu betrachten. Der vorliegende Beitrag geht der Frage nach, welche betriebs- und regionenspezifischen Merkmale die Beschäftigungsstabilität und die Erwerbschancen von Frauen beeinflussen. Die quantitativ-empirischen Analysen auf Basis von Linked-Employer-Employee Daten (LIAB), die um regionalen Strukturindikatoren auf der Ebene von Raumordnungsregionen erweitert wurden, verdeutlichen, dass die Verortung in betrieblichen Beschäftigungssystemen stark von individuellen arbeitsmarktrelevanten Merkmalen, wie dem Geschlecht und dem höchsten Bildungsabschluss, abhängt. So sind weibliche Erwerbsverläufe von einer geringeren Stabilität und einer geringeren Wahrscheinlichkeit für langfristige Beschäftigungen gekennzeichnet. Weder das Kinderbetreuungsangebot im Betrieb, noch die in der Region gemessene Kinderbetreuungsquote stabilisieren betriebliche Beschäftigungen von Frauen. Betriebliche Prosperitätsfaktoren gehen mit Stabilität einher, während unsichere und negative Zukunftserwartungen der Betriebe Beschäftigungen eher destabilisieren. Zudem ist festzustellen, dass Frauen seltener in Arbeitslosigkeit übergehen als Männer und dabei allerdings vergleichsweise häufiger Übergänge in Teilzeitarbeit und geringfügige Beschäftigungen vollziehen, um den Flexibilitätsanforderungen jeweils in und zwischen Beruf und Familie gerecht zu werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Ganesch, Franziska, Matthias Dütsch & Olaf Struck (2019): Regionale Mobilität am Arbeitsmarkt. Individuelle, betriebliche und wirtschaftsstrukturelle Determinanten von Mobilität und Einkommen. In: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, Jg. 71, H. 2, S. 181-210. DOI:10.1007/s11577-019-00620-y

Abstract

"Untersucht wird, welche individuellen, betrieblichen und regionalen wirtschafstrukturellen Merkmale eine erfolgreiche regionale Mobilität von Vollzeiterwerbstätigen unterstützen. Zu Einkommenseffekten im Rahmen von regionaler Mobilität besteht ebenso Forschungsbedarf wie hinsichtlich des Einflusses regionaler Strukturdaten. Analysiert wird ein integrierter Betriebs- und Personendatensatz (LIAB) des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, der um regionale Strukturindikatoren (INKAR) ergänzt wurde. Die Ergebnisse der binären und multinominalen logistischen Regressionsmodelle zeigen unter anderem, dass überregionale Mobilität sowie auch damit einhergehende Einkommenserfolge besonders von Individualmerkmalen, wie dem Alter und der Qualifikation, bestimmt werden. Regionale Wirtschafts- und Strukturindikatoren erweisen sich als etwas weniger bedeutsam bei Entscheidungen für regionale Mobilität und deren Erfolge. Ländliche Regionen oder Regionen mit höherer Arbeitslosigkeit werden letztlich nicht häufiger verlassen. In wirtschaftsstrukturell entwickelten Regionen findet sich gleichwohl überregionale Mobilität. In ihnen zeigt sich wider Erwarten jedoch keine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit von Aufstiegen. In Zielregionen mit einem hohen Anteil an hochqualifizierten Beschäftigten zeigt sich für Akademiker unmittelbar und bereinigt um das regionale Preisniveau eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit von Einkommensverlusten. Offen bleibt, wie sich Zielbetriebskontexte im weiteren Verlauf des Verbleibs im Zielraum auf die Einkommenschancen der verschiedenen Beschäftigtengruppen auswirken." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

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Hammermann, Andrea, Matthias Niendorf & Jörg Schmidt (2019): Age diversity and innovation: Do mixed teams of old and experienced and young and restless employees foster companies innovativeness? (IAB-Discussion Paper 04/2019), Nürnberg, 31 S.

Abstract

"Die Erwerbsbevölkerung in Deutschland altert rasant, gleichzeitig nimmt aber auch die Altersheterogenität in den Belegschaften zu. In der Literatur finden sich sowohl Hinweise auf einen positiven wie auch einen negativen Einfluss der Altersheterogenität auf den Teamerfolg. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht, inwieweit die Altersheterogenität die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Betriebs beeinflusst, Produkt- oder Verfahrensinnovationen hervorzubringen. Auf Basis von Linked Employer-Employee-Daten des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB) der Jahre 2009 bis 2013 werden verschiedene Indikatoren zur Messung der Altersheterogenität in der Belegschaft verwendet (Varietät, Separation, Disparität). Im Ergebnis findet sich ein negativer Effekt des Durchschnittsalters auf die Innovationsfähigkeit, allerdings erhöhen die Standardabweichung des Alters und die durchschnittliche Alterslücke die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Betriebs, Innovationen hervorzubringen. Eine Gleichverteilung der Altersstruktur zeigt hingegen keinen Zusammenhang zur betrieblichen Innovationsfähigkeit. Die unterschiedlichen Ergebnisse zur Heterogenität des Alters und der Betriebszugehörigkeitsdauer weisen zudem auf eine höhere Bedeutung des allgemeinen Humankapitals für kreative Prozesse hin - im Vergleich zum Humankapital, welches betriebsspezifisch erworben wird." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Jessen, Jonas, Robin Jessen & Jochen Kluve (2019): Punishing potential mothers? Evidence for statistical employer discrimination from a natural experiment. In: Labour economics, Jg. 59, H. August, S. 164-172., 2019-04-02. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.04.002

Abstract

"Before 2006, large firms in Germany were obliged to pay for the generous maternity protection of female employees, such that firms' expected costs depended on employees' gender and age. From 2006 onward, all firms paid for maternity protection by contributing to the statutory health insurance system, where the contribution depends only on the number of employees and their wages and is thus independent of gender and age. This had been the regulation for small firms already before the reform. Using data from linked employer-employee administrative records, we provide evidence that the reform was followed by an increase in female relative wages within large firms. This reform effect provides evidence for statistical employer discrimination in the pre-2006 setup." (Author's abstract, © 2019 Elsevier) ((en))

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Lübker, Martin & Thorsten Schulten (2019): Tarifbindung in den Bundesländern. Entwicklungslinien und Auswirkungen auf die Beschäftigten. (Elemente qualitativer Tarifpolitik 86), Düsseldorf, 39 S.

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Mittag, Nikolas (2019): A simple method to estimate large fixed effects models applied to wage determinants. In: Labour economics, Jg. 61, H. December, S. 1-7. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.101766

Abstract

"Models with high-dimensional sets of fixed effects are frequently used to examine, among others, linked employer-employee data, student outcomes and migration. Estimating these models is computationally difficult because of the high-dimensional design matrix. I present a simple algorithm to compute the OLS estimates of large two-way fixed effects (TWFE) and match effect models including estimates of the fixed effects. The algorithm simplifies specification tests and variance estimation even with multi-way clustered errors. An application using German linked employer-employee data illustrates key advantages of the algorithm: Omitting match effects substantially affects estimates including the gender wage gap. Analyzing the estimated fixed effects suggest that firm fixed effects are the main channel through which job transitions drive wage dynamics, which underlines the importance of firm heterogeneity for labor market dynamics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mohrenweiser, Jens, Thomas Zwick & Uschi Backes-Gellner (2019): Poaching and firm-sponsored training. In: BJIR, Jg. 57, H. 1, S. 143-181. DOI:10.1111/bjir.12305

Abstract

"A series of seminal papers argues that poaching hampers company-sponsored general training. Empirically, however, the existence and extent of poaching remain open questions. We provide a novel empirical strategy to identify poaching. We find that only few apprenticeship training firms in Germany are 'poaching victims' or 'poaching raiders'. Victims are more likely to be in a temporary downturn and raiders are more likely to be growing. Victims hardly change their training strategy after poaching and poaching seems be a transitory event. This is an important result for countries that intend to introduce apprenticeship-type training and need to convince firms to participate in training." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Oberfichtner, Michael (2019): Works council introductions in Germany. Do they reflect workers' voice? In: Economic and Industrial Democracy, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 301-325., 2016-03-17. DOI:10.1177/0143831X16645199

Abstract

"Mit einem umfangreichen kombinierten Betriebs-Beschäftigten-Datensatz für Deutschland betrachtet diese Arbeit die Entscheidung, einen Betriebsrat zu gründen, als ein Abwägen von Exit und Voice. Damit untersucht sie mögliche Voice-Aspekte von Betriebsratsgründungen, während sich frühere Arbeiten auf Monopolaspekte konzentrieren. Bei Berücksichtigung unbeobachteter Heterogenität sind Betriebsratsgründungen wahrscheinlicher, wenn die Beschäftigten über hohes betriebsspezifisches Humankapital verfügen oder das Lohnniveau im Betrieb hoch ist. Es zeigt sich jedoch kein Zusammenhang mit der Arbeitsmarktsituation. Die Ergebnisse zu Löhnen und Humankapital sind sowohl mit einem Abwägen von Exit und Voice vereinbar als auch mit dem Versuch der Beschäftigten, eine bestehende Verteilung von Renten abzusichern. Bei einer getrennten Analyse für Betriebe, in denen es für Beschäftigte weniger relevant ist, sich gegen Entscheidungen der Unternehmensführung zu schützen, werden ähnliche Ergebnisse gefunden, was die Voice-Interpretation stützt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schmidtlein, Lisa, Stefan Seth & Matthias Umkehrer (2019): Linked-Employer-Employee-Daten des IAB: LIAB-Längsschnittmodell (LIAB LM) 1975-2017. (FDZ-Datenreport 05/2019 (de)), Nürnberg, 63 S. DOI:10.5164/IAB.FDZD.1905.de.v1

Abstract

"Dieser Datenreport beschreibt das LIAB-Längsschnittmodell 1975 - 2017 (LIAB LM 7517)." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schmidtlein, Lisa, Stefan Seth & Matthias Umkehrer (2019): Linked Employer-Employee Data from the IAB: LIAB Longitudinal Model (LIAB LM) 1975-2017. (FDZ-Datenreport 05/2019 (en)), Nürnberg, 63 S. DOI:10.5164/IAB.FDZD.1905.en.v1

Abstract

"Dieser Datenreport beschreibt das LIAB-Längsschnittmodell 1975 - 2017 (LIAB LM 7517)." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schmidtlein, Lisa, Stefan Seth & Matthias Umkehrer (2019): Linked-Employer-Employee-Daten des IAB: LIAB-Querschnittmodell 2 1993-2017 (LIAB QM2 9317). (FDZ-Datenreport 06/2019 (de)), Nürnberg, 76 S. DOI:10.5164/IAB.FDZD.1906.de.v1

Abstract

"Das LIAB Querschnittmodell 2 (QM2) 9317 ist einer der Linked-Employer-Employee-Datensätze des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), die über das Forschungsdatenzentrum (FDZ) der Bundesagentur für Arbeit (BA) für wissenschaftliche Auswertungen zur Verfügung stehen. Es verknüpft Informationen zu Betrieben aus dem IAB-Betriebspanel, einer jährlich stattfindenden Betriebsbefragung, mit Information zu deren Beschäftigten aus den Prozessdaten der BA. Dieser Datenreport konzentriert sich auf die Be-schreibung der Personendaten im LIAB QM2 9317." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schmidtlein, Lisa, Stefan Seth & Matthias Umkehrer (2019): Linked Employer-Employee Data from the IAB: LIAB Cross-Sectional Model 2 (LIAB QM2) 1993-2017. (FDZ-Datenreport 06/2019 (en)), Nürnberg, 77 S. DOI:10.5164/IAB.FDZD.1906.en.v1

Abstract

"Dieser Datenreport beschreibt das LIAB-Querschnittmodell 2 1993 - 2017 (LIAB QM2 9317)." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Welteke, Clara & Katharina Wrohlich (2019): Peer effects in parental leave decisions. In: Labour economics, Jg. 57, H. April, S. 146-163. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.02.008

Abstract

"We analyze whether mothers' parental leave decisions depend on their coworkers' decisions. The identification of peer effects bears various challenges due to correlated characteristics within social groups. We therefore exploit quasi-random variation in the costs of parental leave induced by a policy reform in Germany. The reform encourages mothers to remain at home during the first year following childbirth. Administrative linked employer- employee data enable us to assign a peer group to individuals who work in the same establishment and occupation. Our results suggest that parental leave decisions are significantly influenced by coworkers' decisions." (Author's abstract, © 2019 Elsevier) ((en))

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Arnold, Daniel, Tobias Brändle & Laszlo Goerke (2018): Sickness absence and works councils. Evidence from German individual and linked employer-employee data. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 57, H. 2, S. 260-295. DOI:10.1111/irel.12204

Abstract

"Using both household and linked employer - employee data for Germany, we assess the effects of nonunion representation in the form of works councils on (1) individual sickness absence rates and (2) a subjective measure of personnel problems due to sickness absence as perceived by a firm's management. We find that the existence of a works council is positively correlated with the incidence and the annual duration of absence. Further, personnel problems due to absence are more likely to occur in plants with a works council." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Brändle, Tobias & Laszlo Goerke (2018): The one constant: a causal effect of collective bargaining on employment growth? Evidence from German linked‐employer‐employee data. In: Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 65, H. 5, S. 445-478. DOI:10.1111/sjpe.12180

Abstract

"A large number of articles have analysed ‘the one constant’ in the economic effects of trade unions, namely that collective bargaining reduces employment growth by 2–4% points per year. Evidence is, however, mostly related to Anglo-Saxon countries. We investigate whether a different institutional setting might lead to a different outcome, making the constant a variable entity. Using linked-employer-employee data for Germany, we find a negative correlation between being covered by a sector-wide bargaining agreement or firm-level contract and employment growth of about 1% point per annum. However, the correlation between employment growth and collective bargaining is not robust to the use of panel methods. We conclude that the results of the literature using cross-section data might be driven by selection." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Brändle, Tobias & Laszlo Goerke (2018): The one constant: A causal effect of collective bargaining on employment growth? (IZA discussion paper 11518), Bonn, 35 S.

Abstract

"A large number of articles have analysed 'the one constant' in the economic effects of trade unions, namely that collective bargaining reduces employment growth by two to four percentage points per year. Evidence is, however, mostly related to Anglo-Saxon countries. We investigate whether a different institutional setting might lead to a different outcome, making the constant a variable entity. Using linked-employer-employee data for Germany, we find a negative correlation between being covered by a sector-wide bargaining agreement or firm-level contract and employment growth of about one percentage point per annum. However, the correlation between employment growth and collective bargaining is not robust to the use of panel methods. We conclude that the results of the literature using cross-section data might be driven by selection." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Frodermann, Corinna, Ann-Christin Bächmann, Marina Hagen, Daniela Grunow & Dana Müller (2018): Betriebliche Angebote zur Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf: Mütter kehren schneller zu familienfreundlichen Arbeitgebern zurück. (IAB-Kurzbericht 18/2018), Nürnberg, 7 S.

Abstract

"Betriebe in Deutschland bieten immer häufiger Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf an. Große Betriebe sind hier Vorreiter, aber die kleinen und mittleren Betriebe ziehen nach. Das zeigen IAB-Analysen auf Basis von Linked-Employer-Employee-Daten. Deutlich wird außerdem, dass das Angebot familienfreundlicher Maßnahmen mit kürzeren familienbedingten Erwerbsunterbrechungsdauern bei Müttern einhergeht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Fuest, Clemens, Andreas Peichl & Sebastian Siegloch (2018): Do higher corporate taxes reduce wages? Micro evidence from Germany. In: The American economic review, Jg. 108, H. 2, S. 393-418. DOI:10.1257/aer.20130570

Abstract

"This paper estimates the incidence of corporate taxes on wages using a 20-year panel of German municipalities exploiting 6,800 tax changes for identification. Using event study designs and difference-in-differences models, we find that workers bear about one-half of the total tax burden. Administrative linked employer-employee data allow us to estimate heterogeneous firm and worker effects. Our findings highlight the importance of labor market institutions and profit-shifting opportunities for the incidence of corporate taxes on wages. Moreover, we show that low-skilled, young, and female employees bear a larger share of the tax burden. This has important distributive implications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ganesch, Franziska (2018): Regional mobility and spatial inequality. Determinants of spatial labor market behavior considering firm- and region-specific factors. In: Raumforschung und Raumordnung, Jg. 76, H. 6, S. 497-514. DOI:10.1007/s13147-018-0551-2

Abstract

"Räumliche Disparitäten bestehen sowohl zwischen Staaten als auch innerhalb von Ländern. In der Bundesrepublik Deutschland finden sich in Folge der Wiedervereinigung immer noch erhebliche regionale Unterschiede hinsichtlich der ökonomischen Bedingungen. Diese regionalen Kontextbedingungen beeinflussen die individuellen Beschäftigungschancen und können ein Motiv für Wanderung sein. Ausgehend von rational-ökonomisch argumentierenden Ansätzen untersucht der Beitrag das räumliche Arbeitsmarktverhalten von sozialversicherungspflichtigen Vollzeitbeschäftigten unter Berücksichtigung von individuellen, betriebsspezifischen und regionalen Merkmalen. Betrachtet wird die Arbeitsortmobilität zwischen deutschen Großregionen Nord-, Süd- und Ostdeutschlands. Dazu wird auf einen integrierten Betriebs- und Personendatensatz (LIAB) des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung zurückgegriffen, der um regionale Strukturindikatoren (INKAR) auf der Ebene der Raumordnungsregionen ergänzt wurde. Die Analysen mittels binärer logistischer Regressionsmodelle zeigen, dass die Arbeitsortmobilität zwischen Großregionen vor allem von den individuellen Charakteristika - dem Lebensalter und der beruflichen Qualifikation - abhängt. Bezüglich regionaler Faktoren zeigt sich, dass sich mit dem lokalen Arbeitslosigkeitsniveau die Abwanderungsneigung von jüngeren Beschäftigten erhöht. Insgesamt sprechen die Ergebnisse nicht für eine (einseitig gerichtete) Abwanderung von Fachkräften aus strukturschwachen Regionen. Dennoch sind altersselektive Abwanderungsmuster für diese Regionen problematisch. Der Verlust junger Beschäftigter schwächt potenzialarme Regionen unmittelbar und dauerhaft." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Hirsch, Boris & Steffen Müller (2018): Firm wage premia, industrial relations, and rent sharing in Germany. (IWH-Diskussionspapiere 2018,02), Halle, 40 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates the influence of industrial relations on firm wage premia in Germany. OLS regressions for the firm effects from a two-way fixed effects decomposition of workers' wages by Card, Heining, and Kline (2013) document that average premia are larger in firms bound by collective agreements and in firms with a works council, holding constant firm performance. RIF regressions show that premia are less dispersed among covered firms but more dispersed among firms with a works council. Hence, deunionisation is the only among the suspects investigated that contributes to explaining the marked rise in the premia dispersion over time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kay, Rosemarie & Sebastian Nielen (2018): Die Beschäftigungs- und Einkommenssituation von Young Women MINT Professionals im Mittelstand. (Daten und Fakten / Institut für Mittelstandsforschung Bonn 22), Bonn, 43 S.

Abstract

"Die vorliegende Untersuchung analysiert die Beschäftigungs- und Einkommenssituation von Young Women MINT Professionals (YWMP) im Mittelstand. Es zeigt sich, dass YWMP stark unterrepräsentiert sind, in Kleinst- und Großbetrieben etwas weniger als in den Klein- und Mittelbetrieben. Wie stark sie vertreten sind, hängt auch von der Branchenzugehörigkeit der Betriebe, dem ausgeübten Beruf und dem geforderten Qualifikationsniveau ab. Günstig sind die Beschäftigungschancen von YWMP, wenn Frauen einen hohen Anteil an der Belegschaft haben, Frauen in der Geschäftsführung vertreten sind und der Betrieb Gleichstellungsmaß-nahmen durchführt. YWMP verdienen weniger als ihre männlichen Pendants. Der Gender-Pay-Gap ist allerdings geringer als in der Privatwirtschaft insgesamt und in den kleineren Betrieben nicht stärker ausgeprägt als in den größeren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Kluge, Jan & Michael Weber (2018): Decomposing the German East-West wage gap. In: The economics of transition, Jg. 26, H. 1, S. 91-125. DOI:10.1111/ecot.12137

Abstract

"Wages in East Germany are persistently lower than in West Germany. We study the micro-level determinants of this spatial wage gap, using an Oaxaca - Blinder decomposition and rich linked employer - employee data. In total, up to one half of the aggregate wage differential can be attributed to structural differences in worker, establishment and regional characteristics. Regional price and establishment size differentials alone account for one quarter of the wage gap at the median. Price level differentials are even more relevant towards the top of the wage distribution. Towards the bottom, differences in union coverage become more important. Our findings are quite stable over the period from 1996 to 2010." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Luecke, Christine (2018): When protection puts you in jeopardy. How removing small-business clauses affects employment duration. In: Labour, Jg. 32, H. 4, S. 213-236. DOI:10.1111/labr.12124

Abstract

"Dismissal protection has undergone many statutory changes in Germany. In a 2004 reform, small firms were exempted from dismissal protection. This paper estimates the effects of dismissal protection on the risk of leaving the establishment, taking advantage of the fact that workers employed before the amendment maintained their previous dismissal protection. Workers become eligible for dismissal protection after 6 months of tenure. These 6 months might work as an entry barrier to consequent employment. Utilizing administrative linked employer - employee data, the results hint at a higher risk during the first 6 months in a job and a lower risk thereafter, if dismissal protection is provided. The estimated survivor curves suggest that even after 5 years the protecting effect of dismissal protection did not compensate the initially adverse effect during the first 6 months of tenure. No evidence is found of a positive link between dismissal protection and matching quality." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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McKee, Graham James (2018): Essays in labor economics and corporate finance. Princeton, 124 S.

Abstract

"This dissertation consists of three chapters in labor economics and corporate finance. The chapters are linked by their common focus on questions with macroeconomic implications.
The first chapter, co-authored with Emil Verner, estimates the spending effects of Unemployment Insurance (UI) benefit extensions during macroeconomic downturns. Using variation across U.S. states in the extension of UI benefits following the Great Recession, we estimate that an additional week of UI increased consumption of households with an unemployed head by a statistically significant 1.68 percent, which translates into a marginal propensity to consume in the range of 0.58-0.90. This is substantially larger than existing estimates of the consumption response to other types of income transfers.
The second chapter evaluates alternative explanations of a significant macroeconomic trend of the past 30 years: the rise in corporate payouts. In particular, I assess the role of corporate governance, borrowing costs, and market power, each of which has different implications for aggregate investment. My results favor the hypothesis that market power has driven the rise in payouts. I find that both profits and payouts grew dramatically in firms with high market power starting in the 1990s. I estimate that the change in the cross-sectional relationship between payouts and market power accounts for over 50% of the aggregate increase in payouts from the 1990s onwards. I do not find a close link between payouts and either corporate governance or borrowing.
The third chapter assesses the relationship between unionization and wage rigidity, which plays a key role in many macroeconomic models, based on the German labor market experience in the 2000s. Decentralization of the wage setting process in Germany starting in the mid-1990s led to variation in unionization conditional on industry, geography, and firm size. Comparing the evolution of wages and employment for similar firms with different collective bargaining coverage in the 2000s, I find only small and statistically insignificant differences in both wage or employment cyclicality between covered and uncovered firms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Chapter 1: Graham James McKee and Emil Verner: The Consumption Response to Extended Unemployment Benefits in the Great Recession
Chapter 2: Understanding the Rise in Corporate Payouts
Chapter 3: Unionization and Wage Movements for New Hires and Incumbents over the Business Cycle: Evidence from Germany

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Molina-Domene, Maria (2018): Labor specialization as a source of market frictions. (CEP discussion paper 1580), London, 36 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates why labor specialization brings additional frictions to the labor market. The intuition is that labor specialized firms rely on complementarity and firm-specific human capital, assigning high value to the worker-employer match. Consistent with employees' importance, the findings show that specialized firms preserve their workforce: these firms labor hoard and increase wages during slow-downs. Additionally, when specialized firms unexpectedly face a labor supply shock | albeit managing to decrease the wages of the remaining co-workers, they become less productive. Overall, the empirical evidence suggests that frictions introduce bilateral monopoly rents." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Molina-Domene, Maria (2018): Specialization matters in the firm size-wage gap. (CEP discussion paper 1545), London, 45 S.

Abstract

"This study applies the O-ring theory to explain the firm-size wage premium. It focuses on the joint role of the division of labor and employee characteristics. Including the firm heterogeneity of occupations in a standard wage regression with individual fixed effect shrinks the size coefficient by a third. Labor productivity follows a similar pattern as wages. The intuition is that individuals who work for large firms focus on a limited number of tasks become more efficient and productive, and earn higher wages. Additional predictions originating from the labor specialization hypothesis receive support from the data." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ochsenfeld, Fabian (2018): The relational nature of employment dualization. Evidence from subcontracting establishments. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 34, H. 3, S. 304-318. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcy013

Abstract

"Scholars argue that the dual path to labour market flexibility protects the privileges of core workers at the expense of employees relegated to a peripheral employment sector. Yet whether core workers indeed benefit from workforce segmentation remains disputed. To scrutinize this question, I study how the wages of core workers with less than college education respond when their employer shifts employment out to subcontractors, using linked employer - employee panel data from Germany. Empirically, I find the effect of subcontracting on average to be either positive or neutral but not negative. The presence and strength of the positive effect depends (i) on whether the type of subcontracting affords core workers with co-determination rights, (ii) on whether core workers are represented by a works council to exercise these rights, and (iii) on whether these rights are exercised in a context that augments the bargaining position of core workers by rendering conflictual labour relations costly to the employer." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ochsenfeld, Fabian (2018): Mercantilist dualization: the introduction of the euro, redistribution of industry rents, and wage inequality in Germany, 1993 - 2008. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 16, H. 3, S. 499-522. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwx026

Abstract

"The current debate over distributional implications of the crisis-ridden Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is heavily biased toward international accounts. Little attention is paid to who wins and who loses out intra-nationally. I argue that in Germany the EMU has reinforced dualization, the insider - outsider cleavage in the country's welfare state and production model. To scrutinize this argument, I analyze longitudinal linked employer - employee data (N?>?9.6 mio) and pursue a mechanistic three-step identification strategy: first, I illustrate how the introduction of the euro distorted real interest and exchange rates within the eurozone. Second, I demonstrate how these imbalances redistributed rents from the domestic sector, in particular from construction, to the core manufacturing industry. Third, I show how this shift in industry rents reverberated to the wage distribution and increased inequality. The study contributes to resolve the puzzle why wage inequality in Germany increased through a fanning out of the wage distribution whereas countries similarly exposed to technological change and globalization grew unequal through a polarization of their wage distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Smith, Benjamin Simpson (2018): Essays on the role of the firm in labor economics. Los Angeles, 231 S.

Abstract

"The first chapter of this dissertation studies the causes of rising sorting between high-skill workers and high-paying firms. Despite accounting for a substantial share of rising wage inequality, little is known about how or why sorting is rising. To understand how, I develop a novel decomposition method to measure the relative importance of different worker flow channels. I find that labor market entry of young workers accounts for about half of the total rise in sorting.
To understand why sorting is rising, I use exogenous variation induced by the fall of the Soviet Union to estimate the effect of trade liberalization on rising sorting within German local labor markets. I find that export exposure can account for 14% of the rise in sorting. I then apply the decomposition method to the export-induced changes in employment to confirm an important role for labor market entry in rising sorting. The second chapter studies the effect of temporary employment shocks on the future earnings of professional golfers. Although a large literature documents the persistent effects of temporary employment shocks on the earnings of wage-and-salary workers, we have little evidence on the effects on self-employed workers. I exploit entry rules of the PGA TOUR to estimate the long term effects of temporary employment shocks using a regression discontinuity design. Although, I find large earnings differences in first year after an employment shock, these differences quickly dissipate. Furthermore, I find no effects of employment shocks on performance. Golfers have less job stability than typical workers and these differences likely explain why the earnings losses of golfers are less persistent than of wage-and-salary workers.
The third chapter studies the evolution of wages at large firms. Although large firms have paid significantly higher wages for over a century, we document that the large-firm wage premium has declined over the last thirty years. Decomposing pay into worker and firm fixed effects, we show that the decline is due to a reduction in firm effects at large firms, while worker composition has changed little. We also find that the majority of the change occurs within industries." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Arnold, Daniel, Annette Hillerich-Sigg & André Nolte (2017): Fachkräftemangel: Reaktionen der Betriebe sowie Auswirkungen auf Investitionsentscheidungen und Wachstum. Studie im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Energie. Abschlussbericht. Mannheim, 144 S.

Abstract

Diese Studie untersucht anhand repräsentativer Daten für Deutschland, wie Betriebe auf erwartete Fachkräfteengpässe reagieren. Ziel ist es, ein umfassendes Bild der betrieblichen Reaktionen zu zeichnen und die wirtschaftlichen Folgen von Fachkräfteengpässen abzuschätzen. Einerseits können Betriebe betriebliche Personalmaßnahmen ergreifen, die primär darauf ausgerichtet sind, ungenutzte interne Reserven zu mobilisieren oder für bestimmte Personengruppen als Arbeitgeber attraktiver zu werden. Entsprechend untersucht diese Studie das Weiterbildungsangebot, Maßnahmen zur Förderung von älteren Beschäftigten inklusive der Gesundheitsförderung sowie Maßnahmen zur Förderung der Chancengleichheit. Anderseits können Betriebe ihre Rekrutierungsstrategien anpassen. Dies reicht von der Nutzung sozialer Medien für die Mitarbeitergewinnung bis hin zur verstärkten betrieblichen Ausbildung. Betriebe können aber auch höhere Löhne zahlen oder niedrigere Qualifikationsanforderungen stellen, mit dem Ziel die Bewerberzahl zu erhöhen. Um das Rekrutierungsverhalten der Betriebe zu analysieren, werden neben dem Ausbildungsengagement die Struktur der Neueinstellungen sowie deren Entlohnung untersucht. Schließlich wird die wirtschaftliche Situation der Betriebe mit Fachkräfteengpässen in den Blick genommen. Dies umfasst die Beschäftigungsentwicklung und deren Struktur, die Ertragslage, die Produktivität sowie das Investitions- und Innovationsverhalten der Betriebe. (IAB)

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Bachmann, Ronald & Hanna Frings (2017): Monopsonistic competition, low-wage labour markets, and minimum wages. An empirical analysis. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 49, H. 51, S. 5268-5286. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2017.1302069

Abstract

"Vor dem Hintergrund der Einführung des einheitlichen Mindestlohns im Januar 2015 untersuchen wir den Grad der Monopsonmacht deutscher Arbeitgeber. Im Gegensatz zu einer Situation des vollkommenen Wettbewerbs, führt ein bindender Mindestlohn in einem monopsonistischen Arbeitsmarkt nicht zwangsläufig zu Beschäftigungsverlusten. Wir verwenden einen semi-strukturellen Schätzansatz, der auf einem dynamischen Modell des monopsonistischen Wettbewerbs basiert. Die empirischen Analysen werden mit Hilfe von integrierten Betriebs- und Personendaten durchgeführt. Dies ermöglicht sowohl für individuelle als auch für betriebliche Heterogenität zu kontrollieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass deutliche Unterschiede im Grad des monopsonistischen Wettbewerbs zwischen verschiedenen Niedriglohnbranchen existieren: Während der Einzelhandel und das Hotel- und Gastgewerbe durch monopsonistische Arbeitsmärkte gekennzeichnet sind, ist dies in der Landwirtschaft, im Bergbau und bei privaten und unternehmensbezogenen Dienstleistungen nicht der Fall. Aus einer wirtschaftspolitischen Perspektive sind folglich voneinander abweichende Beschäftigungseffekte in Branchen mit einer ähnlichen Lohnstruktur zu erwarten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Baumann, Florian & Tobias Brändle (2017): We want them all covered! Collective bargaining and firm heterogeneity. Theory and evidence from Germany. In: BJIR, Jg. 55, H. 3, S. 463-499. DOI:10.1111/bjir.12239

Abstract

"This paper establishes a link between the extent of collective bargaining and the degree of productivity dispersion within an industry. In a unionised oligopoly model we show that for only small differences in productivity levels. a sector-union can design a collective wage contract that covers a wide range of heterogeneous firms. In sectors with higher productivity dispersion, an industry union has an incentive to demand firm-level wage contracts with the most productive firms, so that they can prevent low-productivity firms from leaving collective coverage. However, such firm-level contracts may not prevent firms at the lower end of the productivity distribution from avoiding collective coverage in sectors with high productivity dispersion. We test the predictions of the model using German linked employer-employee data between 1996 and 2010 and find support for our theoretical results." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Belitz, Heike, Alexander Eickelpasch, Marie Le Mouel & Alexander Schiersch (2017): Wissensbasiertes Kapital in Deutschland: Analyse zu Produktivitäts- und Wachstumseffekten und Erstellung eines Indikatorsystems. Studie im Auftrag Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Energie. Berlin, 131 S.

Abstract

"Unternehmen in den entwickelten Volkswirtschaften stehen unter großem Wettbewerbs- und Innovationsdruck. Makroökonomische Untersuchungen zeigen, dass Investitionen in sogenanntes wissensbasiertes Kapital (Knowledge Based Capital - KBC) eine wichtige Voraussetzung sind, um diesem Druck standzuhalten. Welche Bedeutung das wissensbasierte Kapital inzwischen gewonnen hat, zeigt sich daran, dass die private deutsche Wirtschaft schätzungsweise ein Zehntel der Wertschöpfung in KBC investiert und damit fast so viel wie in Maschinen, Anlagen und Gebäude.
Die Studie analysiert Produktivitäts- und Wachstumseffekte von wissensbasiertem Kapital auf Basis von Unternehmens- und Betriebsdaten der amtlichen Statistik und der Bundesagentur für Arbeit. Aufgrund der Datenlage beschränkt sich die mikroökonometrische Analyse auf die KBC-Elemente Forschung und Entwicklung (FuE), Software, Lizenzen & Patente und Organisationskapital. Darüber hinaus präsentiert die Studie einen Indikatorensatz, mit dem Investitionen in wissensbasiertes Kapital in der deutschen Privatwirtschaft kontinuierlich erfasst werden können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Biewen, Martin & Matthias Seckler (2017): Changes in the German wage structure. Unions, internationalization, tasks, firms, and worker characteristics. (IZA discussion paper 10763), Bonn, 63 S.

Abstract

"This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the quantitative importance of the factors associated with the rise in male wage inequality in Germany over the period 1995-2010. In contrast to most previous contributions, we rely on the German Structure of Earnings Surveys (GSES) which allow us to focus on hourly wages (rather than daily earnings) uncensored by the social security contributions threshold. We consider a large number of covariates including personal characteristics, measures of internationalization, task composition, union coverage, industry, region, and firm characteristics. Our results suggest that recent changes in the distribution of hourly wages in Germany look different from the polarizing patterns found for the US, and that most of the observed rise in inequality was associated with compositional effects of de-unionization and personal characteristics. We also find some moderate effects linked to internationalization, firm heterogeneity and regional convergence, but these were much smaller." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bossler, Mario (2017): The rise in orientation at collective bargaining without formal contract. (LASER discussion papers 103), Erlangen, 30 S.

Abstract

"While firms' participation in collective bargaining contracts has been decreasing over the last two decades, orientation at collectively bargained wages without formal commitment increased in popularity. This article raises the question whether orientation at collectively bargained wages is observed on the pathway out of bargaining contracts or serves as a stepping stone to bargaining contracts. Dynamic non-linear panel estimation applied to data from the IAB Establishment Panel reveals some modest support in favor of the stepping stone hypothesis. However, transitions from bargaining orientation to formal bargaining contracts cannot compensate for the overall decline in formal collective bargaining participation. Instead, the decline in formal participation and the opposing rise in orientation are mostly due to a changing establishment composition rather than behavioral transitions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))