Zitatform

(2018): Investing in youth: Norway. (Investing in youth), Paris, 149 S. DOI:10.1787/9789264283671-en

Abstract

"The present report on Norway is part of the series on 'Investing in Youth' which builds on the expertise of the OECD on youth employment, social support and skills. The report provides a detailed diagnosis of youth policies in the areas of education, training, social and employment policies. Its main focus is on young people who are not in employment, education or training (the 'NEETs'). Earlier reviews in the same series have looked at youth policies in Brazil (2014), Latvia and Tunisia (2015), Australia, Lithuania and Sweden (2016), Japan (2017)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ayllón, Sara & Javier Valbuena (2017): Youth unemployment and stigmatization across Europe. A comparative analysis. (NEGOTIATE working paper 6.4), Oslo, 24 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies the dynamics of the scarring effect of youth unemployment along the business cycle in 12 European countries. On the one hand, we analyse differences associated to the negative effect of past unemployment experiences in future labour market status. And, on the other hand, we consider potential stigmatization against prospect young workers, that is, the extent to which employers are more reluctant to hire individuals with a history of unemployment. Our results are based on data from the EU-SILC for the period 2004 to 2015 and provide support in favour of a significant scarring effect of unemployment among youths that is highly heterogeneous across the countries under analysis and that increased substantially during the Great Recession. On the contrary, evidence on stigma effects was found to be rather weak." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bacher, Johann, Christina Koblbauer, Heinz Leitgöb & Dennis Tamesberger (2017): Small differences matter: How regional distinctions in educational and labour market policy account for heterogeneity in NEET rates. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 51, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1186/s12651-017-0232-6

Abstract

"Labour market and education policy makers and researchers are increasingly focusing on the NEET indicator as a supplement to the youth unemployment rate. Analyses of factors influencing NEET have concentrated primarily on individual characteristics such as gender and migration background on one hand, and on macro-level factors of nations such as economic growth and minimum wage regulations on the other. However, nations are not homogenous, especially when a country is divided into several federal states, as is the case with Austria. This article aims to analyse regional differences within Austria. In order to explain the differences, we define a multilevel model that contains four contextual factors: the importance of upper secondary education; the importance of dual education; vacant jobs; and expenditures for active labour market policy. Because the institutional level addresses different age groups, the analysis was split into two age groups: 15 - 19 and 20 - 24 years. The results have shown that, besides the social structure of the population, contextual factors like the upper secondary education, the dual education, vacant jobs, and expenditures for active labour market policy are also relevant for explaining regional differences in the NEET rates. But one main insight was that the impact of the contextual factors varies between different social groups." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Brenke, Karl (2017): Jugendliche in Europa: rückläufige Arbeitslosigkeit, aber weiterhin große Probleme auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 84, H. 44, S. 985-995.

Abstract

"Die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit hatte im Frühjahr 2013 in der EU ihren Höhepunkt erreicht, danach ging sie deutlich zurück. Aber noch immer ist in der EU mehr als jede sechste Erwerbsperson im Alter von 15 bis 24 Jahren arbeitslos, und die Arbeitslosenquote der Jugendlichen ist zweieinhalb Mal so hoch wie die der Erwachsenen. Der vorliegende Bericht zeigt, wie sich die Arbeitsmarktsituation der Jugendlichen seit ihrem Höchststand entwickelt hat. Der Rückgang der Arbeitslosigkeit war überwiegend auf eine sinkende Zahl an Jugendlichen sowie eine nachlassende Erwerbsbeteiligung zurückzuführen; die Zunahme der Beschäftigung hat nur den kleineren Beitrag geleistet. Dabei waren die zusätzlichen Jobs fast ausschließlich zeitlich befristet, und die Teilzeitquote ist weiter gestiegen. Im europäischen Durchschnitt weisen die Jugendlichen unter den Arbeitslosen bei formal ähnlicher Qualifikation ein besonders hohes Arbeitslosigkeitsrisiko auf. In den mitteleuropäischen Ländern sind junge Menschen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt indes deutlich weniger im Nachteil, was an der praxisnäheren Berufsausbildung liegen dürfte. Da Berufserfahrungen und Referenzen für die Arbeitsmarktaussichten eine wichtige Rolle spielen, sollte zur Verbesserung der Arbeitsmarktlage für Jugendliche vor allem bei den Berufsausbildungssystemen angesetzt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bruno, Giovanni S. F., Misbah Tanveer Choudhry, Enrico Marelli & Marcello Signorelli (2017): The short- and long-run impacts of financial crises on youth unemployment in OECD countries. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 49, H. 34, S. 3372-3394. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2016.1259753

Abstract

"The impact of financial crises on the youth unemployment rate (YUR), compared to the total unemployment rate (UR), is estimated for a panel of OECD countries over the period 1981 - 2009, using bias-corrected dynamic panel data estimators of short- and long-run coefficients. Both YUR and UR are found highly persistent. Also, short- and long-run effects of financial crises on YUR are significantly large, respectively, some 1.9 and 1.5 - 1.7 times higher than the short- and long-run effects on UR. Similar results are found for the unemployment impacts of GDP growth lagged 1 year and institutional variables. These results are robust to various dynamic specifications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Brzinsky-Fay, Christian (2017): The interplay of educational and labour market institutions and links to relative youth unemployment. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 27, H. 4, S. 346-359. DOI:10.1177/0958928717719198

Abstract

"Many institutional theories assume that institutions function in conjunction with each other and, therefore, constitute regimes. Moreover, when analysing institutional effects most researchers maintain a purely variable-oriented approach and its ceteris-paribus logic of causal association. This article analyses associations between configurations of labour market and education institutions and relative youth unemployment by examining 30 countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The analysis reveals that no single institution constitutes a sufficient or necessary condition for relative youth unemployment. Institutions unfold their effects only in combination with other institutions, that is, they are always conjunctural. Low relative youth unemployment cannot be explained adequately. Employment protection is only associated with high relative youth unemployment if vocational specificity, standardisation and stratification is low." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Buttler, Dominik & Piotr Michon (2017): Consequences of early job insecurity and the role of the welfare state. (NEGOTIATE working paper 4.5), Oslo, 34 S.

Abstract

"The detrimental effect of joblessness on individual wellbeing is relatively well recognized (usually in the context of Western economies) as an additional, non-pecuniary cost of unemployment. However, the strength of the relationship between the employment status and life satisfaction varies considerably among countries. Relatively little is known about what forces drive these discrepancies, especially in the group of young people. The aim of the proposed paper is to identify the contextual factors influencing the strength of the relationship between the employment status and the level of individual wellbeing. In particular we are interested in the role of four policy fields: education policy, employment protection, passive and active labour market policy. In the empirical part of the paper we use data from two waves of the European Social Survey and apply the random intercept model. We find that vocationally oriented and tracked education systems as well as generous active and passive labour market policies strengthen the employment-wellbeing relationship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Christopoulou, Rebekka & Maria Pantalidou (2017): The parental home as labor market insurance for young Greeks during the crisis. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 158), Maastricht, 34 S.

Abstract

"Labor market conditions in Greece have severely deteriorated during the crisis, affecting youths the most. Using the Greek crisis as a case-study, this paper examines the role of the family as a social safety net for its young members. Specially, we test the relationship between youth labor outcomes and parental co-residence, whether this relationship has become stronger during the crisis, and the degree to which the relationship is causal. Our results confirm that the parental home is a refuge both for jobless youth and for those in poorly paid, insecure jobs, and this role has intensified during the crisis. We find no reverse causality between co-residence and employment status for young men, and significant reverse causality for women. This finding implies that all youths live in the parental home when they are in need themselves, but it is young women not men who live with parents when parents are in need or for cultural reasons." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dingeldey, Irene, Marie-Luise Assmann & Lisa Steinberg (2017): Strategies to improve labour market integration of young people. Comparing policy coordination in nine European countries. (NEGOTIATE working paper 8.2), Oslo, 55 S.

Abstract

"The analysis is based on nine in-depth country studies including Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Greece, Germany, Poland, Spain, the UK and two non-EU countries; Norway and Switzerland, which serve as a reference group.
The empirical research makes use of both primary and secondary sources, as well as four to six expert interviews per country to identify different types of youth employment regimes and strategies used to implement the respective policies.
The introduction of the Youth Guarantee (YG) was met with high expectations. Since the economic crisis youth unemployment has significantly increased. It was accompanied by a flexibilisation of employment forms and the lowering of youth wages, both attempts to facilitate integration in the labour market. Hence, it was up to the YG to address existing problems vis-à-vis young people entering the labour market, and to improve policy coordination." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dingeldey, Irene, Marie-Luise Assmann & Lisa Steinberg (2017): The strengths and weaknesses of policy coordination and policy outcomes in a system of multi-level governance. A comparative analysis. (NEGOTIATE working paper 8.3), Oslo, 37 S.

Abstract

"The Council of the European Union (EU) launched the Recommendation on establishing a Youth Guarantee (YG) in April 2013. The EU institutions thus recognised that young people have been affected extremely by unemployment and job insecurity due to the economic crisis and increasing labour market segmentation. The YG suggests that all young people under 25 receive a good-quality, concrete offer within four months of leaving formal education or becoming unemployed (EC 2015a). The particular reference to NEETs (Not in Employment, Education or Training) pays attention to the problem that some young people have lost contact with institutions and are not registered with employment services. With the adoption of the Recommendation, all Member States - except the UK - committed themselves to implementing the YG and establishing the actions envisaged. All in all, the promoted goals enhance an enabling approach within Europe's activating labour market policy (Lahusen et al. 2013) that supports individual capabilities by personalized guidance and individual action planning, including tailor made individual services, training and education (Maydell et al. 2006). Hence, a 'holistic approach' with respect to coordination and service delivery is required (6 2004)." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Eichhorst, Werner & Ulf Rinne (2017): The European youth guarantee. A preliminary assessment and broader conceptual implications. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 18, H. 2, S. 34-38.

Abstract

"The European Youth Guarantee can be viewed as an EU-wide framework comprising a system of measures to be taken by each Member State, which were, for example. encouraged to also use demand-side initiatives such as hiring subsidies (Andor 2016). More generally, the European Youth Guarantee is 'a commitment by all Member States to ensure that all young people under the age of 25 years receive a good quality offer of employment, continued education, apprenticeship or traineeship within a period of four months of becoming unemployed or leaving formal education' (European Commission 2017).3 In this context, best practices in the context of school-to-work transitions should be transferred from well-performing countries such as Austria and Finland to all Member States (Andor 2016)." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Escudero, Verónica & Elva López Mourelo (2017): The European Youth Guarantee. A systematic review of its implementation across countries. (ILO Research Department working paper 21), Genf, 23 S.

Abstract

"The European Youth Guarantee (YG) is one of the most innovative labour market policies of recent years. It arrived at a time when an urgent and radical response was needed to address the detrimental long-lasting consequences of long-term unemployment. This article examines empirical evidence on the effectiveness of past youth guarantee experiences, as well as the few existing evaluations of the YG, to identify the factors that are key to their success. We then assess whether the key success factors are embedded into the implementation plans published by the European countries and the extent to which these objectives have been met in practice. Our analysis shows that while most of countries have established clear eligibility criteria and appropriate institutional frameworks, and are providing a comprehensive package of measures, many of them are still facing challenges when meeting the objectives of early intervention and effective enforcement mechanisms. Finally, although countries' initial spending in the national YG schemes has often outpaced planned expenditures, in many instances resource allocations have not been sufficient to match the recommendations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gille, Christoph & Ute Klammer (2017): Wohlfahrtskapitalistische Regime und Handlungsfähigkeit erwerbsloser junger Menschen in Spanien und Deutschland. In: Soziale Passagen, Jg. 9, H. 1, S. 43-63. DOI:10.1007/s12592-017-0262-5

Abstract

"Anhand der Möglichkeiten zur Herstellung von Handlungsfähigkeit junger Erwerbsloser in den wohlfahrtskapitalistischen Regimen von Deutschland und Spanien geht der Artikel der Frage nach, wie und mit welchen Ergebnissen sozialpolitische Regimeforschung und akteur*innenbasierte Forschungsansätze kombiniert werden können. Dabei werden zunächst zentrale Aspekte der Arbeitsmarktentwicklung und institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen beider Regime verglichen. Anschließend werden Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Untersuchung junger Erwerbsloser in beiden Ländern anhand von ausgewählten Bewältigungsweisen vorgestellt, bevor Charakteristika der Regime aus akteur*innenbasierter Perspektive erörtert und Schlussfolgerungen gezogen werden." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

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Hernanz, Virginia & Juan F. Jimeno (2017): Youth Unemployment in the EU. Recent Developments and old problems. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 18, H. 2, S. 3-10.

Abstract

"High and persistent unemployment has been a recurrent phenomenon in Europe since the early 1980s. Nowadays, despite some economic recovery from the Great Recession and the European debt crisis, it remains at levels well above those registered in the mid-2000s. Moreover, there are two new developments with potentially adverse consequences. One is the increasing divergence of unemployment rates across European countries (see Boeri and Jimeno 2016); the other is the higher likelihood of unemployment among youths, despite their declining weights in the population and in the labour force due to demographic trends. In fact, it is the concentration of unemployment among the younger population groups in some countries that explains a good deal of the increasing unemployment divergence in the EU." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Köster, Thomas (2017): Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa. Eine europäische Verantwortung. (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. Analysen und Argumente 269), Sankt Augustin, 12 S.

Abstract

"Die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in der EU, insbesondere in Südeuropa, verharrt auf hohem Niveau. Die Arbeitslosenquote von Jugendlichen im Alter von 16 bis 25 ist etwa doppelt so hoch wie die Arbeitslosenquote insgesamt. Warum entstehen in Deutschland Fachkräftelücken, während Jugendliche im Süden Europas ohne Perspektive sind? Die Arbeitnehmerfreizügigkeit (eine der Grundfreiheiten des Binnenmarktes) sollte nicht nur verbrieftes Recht der Europäer sein, sondern gelebte Wirklichkeit werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Marelli, Enrico (2017): Young people in crisis times. Comparative evidence and policies. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 18, H. 2, S. 19-25.

Abstract

"Youth unemployment is a pathology that bears heavy economic, social and even political consequences. We can here recall three key empirical features: (i) youth unemployment rates (YUR) are generally higher than adult or total unemployment rates (UR); (ii) YUR are more sensitive than UR both to the business cycle, in particular to recessions, and to crisis episodes; (iii) there is great variation across European countries, in terms of both levels and dynamics of YUR." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mascherini, Massimiliano, Stefanie Ledermaier, Carlos Vacas-Soriano & Lena Jacobs (2017): Long-term unemployed youth. Characteristics and policy responses. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, 85 S. DOI:10.2806/940447

Abstract

"While the youth labour market has improved considerably since 2014, one legacy of the recent economic crisis is the large cohort of long-term unemployed young people, which represents nearly one-third of jobless young people. This report provides an updated profile of the youth labour market in 2016 and describes trends over the past decade. It explores the determinants of long-term unemployment, at both sociodemographic and macroeconomic levels. It also provides evidence on the serious consequences for young people of spending a protracted time in unemployment, such as scarring effects on income and occupation and on several dimensions of young people's well-being. The report concludes with a discussion of selected policy measures recently implemented by 10 Member States in order to prevent young people from becoming long-term unemployed or, if they are in such circumstances, to integrate them into the labour market or education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Meierkord, Anja, Alexa Meyer-Hamme & Lars Thies (2017): An incomplete recovery. Youth unemployment in Europe 2008-2016. Gütersloh, 19 S.

Abstract

"Fast zehn Jahre nach Beginn der europaweiten Finanzkrise ist auch die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa im Zuge der Erholung der Arbeitsmärkte weiter zurückgegangen. Bei genauer Betrachtung der Entwicklung zwischen 2008 und 2016 zeigen sich jedoch große Unterschiede: Vor allem einige süd- und osteuropäische Länder haben das Vorkrisen-Niveau ihrer Jugendbeschäftigungsquote noch nicht wieder erreicht. Ebenso bleibt die Integration bestimmter Gruppen junger Menschen in Bildung oder Arbeit eine große Herausforderung. Weitere Maßnahmen sind auf Ebene der EU und in Mitgliedsstaaten erforderlich." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Moffat, John & Duncan Roth (2017): Cohort size and youth labour-market outcomes in Europe. In: Economics Bulletin, Jg. 37, H. 4, S. 2735-2740., 2017-11-22.

Abstract

"Using data from 49 European regions covering 2005-2012, this paper estimates the effect of cohort size on youth employment and unemployment outcomes. The effects are found to be very sensitive to the age range of the sample used for estimation. In particular, the results show a negative (positive) effect of cohort size on employment (unemployment) among individuals aged 18-22 but the opposite effects among older individuals. This heterogeneity is driven by Eastern and Western European countries. For Southern European countries, belonging to a larger cohort is found to be beneficial across all age groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Möller, Joachim (2017): Youth unemployment in Europe from a regional perspective. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 18, H. 2, S. 11-18.

Abstract

"It is an established fact that in most countries the unemployment rate of young workers exceeds that of prime-age workers. To a certain extent a moderately elevated rate of joblessness among young workers might be seen as 'natural'. For instance, job mobility in general is higher for entrants in the labour market. Younger workers are not yet closely attached to a specific workplace or occupation. They are often looking for better alternatives and are more inclined to try something new. As a result of these specific mobility patterns, employment spells are shorter and frictional unemployment is higher. Since mobility should lead to better matches, it even contributes to better labour market efficiency." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Pastore, Francesco (2017): Getting it right: Youth employment policy within the EU. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 18, H. 2, S. 26-33.

Abstract

"This essay aims at assessing the employment and education policy implemented in EU countries to address youth unemployment, perhaps the most important social problem of the EU. It seeks to provide an overall evaluation of a number of interventions which have been implemented in various EU countries in this field." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schoon, Ingrid & John Bynner (Hrsg.) (2017): Young people's development and the great recession. Uncertain transitions and precarious futures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 487 S. DOI:10.1017/9781316779507

Abstract

"The 2007 - 8 financial crisis and subsequent 'Great Recession' particularly affected young people trying to make their way from education into the labour market at a time of economic uncertainty and upheaval. This is the first volume to examine the impact of the Great Recession on the developmental stage of young adulthood, a critical phase of the life course that has great significance in the foundations of adult identity. Using evidence from longitudinal data sets spanning three major OECD countries, these essays examine the recession's effects on education and employment outcomes and consider the wider psycho-social consequences, including living arrangements, family relations, political engagement, and health and well-being. While the recession intensified the impact of pre-existing trends towards a prolonged dependence on parents and, for many, the precaritisation of life chances, the findings also point to manifestations of resilience, where young people countered adversity by forging positive expectations of the future." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Signorelli, Marcello (2017): Youth unemployment in transition economies. Both general and age-specific policies are necessary to reduce youth unemployment in transition economies. (IZA world of labor 401), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.401

Abstract

"A simple one size fits all policy to improve the employment opportunities of young people in transition economies does not exist. Instead, an integrated design of broad multi-level policies tailored to each country's unique characteristics in conjunction with specific youth-oriented ones is necessary to reduce the persisting labor-related disadvantages of young people compared to adults. While further research is certainly required, some potentially helpful policy actions to consider include the reform of educational systems to promote better school-to-work transitions and improvement of public and private employment services for young people." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tolgensbakk, Ida, Janikke Solstad Vedeler & Bjørn Hvinden (2017): Youth unemployment and the consequences for life satisfaction and social trust in seven European countries. (NEGOTIATE working paper 4.4), Oslo, 58 S.

Abstract

"The 2007-2008 global financial crisis led to the 'Great Recession', making a multi-year debt crisis a reality for several Eurozone countries. These developments had large and persistent effects on European youth labour markets, causing high unemployment rates among the youth in many countries. In an effort to understand the subjective effects of youth unemployment in Europe, the NEGOTIATE project conducted life story interviews with 211 individuals from seven countries and three cohorts (1950 - 1955, 1970 - 1975 and 1990 - 1995). The participating countries were Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Norway, Poland and the UK. The Norwegian team has written the present report, with important inputs from all the participating national teams." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tymowski, Jan (2017): Youth employment initiative. European implementation assessment. In-depth-analysis. Brüssel, 28 S. DOI:10.2861/310563

Abstract

"This in-depht analysis, produced by the Ex-Post Evaluation Unit of the European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS), aimst at presenting an overview of the state of implementation of the Youth Employment Initative (YEI), which was established in 2013. It was drafted following the publication of the European Commission's report on the YEI and the Youth Guarantee, and also takes the findings of the Court of Auditors' special reports on the implementation of both instruments into account. The analysis seeks to contribute to the preparation of a non-legislative implementation report by the European Parliament's Commitee on Employment and Social Affairs" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

(2017): Global employment trends for youth 2017. Paths to a better working future. (Global employment trends for youth ...), Genf, XI, 115 S.

Abstract

"Incorporating the most recent employment trends for young women and men, Global Employment Trends for Youth sets out the youth labour market situation around the world. It shows where progress has or has not been made, updates world and regional youth labour market indicators, and gives detailed analyses of medium-term trends in youth population, labour force, employment, unemployment, working poverty and informality.
The 2017 edition discusses the implications of technological change for youth labour market prospects, focusing on trends in sectoral employment and on the forms of work available to young people.
The report draws on the extensive range of analyses undertaken by the ILO and others in recent years so as to outline innovative and effective policy responses to the challenges facing young women and men entering the world of work today. It also offers insights into the directions needed for national policies and programmes to meet the challenges the youth of tomorrow will encounter in their search for entry points into decent work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Anger, Silke, Ute Leber & Margarida Rodrigues (2016): Absolventen allgemeinbildender und beruflicher Bildungsgänge in Europa: Der Start ins Berufsleben ist in einigen Ländern besonders schwierig. (IAB-Kurzbericht 11/2016), Nürnberg, 8 S.

Abstract

"Die Integration junger Menschen in den Arbeitsmarkt hat eine zentrale Bedeutung für die wirtschaftliche und gesellschaftliche Entwicklung eines Landes. Dies gilt umso mehr, als frühe Arbeitsmarkterfahrungen wichtig sind für den späteren Beschäftigungserfolg. Allerdings ist der Eintritt in das Erwerbsleben für viele Jugendliche in Europa auch infolge der Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise immer noch schwierig. Ein neuer Indikator der EU, die Erwerbstätigenquote von Absolventen allgemeinbildender und beruflicher Bildungsgänge, soll den Beitrag des Bildungssystems beim Übergang in den Arbeitsmarkt adäquat abbilden. Auf Basis dieser Kennzahl zeigen die Autorinnen die Entwicklung der Beschäftigung von jungen Menschen mit Schul-, Berufs- oder Hochschulabschluss in Europa über die letzten zehn Jahre und gehen auf Unterschiede zwischen den Ländern sowie auf länderspezifische Einflussfaktoren ein." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Ayllón, Sara & Natalia Nollenberger (2016): Are recessions good for human capital accumulation? (NEGOTIATE working paper 5.1), Oslo, 32 S.

Abstract

"This paper is the first to investigate to what extent the high levels of joblessness brought by the Great Recession across Europe have translated into higher school attendance among youth. Using cross-sectional and longitudinal data from the EU- SILC on 28 countries, we establish a robust counter-cyclical relationship between rising unemployment rates and school enrollment. The same is true for transitions back to education. However, our analysis by subgroups reveals a worrisome trend by which youths belonging to most disadvantaged backgrounds (measured by low household income) became less likely to enroll in University studies. The austerity measures and educational cutbacks imposed during the recession, not only changed the pattern of educational decisions among you" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ayllón, Sara & Natalia N. Ferreira-Batista (2016): The effects of the economic crisis on drug consumption of young individuals in Europe. Unemployment, drugs and attitudes among European youth. (NEGOTIATE working paper 4.2), Oslo, 32 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies changes in patterns of drugs consumption and attitudes to- wards drugs in relation to sky-high (youth) unemployment rates in the aftermath of the Great Recession. Our analysis is based on data for 28 European countries referred to young people between the ages of 15 and 24. We find that consumption of cannabis and of 'new substances' is positively related with increasing unemployment rates. For example, an increase of 1% in the regional unemployment rate is associated with an increase of nearly 0.7% of young people declaring to have consumed cannabis at any point in time. Our findings also indicate that higher unemployment rates can be associated with more young people perceiving that access to drugs became more difficult, particularly for ecstasy, cocaine and heroin. On the opposite, we do not find any link between changes in the unemployment rate and changes in perceived risk of drugs use. Finally, according to young Europeans, when the economy worsens, anti-drug policies should focus on the reduction of poverty and unemployment, and not on implementing tougher measures against users." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Berloffa, Gabriell, Eleonora Matteazzi, Alina Şandor & Paola Villa (2016): Youth employment security and labour market institutions. A dynamic perspective. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 155, H. 4, S. 651-678. DOI:10.1111/ilr.12034

Abstract

"The shift of policy focus from job security to employment security calls for a more dynamic measurement of young people's labour market performance. This article uses data on monthly employment status trajectories and job duration to investigate young Europeans' employment security around five years after they finished education. The authors show that almost 40 per cent of 'job-insecure' individuals actually enjoy employment security - i.e. they are able to re-enter paid employment rapidly after losing their job. The article highlights the need for policy measures to enhance employment security, and the positive role that stricter temporary employment protection, and ALMP expenditure, could play." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Bäckman, Olof & Anders Nilsson (2016): Long-term consequences of being not in employment, education or training as a young adult. Stability and change in three Swedish birth cohorts. In: European Societies, Jg. 18, H. 2, S. 136-157. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2016.1153699

Abstract

"In this article we analyse the development of young adults not in education, employment or training (NEET) in three complete Swedish birth cohorts born in 1975, 1980 and 1985. We analyse the risk for future labour-market exclusion among NEETs, and how this risk varies between three birth cohorts who made the transition from school to work during periods characterised by different opportunity structures for young adults. Analyses using propensity score matching with repeated outcomes show that belonging to the NEET-group in early adulthood has an independent effect on the development of subsequent labour-market risk for both men and women. Moreover, this effect increases across the cohorts. The fact that the degree of labour-market attachment has clear and long-lasting implications indicates that the problems associated with being NEET cannot be reduced to a transient phase. Rather, it seems as though being NEET may be both a step on an already unfavourable life career and a triggering factor for social exclusion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Caliendo, Marco & Ricarda Schmidl (2016): Youth unemployment and active labor market policies in Europe. In: IZA journal of labor policy, Jg. 5, S. 1-30. DOI:10.1186/s40173-016-0057-x

Abstract

"Since the economic crisis in 2008, European youth unemployment rates have been persistently high at around 20% on average. The majority of European countries spends significant resources each year on active labor market programs (ALMP) with the aim of improving the integration prospects of struggling youths. Among the most common programs used are training courses, job search assistance and monitoring, subsidized employment, and public work programs. For policy makers, it is of upmost importance to know which of these programs work and which are able to achieve the intended goals - may it be the integration into the first labor market or further education. Based on a detailed assessment of the particularities of the youth labor market situation, we discuss the pros and cons of different ALMP types. We then provide a comprehensive survey of the recent evidence on the effectiveness of these ALMP for youth in Europe, highlighting factors that seem to promote or impede their effectiveness in practice. Overall, the findings with respect to employment outcomes are only partly promising. While job search assistance (with and without monitoring) results in overwhelmingly positive effects, we find more mixed effects for training and wage subsidies, whereas the effects for public work programs are clearly negative. The evidence on the impact of ALMP on furthering education participation as well as employment quality is scarce, requiring additional research and allowing only limited conclusions so far." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Chevalier, Tom (2016): Varieties of youth welfare citizenship. Towards a two-dimension typology. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 26, H. 1, S. 3-19. DOI:10.1177/0958928715621710

Abstract

"How do welfare states deal with the period of the life course that is youth? In this article, we propose a two-dimension typology in order to account for cross-national variation in the access to financial independence of young people, that is, what we call 'youth welfare citizenship'. The first dimension addresses the issue of welfare support, and distinguishes between a familialization perspective, according to which young people are seen as children, and an individualization perspective, in which they are considered as adults. The second dimension relates to the integration into the labour market, which can either provide skills for every young person in an encompassing strategy, or deliver such skills only to a specific part of the youth population in a more selective strategy. It leads to four regimes of youth welfare citizenship, which we identify in the article: the denied citizenship, the monitored citizenship, the second-class citizenship and the enabling citizenship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cockx, Bart (2016): Do youths graduating in a recession incur permanent losses? Penalties may last ten years or more, especially for high-educated youth and in rigid labor markets. (IZA world of labor 281), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.281

Abstract

"The Great Recession that began in 2008 - 2009 dramatically increased youth unemployment. But did it have long-lasting, adverse effects on the careers of youths? Are cohorts that graduate during a recession doomed to fall permanently behind those that graduate at other times? Are the impacts different for low- and high-educated individuals? If recessions impose penalties that persist over time, then more government outlays are justified to stabilize economic activity. Scientific evidence from a variety of countries shows that rigid labor markets can reinforce the persistence of these setbacks, which has important policy implications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dietrich, Hans (2016): Erwerbslosigkeit Jugendlicher in Europa im Jahr 2014. (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. Aktuelle Berichte 04/2016), Nürnberg, 6 S.

Abstract

"In dem Aktuellen Bericht werden die Entwicklung der Jugenderwerbslosigkeit in Europa sowie der altersspezifischen Unterschiede im Erwerbslosigkeitsrisiko und der Dauern der Erwerbslosigkeit dargestellt. Zudem wird das Risiko, erwerbslos zu werden und erwerbslos zu bleiben, betrachtet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Dietrich, Hans & Joachim Möller (2016): Youth unemployment in Europe - business cycle and institutional effects. In: International economics and economic policy, Jg. 13, H. 1, S. 5-25., 2015-11-04. DOI:10.1007/s10368-015-0331-1

Abstract

"In the aftermath of the Great Recession 2008/2009 European youth unemployment rose sharply from below 4.2 m in 2007 to more than 5.6 m young people under 25 unemployed in the EU28 countries in 2013. The youth unemployment rate expanded from 15.5 in 2007 to 25.5 in 2013. Beyond the consequences for individuals youth unemployment as a mass phenomenon is potentially menacing the stability of democratic societies. Hence there are good reasons to fight youth unemployment by any means. The paper analyses the specific structure and causes of youth unemployment. Although youth unemployment is also influenced by individual factors like insufficient qualification, we show that country-specific factors - institutions, traditions and characteristic structures - are of high importance in explaining the huge disparities between European countries. Using panel data estimates with specific country and time fixed effects we show that especially the Mediterranean countries responded to the economic downturn in a specific way. However, the high correlation of changes in the youth and adult unemployment rates across countries points to the fact that not only structural factors but also business cycle effects are important for explaining the sharp increase in the youth unemployment rate in Europe. The rise in joblessness is in fact closely related to macroeconomic slackness. Therefore, we argue that a two-handed approach combining institutional improvements with growth stimulating measures is needed to overcome the problem." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Egdell, Valerie & Ronald McQuaid (2016): Supporting disadvantaged young people into work. Insights from the capability approach. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 50, H. 1, S. 1-18. DOI:10.1111/spol.12108

Abstract

"The Capability Approach (CA) offers a perspective on the employment activation of young people that is concerned with their freedom to make choices that they value rather than focusing solely on outcomes, such as having to take any job. It incorporates empowerment and the individual and external conversion factors that influence the conversion of resources into functionings for young people, such as getting a job that they value. This article considers the implications of using the CA as a lens for analyzing youth activation polices. A more capability informed approach to employment activation would not measure success solely by the transition into work, but rather by whether it has improved the young person's capabilities, and might focus, for example, on more sustainable and valued careers and develop individuals' freedom of choice in the labour market. Using data from two UK case studies of third sector organizations that support young people into work, it explores these issues empirically, including the extent to which these employment activation programmes, in their current form, can enhance the capabilities of beneficiaries. Conclusions on the implications of a CA for employment activation are made." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Gebel, Michael & Johannes Giesecke (2016): Does deregulation help? The impact of employment protection reforms on youths' unemployment and temporary employment risks in Europe. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 32, H. 4, S. 486-500. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcw022

Abstract

"Rigid employment protection legislation (EPL) has been blamed as the root of youths' labour market integration problems in Europe. Many European countries have reacted by deregulating employment protection laws, often targeting youths as a group. However, doubts about the effectiveness of EPL reforms have arisen. Against this background, this article investigates whether EPL reforms succeeded in integrating youths into labour markets or whether they were ineffective and just promoted temporary employment as a crucial new social inequality in Europe. Based on two-step, three-level analyses using micro-data from the European Labour Force Survey for 19 European countries for the period from 1992 to 2012, our results show that deregulating the use of temporary contracts increased temporary employment risks of youths but did not reduce (for low-educated young men, even increased) unemployment risks. In contrast, we find some evidence that decreasing the protection of permanent jobs was successful in decreasing risks of inequality/insecurity (in terms of temporary jobs) without affecting the risks of labour market exclusion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gellermann, Jan F. C. (2016): "Schwierige Jugend". Zur Studie "Disconnected Youth" - Entkopplungen beim Übergang von der Schule in Ausbildung und Berufe. In: Siegen: sozial H. 1, S. 36-39.

Abstract

"Seit 2014 führt das Zentrum für Planung und Evaluation Sozialer Dienste der Universität Siegen (ZPE) ein auf drei Jahre angelegtes Forschungsprojekt mit dem Titel 'Disconnected Youth - Entkopplungen beim Übergang von der Schule in Ausbildung und Beruf' durch. Auftraggeber ist die Bundesagentur für Arbeit. Ziel der laufenden Studie ist es, Sozialisationsprozesse und Biografieverläufe von Jugendlichen zu erfassen, denen der stabile Übergang in das Ausbildungssystem mittel- und langfristig nicht gelingt. Die Untersuchung wird an zwei vorgegebenen Standorten in Rheinland-Pfalz durchgeführt. Der Fokus dieser Studie liegt auf jenen Fällen, die von beteiligten Fachkräften als 'besonders schwierig' bezeichnet werden und davon bedroht sind, den Anschluss an den Ausbildungsmarkt im Zweifel dauerhaft zu verlieren." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Ghoshray, Atanu, Javier Ordóñez & Hector Sala (2016): Euro, crisis and unemployment. Youth patterns, youth policies? (IZA discussion paper 9952), Bonn, 31 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines the occurrence of structural breaks in European unemployment associated with major events experienced by the European economies at an institutional level: the creation of the European and Monetary Union (EMU) in 1999, and the Euro/financial crisis in 2008-2009, which was followed by a general and intensive reform process in the years afterwards. Beyond the well documented asymmetries across countries, we uncover different responses of adult and youth unemployment rates. While adult unemployment is more prone to experience structural breaks, youth unemployment is more sensitive to business cycle oscillations. This has been especially so in the recent crisis and calls for fine tuning policy measures specifically targeted to youth unemployed in bad times. One important implication of our findings is that generic labour market reforms are not effective enough to solve the youth unemployment problem across Europe. We point to educational policies that raise average qualifications and help school-to-work transitions as suitable complementary cures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hora, Ondrej, Markéta Horáková & Tomáš Sirovátka (2016): Institutional determinants of early job insecurity in nine European countries. (NEGOTIATE working paper 3.4), Oslo, 69 S.

Abstract

"In the European labour market, young people have been disproportionally affected by job insecurity indicated by unemployment, inactivity, job precariousness and fragmented careers during and after the economic crisis of 2008. This may be crucial for their ability to maintain a living income and to live a decent life on their present and future life course. The increasing polarisation in the labour market may become a persistent structural feature in the conditions of the changing employment structures and flexibilization of labour. This challenge was recognised at the EU level when Youth Opportunities Initiative (2011), Youth Employment Package (2012) and Youth Guarantee (2013) were launched and underpinned with financing from ESF schemes. The European countries, however, have experienced very different impacts of the crisis on their labour markets (Karamessini et al. 2016). Similarly, the initial responses in active labour market policies (ALMPs) to the crisis also diverged considerably (Clasen et al 2012). The question arises about the longer-term adaptations of labour market policy and other policies to the challenge of increasing early job insecurity and the associated structural changes in the labour market.
The aim of this paper is to assess in nine national contexts how recent reforms in labour market institutions and policies and the skill formation systems may have affected the incidence of early job insecurity and the patterns of labour market entry/integration of young women and men. Job insecurity as understood here includes two dimensions: (a) insecurity of maintaining the current job, (b) insecurity of getting another job in the future, that is, job insecurity and employment insecurity (compare Chung and van Oorschot 2011)." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hyggen, Christer, Christian Imdorf, Dimitris Parsanaglou, Stefan Sacchi, Robin Samuel, Rumiana Stoilova, Lulu P. Shi, Aggeliki Yfanti & Gabriela Yordanova (2016): Understanding unemployment scars. A vignette Experiment of employers' decisions in Bulgaria, Greece, Norway and Switzerland. (NEGOTIATE working paper 7.2), Oslo, 63 S.

Abstract

"In an effort to broaden the understanding of how early job insecurity can affect an individual's future career from an employer's perspective NEGOTIATE conducted an employer-sided survey with an integrated multidimensional vignette experiment in Bulgaria, Greece, Norway and Switzerland. This report documents the sampling and data-collection in the four countries. In addition we present some basic descriptive results from the survey. Data from the survey will be available for public use, following a quarantine period after the end of the project, through the data repository at the Norwegian Centre for Research Data (NSD).
Theoretical considerations underpinning the survey, state of research and a further description of the methodological approach is previously published in the NEGOTIATE Working paper D7.1 Studying employer's risk assessment and the role of institutions: An experimental design (Shi, L.P, C. Imdorf and R. Samuel 2016)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jäger, Matthias, Markus Maurer & Martin Fässler (2016): Exportartikel Berufsbildung? Internationale Bildungszusammenarbeit zwischen Armutsreduktion und Wirtschaftsförderung. Bern: Hep, 215 S.

Abstract

"Berufsbildung ist seit den 1950er-Jahren ein wichtiges Standbein der schweizerischen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit. Nun verleiht ihr die in jüngster Zeit weltweit zunehmende Jugendarbeitslosigkeit neue Popularität. Entwicklungspolitische Zielvorgaben, internationale Megatrends und unterschiedliche Konzepte stellen die Berufsbildung vor große Herausforderungen. Die Autoren diskutieren Praxis und Potenzial bezüglich der Bildungszusammenarbeit im Spannungsfeld zwischen Armutsreduktion und Wirtschaftsförderung. Dabei schlagen sie den Bogen von den ersten internationalen Berufsbildungsprojekten bis zu einer nächsten Projektgeneration." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Karamessini, Maria, Maria Symeonaki, Glykeria Stamatopoulou & Antonis Papazachariou (2016): The careers of young people in Europe during the economic crisis *. (NEGOTIATE working paper 3.2), Oslo, 93 S.

Abstract

"In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the study of young people's careers in Europe and the identification of the risk factors influencing them. The study of transitions between labour market states and the measurement of the school-to-work transition probabilities has become of utmost importance, since young people's pathways from school to sustained work have become rough and unpredictable. The probability of someone who has concluded full-time education to move successfully into full-time occupation seems to decrease, while, on the other hand, the probability of engaging into a part-time or temporary job increases. Emphasis should therefore be given to the estimation of different indicators that can be used in order to capture the extent and forms of job insecurity. Several methodological approaches are proposed in the present study, taking advantage of existing data sources, cross-sectional and longitudinal, so as to provide a full picture of early job insecurity in all European countries and its relation to a number of socio-demographic variables that might be influencing its magnitude. The results uncover that there are important differences between countries, when all estimated early job insecurity indicators are taken into account." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kis, Viktória (2016): Work-based learning for youth at risk. Getting employers on board. (OECD education working papers 150), Paris, 44 S. DOI:10.1787/5e122a91-en

Abstract

"Work-based learning can provide a bridge into careers and its potential benefits are particularly noticeable for youth at risk - those most likely to face difficulties in accessing jobs and learning opportunities. If this potential is to be fully realised, work-based learning programmes must be attractive to employers. Achieving this requires a closer look at the costs and benefits for employers when they offer work-based learning. This paper looks at tools designed to help get employers on board for work-based learning, with an emphasis on work-based learning for youth at risk. International experience suggests that financial incentives, such as subsidies and tax breaks are not the answer. Attention should be focussed instead on non-financial measures that improve the cost-benefit balance of apprenticeship to employers. These include adjusting key parameters of apprenticeship schemes, better preparing youth at risk for apprenticeship and providing support (e.g. remedial courses, mentoring) to youth at risk during apprenticeship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Liu, Shanshan, Thomas J. Hyclak & Krishna Regmi (2016): Impact of the minimum wage on youth labor markets. In: Labour, Jg. 30, H. 1, S. 18-37. DOI:10.1111/labr.12071

Abstract

"We study the effect of the minimum wage on labor market outcomes for young workers using US county-level panel data from the first quarter of 2000 to the first quarter of 2009. We go beyond the usual estimates of earnings and employment effects to consider how differences across states in the minimum wage affect worker turnover via separations and accessions and job turnover through new job creation and job losses. We find that a higher minimum wage level is associated with higher earnings, lower employment and reduced worker turnover for those in the 14 - 18 age group. For workers aged 19 - 21 and 22 - 24, we find less consistent evidence of minimum wage effects on earnings and employment. But, even for these age groups, a higher minimum wage is found to reduce accessions, separations and the turnover rate." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Marconi, Gabriele, Miroslav Beblavý & Ilaria Maselli (2016): Age effects in Okun's law with different indicators of unemployment. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 23, H. 8, S. 580-583. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2015.1090540

Abstract

"We reassess the results from the literature on the relationship between the youth unemployment rate and GDP growth (Okun's law), based on the concern that the unemployment rate is not an ideal indicator for teenagers and young adults. Using the unemployment ratio instead, we find that youth unemployment (15 - 24 years old) is not significantly more responsive to economic growth than prime-age (25 - 64) unemployment. However, compared to prime-age unemployment, teenagers' unemployment (15 - 19) is relatively unresponsive, whereas young adult's (20 - 24) unemployment is more strongly correlated with economic growth. These results are quite different than those obtained with the unemployment rate as the dependent variable." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Noelke, Clemens (2016): Employment protection legislation and the youth labour market. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 32, H. 4, S. 471-485. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcv088

Abstract

"This study analyses the effect of employment protection legislation (EPL) on youth unemployment and employment rates in Western Europe. It differentiates between two components of EPL: job security provisions and regulations on temporary contracts. While deregulating job security provisions is expected to lower youth unemployment, the impact of deregulating temporary contracts is ambiguous, but should depend on the strictness of job security provisions. A literature review and replication of prior research demonstrate that much prior evidence linking EPL to higher youth unemployment is not robust to important or minor specification checks. The empirical analysis uses aggregate data from 16 Western European countries and the United States for the period from 1980 to 2008 (N 1/4461) and fixed effects and differences-in-differences estimation. While effects of job security provisions are inconsistent across specifications, there is suggestive evidence that deregulating temporary contracts at high levels of job security provisions has significantly increased youth unemployment rates and lowered youth employment rates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Papadopoulos, Orestis (2016): Economic crisis and youth unemployment. Comparing Greece and Ireland. In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 22, H. 4, S. 409-426. DOI:10.1177/0959680116632326

Abstract

"Both Greece and Ireland have long suffered high youth unemployment rates and have been pressured to restructure their employment and social systems under the European Employment Strategy. Problems were aggravated by the harsh conditions imposed by the Troika following bail-outs. Yet there was significant divergence in youth employment outcomes between Greece and Ireland despite a convergence of policies. In Ireland, tighter conditionality of benefits and stronger 'activation' were already on the agenda of the social actors, so their implementation was not forcefully contested. In Greece, the lack of effective social protection made it difficult for successive governments to build support for flexibilization, and the escalating insecurity of young Greeks and their families gave rise to social unrest and political instability. This contrast leads to a reappraisal of the convergence - divergence debate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Riso, Sara (2016): Start-up support for young people in the EU. From implementation to evaluation. Dublin, 76 S. DOI:10.2806/075998

Abstract

"Against a background of high youth unemployment, policymakers are paying more attention to encouraging young people to start their own businesses as a means of easing their entry into the labour market. As part of the Youth Guarantee, launched in 2013, several Member States have introduced start-up support measures for young job-seekers. However, these measures vary considerably in terms of their content, delivery and aims. This report provides an overview of the current start-up support measures targeted at young people, as well as other more general measures that have relevance for them. It also reviews evaluations of the impact of selected start-up support measures. In doing so, it highlights some of the key methodological issues and limitations of the evaluation exercise." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schels, Brigitte (2016): NEET und sozial benachteiligte junge Menschen im Übergang in das Erwerbsleben. Konzepte, Befunde, Diskussionen. In: A. Lange, H. Reiter, S. Schutter & C. Steiner (Hrsg.) (2016): Handbuch Kindheits- und Jugendsoziologie, S. 241-252. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-05676-6_14-1

Abstract

"Das Akronym NEET ('not in employment, education, or training') steht in der europäischen Sozialberichterstattung und arbeitsmarktpolitischen Diskussion für eine Gruppe von sozial benachteiligten jungen Menschen mit besonderem Förderbedarf. Im Folgenden wird die Begriffsgenese skizziert und Zahlen zu NEETs in Europa vorgestellt. Weiter wird die Aussagekraft der Kategorie NEET, die junge Menschen in heterogenen Lebenslagen zusammenfasst, beleuchtet. Abschließend wird auf den Forschungsstand zu den Bestimmungsfaktoren, Konsequenzen und Perspektiven von NEET-Jugendlichen geblickt und kritisch diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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(2016): World employment and social outlook 2016. Trends for youth. (World employment and social outlook. Trends), Genf, 48 S.

Abstract

"The report provides updated figures on global and regional youth unemployment. It also looks at working poverty rates, decent work opportunities in both developed and developing economies as well as gender inequalities and migration trends among young people." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

Die Arbeitsunterlage der Kommissionsdienststellen ergänzt die Mitteilung der Europäischen Kommission, in der sie die wichtigsten Erfolge bei der Umsetzung der Jugendgarantie und der Beschäftigungsinitiative für junge Menschen (Youth Employment Initiative - YEI) seit dem Start 2013 (bis zum Stand: Juni 2016) darstellt und Schlussfolgerungen für die Verbesserung der Maßnahmen der EU und der Mitgliedstaaten zur Umsetzung nationaler Jugendgarantie-Programme zieht. Sie versteht sich als Hilfsmittel für die Akteure in den Ländern zur Fortsetzung der nationalen Umsetzung des Programms und stellt Praxisbeispiele für signifikante Reformschritte und gelungene Maßnahmen aus den Mitgliedstaaten vor und benennt - wo möglich - identifizierbare Erfolgsfaktoren. Ebenso dient die Arbeitsunterlage als Referenzdokument, das auf zahlreiche Untersuchungen, Berichte und Statistiken weiterer nationaler wie gemeinschaftlicher Ressourcen verweist. Die Berichte basieren auf Daten aus der laufenden Beobachtung des Beschäftigungsausschusses (Employment Committee - EMCO) aus den Jahren 2014 und 2015 unter einem gemeinsamen Indikatorenrahmen und den Kernaussagen der Tagung des Rats für 'Beschäftigung, Sozialpolitik, Gesundheit und Verbraucherschutz' am 7. März 2016 sowie auf der Auswertung von Antworten aus den Mitgliedstaaten im Rahmen des Sozialen Dialogs und Beratungen mit Jugendlichen auf dem Europäischen Jugend-Event (European Youth Event - EYE) vom 20.-21. Mai 2016 am Sitz des Europäischen Parlaments in Straßburg und schließlich auch auf einem Bericht des Europäischen Beschäftigungsobservatoriums (EEPO) zur Umsetzung der Jugendgarantie. (IAB)

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Ayllón Gatnau, Sara & Xavier Ramos (2015): Permanent and transitory earnings inequality of young people in Europe *. (NEGOTIATE working paper 4.1), Oslo, 35 S.

Abstract

"We provide new evidence on earnings volatility and labour market volatility, which also includes flows into and out of employment, of young workers across Europe over the Great Recession, and examine the institutional factors that may shape both earnings and labour market volatility. Using EU-SILC data, we document large disparities in volatility levels and trends of youth across European countries, which makes it difficult to group countries with similar volatility trends into meaningful clusters. Trends do not differ by gender, age, or education. As expected, the Great Recession increases volatility for Europe's youth, offsetting the falling trend observed over the last years of economic prosperity. Larger unemployment benefits and more stringent employment protection legislation are related to lower earnings and labour market volatility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bachinger, Karin, Andrea Dorr & Eva Heckl (2015): Maßnahmen zur Verhinderung von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in der Schweiz. Good-Practice-Beispiele an der Schnittstelle "Schule - Beruf". (AMS report 110), Wien, 72 S.

Abstract

"Die Erfahrungen anderer Länder sind von Bedeutung, um das Förderinstrumentarium des Arbeitsmarktservice in Österreich laufend zu optimieren und den wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Entwicklungen anzupassen. Dabei kommt in erster Linie jenen Ländern eine besondere Bedeutung zu, die ähnliche Rahmenbedingungen am Arbeitsmarkt aufweisen. Während meistens der Blick auf Deutschland fällt, wird in dieser Studie die Schweiz genauer unter die Lupe genommen. Dieses Nachbarland zeichnet sich durch eine niedrige Jugendarbeitslosigkeit und ein umfangreiches Angebot an Maßnahmen für verschiedene arbeitsmarktpolitisch relevante Zielgruppen aus. Im Fokus dieser von der KMU Forschung Austria im Auftrag der Abteilung Arbeitsmarktforschung und Berufsinformation des AMS Österreich im Jahr 2014 erstellten Untersuchung stehen Maßnahmen für Jugendliche mit sozialen Benachteiligungen (z. B. Jugendliche mit Migrationshintergrund, ohne Pflichtschulabschluss) am Übergang 'Schule und Beruf'." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bell, David N. F. & David G. Blanchflower (2015): Youth unemployment in Greece. Measuring the challenge. In: IZA journal of European Labor Studies, Jg. 4, S. 1-25. DOI:10.1186/2193-9012-4-1

Abstract

"A historically high level of youth unemployment presents Greece with a huge social and economic challenge. This paper analyses various dimensions of this challenge. We argue that though the conventional definition of 'youth' is the 16-24 age group, there is a strong case for considering 25 to 29-year-olds as sharing common problems with conventionally defined youth. There are also grounds for examining why females seem to fare worse than males in the Greek labour market. The negative effects of the recession on Greek well-being have affected all age groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Berg, Gerard J. van den, Antoine Bozio & Monica Costa Dias (2015): Policy discontinuity and duration outcomes. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2015,10), Uppsala, 55 S.

Abstract

"Causal effects of a policy change on hazard rates of a duration outcome variable are not identified from a comparison of spells before and after the policy change, if there is unobserved heterogeneity in the effects and no model structure is imposed. We develop a discontinuity approach that overcomes this by considering spells that include the moment of the policy change and by exploiting variation in the moment at which different cohorts are exposed to the policy change. We prove identification of average treatment effects on hazard rates without model structure. We estimate these effects by kernel hazard regression. We use the introduction of the NDYP program for young unemployed individuals in the UK to estimate average program participation effects on the exit rate to work as well as anticipation effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bosch, Gerhard (2015): Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa. Warum versagen milliardenschwere Hilfsprogramme? (IAQ-Report 2015-06), Duisburg, 12 S. DOI:10.17185/duepublico/45726

Abstract

"- Die offene und versteckte Jugendarbeitslosigkeit hat in Süd- und Teilen Osteuropas ein dramatisch hohes Niveau erreicht. Die Folgen der Finanzkrise und der Sparpolitik wurden in diesen Ländern überproportional auf die nachwachsende Generation abgewälzt.
- Die arbeitslosen Jugendlichen in den Krisenländern sind deutlich besser als die älteren Beschäftigten qualifiziert. Die hohe Jugendarbeitslosigkeit kann nicht mit Qualifikationsdefiziten erklärt werden.
- In Ländern mit einem dualen Berufsbildungssystem, wie Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz oder Dänemark, haben Jugendliche geringere Übergangsprobleme als in Ländern mit anderen Bildungssystemen, da die Sozialpartner und die Unternehmen Verantwortung für die Integration der Jugendlichen übernehmen.
- Zur Bekämpfung der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit hat die EU seit 2010 umfangreiche Hilfsprogramme aufgelegt. Über 90 Milliarden Euro stehen für 'Jugendgarantie', 'Beschäftigungsinitiative für junge Menschen' und andere Hilfsmaßnahmen zur Verfügung, wurden aber bislang kaum abgerufen, da Planungs- und Umsetzungskapazitäten fehlen und Unternehmen eher Personal abbauen als neue Arbeitskräfte einzustellen.
- Die vollmundige Rhetorik der EU, allen Jugendlichen spätestens nach viermonatiger Arbeitslosigkeit eine hochwertige Arbeitsstelle oder eine geeignete Qualifizierung anzubieten, kann in vielen Teilen Europas nur als Zynismus empfunden werden. Ohne eine Einbettung in eine überzeugende Wachstumsstrategie wird dieses Versprechen auch nicht annähernd einzulösen sein." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Dietrich, Hans (2015): Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa: Auf der Suche nach der richtigen Zahl? In: IAB-Forum H. 2, S. 32-37., 2015-12-01. DOI:10.3278/IFO1502W032

Abstract

"Während die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland zurückgeht, ist sie seit 2008 insbesondere in Südeuropa stark gestiegen. Allerdings wird deren faktisches Ausmaß in der öffentlichen Diskussion überschätzt, wenn als Indikator die 'Erwerbslosenquote' betrachtet wird. Insbesondere im internationalen Vergleich ist es hilfreich, alternative Messkonzepte zu berücksichtigen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Dietrich, Hans (2015): Jugendarbeitslosigkeit aus einer europäischen Perspektive. Theoretische Ansätze, empirische Konzepte und ausgewählte Befunde. (IAB-Discussion Paper 24/2015), Nürnberg, 31 S.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag führt in die Thematik von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit ein, diskutiert zentrale theoretische sowie verwandte empirische Ansätze (social exclusion, NEET - Not in Education, Employment or Training), stellt die vorherrschenden Verfahren zur Messung von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit und darauf bezogene Kennziffern vor und berichtet über ausgewählte empirische Befunde. Weiterhin werden mögliche individuelle Folgen von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Dietrich, Hans (2015): Jugendarbeitslosigkeit aus einer europäischen Perspektive. In: M. Klebl & S. Popescu-Willigmann (Hrsg.) (2015): Handbuch Bildungsplanung : Ziele und Inhalte beruflicher Bildung auf unterrichtlicher, organisationaler und politischer Ebene, S. 555-586, 2015-06-13.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag führt in die Thematik Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Abgrenzung zu alternativen Konzepten wie sozialer Exklusion oder NEET sowie unter Rückgriff auf zentrale theoretische Ansätze ein, stellt die vorherrschenden Verfahren zur Messung von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit und darauf bezogene Kennziffern vor und berichtet ausgewählte aktuelle empirische Befunde. Weiterhin werden individuelle Folgen von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit kritisch diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Dingeldey, Irene, Bjørn Hvinden, Christer Hyggen, Jacqueline O'Reilly & Mi Ah Schøyen (2015): Understanding the consequences of early job insecurity and labour market exclusion. The interaction of structural conditions, institutions, active agency and capability. (NEGOTIATE working paper 2.1), Oslo, 43 S.

Abstract

"This document is the first deliverable from Work Package 2 of the NEGOTIATE project, 'Early job insecurity and youth unemployment as a theoretical and societal challenge'. The Work Package's first objective is to develop 'an original analytical framework for a comparative assessment of the individual and societal consequences of job insecurity early in a career. The analytical framework integrates concepts such as negotiation, agency, capability, empowerment, social resilience, embedded employability, networks, transition regimes, welfare state regimes and multi-level governance. A key interest is how to conceptualise the interactions between the young adults' agency and structurally given constraints and opportunities, (e.g. how they perceive and use their scope for action through networks and active agency, even in seemingly adverse circumstances) and in what sense young adults' find ways of negotiating the challenges of prolonged unemployment and job insecurity.' (DoA, Annex 1, Part A, p. 16). NEGOTIATE's core question is how young people's scope for agency interacts with different layers of structural conditions in a multi-level governance system.
As means to answering this question, the deliverable will review and summarise relevant theoretical literature on key concepts and assess how they contribute to an understanding of the consequences of early job insecurity for young people. A particular interest is the extent to which young women and men are able to negotiate these conditions and avoid the most adverse consequences of such insecurity. We will be particularly attentive to mechanisms of gendered labour market outcomes and patterns of market marginalisation of young people.
The practical goal of presenting the analytical framework and undertaking a conceptual clarification is to provide a common basis for the empirical work of NEGOTIATE (cf. Work Packages 3-8), as well as a conceptual base for the final synthesis of results." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Eichhorst, Werner, Florian Wozny & Michael Cox (2015): Policy performance and evaluation: Germany. (IZA research report 66), Bonn, 40 S.

Abstract

Der Beitrag beginnt mit einer Darstellung der Struktur des deutschen Bildungssystems, seiner Institutionen, der Hierarchie der Zuständigkeiten und der Akteure auf dem Feld der Bildungspolitik - des Schulsystems, der tertiären Bildung und vor allem der beruflichen Bildung (duales System). Im nächsten Schritt werden die aktive bzw. aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik, die Anspruchsvoraussetzungen für den Leistungsbezug, der Kündigungsschutz und neuere politische Innovationen auf den Politikfeldern Bildung, Arbeitsmarktpolitik, Mindestlohn beschrieben. Ein letzter Blick gilt den unterschiedlichen Förderungsmöglichkeiten für (arbeitslose) Jugendliche und deren Subgruppen und den Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung der im europäischen Vergleich deutlich niedrigeren Jugendarbeitslosigkeit. (IAB)

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Eichhorst, Werner & Ulf Rinne (2015): Promoting youth employment through activation strategies. (IZA research report 65), Bonn, 61 S.

Abstract

"The working paper provides an overview of the main features of youth activation strategies around the world. It covers strategies implemented in 33 selected countries from different regions with a view to contributing to the discussion on the emerging approach of activation strategies as a tool to tackle the youth employment challenge. It provides an overview of the main features of these strategies and attempts to conduct a preliminary assessment of what works and what does not in their implementation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Graham, John R., Micheal L. Shier & Marilyn Eisenstat (2015): Young adult social networks and labour market attachment. Interpersonal dynamics that shape perspectives on job attainment. In: Journal of social policy, Jg. 44, H. 4, S. 769-786. DOI:10.1017/S0047279415000276

Abstract

"Following a qualitative study design with young adults (aged seventeen to twenty-nine) of a racialised minority status (n = 36) in a low-income community in Toronto, Canada, we found that social relationships and dynamics greatly influenced perspectives towards labour market success. Respondents identified that interpersonal relationships with employers, family members and neighbourhood/community members influenced their perseverance and motivation for upward social mobility through securing and maintaining employment. The findings highlight the fundamental relationship between perceptions of upward social mobility and individual social capital. In particular, the wide array of social networks that can influence the perspectives of racial minority young adults - both positively and negatively. The findings extend contemporary discussions about the relationship between social capital and career aspirations among racial minority young adults, to include a spectrum of interrelated social networks that collectively aid in improving personal development. While contemporary discussions focus on the utility of informal knowledge sharing about career development and post-secondary attainment, the findings here demonstrate the importance of policy and programme solutions that support the mobilisation of a wider array of embedded social resources, within the social networks of racial minority young adults, that help support positive perceptions towards upward social mobility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Grünert, Holle & Christina Buchwald (2015): Unterstützungsangebot für junge Langzeitarbeitslose auf dem Weg in den ersten Arbeitsmarkt. Erfahrungen aus einem Integrationsprojekt in Dresden und Meißen. In: Berufsbildung in Wissenschaft und Praxis, Jg. 44, H. 2, S. 42-45.

Abstract

"Die Lage am Arbeitsmarkt hat sich in den vergangenen Jahren positiv entwickelt, die Nachfrage nach qualifizierten Fachkräften ist gestiegen, die Zahl der Arbeitslosen gesunken. Allerdings profitieren nicht alle Personengruppen gleichermaßen vom Aufschwung am Arbeitsmarkt. Vor allem unter den Arbeitslosen aus dem Rechtskreis des SGB II gibt es eine fatale Tendenz zur Verstetigung von Exklusion. Dies ist besonders problematisch, wenn die Exklusion vom Arbeitsmarkt junge Menschen am Beginn ihrer Erwerbsbiografie trifft. Im Beitrag wird das Pilotprojekt 'ZIEL - Zielgerichtete Integration junger Langzeitarbeitsloser' in Sachsen vorgestellt und untersucht, welchen Beitrag es leisten kann, den Teufelskreis von Arbeitslosigkeit, Verlust an Beschäftigungsfähigkeit und Qualifikationsverschleiß zu durchbrechen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Hartz, Peter & Hilarion G. Petzold (Hrsg.) (2015): Gegen Jugendarbeitslosigkeit. Innovative Ideen, Modelle, Strategien. Bielefeld: Aisthesis, 569 S.

Abstract

"Europatriates sind arbeitslose und weiterbildungsinteressierte Jugendliche, die temporär in ein europäisches Partnerland gehen, um einen Beruf zu erlernen oder eine Beschäftigung aufzunehmen. Sie sammeln dabei praktische Erfahrungen, theoretische Kenntnisse, europarelevantes und interkulturelles Wissen. Sie haben die Chance, sich im internationalen Rahmen bewegen zu lernen und sich in Europa zunehmend 'heimisch' zu fühlen.
Dieser Band stellt Ideen, Konzepte, Modelle und Strategien vor, die auf dem 'Ersten operativen Kongress gegen die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa' im Juni 2014 in Saarbrücken erarbeitet und präsentiert wurden. 507 Teilnehmer aus 24 Ländern sind gekommen: Junge Menschen aus ganz Europa, Arbeitsmarktspezialisten, Vertreter aus Politik, Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft, Finanzwesen, aus Ministerien und Verwaltung - eine breite Phalanx von Experten und Expertinnen, die dem Problem massenhafter Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa entgegentreten.
In Vorträgen, auf Podien, in Workshops und in Arbeitskreisen werden Ideen und Modelle diskutiert und konkrete Projekte und Tools von 'best practice' vorgestellt, die unter einer europäischen Perspektive für die Lösung des Problems der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit innovative Beiträge leisten. Hier werden erstmalig die jungen Menschen selbst gehört. Interdisziplinäre und intergenerationale Diskurse zeigen: Es gibt Wege, die Probleme zu lösen. Sie müssen beschritten werden - engagiert, tatkräftig und innovativ - , um der Gefahr einer 'lost generation' zu begegnen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Mascherini, Massimiliano, Anna Ludwinek & Stefanie Ledermaier (2015): Social inclusion of young people. Dublin, 145 S. DOI:10.2806/588575

Abstract

"Since the onset of the economic crisis, the unemployment level among young people has risen sharply and although an improvement is now being registered some EU countries still have stubbornly high youth unemployment rates. Young people, especially those who are not in employment, education or training (NEET), are now the group at highest risk of social exclusion, with severe consequences not only for the individuals concerned but for the economy and society as a whole. Through its Youth Strategy 2010 - 2018, the EU has adopted a comprehensive and holistic approach to the social inclusion of young people. While the Youth Guarantee (which guarantees young people a work or training placement) seeks to intervene quickly and help young people back into the labour market, there are many other policies and measures at EU, Member State and regional level promoting the social inclusion of young people. This report discusses the first year of implementation of the Youth Guarantee and draws on case study findings showcasing successful initiatives aimed at preventing the social exclusion of young people in the EU." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mendolia, Silvia & Ian Walker (2015): Youth unemployment and personality traits. In: IZA journal of labor economics, Jg. 4, S. 1-26. DOI:10.1186/s40172-015-0035-3

Abstract

"This paper investigates the relationship between personality traits in adolescence and education and labour market choices. In particular, we investigate the impact of locus of control, effort and diligence, and self-esteem on the risk of youths being unemployed (sometimes referred to as NEET ('Not in Education, Employment or Training'), assuming unconfoundedness. Thus, our focus is on early dropouts from both education and the labour market at age 18 - 20. We use matching methods to control for a rich set of adolescent and family characteristics by estimating the treatment effects, conditional on unconfoundedness, of multiple personality traits at the same time (Wooldridge, Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data, 2010). Finally, we use the methodology proposed by Altonji (J Polit Economy 113:151 - 184, 2005) that involves making hypotheses about the correlation between the unobservables and observables that determine the outcomes and the unobservables that influence personality. Our results show that individuals that display low effort and diligence, low self-esteem, and external locus of control are estimated to be more likely to drop out of education and employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Möller, Joachim (2015): Reaktionen der EU auf die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit. In: U. von Alemann, E. G. Heidbreder, H. Hummel, D. Dreyer & A. Gödde (Hrsg.) (2015): Ein soziales Europa ist möglich : Grundlagen und Handlungsoptionen, S. 201-216, 2015-01-01. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-04952-2_12

Abstract

"Der vorliegende Artikel untersucht die Gründe, die für eine höhere Arbeitslosigkeit Jugendlicher und junger Erwachsener verantwortlich sein könnten. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden einige grundlegende Fakten der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa beleuchtet. Es zeigt sich, dass die Veränderung der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit hoch mit der Veränderung der allgemeinen Arbeitslosigkeit korreliert. Neuere Forschungen untermauern, dass Jugendarbeitslosigkeit Narben hinterlässt, die im gesamten Erwerbsleben nachwirken. Die Situation insbesondere in den europäischen Krisenstaaten lässt damit erhebliche negative ökonomische und soziale Langzeiteffekte befürchten. Diskutiert werden die Erfolgsaussichten möglicher arbeitsmarktpolitischer Instrumente der Europäischen Union in diesem Kontext." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Möller, Joachim & Matthias Umkehrer (2015): Are there long-term earnings scars from youth unemployment in Germany? In: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, Jg. 235, H. 4/5, S. 474-498., 2015-01-22. DOI:10.1515/jbnst-2015-4-509

Abstract

"We analyze the relationship between early-career unemployment and prime-age earnings with German administrative linked employer-employee data. The careers of more than 720,000 male apprenticeship graduates from the cohorts of 1978 to 1980 are followed over 24 years. On average, early-career unemployment has substantial negative effects on earnings accumulated later in life. An identification strategy based on plant closure of the training firm at the time of graduation suggests that the revealed correlation is not the result of unobserved heterogeneity. Scarring effects also vary considerably across the earnings distribution. Workers with a high earning potential are able to offset adverse consequences of early-career unemployment to a large extent. Workers who are located at the bottom of the prime-age earnings distribution, in contrast, suffer substantial and persistent losses. Our findings imply that a policy with the aim of preventing early-career unemployment would have long-lasting beneficial effects on future earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Möller, Joachim, Gerhard Bosch, Günther Schmid, Jörg Schmidt & Jörg Asmussen (2015): Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa - Generation ohne Perspektive? Zur Diskussion gestellt. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 68, H. 17, S. 3-21.

Abstract

"Die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in der Europäischen Union, vor allem in den südeuropäischen Ländern, ist erschreckend hoch. Das hat nicht nur unmittelbare Konsequenzen für die ökonomische Lage der Betroffenen, sondern auch erhebliche Folgen im weiteren Berufsleben. Droht langfristige eine 'verlorene Generation' heranzuwachsen, die auch im späteren Erwerbsleben kaum Chancen auf einen Eintritt in den Arbeitsmarkt hat? Für Joachim Möller, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg, und Universität Regensburg, lässt sich der dramatische Anstieg der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit nicht durch eine Veränderung struktureller Faktoren erklären. Vielmehr liege der Misere die allgemeine Arbeitsmarktschwäche zugrunde, die sich auch in der Arbeitslosenquote der übrigen Erwerbspersonen widerspiegelt. Es empfehle sich deshalb die doppelseitige Strategie: Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und der Arbeitsmarktstrukturen in den Krisenländern bedürfen einer Komplementierung durch eine Steigerung der aggregierten Nachfrage, um die Schaffung und Erhaltung von Arbeitsplätzen zu begünstigen. Gerhard Bosch, Universität Duisburg-Essen, sieht ein Versagen der Hilfsprogramme der EU, die bislang die hohe Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Süd- und Osteuropa nicht erkennbar verringern konnten. Nach Ansicht von Günther Schmid, ehem. FU Berlin, gilt es langfristig für die Länder mit hoher oder gar dramatisch hoher Jugendarbeitslosigkeit, die institutionellen Kapazitäten für duale Ausbildungssysteme aufzubauen. Jörg Schmidt, Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft Köln, findet es zu früh, um von einer verlorenen Generation Jugendlicher in Europa zu sprechen. Die vergleichsweise hohe Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in einigen südeuropäischen Staaten gebe zwar Anlass zur Sorge, allerdings hätten einige der institutionellen Regelungen auch Reformpotenzial, um diesem Problem zu begegnen, insbesondere im Bereich der (beruflichen) Bildungssysteme sowie der Kündigungsschutz- und Mindestlohnregelungen. Jörg Asmussen, Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales, sieht bei der Bekämpfung der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa in den letzten Jahren einige Erfolge. Aber es findet noch immer jeder fünfte arbeitswillige junge Europäer keinen Job. Es sollten u.a. die Berufsausbildungssysteme durch Modernisierung gestärkt, die Arbeitsmarktverwaltungen modernisiert und Existenzgründungen ermöglicht werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Pompei, Fabrizio & Ekaterina Selezneva (2015): Education mismatch, human capital and labour status of young people across European Union countries. (IOS working papers 347), Regensburg, 37 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyses the influence of country-level education mismatch on the individual-level relationship between education and the probability of being unemployed or staying in alternative labour statuses, for young people aged 15 - 34 in 2006, 2008 and 2010, living in 21 EU countries. We assume that young people may fall in five labour market statuses: 1) Employee; 2) Self-employed; 3) Unemployed; 4) In Education; 5) Inactive, and perform a multinomial logit model to study the effects of years of education on relative probability of being in labour statuses 2, 3, 4, or 5, compared to the base category (Employee). Afterwards, we interact the individual-level years of education with a country-level indicator of education mismatch in order to identify the heterogeneous effects of the aggregate mismatch among people with different educational attainments. Results show that more years of education: i) reduce the relative probability of being unemployed; ii) have a cumulative effect by extending the period of education; iii) slightly raise the relative probability to be self-employed. As regards country-level education mismatch, we found that only after 2008 it produces an additional effect on better educated young people by further reducing their relative unemployment risk when it is compared to that of low educated youngsters. This outcome tells us that improving access to university degrees remains the main road to tackle youth unemployment caused by education mismatch, even after the outburst of the current financial and economic crisis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sacht, Stephen (2015): On the efficiency of labor market reforms. How to solve the Spanish puzzle? (Economics. Discussion papers 2015-55), Kiel, 20 S.

Abstract

"In this paper we shed light on the relationship between labor market policy, entrepreneurship and youth unemployment prior to and in the aftermath of the global financial crisis in Spain. We discuss the situation, where labor market and macroeconomic policies were largely inefficient in reducing high levels of (youth) unemployment after 2007. We rise the question why in a situation of low inflation rates, an increase in (youth) unemployment had been observed although the labor market becomes more flexible due to the associated structural reform in 2010. We call this the Spanish Puzzle. The main reason for this observation can be found in the phenomena of downward nominal rigidity and the existence of a liquidity trap. Given the recovery of the Spanish economy in 2015, this development is grounded on (besides the increase in private consumption and a trade surplus) several policy measurements in order to strengthen entrepreneurial activity in 2013. The corresponding boost in private investment expenditure can be identified as the sustainable main driver for job creation in the long run." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schilliger, Martina, Bernard Wandeler & Peter Stade (2015): Berufliche Integration von Jugendlichen in Albanien. Reflexion eines Praxisprojekts mit Angehörigen einer Randgruppe. In: Soziale Arbeit, Jg. 64, H. 7, S. 261-267.

Abstract

"Im Rahmen des Projekts 'Coaching for Employment' der NGO Swisscontact und der Hochschule Luzern - Soziale Arbeit wurden in Albanien Fachkräfte zur Begleitung von Jugendlichen aus Randgruppen (Roma und Egyptian) ins Erwerbsleben ausgebildet. Mithilfe partizipativer Ansätze der Soziokulturellen Animation leistete das Projekt einen Beitrag dazu, dass Jugendliche selbst unter schwierigen Ausgangsbedingungen verstärkt am gesellschaftlichen Leben teilhaben können und die Zusammenarbeit zwischen albanischen NGOs und staatlichen Akteuren verbessert wurde. Bisher wurden rund 40 Coaches ausgebildet und 600 Jugendliche begleitet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schmidt, Matthias, Ina Zwingmann & Falk Richter (2015): Was soll nur aus euch werden: arbeitslos, ziellos, perspektivlos? Eine Untersuchung zur Zielorientierung jugendlicher Arbeitsuchender. In: Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft, Jg. 69, H. 3, S. 152-165.

Abstract

"Die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa erreicht derzeit mit einem Durchschnittswert von 21,9 % alarmierende Werte. Aktuelle Studien belegen in diesem Zusammenhang, dass gegenüber Arbeitslosen eine Vielzahl von Stereotypen und Vorurteilen bestehen, die eine spezielle Form der gruppenbezogenen Menschenfeindlichkeit darstellen. Die häufigsten Vorurteile beziehen sich auf die Ziel- und Motivationslosigkeit von Arbeitslosen. Dabei haben Ziele insbesondere bei Arbeitsuchenden eine bedeutsame regulative Funktion, indem sie die Motivation und aktiven Handlungen bei der Ausbildungs- und Arbeitsplatzsuche steuern. Insgesamt stellen Vorurteile in Zeiten von Wirtschafts- und Sozialkrisen eine bedeutsame Bedrohung dar, weil sie die zur Bewältigung einer Krise notwendige Entwicklung von Solidarität verhindern. In der vorliegenden Studie haben wir ausgehend von den bestehenden Vorurteilen sowie der Bedeutsamkeit von Zielen für Arbeitslose die Zielhierarchien von 265 jungen Arbeitsuchenden im Alter zwischen 17 und 27 Jahren analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die untersuchten Arbeitsuchenden nicht generell Ziel- oder Motivationsverluste aufweisen und eine konkrete und realistische Zielsetzung auch einen Einfluss auf die Motivation und aktive Zielverfolgung hat." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Tertilt, Michèle & Gerard J. van den Berg (2015): The association between own unemployment and violence victimization among female youths. In: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, Jg. 235, H. 4/5, S. 499-513. DOI:10.1515/jbnst-2015-4-510

Abstract

"We estimate the association between the unemployment status of young women and the probability that they are subject to violence, using Swedish population register data covering the period 1999-2008. These data contain the highest-level classification of diagnoses made by medical experts at every individual in-patient and out-patient visit to medical care units, including every contact with a physician. We distinguish between domestic and non-domestic violence. It turns out that unemployed women are significantly more likely to be victimized than employed women with the same individual characteristics. This is mostly reflected in indicators of nondomestic violence and long-run abuse among unemployed female youths." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2015): OECD skills outlook 2015. Youth, skills and employability. (OECD skills outlook), Paris, 153 S. DOI:10.1787/9789264234178-en

Abstract

"Im OECD-Raum sind heute mehr als 35 Millionen junge Leute weder in Beschäftigung noch in Bildung oder Ausbildung. Der Bericht baut auf der Internationalen Vergleichsstudie über die Kompetenzen Erwachsener (PIAAC) auf und analysiert, wie junge Menschen Kompetenzen erwerben, wie sie ihre Fähigkeiten einsetzen und welchen Hindernissen sie bei Berufseinstieg und Karriere begegnen. Er gibt Empfehlungen für Politikmaßnahmen, mit denen die Länder die Beschäftigungslage junger Menschen verbessern können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Berg, Gerard J. van den, Arne Uhlendorff & Joachim Wolff (2014): Sanctions for young welfare recipients. In: Nordic Economic Policy Review H. 1, S. 177-208., 2013-11-04.

Abstract

"Social welfare systems usually imply specific obligations for benefit recipients. If a recipient does not comply with these obligations, a sanction involving a punitive benefits reduction may be imposed. We give an overview of the literature on the effects of sanctions in social welfare systems and present first results on sanction effects for young unemployed welfare recipients based on German administrative micro data. Our results suggest that mild and strong sanctions lead to an increased transition rate to work and that this effect is higher for strong sanctions. However, strong sanctions for young welfare recipients involve a complete withdrawal of the basic cash transfer payments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bergin, Adele, Elish Kelly & Seamus McGuinness (2014): Changes in labour market transitions in Ireland over the Great Recession. (IZA discussion paper 8401), Bonn, 21 S.

Abstract

"This paper assesses the impact that the 2009 Great Recession had on individual's transitions to and from unemployment in Ireland. The rate of transition from unemployment to employment declined between 2006 and 2011, while the rate from employment to unemployment increased. The impact of some of the factors identified as contributing to the likelihood of a transition taking place were found to have changed over this period. In particular, young people are much less likely to exit unemployment, but at the same time they have a lower risk of becoming unemployed. Education has become an increasingly important factor in both supporting unemployment exits and reducing the risk of becoming unemployed since the recession. The scarring impact of long-term unemployment appears to have fallen substantially in Ireland post-recession. The results from a decomposition analysis show that compositional changes are largely unimportant in explaining the change in the transition rates between 2006 and 2011." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Berlingieri, Francesco, Holger Bonin & Maresa Sprietsma (2014): Youth unemployment in Europe. Appraisal and policy options. Stuttgart, 138 S.

Abstract

"Der alarmierende Anstieg der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit infolge der jüngsten Wirtschaftskrise kann für die Arbeitsmarktpolitik auf nationaler und europäischer Ebene nicht ohne Folgen bleiben. Angesichts der Tatsache, dass in der EU über 5,5 Millionen junge Menschen Schwierigkeiten haben, einen Arbeitsplatz zu finden, müssen Strategien zur Bekämpfung von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit entwickelt werden. Nur so kann verhindert werden, dass eine verlorene Generation von europäischen Jugendlichen entsteht, die auf dem Arbeitsmarkt und in der Gesellschaft dauerhaft benachteiligt sind.
Vor diesem Hintergrund hat die Robert Bosch Stiftung die vorliegende Studie beim Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW) in Mannheim in Auftrag gegeben. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, die Entwicklung der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa zu untersuchen, die maßgeblichen institutionellen und ökonomischen Ursachen für Jugendarbeitslosigkeit zu identifizieren und die Maßnahmen zu diskutieren, die ergriffen werden können, um eine bessere Arbeitsmarktintegration von jungen Erwachsenen zu erzielen.
Obgleich die Studie die Perspektive der EU-Mitgliedstaaten insgesamt abdeckt, legt sie den Schwerpunkt auf die südeuropäischen Länder, die in besonderem Maße von der aktuellen Jugendarbeitslosigkeitskrise betroffen sind. Den Hauptteil bilden drei Länderberichte, in denen die Lage in Italien, Spanien und Portugal im Detail dargestellt wird und aktuelle sowie mögliche zukünftige politische Initiativen untersucht werden, die zu einer Senkung der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in diesen Ländern beitragen könnten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Buchwald, Christina, Holle Grünert & Bettina Wiener (2014): ZIEL: Zielgerichtete Integration junger Langzeitarbeitsloser. Erfahrungen und Ergebnisse eines Projektes. Eine Arbeitshilfe der Otto-Brenner-Stiftung. Frankfurt am Main, 35 S.

Abstract

"Die Entwicklungen der letzten Zeit machen deutlich, dass im regionalen Arbeitsmarkt eine steigende Nachfrage nach qualifizierten Arbeitskräften besteht. Zugleich bleibt es eine Tatsache, dass gut ausgebildeter Fachkräftenachwuchs in die Arbeitslosigkeit geschickt wird, in 'Warteschleifen' oder geförderte Maßnahmen des zweiten Arbeitsmarktes geht oder die Region verlässt. Offensichtlich wird auch ein beachtlicher Teil der Azubis nach wie vor nicht von den Unternehmen übernommen. Dennoch suchen die Unternehmen Arbeitskräfte.
Hier setzt das Pilotprojekt 'Zielgerichtete Integration junger Langzeitarbeitsloser' - kurz ZIEL genannt - an. Junge Leute ohne Arbeit im Alter zwischen 20 und 30, maximal 35 Jahren in Dresden und im Landkreis Meißen werden über sechs Monate bei der Suche und der Bewerbung auf einen angemessenen Arbeitsplatz betreut und unterstützt.
Auftraggeber für das Projekt ZIEL, welches die DSA GmbH als ein Pilotprojekt durchführt, ist die Otto Brenner Stiftung als Rechtsträger der Stiftung zur Förderung arbeitsmarktpolitischer Vorhaben in den Neuen Ländern. Dieses Projekt wird von der IG Metall unterstützt und gefördert. Umsetzungspartner ist ebenfalls die IG Metall vor Ort in den Regionen Dresden und Meißen.
Das ZSH hat die wissenschaftliche Begleitung des Projektes übernommen. Beide Seiten - ZSH und DSA - stimmen darin überein, dass es sich bei ZIEL um ein lernendes Projekt handelt, in dem neue Wege sozialpartnerschaftlichen Handelns erschlossen, geprüft und ggf. transferiert werden. Besonderes Augenmerk der wissenschaftlichen Begleitung liegt auf der Ermittlung von Treibern und Hemmnissen bei der Umsetzung des entwickelten Konzeptes und auf der Identifikation evtl. verallgemeinerbarer Ansätze für andere Maßnahmen zur Eingliederung Langzeitarbeitsloser und Beschäftigungsförderung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Dietrich, Hans (2014): Erwerbslosigkeit Jugendlicher in Europa im Jahr 2013. (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. Aktuelle Berichte), Nürnberg, 6 S.

Abstract

"Die Rezession seit 2008/09 hat in Europa deutliche Spuren auf dem Arbeitsmarkt für Jugendliche hinterlassen. Mit Ausnahme von Deutschland hat die Jugenderwerbslosigkeit in fast allen EU-Staaten deutlich zugenommen. Auch im Jahr 2013 verbesserte sich die Lage in vielen europäischen Staaten noch nicht. Vor allem in den süd- und osteuropäischen Ländern bewegt sich das Erwerbslosigkeitsrisiko nach wie vor auf einem hohen Niveau." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Eichhorst, Werner & Franziska Neder (2014): Youth unemployment in Mediterranean countries. (IZA policy paper 80), Bonn, 11 S.

Abstract

"In all Mediterranean countries youth unemployment has reached alarming record levels. This paper analyses the current situation in France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain. In all countries school dropout rates are high, returns to education are low and the transition from education to work is problematic and difficult. This is due to a poor working vocational training system, the dualization of the labor market and minimum wages that are set too high. The Great Recession deteriorated the situation of young people, but youth unemployment is mostly structural. To overcome this crisis the overall performance of the labor market has to be improved." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ioannidou, Alexandra (2014): Die Situation der Jugendlichen auf dem griechischen Arbeitsmarkt. Was geschieht, wenn nichts geschieht? Berlin, 10 S.

Abstract

"- Rund jeder vierte Mensch unter 25 Jahren ist in der EU heute ohne Arbeit, wobei die Quoten in Griechenland, Spanien und Italien doppelt so hoch liegen.
-?? Der griechische Arbeitsmarkt bietet hoch qualifizierten und kompetenten jungen Menschen wenige Chancen; die Alternativen sind Auswanderung oder Selbstständigkeit.
-?? Politische Absichtserklärungen auf supranationaler und nationaler Ebene wie die sogenannte Jugendgarantie stellen eine Chance dar. Neben den bildungs- und arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen sind es letztlich aber die wirtschaftspolitischen Maßnahmen, die zum nachhaltigen Abbau der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit führen können.
-?? Was geschieht, wenn nichts geschieht? Eine ganze Generation würde ihre Zukunft verlieren. Weitere mögliche Folgen: Vertrauensverlust gegenüber den demokratischen Institutionen, Politikverdrossenheit und der Anstieg rechtsradikaler, populistischer und antieuropäischer Bewegungen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Junankar, Pramod N. (2014): The impact of the global financial crisis on youth labour markets. (IZA discussion paper 8400), Bonn, 32 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates the impact of the GFC on youth unemployment and long term unemployment. In particular, we study whether the GFC had a bigger impact on youths than adults, and whether youth unemployment rates increased due to an increase in youth wages relative to adult wages. To anticipate our results, we find that the youth unemployment rates increased significantly more than that of adults even though youth wages had been falling relative to adult wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lange, Marloes de, Maurice Gesthuizen & Maarten H.J. Wolbers (2014): Youth labour market integration across Europe. The impact of cyclical, structural, and institutional characteristics. In: European Societies, Jg. 16, H. 2, S. 194-212. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2013.821621

Abstract

"Young people in Europe face great difficulties nowadays when entering the labour market. Unemployment and temporary employment are high among youth, although considerable differences exist between European countries. In this article, we study to what extent cyclical, structural, and institutional factors explain cross-national variation in youth labour market integration. Inaddition, we examine educational differences in the impact of these macro-characteristics. To answer these questions, we use data on young people from 29 countries who were interviewed in the European Social Survey of 2002, 2004, 2006, or 2008 and left day-time education in the period 1992_2008. Both unemployment and temporary employment are regarded as a lack of labour market integration, compared to the situation of permanent employment. The empirical results first of all show that high unemployment hinders young people to smoothly integrate into the labour market. In addition, economic globalisation positively affects youth labour market integration. We also demonstrate that young people experience less difficulty with labour market integration as the educational system is more vocationally specific. Intermediate and higher educated particularly profit from the positive effect of the vocational specificity of the educational system. Finally, as the employment protection legislation of incumbent workers is stricter, young people experience more difficulties with labour market integration, especially higher educated youth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Leitner, Sebastian & Robert Stehrer (2014): Labour market transitions of young people during the economic crisis. (WIIW working paper 109), Wien, 35 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyses the impacts of the crisis on various groups in the labour market, providing a comparison across groups of EU countries and individual Central and East European new EU Member States. In particular, it reports how the crisis affected the transitions of people between different states in the labour market: employment, unemployment, education and inactivity. Based on EU SILC data, a descriptive overview concerning the changes in transition rates is provided by estimating Markov transition probabilities. This is complemented by a set of probit regression results pointing towards significant changes in the various transitions triggered by the crisis. This is particularly the case for the younger age cohorts and low-educated workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Mascherini, Massimiliano, Anna Ludwinek, Carlos Vacas, Anja Meierkord & Michael Gebel (2014): Mapping youth transitions in Europe. Dublin, 100 S. DOI:10.2806/51024

Abstract

"Young people in Europe continue to experience great difficulties in entering the labour market. Although the youth unemployment rate in a few Member States has started to fall, overall 23% of young European job-seekers aged 15 - 24 could not find a job in January 2014. In 2012, 14.6 million young people across Europe were not in employment, education or training (NEETs), accounting for 15.9% of the entire population of those aged 15 - 29. This report analyses the labour market situation of young people in Europe, focusing in particular on their school-to-work transition, while also monitoring their more general transition to adulthood. The report also investigates the ability of young people to remain in employment against the odds during the crisis and charts their transitions from temporary to permanent contracts. The report concludes with a discussion on the strengths and weaknesses of selected policy measures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Möller, Joachim & Matthias Umkehrer (2014): Are there long-term earnings scars from youth unemployment in Germany? (ZEW discussion paper 2014-089), Mannheim, 27 S.

Abstract

"We analyze the relationship between early-career unemployment and prime-age earnings with German administrative linked employer-employee data. The careers of more than 720,000 male apprenticeship graduates from the cohorts of 1978 to 1980 are followed over 24 years. On average, early-career unemployment has substantial negative effects on earnings accumulated later in life. An identification strategy based on plant closure of the training firm at the time of graduation suggests that the revealed correlation is not the result of unobserved heterogeneity. Scarring effects also vary considerably across the earnings distribution. Workers with a high earnings potential are able to offset adverse consequences of early-career unemployment to a large extent. Workers who are located at the bottom of the prime-age earnings distribution, in contrast, suffer substantial and persistent losses. Our findings imply that a policy with the aim of preventing early-career unemployment would have long-lasting beneficial effects on future earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Münch, Joachim (2014): Jugend ohne Arbeit. Eine unendliche Geschichte? Baltmannsweiler: Schneider-Verl. Hohengehren, 120 S.

Abstract

"Der Autor verdeutlicht in diesem Buch sowohl die bildungspolitische und arbeitsmarktpolitische Relevanz als auch die gesellschaftspolitische Brisanz der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit. Ist Arbeitslosigkeit seit der Industrialisierung ein Massenproblem mit zum Teil verheerenden Folgen für Individuen und Gesellschaft, so gilt dies in besonderer Weise für die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit. Joachim Münch zeigt deren Ursachen in historischer und systematischer Perspektive auf und diskutiert die einschneidenden Folgen für die betroffenen jungen Menschen, lässt es aber dabei nicht bewenden. Er eruiert Lösungsansätze in Bildung, Ausbildung und Beschäftigung und kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass Jugendarbeitslosigkeit wie Arbeitslosigkeit überhaupt leider ein ständiger Begleiter der modernen Arbeitsgesellschaft bleiben wird, aber bei entschiedenem politischen Wollen minimiert werden kann." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Sachs, Andreas & Werner Smolny (2014): Youth unemployment in the OECD. The role of institutions. (ZEW discussion paper 2014-080), Mannheim, 23 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyzes the role of labor market institutions for youth unemployment, as contrasted to total unemployment. The empirical results are basically consistent with an insider view of labor market institutions. Labor market institutions tend to protect (older) employees but might harm (young) entrants. Remarkable is especially the significant and very high effect of employment protection for regular jobs on youth unemployment. In addition, the combined effects of powerful unions and a coordinated wage bargaining system are beneficial for older people and detrimental to youth. Finally, the paper establishes significant labor supply effects and effects of the education system on youth and total unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schmillen, Achim & Matthias Umkehrer (2014): Verfestigung von früher Arbeitslosigkeit: Einmal arbeitslos, immer wieder arbeitslos? (IAB-Kurzbericht 16/2014), Nürnberg, 6 S.

Abstract

"Die Autoren untersuchen den Zusammenhang zwischen der Arbeitslosigkeit in den ersten acht Erwerbsjahren (als 'Jugendarbeitslosigkeit' bezeichnet) und derjenigen in den darauffolgenden 16 Erwerbsjahren (dem 'späteren Erwerbsleben') für Personen, die zwischen 1978 und 1980 in das Erwerbsleben eingetreten sind.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen: Arbeitslosigkeit zu Beginn des Erwerbslebens geht mit einem deutlich erhöhten Arbeitsmarktrisiko im späteren Erwerbsverlauf einher. Im späteren Erwerbsverlauf waren Personen mit ausgeprägter Jugendarbeitslosigkeit sowohl von häufigeren als auch von längeren Episoden der Arbeitslosigkeit betroffen. Allerdings sind die Unterschiede bei der Häufigkeit weitaus deutlicher ausgeprägt als bei der Dauer." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Serracant, Pau (2014): A brute indicator for a NEET case. Genesis and evolution of a problematic concept and results from an alternative indicator. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 117, H. 2, S. 401-419. DOI:10.1007/s11205-013-0352-5

Abstract

"This article analyses the Not in Education, Employment or Training (NEET) concept and related indicators and its effects on both youth policies and the perception of young people. It is argued that a 'weak version' of social exclusion is often used to explain the phenomenon. This leads both to defective policies (as a 'victim blaming' approach tends to be developed instead of structural policies) and to the negative labelling of the NEET young people (as research and policies tend to focus on the individual's deficits and thus associate them with negative values). An alternative indicator is proposed, aimed at reducing the heterogeneity of the situations the concept includes and focus on the core NEET group. This restricted concept centres on those individuals who do not seem to have any objective impediment to study or work. Figures are calculated for the Spanish region of Catalonia and results show a lower proportion of people in a NEET situation; that the NEET rates for young people and adults are similar; that the phenomenon is not new; and confirm that it is related to the risk of social exclusion. These results reinforce the need for an approach which is more sensitive to inequalities to improve our understanding of the NEET population and to avoid the stigmatisation of individuals, generations and countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tamesberger, Dennis (2014): Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa. Eine Beschreibung des Problemausmaßes und der Folgen. In: Wiso. Wirtschafts- und sozialpolitische Zeitschrift des ISW, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 139-158.

Abstract

"Im vorliegenden Beitrag wurden auf Basis unterschiedlicher Indikatoren das Problemausmaß der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in der Europäischen Union (EU 27) und die damit verbundenen Folgen anhand des internationalen Forschungsstandes beschrieben. Das Ausmaß der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in der Europäischen Union ist als ernst zu nehmendes Problem zu bewerten und birgt die Gefahr in sich, das Europäische Projekt zu gefährden. Besonders problematisch erscheint, dass rund ein Drittel der arbeitslosen Jugendlichen bereits 12 Monate oder länger arbeitslos sind. Es wurde dargelegt, dass lang anhaltende Arbeitslosigkeit bei Jugendlichen weit reichende Folgen für die Betroffenen, für die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und für die Gesellschaft an sich haben kann. Für die Betroffenen zeigen sich als Folge der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit eine geringere Lebenszufriedenheit, ein schlechterer Gesundheitszustand, ein erhöhtes Arbeitslosigkeitsrisiko und ein geringeres Einkommen in der Zukunft. Die individuellen Folgen von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit haben wiederum Rückkoppelungseffekte auf die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung (hohe ökonomische Kosten, Zunahme der Einkommensungleichheit) und den gesellschaftlichen Zusammenhalt. Der Beitrag plädiert abschließend dafür, die Bekämpfung von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit als prioritäres Ziel in der Europäischen Wirtschaftspolitik zu verankern und durch eine Finanztransaktionssteuer die notwendigen finanziellen Mittel z.B. zur Umsetzung einer Jugendgarantie in der Europäischen Union zu generieren. Darüber hinaus sind vor allem makroökonomische Maßnahmen zur Stimulierung der wirtschaftlichen Nachfrage angezeigt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Tamesberger, Dennis, Heinz Leitgöb & Johann Bacher (2014): How to combat NEET? Evidence from Austria. In: Intereconomics, Jg. 49, H. 4, S. 221-227. DOI:10.1007/s10272-014-0503-1

Abstract

The number young people not in education, employment or training (NEET) has been rising since the beginning of the economic and financial crisis in 2008. This article contributes to the discussion about the reduction of the NEET rate by addressing the questions: Which structural factors can explain differences in the NEET rates among Austrian federal states? What causes an increased or reduced NEET risk at the individual level? What are the key factors for an exit from a NEET situation?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Thompson, Spencer, Aline Hohbein & Lars Thies (2014): Zukunft unsicher. Jugendarbeitslosigkeit im europäischen Vergleich. Gütersloh, 102 S.

Abstract

"Wie entsteht Jugendarbeitslosigkeit? Von welchen Faktoren wird sie beeinflusst? Spielen konjunkturelle und wirtschaftsstrukturelle Einflüsse die entscheidende Rolle, oder ist es die Flexibilität der Arbeitsmärkte? Anhand von Daten des europäischen Statistikamtes Eurostat und der europäischen Arbeitskräfteerhebung (European Labour Force Survey) geht die vorliegende Studie auf empirischer Grundlage der Frage nach, wie sich in Großbritannien, den Niederlanden, Frankreich, Spanien, Schweden und Deutschland die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit entwickelt hat und von welchen Faktoren diese bestimmt wird. Im Ergebnis wird deutlich, dass der Ausgestaltung der Ausbildungssysteme eine wesentliche Bedeutung zukommt: Je stärker Praxiserfahrungen in die Ausbildung integriert werden - ob nun auf formelle oder auf informelle Weise - desto besser sind die Übergangschancen der Absolventen in den Arbeitsmarkt. Das duale Ausbildungssystem deutscher Prägung schneidet einerseits sehr gut ab bei diesem Vergleich, denn die betriebliche Praxis ist ein integraler Bestandteil der Ausbildung. Andererseits zeigt ein genauerer Blick auch Probleme auf: Wer als junger Mensch seinen Weg in das deutsche Ausbildungssystem findet, hat zwar beste Chancen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Wem dies jedoch nicht gelingt, der hat schlechte Karten. Ohne Ausbildungsplatz ist die berufliche Zukunft düster für Jugendliche in Deutschland." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Hiring subsidies are an important measure, extensively used by Member States, to promote employment in disadvantaged-worker categories such as young and older people, the long-term unemployed and women. This review maps out the design of such subsidies, and identifies good and effective practices in targeting, funding, monitoring and integrating incentives with other policies. It is intended as a source of mutual learning and transfer of good practices between Member States." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

(2014): Bildung auf einen Blick 2014. OECD-Indikatoren. (Bildung auf einen Blick. OECD-Indikatoren), Paris, 722 S. DOI:10.1787/eag-2014-de

Abstract

"Der Bericht bietet einen Überblick über die Bildungssysteme in den 34 Ländern der OECD und einer Reihe von Partnerländern. Mehr als 150 Indikatoren ermöglichen den internationalen Vergleich in Bezug auf Bildungsbeteiligung und -verlauf, die Finanzierung von Bildung sowie die Organisation von Schulen. Zum ersten Mal enthält der Bericht dieses Jahr auch Informationen zu privaten Bildungseinrichtungen, den Voraussetzungen für den Lehrberuf sowie für die berufliche Fortbildung von Lehrern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"This joint Eurydice/Cedefop report sheds light on early leaving from education and training - a serious challenge in many EU countries. It aims to add value to Member States' and the European Commission's endeavours in this area by monitoring developments in the design and implementation of strategies, policies and measures to combat early leaving and support student learning. The key areas addressed in this report are data collection and monitoring, strategies and policies against early leaving focusing on prevention, intervention and compensation and on groups at increased risk of early leaving, the role of education and career guidance, governance and cross-sector cooperation, and early leaving from the perspective of vocational education and training." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))