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Barlevy, Gadi & Derek Neal (2019): Allocating effort and talent in professional labor markets. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 187-246. DOI:10.1086/698899

Abstract

"In many professional service firms, new associates work long hours while competing in up-or-out promotion contests. Our model explains why. We argue that the productivity of skilled partners in professional service firms (e.g., law, consulting, investment banking, and public accounting) is quite large relative to the productivity of their peers who are competent and experienced but not well suited to the partner role. Therefore, these firms adopt personnel policies that facilitate the identification of new partners. In our model, both heavy workloads and up-or-out rules serve this purpose." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bol, Thijs, Christina Ciocca Eller, Herman G. van de Werfhorst & Thomas A. DiPrete (2019): School-to-work linkages, educational mismatches, and labor market outcomes. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 84, H. 2, S. 275-307. DOI:10.1177/0003122419836081

Abstract

"A recurring question in public and scientific debates is whether occupation-specific skills enhance labor market outcomes. Is it beneficial to have an educational degree that is linked to only one or a small set of occupations? To answer this question, we generalize existing models of the effects of (mis)match between education and occupation on labor market outcomes. Specifically, we incorporate the structural effects of linkage strength between school and work, which vary considerably across industrialized countries. In an analysis of France, Germany, and the United States, we find that workers have higher earnings when they are in occupations that match their educational level and field of study, but the size of this earnings boost depends on the clarity and strength of the pathway between their educational credential and the labor market. The earnings premium associated with a good occupational match is larger in countries where the credential has a stronger link to the labor market, but the penalty for a mismatch is also greater in such countries. Moreover, strong linkage reduces unemployment risk. These findings add nuance to often-made arguments that countries with loosely structured educational systems have more flexible labor markets and produce better labor market outcomes for workers. An institutional environment that promotes strong school-to-work pathways appears to be an effective strategy for providing workers with secure, well-paying jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Forsythe, Eliza (2019): Careers within firms: Occupational mobility over the lifecycle. In: Labour, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 241-277. DOI:10.1111/labr.12146

Abstract

"With falling labor market dynamism in the United States, opportunities within firms take on increasing importance in young workers' career progression. Developing a variety of occupational ranking metrics, I show that occupational mobility within firms follows a standard lifecycle pattern in which the frequency, distance, and wage return from mobility fall with age. However, when upward and downward mobility are considered separately, the distance of moves increases over the lifecycle. Thus, while young workers make the smallest distance occupational moves up and down, they have the largest wage gains and losses associated with these moves. I find that wage growth for young workers deteriorated substantially in the first decade of the 2000s, primarily driven by a reduction in wage growth within firms, whereas mid-career workers have experienced no such change. I argue this is most likely driven by the dramatic fall in employer-to-employer mobility for young workers since the early 2000s. Encouragingly, wage growth has improved markedly for young workers since 2012." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Fries-Tersch, Elena, Tugce Tugran, Agnieszka Markowska & Matthew Jones (2019): 2018 annual report on intra-EU labour mobility. Final report December 2018. (... annual report on intra-EU labour mobility / European Commission), Luxembourg, 194 S. DOI:10.2767/25927

Abstract

"The annual report on intra-EU labour mobility provides updated information on labormobility trends in EU and EFTA countries. Annual developments in stocks and flows are analyzed in the perspective of longer-term trends. The analysis considers the mobility of all working-age citizens (20-64 years) as well as the mobility of those who are active (employed and unemployed). The report also looks at indicators of economic integration of mobile citizens, such as employment/unemployment rates and occupations. This year, two specific topics on the qualifications and the household composition of the EU-28 movers are further analyzed. The two main data sources used are Eurostat population and migration statistics – for mobility of all citizens – and the European Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) for the analysis of mobility of active citizens and economic integration. For methodological reasons estimated numbers of EU movers differ." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gabe, Todd, Jaison R. Abel & Richard Florida (2019): Can workers in low-end occupations climb the job ladder? In: Economic Development Quarterly, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 92-106. DOI:10.1177/0891242419838324

Abstract

"There is growing concern over rising economic inequality, the decline of the middle class, and a polarization of the U.S. workforce. This study examines the extent to which workers in the United States transition from low-end to higher-quality occupations, and explores the factors associated with such a move up the job ladder. Using data covering the expansion following the Great Recession (2011-2017) and focusing on short-term (i.e., less than 1 year) labor market transitions, the authors find that just slightly more than 5% of workers in low-end occupations moved into a higher-quality occupation. Instead, around 70% of workers in low-end occupations stayed in the same occupation, 11% exited the labor force, 7% became unemployed, and 6% switched to a different low-end occupation. Study results point to the importance of educational attainment in helping workers successfully climb the job ladder." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Garnero, Andrea, Alexander Hijzen & Sébastien Martin (2019): More unequal, but more mobile? Earnings inequality and mobility in OECD countries. In: Labour economics, Jg. 56, H. January, S. 26-35. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2018.08.005

Abstract

"This paper provides comprehensive cross-country evidence on the relationship between earnings inequality and intra-generational mobility by simulating individual earnings and employment trajectories using short panels for 24 OECD countries. On average across countries, only 20% of earnings inequality in a given year evens out over the life cycle as a result of mobility. This suggests that the bulk of earnings inequality at a given time is permanent. Moreover, mobility and inequality are positively correlated across countries, suggesting that international differences in life-time inequality tend to be less pronounced than inequality differences in a given year. The positive correlation is largely driven by employment mobility - movements between employment and unemployment - and most pronounced in the bottom of the distribution." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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Huizen, Thomas van & Rob Alessie (2019): Risk aversion and job mobility. In: Journal of economic behavior & organization, Jg. 164, H. August, S. 91-106. DOI:10.1016/j.jebo.2019.01.021

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Liu, Kai (2019): Wage risk and the value of job mobility in early employment careers. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 139-185. DOI:10.1086/698898

Abstract

"This paper shows that job mobility is a valuable channel that employed workers use to mitigate bad labor market shocks. I estimate a model of wage dynamics jointly with a dynamic model of employment and job mobility. The key feature of the model is the specification of wage shocks at the worker-firm-match level, for workers can respond to these shocks by changing jobs. I find that, relative to the variance of individual-level shocks, the variance of match-level shocks is large and the consequent value of job mobility is substantial, particularly for workers whose match-specific wages are low." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Nakamura, Alice, Emi Nakamura, Kyle Phong & Jón Steinsson (2019): New evidence on the cyclicality of employer-to-employer flows from Canada. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 109, S. 456-460. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20191053

Abstract

"This paper presents new estimates of gross worker flows for Canada for the sample period 1978 to 2016. We use administrative data from the Canadian Record of Employment in combination with the Canadian Labor Force Survey to estimate employer-to-employer flows in addition to flows between labor market states. We highlight three main results: Roughly two-thirds of all job separations are employer-to-employer flows. Employer-to-Employer flows are highly procyclical. The combination of these two results means that total job separations are procyclical. If employer-to-employer flows improve match quality, our results imply that recessions have a sullying effect on the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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O'Bar, Andrew (2019): What’s behind occupational separations? In: Monthly labor review, Jg. June, S. 1-11. DOI:10.21916/mlr.2019.13

Abstract

"Using the latest models of occupational separations from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, this article examines how the demographic characteristics of workers affect their probabilities of leaving the labor force or changing occupations. The article demonstrates that two factors—age and educational attainment—have the greatest impact on separations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pearlman, Jessica (2019): Occupational mobility for whom? Education, cohorts, the life course and occupational gender composition, 1970-2010. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 59, H. February, S. 81-93. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2018.11.009

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Pettinicchi, Yuri & Axel Börsch-Supan (2019): Long-term effects of different labour careers. In: A. Börsch-Supan, J. Bristle, K. Andersen-Ranberg, A. Brugiavini, F. Jusot, H. Litwin & G. Weber (Hrsg.) (2019): Health and socio-economic status over the life course : First results from SHARE Waves 6 and 7, S. 109-117. DOI:10.1515/9783110617245-011

Abstract

"This chapter computes the share of active labour market participation during an individual's life course. We also count the number of job spells to distinguish workers with dynamic careers, that is, workers who changed several jobs over a lifetime. On the one hand, jobs changes may imply income improvements attributable to promotion or better matching. On the other hand, a large number of job changes may also be attributable to many exits from and re-entries into the labour market that are likely to reduce income growth over the life cycle. We identify four categories of labour careers: always active individuals with one job spell, always active individuals with several job spells, seldom active individuals with one job spell and seldom active individuals with several job spells." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bellani, Luna & Vigile Marie Fabella (2018): Upward income mobility and legislator support for education policies. (IZA discussion paper 11324), Bonn, 32 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates how upward mobility affects legislator voting behavior towards education policies. We develop an electoral competition model where voters are altruistic parents and politicians are office seeking. In this setting the future economic status of the children is affected both by current public education spending and by the level of upward mobility. Using a newly compiled dataset of roll call voting on California education legislation matched with electoral district-level upward mobility we find that the likelihood of a legislator voting 'no' on redistributive education bills decreases by 10 percentage points when upward mobility in his electoral district decreases by a standard deviation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cisternas, Gonzalo (2018): Career concerns and the nature of skills. In: American Economic Journal. Microeconomics, Jg. 10, H. 2, S. 152-189. DOI:10.1257/mic.20160277

Abstract

"I examine how career concerns are shaped by the nature of productive actions taken by workers. A worker's skills follow a Gaussian process with an endogenous component reflecting human- capital accumulation. Effort and skills are substitutes both in the output process (as in Holmström 1999) and in the skills technology. The focus is on deterministic equilibria by virtue of Gaussian learning. When effort and skills are direct inputs to production and skills are exogenous, effort can be inefficiently high in the beginning of a career. In contrast, when skills are the only input to production but accumulate through past effort choices, the worker always underinvests in skill acquisition. At the center of the discrepancy are two types of ex post errors that arise at interpreting output due to an identification problem faced by the market. Finally, the robustness of the underinvestment result is explored via variations in the skill- accumulation technology and in the information structure, and policy implications are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Eriksson, Rikard H., Emelie Hane-Weijman & Martin Henning (2018): Sectoral and geographical mobility of workers after large establishment cutbacks or closures. In: Environment and planning. A, Economy and space, Jg. 50, H. 5, S. 1071-1091. DOI:10.1177/0308518X18772581

Abstract

"This paper studies redundant workers' industrial and geographical mobility, and the consequences of post-redundancy mobility for regional policy strategies. This is accomplished by means of a database covering all workers who became redundant in major shutdowns or cutbacks in Sweden between 1990 and 2005. Frequencies of industrial and geographical mobility are described over time, and the influence of some important characteristics that make workers more likely to be subject to particular forms of mobilities are assessed. We find that re-employment rates vary extensively across industries and time. Whereas going back to the same or related industries is the most common re-employment strategy among workers who find a new job in the first year, workers who do not benefit from quick re-employment are increasingly squeezed out to new job fields and regions. Older workers and workers with high vested interest in their original industries usually employ a 'same-industry/same-region' strategy. This most frequent, and perhaps often most attractive, same-industry strategy comes at a cost, however. Individuals who instead pursue other mobility strategies have a lower risk of suffering from another major redundancy in the future. Thus, in terms of regional policy, strategies promoting diversification to related industries after major redundancies seem to be much more important than trying to retain workers in their old industry. In this case the route via education (university or vocational training) is important, as it increases the likelihood of successfully changing industry at time of re-employment." (Author's abstract, © 2018 a Pion publication) ((en))

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Frederiksen, Anders & Takao Kato (2018): Human capital and career success. Evidence from linked employer-employee data. In: The economic journal, Jg. 128, H. 613, S. 1952-1982. DOI:10.1111/ecoj.12504

Abstract

"Using Danish registry data covering the population of Danish workers, we provide new and robust evidence with external validity on the importance of the breadth of human capital for top management appointments, and support/enrich the human capital theory of corporate leadership by Gibbons and Waldman and Lazear. Our analysis allows for both internal promotion and external recruitment as means to achieve top management appointments, and yields additional findings: the breath of human capital is more important in mature firms, as predicted by the theory; and the concept of firm-specific human capital applies to the breadth of human capital." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Fries-Tersch, Elena, Tugce Tugran, Ludovica Rossi & Harriet Bradley (2018): 2017 annual report on intra-EU labour mobility. Final Report Second edition September 2018. (... annual report on intra-EU labour mobility / European Commission), Luxembourg, 250 S. DOI:10.2767/077683

Abstract

"This report provides an annually updated picture of intra-EU labor mobility in the EU. It presents an overview of stocks and flows of all and of active EU movers of working age using the most up-to-date EU-wide comparable data. Therefore, the report identifies main countries of destination and of origin and identifies major changes compared to previous years in the Member States. Like every year, the report looks at the situation of movers on the labor market, by comparing indicators such as employment rates, occupations, sectors of activity, education, over-qualification between different groups of movers, to nationals in the country of residence and over time. Furthermore, the report addresses a variety of specific topics, that differ from year to year, depending on current developments and policy needs. This year, the report specifically looks at the gender dimension of mobility, language and other barriers to cross-border mobility in neighboring regions; and at the mobility of health professionals." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Heijden, Beatrice I. J. M. van der, Maria C. W. Peeters, Pascale M. Le Blanc & J. Wim M. Van Breukelen (2018): Job characteristics and experience as predictors of occupational turnover intention and occupational turnover in the European nursing sector. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 108, H. October, S. 108-120. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2018.06.008

Abstract

"The present study aims to unravel the relationships between job demands and resources, occupational turnover intention, and occupational turnover. To do so, we tested a model wherein associations between nurses' age, tenure in profession and tenure with present employer (experience in the profession), job demands (emotional demands, work-home interference), and job resources (influence at work and opportunities for development) predicted occupational turnover intention, and, subsequently, occupational turnover. A longitudinal survey was conducted among a sample of 753 nurses working in European health care institutions (hospitals, nursing homes, and community/home care). The results supported the hypotheses that job demands are positively related with occupational turnover intention while job resources and experience in the nursing profession are negatively related with occupational turnover intention. We did not find evidence supporting the hypothesis that occupational turnover intention mediates the relationship between job demands and job resources on the one hand, and occupational turnover on the other hand. Experience in the nursing profession had a direct effect on occupational turnover, in addition to the direct effect of occupational turnover intention. The implications of our findings for understanding the process through which health care organizations can affect occupational turnover intention and actual exit behavior, are discussed." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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Jinkins, David & Annaig Morin (2018): Job-to-job transitions, sorting, and wage growth. In: Labour economics, Jg. 55, H. December, S. 300-327. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2018.10.008

Abstract

"In this paper we measure the relative contribution of firm effects and match quality to wage growth experienced by workers moving between jobs. We provide evidence that firm effects only explain a small share of the observed wage dynamics. We also show that standard assumptions on match quality used to estimate fixed-effect wage models are not well supported in Danish data. We propose an alternative strategy to estimate an additive model of wage changes that includes a freely-varying match effect for all but a subset of job changers. Using estimates from Danish linked worker-firm data, we find that 44% of the wage growth experienced by job-to-job movers is attributable to an improvement in the quality of the worker-firm match, and 66% of the variance of wage growth is explained by the variance of the change in match effects." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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McCollum, David, Ye Liu, Allan Findlay, Zhiqiang Feng & Glenna Nightingale (2018): Determinants of occupational mobility: the importance of place of work. In: Regional Studies. Journal of the Regional Studies Association, Jg. 52, H. 12, S. 1612-1623. DOI:10.1080/00343404.2018.1424993

Abstract

"This research focuses on individual and place-based determinants of occupational mobility in Scotland over the period 2001 - 11. Its originality relates to the importance of workplace location, rather than residential locations, on occupational mobility, and in questioning the idea that spatial mobility accelerates occupational mobility. The findings also indicate that skill level and employment in 'knowledge-intensive' sectors are key determinants of career progression. Urban career escalator effects are found to be particularly evident for higher-skilled workers. The findings point to the importance of spatial sophistication and sectoral sensitivity in understandings of occupational mobility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Merlino, Luca Paolo, Pierpaolo Parrotta & Dario Pozzoli (2018): Gender differences in sorting. In: Industrial Relations, Jg. 57, H. 4, S. 671-709. DOI:10.1111/irel.12216

Abstract

"In this paper, we investigate gender differences in workers' career development within and outside the firm to explain the existence of gender wage gaps. Using Danish employer-employee matched data, we find that good female workers are more likely to move to better firms than men but are less likely to be promoted. Furthermore, these differences in career advancement widen after the first child is born. Our findings suggest that career impediments in certain firms cause the most productive female workers to seek better jobs in firms in which there is less gender bias." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Novak, Pavel (2018): Berufliche Mobilität von Lehrpersonen. Eine empirische Untersuchung zum Berufswechsel von Primarlehrpersonen zu Berufsfachschullehrpersonen für Allgemeinbildung an Schweizer Berufsfachschulen. (Internationale Hochschulschriften 649), Münster: Waxmann, 382 S.

Abstract

"Im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchung steht die berufliche Mobilität von Schweizer Primarlehrpersonen. Diese sind aus der obligatorischen Schule aus- und an die Berufsfachschule umgestiegen, wo sie das Fach Allgemeinbildender Unterricht (ABU) betreuen. Aus den berufsbiographischen Erzählungen geht hervor, dass die Primarlehrpersonen ihre Entscheidung, an die Berufsfachschule zu wechseln, als nichtintendiert und 'zufällig' interpretieren. In der Regel geht der berufliche Umstieg auf eine direkte Anfrage seitens einer Berufsfachschule zurück ('Rekrutierungsmodell'). Der Umstieg erfolgt aus unterschiedlichen Motiven, wobei bei den Umsteigern eher karriereorientierte und bei den Umsteigerinnen eher pragmatische Motive vorwiegen. Die Umsteiger*innen gehen ein wohlkalkuliertes Risiko ein, da sie trotz des Berufswechsels innerhalb des pädagogischen Berufsfelds verbleiben. Die Studie ergänzt die Forschung zur beruflichen Laufbahn von Schweizer Primarlehrpersonen um eine bisher unbekannte Facette." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Ommeren, Jos van (2018): Commuting and Relocation of Jobs and Residences. (Routledge revivals), London: Routledge, 184 S.

Abstract

This title was first published in 2000: An analysis of commuting behaviour from an integrated labour and housing market perspective. A theoretical search model is proposed and analyzed with an emphasis on two-owner households. The book provides insights into the relationship between job and residential moving and commuting behaviour.

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Pearlman, Jessica (2018): Gender differences in the impact of job mobility on earnings. The role of occupational segregation. In: Social science research, Jg. 74, H. August, S. 30-44. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.05.010

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Robinson, Chris (2018): Occupational mobility, occupation distance, and specific human capital. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 53, H. 2, S. 513-551. DOI:10.3368/jhr.53.2.0814-6556R2

Abstract

"Distance and direction measures are constructed and used to contrast occupational mobility following involuntary job displacement and total occupational mobility. Displacement involves specific capital loss. Some voluntary occupational mobility, for example, promotions, reflects augmented skills rather than specific human capital loss. Wage losses following displacement are strongly related to distance and direction. This is reflected in a downward shift in the skill portfolio. By contrast, the skill portfolio change in total occupational mobility shows a neutral or modest upward pattern, suggesting limited or no specific human capital loss from voluntary occupational mobility. The mean distance in occupational mobility following displacement declined significantly in the 1980s and 1990s suggesting the labor market was more efficiently reemploying workers following displacement, lowering displacement costs in that period." (Author's abstract, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))

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Schmidt, Joseph A., Chelsea R. Willness, David A. Jones & Joshua S. Bourdage (2018): Human resource management practices and voluntary turnover. A study of internal workforce and external labor market contingencies. In: The international journal of human resource management, Jg. 29, H. 3, S. 571-594. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2016.1165275

Abstract

"We tested relationships between employee quit rates and two bundles of human resource (HR) practices that reflect the different interests of the two parties involved in the employment relationship. To understand the boundary conditions for these effects, we examined an external contingency proposed to influence the exchange-based effects of HR practices on subsequent quit rates - the local industry-specific unemployment rate - and an internal contingency proposed to shape employees' conceptualization of their exchange relationship - their employment status (i.e. full-time, part-time and temporary employment). Analyses of lagged data from over 200 Canadian establishments show that inducement HR practices (e.g. extensive benefits) and performance expectation HR practices (e.g. performance-based bonuses) had different effects on quit rates, and the former effect was moderated by unemployment rate. The effects of HR practices on quit rates did not differ between FT and PT employees, but a different pattern of main and interactive effects was found among temporary workers. These findings suggest that employees' exchange-based decisions to leave may be less affected by the number of hours they expect to work each week, and more by the number of weeks they expect to work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sánchez-Moral, Simón, Alfonso Arellano & Roberto Díez-Pisonero (2018): Interregional mobility of talent in Spain. The role of job opportunities and qualities of places during the recent economic crisis. In: Environment and planning. A, Economy and space, Jg. 50, H. 4, S. 789-808. DOI:10.1177/0308518X18761151

Abstract

"This paper seeks to extend our knowledge of the drivers behind talented workers' mobility within the Spanish urban system and the patterns they may follow. For this purpose, the stock and flows of creative workers (selected on the basis of either the industry-based or occupational approaches) are studied at different spatial scales while also considering the influence of local characteristics as a source of attracting and retaining forces. The study is based on the analysis of a quite novel longitudinal micro-database from the Spanish Social Security office. Under the conditions of lower mobility of creative workers compared with other geographical contexts - a trend worsened by the economic crisis - we show that job opportunities, especially in connection with workers' social networks, emerge as the most influential attracting factor. Thus, beyond the classic idea that agglomeration economies benefit all residents, we found evidence that the biggest cities, and Madrid in particular, had become 'escalator regions', propelling the careers of young creative workers that had been attracted to them. On the contrary, the influence of urban amenities seems limited to the retention of talent. This research aims to contribute to dealing with the challenge of upgrading local productive forces after the economic crisis and to develop tailor-made talent attraction and retention strategies" (Author's abstract, © 2018 a Pion publication) ((en))

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Söhn, Janina (2018): Is it time for a change? A literature review on occupational mobility among older workers in Germany and the USA. (SOFI-Arbeitspapier 13), Göttingen, 38 S.

Abstract

"Mit zunehmenden Alter stellt sich für so manchen die Frage, ob sie in ihrem bisherigen Beruf bis zur Verrentung arbeiten wollen oder können. Unter welchen Umständen wechseln Individuen in ihrer mittleren und späteren Erwerbsbiografie ihren Beruf und wodurch genau zeichnen sich diese Berufswechsel aus? Dies sind die Kernfragen, die dieser Literaturbericht beantworten möchte. Berufliche Mobilität wird hier als der Wechsel des beruflichen Felds, in dem man erwerbstätig ist, verstanden. Dieser Übergang kann bezogen auf die Veränderung von Einkommen, Prestige und erforderlichem Qualifikationsniveau aufwärts, lateral oder abwärts gerichtet sein. Der Forschungsreview stellt zunächst unterschiedliche Theorien von Beruf vor, da diese auch für die Erklärung beruflicher Mobilität bedeutsam ist. Der darauffolgende Abschnitt konzeptualisiert die Multidimensionalität von Berufswechseln. Eigenschaften wie der Umfang der wöchentlichen Arbeitsstunden oder Aspekte prekärer Beschäftigung, die mit dem alten oder neuen Beruf assoziiert sind, können als Push- bzw. Pull-Faktoren fungieren. Der umfangreichste Abschnitt ist den theoretischen und empirischen Ergebnissen bisheriger Forschung zu unterschiedlichen Einflüssen auf der Mikro- und Makroebene gewidmet: Alter, Gesundheit, Bildungsniveau sowie Weiterbildung und Umschulungen im späteren Erwachsenenalter, berufsbezogene Eigenschaften, die dem Berufswechsel vorangegangene Erwerbsbiografie, Geschlecht und haushaltbezogene Faktoren, ethnische und migrationsbezogene Entwicklungen seit Anfang der 2000er, welche das Auftreten von Berufswechslern befördert haben. Die meiste empirische Forschung bezieht sich auf die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika und auf Deutschland, weshalb dieser Literaturüberblick zu einem gewissen Grad international vergleichend angelegt ist. Angesichts der gravierenden Forschungslücken zu beruflicher Mobilität unter älteren Erwerbstätigen in der Bundesrepublik im letzten Jahrzehnt präsentiert der Review eigene, nach Alter, Geschlecht und Bildungsniveau differenzierte Auswertungen des Mikrozensus 2012 zum Anteil von Erwerbstätigen, die im vorangegangenen Jahr ihren Beruf gewechselt haben. Das Schlusskapitel fasst die wichtigsten Erkenntnisse und verbleibende Forschungslücken zusammen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Tavares, Marisa, Anabela Carneiro & José Varejão (2018): The spatial dimension of internal labor markets. In: Journal of regional science, Jg. 58, H. 1, S. 181-203. DOI:10.1111/jors.12353

Abstract

"We integrate into a unified framework the spatial and the employment dimensions of worker mobility, tracing workers across firms, across establishments, and across regions. Drawing upon the spatial dimension of internal labor markets in firms with multiple establishments in multiple locations, our results indicate that the contemporaneous wage premium to migration is around 3 percentage points. For the case of job switchers, we find that the return to regional migration is due to access to better jobs at the destination. We also document the existence of an urban premium for same-employer migrants but for employer changes this premium is driven by selection." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Bachmann, Rüdiger, Christian Bayer, Christian Merkl, Stefan Seth, Heiko Stüber & Felix Wellschmied (2017): Worker churn and employment growth at the establishment level. (CEPR discussion paper 12343), London, 30 S.

Abstract

"We study the relationship between employment growth and worker flows in excess of job flows (churn) at the establishment level using the new German AWFP dataset spanning from 1975 - 2014. Churn is above 5 percent of employment along the entire employment growth distribution and most pronounced at rapidly-adjusting establishments. We find that the patterns of churn along the employment growth distribution can be explained by separation rate shocks and time-to-hire frictions. These shocks become larger on average during boom periods leading to procyclical worker churn. Distinguishing between separations into non-employment and to other establishments, we find that separations to other establishments drive all procyclical churn. In a secondary contribution, we compare German worker and job flows with their US counterparts and recent US findings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bachmann, Ronald, Peggy Bechara & Christina Vonnahme (2017): Occupational mobility in Europe: Extent, determinants and consequences. (Ruhr economic papers 732), Essen, 27 S.

Abstract

"We examine occupational mobility and its link to wage mobility across a large number of EU countries using worker-level micro data. In doing so, we document the extent, the individual-level determinants and the consequences of occupational mobility in terms of wage outcomes and structural change across the EU. In addition, we identify potential explanations for the observed cross-country variation. Our results show that on average, 3% of European workers change their occupation per year, and that the extent of occupational mobility differs strongly by country. Individual characteristics play an important role for person-specific occupational mobility, but have little explanatory power for differences between countries. Occupational mobility is strongly associated with earnings mobility, and occupation movers are more likely than job movers to experience a downward rather than an upward earnings transition; by contrast, changing occupation voluntarily is more often followed by an upward wage transition. As opposed to composition effects, labour-market institutions, especially employment protection legislation, seem to play an important role for explaining crosscountry differences in occupational mobility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Faberman, R. Jason, Andreas I. Mueller, Ayşegül Şahin & Giorgio Topa (2017): Job search behavior among the employed and non-employed. (NBER working paper 23731), Cambrige, Mass., 71 S. DOI:10.3386/w23731

Abstract

"Using a unique new survey, we study the relationship between search effort and outcomes for employed and non-employed workers. We find that the employed fare better than the non-employed in job search: they receive more offers per application and are offered higher pay even after controlling for observable characteristics. We use an on-the-job search model with endogenous search effort and find that unobserved heterogeneity explains less than a third of the residual wage offer differential. The model calibrated using various moments from our survey provides a good fit to the data and implies a reasonable flow value of unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fernández-Macías, Enrique, Martina Bisello & Vincenzo Maccarrone (2017): Employment transitions and occupational mobility in Europe. The impact of the Great Recession. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, 62 S. DOI:10.2806/145355

Abstract

"This study investigates employment and occupational mobility in Europe before and after the 2008 financial crisis, with the aim of linking individual-level employment transitions to the broad labour market developments during the crisis, such as the surge in unemployment and the phenomenon of job polarisation. The analysis compares six European countries that represent different institutional clusters - France, Italy, Poland, Spain, Sweden and the UK. It tracks the transitions of their working age populations into and out of inactivity, unemployment and employment (in five wage categories). The study seeks to better understand what happened to workers who lost their jobs during the recession, beyond the headline unemployment statistics. Did they find other work and, if so, was it better or worse paid? Were opportunities for upward occupational mobility affected by the crisis? The findings show that the countries studied fall into three distinct categories based on the degree of occupational mobility characterising their economies. An executive summary is available - see Related content." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Goda, Gopi Shah, Damon Jones & Colleen Flaherty Manchester (2017): Retirement plan type and employee mobility. The role of selection and incentive effects. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 52, H. 3, S. 654-679. DOI:10.3368/jhr.52.3.0315-6997R1

Abstract

"Relative to defined benefit (DB) plans, defined contribution (DC) plans have been linked to greater employee mobility. Because employees with different underlying mobility tendencies may sort across plans or firms, the relationship between plan type and mobility may be due to selection. We identify the role of selection by exploiting a natural experiment at an employer, in which the transition from a DB to a DC pension plan was affected by default rules. Using the default assignment as a source of exogenous variation in plan enrollment, we find that employees with higher mobility tendencies self-select into the DC plan." (Author's abstract, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))

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Haltiwanger, John, Henry Hyatt & Erika McEntarfer (2017): Who moves up the job ladder? (NBER working paper 23693), Cambrige, Mass., 54 S. DOI:10.3386/w23693

Abstract

"In this paper, we use linked employer-employee data to study the reallocation of heterogeneous workers between heterogeneous firms. We build on recent evidence of a cyclical job ladder that reallocates workers from low productivity to high productivity firms through job-to-job moves. In this paper we turn to the question of who moves up this job ladder, and the implications for worker sorting across firms. Not surprisingly, we find that job-to-job moves reallocate younger workers disproportionately from less productive to more productive firms. More surprisingly, especially in the context of the recent literature on assortative matching with on-the-job search, we find that job-to-job moves disproportionately reallocate less-educated workers up the job ladder. This finding holds even though we find that more educated workers are more likely to work with more productive firms. We find that while more educated workers are less likely to match to low productivity firms, they are even less likely to separate from them, with less educated workers both more likely to separate to a better employer in expansions and to be shaken off the ladder (separate to nonemployment) in contractions. Our findings underscore the cyclical role job-to-job moves play in matching workers to higher productivity and better paying employers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hertel, Florian R. (2017): Social mobility in the 20th century. Class mobility and occupational change in the United States and Germany. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 403 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-14785-3

Abstract

"Based on a novel class scheme and a unique compilation of German and American data, this book reveals that intergenerational class mobility increased over most of the past century. While country differences in intergenerational mobility are surprisingly small, gender, regional, racial and ethnic differences were initially large but declined over time. At the end of the 20th century, however, mobility prospects turned to the worse in both countries. In light of these findings, the book develops a narrative account of historical socio-political developments that are likely to have driven the basic resemblances across countries but also account for the initial decline and the more recent increase in intergenerational inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pringle, Judith K., Candice Harris, Katherine Ravenswood, Lynne Giddings, Irene Ryan & Sabina Jaeger (2017): Women's career progression in law firms. Views from the top, views from below. In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 24, H. 4, S. 435-449. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12180

Abstract

"Law continues to be an attractive career path for women. Yet evidence shows that women's careers in law stagnate with proportionally small numbers of women progressing up the hierarchy from law graduate to partner. In this study we investigated how gendering and class processes impact on women's career progression. A major contribution is that we explored the heterogeneous views held by women below and above the partnership line, in Auckland's top law firms. Drawing on Acker's gendering processes (1990, 2006a) plus the accumulation of appropriate capitals needed to progress, we analysed 52 interview accounts. The women lawyers themselves were divided on how gendering and class processes impact on their career progression. Women partners accepted the hierarchical employment model of law and were confident in their role and place. Women below the partner line, while frustrated by the personal and professional requirements for success, did not demonstrate agency for change. In concluding, we reflect on the potential for change in the profession." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Bechara, Peggy, Julia Bredtmann, Sandra Schaffner & Christina Vonnahme (2016): Durchlässigkeit europäischer Arbeitsmärkte. Gütersloh, 94 S.

Abstract

"Die vorliegende Studie bietet einen umfassenden Überblick über die Durchlässigkeit der Arbeitsmärkte in Europa, indem sie die Mobilität individueller Arbeitnehmer analysiert, sowohl in Bezug auf Übergänge zwischen Arbeitsmarktzuständen und Vertragstypen (befristet/unbefristet) als auch in Bezug auf Wechsel des Berufs und Lohnmobilität. Diese Übergänge und Wechsel sind vor allem aus zwei Gründen von Bedeutung: Einerseits übt die Durchlässigkeit des Arbeitsmarktes einen außerordentlich wichtigen Einfluss auf das Wohlergehen des individuellen Arbeitnehmers aus; andererseits bedingt sie die Anpassungsfähigkeit der Wirtschaft bspw. während einer Krise oder im Aufschwung nach einer Krise. In diesem Zusammenhang spielt die Nachhaltigkeit von Beschäftigung eine bedeutende Rolle, wobei Beschäftigung als nachhaltig betrachtet wird, wenn sie relativ hohe Stabilität und Aufstiegschancen bietet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Barone, Guglielmo & Sauro Mocetti (2016): Intergenerational mobility in the very long run. Florence 1427-2011. (Banca d'Italia. Temi di discussione 1060), Rom, 35 S.

Abstract

"We examine intergenerational mobility in the very long run, across generations that are six centuries apart. We exploit a unique dataset containing detailed information at the individual level for all people living in the Italian city of Florence in 1427. These individuals have been associated, using their surnames, with their pseudo-descendants living in Florence in 2011. We find that earnings elasticity is about 0.04, much higher than predicted by traditional models of intergenerational mobility. We also find an even stronger role for real wealth inheritance and evidence of persistence in belonging to certain elite professions. Our results are confirmed when we account for the quality of the pseudo-links and when we address the potential selectivity bias due to the differential survival rates across surnames. We argue that the quasi-immobility of preindustrial society and the positional advantages in the access to certain professions might explain (in part) the long-lasting effects of ancestors' socioeconomic status." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Carrillo-Tudela, Carlos, Bart Hobijn, Powen She & Ludo Visschers (2016): The extent and cyclicality of career changes. Evidence for the U.K. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 84, H. May, S. 18-41. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.09.008

Abstract

"Using quarterly data for the U.K. from 1993 through 2012, we document that the extent of worker reallocation across occupations or industries (a career change, in the parlance of this paper) is high and procyclical. This holds true after controlling for workers┐ previous labour market status and for changes in the composition of who gets hired over the business cycle. Our evidence suggests that a large part of this reallocation reflect excess churning in the labour market. We also find that the majority of career changes come with wage increases. During the economic expansion wage increases were typically larger for those who change careers than for those who do not. During the recession this is not true for career changers who were hired from unemployment. Our evidence suggests that understanding career changes over the business cycle is important for explaining labour market flows and the cyclicality of wage growth." (Author's abstract, © 2016 Elsevier) ((en))

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Debrulle, Jonas (2016): The role of entrepreneurship in the context of career trajectories. Moving back into wage employment or into unemployment? In: Labour, Jg. 30, H. 2, S. 180-197. DOI:10.1111/labr.12060

Abstract

"This study investigates patterns of movement from self-employment to wage employment or to unemployment in Belgium. Non-parametric techniques and complimentary log-log analyses are used to determine the significance of stable individual traits (e.g. gender) and of time-dependent characteristics (e.g. family and organizational context, labour market mobility) in moving back to wage employment or to unemployment. Evidence is provided on the possibility of entrepreneurship acting as a 'steppingstone' between long-term unemployment and paid work. Yet, significant relationships also emerge between ex-ante time spent in unemployment and the possibility of continued unemployment upon self-employment exit." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fleming, Christopher M., Temesgen Kifle & Parvinder Kler (2016): Immigrant occupational mobility in Australia. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 30, H. 5, S. 876-889. DOI:10.1177/0950017016631446

Abstract

"This research note takes an occupational attainment approach to examining the economic assimilation of immigrants in Australia. This approach differs from much of the existing literature, which tends to examine economic assimilation by looking at levels of (un)employment or wages. Focusing on occupational attainment is useful, in that disadvantage in the labour market is not limited to employment status and earnings, and an individual's occupation may provide a broader signal of their economic and social well-being. Findings indicate that, on arrival, immigrants from a non-English speaking background face significant disadvantage in occupational attainment, particularly those from Asian countries. There is also evidence to suggest that those who arrive later in life, or are from an Asian non-English speaking background, are the least likely to assimilate over time. Results are indicative of the need for policies to better integrate immigrants from more diverse cultures and societies into the Australian labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Garnero, Andrea, Alexander Hijzen & Sébastien Martin (2016): More unequal, but more mobile? Earnings inequality and mobility in OECD countries. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 177), Paris, 45 S. DOI:10.1787/5jm3p5m7ccr2-en

Abstract

"This paper provides comprehensive cross-country evidence on the relationship between earnings inequality and intra-generational mobility by simulating individual earnings and employment trajectories in the long-term using short panel data for 24 OECD countries. On average across countries, about 25% of earnings inequality in a given year evens out over the life cycle as a result of mobility. Moreover, mobility is not systematically higher in countries with more earnings inequality in general. However, a positive and statistically significant relationship is found only in the bottom of the distribution. This reflects the role of mobility between employment and unemployment and not that of mobility up and down the earnings ladder." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gervais, Martin, Nir Jaimovich, Henry E. Siu & Yaniv Yedid-Levi (2016): What should I be when I grow up? Occupations and unemployment over the life cycle. In: Journal of monetary economics, Jg. 83, H. October, S. 54-70. DOI:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2016.08.003

Abstract

"Why is unemployment higher for younger individuals? We address this question in a frictional model of the labor market that features learning about occupational fit. In order to learn the occupation in which they are most productive, workers sample occupations over their careers. Because young workers are more likely to be in matches that represent a poor occupational fit, they spend more time in transition between occupations. Through this mechanism, our model can replicate the observed age differences in unemployment which, as in the data, are due to differences in job separation rates." (Author's abstract, © 2016 Elsevier) ((en))

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Jungblut, Jean-Marie (2016): Changing places: Mid-career review and internal mobility. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, 78 S. DOI:10.2806/42599

Abstract

"Demographic ageing poses the challenge of how to keep people in employment for longer without negatively affecting their health and well-being. The solutions are particularly critical for workers engaged in arduous work. This report examines how mid-career reviews can play a key role by clarifying workers' options for remaining in work until a later retirement age. Following an exploration of career trajectories and transitions, the report focuses on arduous jobs: their incidence across Europe and the implications of such work for career and work sustainability. It examines various tools and strategies used by public authorities and social partners to keep workers in arduous jobs in employment longer. Finally, three case studies - from Belgium, France and the UK - of mid-career reviews undertaken either as pilot projects or as a legislative reform are presented" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Maggiori, Christian, Jérôme Rossier, Franciska Krings, Claire S. Johnston & Koorosh Massoudi (2016): Career Pathways and Professional Transitions: Preliminary Results from the First Wave of a 7-Year Longitudinal Study. In: M. Oris, C. Roberts, D. Joye & M. E. Stähli (Hrsg.) (2016): Surveying Human Vulnerabilities across the Life Course, S. 131-157. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-24157-9_6

Abstract

"The main purpose of this chapter is to present and to discuss the implementation and the main methodological characteristics, notably in terms of design and research protocol, sampling and data collection procedure via a mixed-mode approach, of our 7-year longitudinal study on professional trajectories. More specifically, adopting several psychological perspectives, this study addresses professional transitions and career pathways and personal experiences – particularly in terms of well-being – of employed and unemployed middle-aged adults (25–55 years) living in Switzerland. Furthermore, based on the first wave of data (N = 2469), we introduce some results concerning, amongst others, the predictors of the choice of the mode to complete the questionnaire and of the intention to participate in the next wave, and possible differences on vulnerability indicators with reference to personal characteristics, resources and professional situation. Finally, considering the procedure implemented and the results emerging from this first wave, we discuss several implications and challenges for the next waves." (Author's abstract, © Springer) ((en))

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Mohl, Erich (2016): Berufliche (Um)Orientierung im Erwachsenenalter am Beispiel von Quereinsteigerinnen in das Lehramt für Berufsschulpädagogik in Österreich. In: Berufs- und Wirtschaftspädagogik - online H. H. Spezial 12, S. 1-19.

Abstract

"In Österreich unterscheiden sich die Zugangsmöglichkeiten und der Einstieg in das Lehramtsstudium für Berufsschulpädagogik grundlegend von den Lehrämtern der Primar- und Sekundarstufe des Allgemeinbildenden Schulwesens. Zukünftige Berufsschullehrerinnen werden zumeist als Quereinsteigerinnen direkt von den Berufsschulen angestellt und absolvieren die Lehramtsausbildung sowohl berufsbegleitend (1. und 3. Studienjahr) als auch vollzeitschulisch (2. Studienjahr) an den Pädagogischen Hochschulen Wien, Graz, Linz oder Innsbruck. Sowohl in der didaktisch-methodischen Ausbildung als auch bei den Berufswahlmotiven sind demzufolge Antagonismen zu finden. Der nachfolgende Artikel führt im einleitenden Abschnitt diese Unterschiedlichkeiten weiter aus. Anschließend werden die Ergebnisse einer empirischen Untersuchung präsentiert, bei der rund 160 angehender Berufsschullehrerinnen, die zumeist mehr als zehn Jahre Berufspraxis in die Lehramtsausbildung mitbringen, zu ihren Berufswahlmotiven sowie zu ihrer Zufriedenheit mit der Berufswahl befragt wurden. Im Fazit werden Resultate mit Blick auf künftige Auswahlmaßnahmen und mögliche berufsbegleitende Coaching- und Fading-Maßnahmen diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Nawakitphaitoon, Kritkorn & Russell Ormiston (2016): The estimation methods of occupational skills transferability. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 49, H. 4, S. 317-327., 2016-09-21. DOI:10.1007/s12651-016-0216-y

Abstract

"Dieser Beitrag vergleicht zwei Methoden zur Einschätzung der Übertragbarkeit beruflicher Kompetenzen sowohl in theoretischer als auch empirischer Hinsicht. Die erste Methode basiert auf der Studie von Shaw (1984), die zweite auf der Studie von Ormiston (2014). Der Hauptunterschied zwischen den beiden dort verwendeten Methoden liegt darin, dass die Übertragbarkeit der Kompetenzen nach Shaw ein 'marktorientierter' Ansatz ist. Die Bewertung erfolgt anhand eines tatsächlichen Berufswechsels. Die Übertragbarkeit der Kompetenzen nach Ormiston hingegen ist ein 'kompetenzorientierter' Ansatz, der auf der Grundlage von Wissen, Kompetenzen und Fähigkeiten über Beschäftigungen hinweg bewertet wird.
Obwohl diese beiden Ansätze sehr verschiedene Einschätzungen der Übertragbarkeit beruflicher Kompetenzen liefern, erklären beide Methoden wirkungsvoll die Einkommensverluste der freigesetzten Arbeitskräfte. Insbesondere haben freigesetzte Arbeitskräfte, die Beschäftigungen finden, die, gemessen an der Übertragbarkeit beruflicher Kompetenzen, ihren früheren Beschäftigungen stärker ähneln, im Durchschnitt geringere Einkommensverluste als diejenigen, die weniger ähnliche Beschäftigungen finden." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

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Rodrigues, Ricardo, David Guest & Alexandra Budjanovcanin (2016): Bounded or boundaryless? An empirical investigation of career boundaries and boundary crossing. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 30, H. 4, S. 669-686. DOI:10.1177/0950017015570726

Abstract

"The article argues that the long-running debate between organizationally bounded and boundaryless careers has been too narrow and neglects the variety and distinctive characteristics of career boundaries. Drawing on boundary theory, it investigates the main career-relevant domains and boundaries, and the motivations and structural conditions that influence boundary crossing or having a career within a specific domain among a sample of professional pharmacists. The qualitative study shows that careers are enacted within a number of relevant domains and are shaped by a range of boundaries such that boundarylessness and embeddedness are co-existing career dimensions. It also reveals how even within a professional population careers are embedded within diverse social and cultural contexts that impose differing constraints on career mobility. The article therefore provides a fuller, more nuanced understanding of career boundaries and contemporary careers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ruiz, Antonio Caparrós (2016): The impact of education on intergenerational occupational mobility in Spain. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 92, H. February, S. 94-104. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2015.11.010

Abstract

"Intergenerational occupational mobility is a topic that has attracted considerable interest in the sociological and economic literature for developed countries. In particular, one of the central issues in political debate is the role of education on the intergenerational social mobility. The modern capitalist economies are characterised by continual technological changes which lead to the need of a highly skilled workforce. In this potentially meritocratic society, the equality of opportunities, the efficient allocation of talent and the education can be instruments that encourage the social mobility and decrease the effect of the parents' economic status on the career of their children. This paper takes into account these facts and sheds empirical evidence for Spain about the relationships between social origin, educational attainment and occupational destination. The methodology applied consists of the specification and estimation of discrete choice models, and the empirical analysis is based on data provided by the Living Condition Survey (LCS) conducted for the Spanish National Statistics Institute (INE)." (Author's abstract, © 2015 Elsevier) ((en))