Übergänge in Ausbildung und Beschäftigung
Wer einen Ausbildungsplatz sucht, braucht einen möglichst guten Schulabschluss. Eine abgeschlossene Berufsausbildung ist wiederum ein entscheidender Faktor für die dauerhafte Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt und in die Gesellschaft. Viele Jugendliche scheitern jedoch an den beiden Hürden Schulabschluss und Ausbildungsplatzsuche. Neben leistungsschwächeren Jugendlichen sind vor allem sozial Benachteiligte betroffen. Dieses Themendossier präsentiert mit Hinweisen auf Forschungsprojekte sowie weiteren relevanten Internetquellen wissenschaftliche Befunde und Diskussionen zur Übergangsproblematik an der 1. und 2. Schwelle sowie politischen Förderstrategien zur Verbesserung der Einmündung in Ausbildung und Beschäftigung.
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Themendossier Schul- und Ausbildungsabbruch.
Themendossier Ausbildungsstellenmarkt.
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Literaturhinweis
Labour market transitions of young people during the economic crisis (2014)
Zitatform
Leitner, Sebastian & Robert Stehrer (2014): Labour market transitions of young people during the economic crisis. (WIIW working paper 109), Wien, 35 S.
Abstract
"This paper analyses the impacts of the crisis on various groups in the labour market, providing a comparison across groups of EU countries and individual Central and East European new EU Member States. In particular, it reports how the crisis affected the transitions of people between different states in the labour market: employment, unemployment, education and inactivity. Based on EU SILC data, a descriptive overview concerning the changes in transition rates is provided by estimating Markov transition probabilities. This is complemented by a set of probit regression results pointing towards significant changes in the various transitions triggered by the crisis. This is particularly the case for the younger age cohorts and low-educated workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The transition from school to work for children of immigrants with lower-level educational credentials in the United States and France (2014)
Zitatform
Lutz, Amy, Yaël Brinbaum & Dalia Abdelhady (2014): The transition from school to work for children of immigrants with lower-level educational credentials in the United States and France. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 2, H. 2, S. 227-254. DOI:10.5117/CMS2014.2.LUTZ
Abstract
"This paper compares the transition from school to work among Mexican-origin youth in the United States and North African-origin youth in France relative to the native-majority youth with similar low-level credentials. The goal is to understand the extent to which these groups experience ethnic penalties in the labor market not explained by social class, low-level credentials, or other characteristics. The patterns of employment for second-generation minorities play out differently in the two contexts. In France, lack of access to jobs is a source of disadvantage for North African children of immigrants, while in the United States, second-generation Mexicans do not suffer from a lack of employment. Indeed, the Mexican second-generation shows a uniquely high level of employment. We argue that high levels of youth unemployment in the society, as it is the case in France, means greater ethnic penalties for second-generation minorities. " (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Mapping youth transitions in Europe (2014)
Zitatform
Mascherini, Massimiliano, Anna Ludwinek, Carlos Vacas, Anja Meierkord & Michael Gebel (2014): Mapping youth transitions in Europe. Dublin, 100 S. DOI:10.2806/51024
Abstract
"Young people in Europe continue to experience great difficulties in entering the labour market. Although the youth unemployment rate in a few Member States has started to fall, overall 23% of young European job-seekers aged 15 - 24 could not find a job in January 2014. In 2012, 14.6 million young people across Europe were not in employment, education or training (NEETs), accounting for 15.9% of the entire population of those aged 15 - 29. This report analyses the labour market situation of young people in Europe, focusing in particular on their school-to-work transition, while also monitoring their more general transition to adulthood. The report also investigates the ability of young people to remain in employment against the odds during the crisis and charts their transitions from temporary to permanent contracts. The report concludes with a discussion on the strengths and weaknesses of selected policy measures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Executive Summary -
Literaturhinweis
Explaining national differences in education-work transitions: twenty years of research on transition systems (2014)
Raffe, David;Zitatform
Raffe, David (2014): Explaining national differences in education-work transitions. Twenty years of research on transition systems. In: European Societies, Jg. 16, H. 2, S. 175-193. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2013.821619
Abstract
"In the 1980s and 1990s the study of education-work transitions took a comparative turn. Researchers sought to identify national differences in transition processes and outcomes and explain them in terms of institutional characteristics of national 'transition systems'. This was an ambitious aim because it required the study of transitions to develop as a field of 'macro' social-science research, while continuing also to use theories, techniques of analysis and data associated with 'micro' research. This paper reviews the progress of transition-system research over the past 20 years. It describes the development of the research field and how it has been shaped by its theoretical origins, the political context, the availability of data and the organisation of research. The research has made significant if uneven progress towards explaining national differences in transitions; its achievements appear more significant when viewed from a perspective which emphasises the case-oriented rather than variables-oriented aims of comparative research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Introduction: Research on school-to-work transitions in Europe (2014)
Wolbers, Maarten H. J.;Zitatform
Wolbers, Maarten H. J. (2014): Introduction: Research on school-to-work transitions in Europe. In: European Societies, Jg. 16, H. 2, S. 167-174. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2013.827230
Abstract
"The transition from school to work can be considered as an important, modern rite de passage in the lives of individuals. It refers to the period between the end of individuals' enrolment in initial education or training and their stable and secure settlement in the labour market. Qualifications are an important criterion in the allocation of school-leavers to jobs and the knowledge and skills obtained in education or training form the basis for career advancement and professional development. Although the transition stage is in theory only the start of a long working life, there is substantial empirical evidence that the initial labour market position determines to a large extent the subsequent working career of individuals (see, for a recent publication, Barone and Schizzerotto 2011). So, a smooth labour market integration is crucial for young people, as it not only minimises their experiences of unemployment and inactivity when entering the labour market, but also in the long run." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Improving school-to-work transitions in New Zealand (2013)
Bibbee, Alexandra;Zitatform
Bibbee, Alexandra (2013): Improving school-to-work transitions in New Zealand. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1087), Paris, 61 S. DOI:10.1787/5k40d6b633hl-en
Abstract
"The NZ labour market is among the most flexible in the OECD, and outcomes for its young people have been among the best. However, labour-market opportunities are heavily determined by initial education, where New Zealand's system is also successful and innovative in many ways. Average PISA results are among the OECD's highest, but the dispersion of performance is also high, indicating a sizable group of underachievers. Those in disadvantaged groups tend to have poor scholastic outcomes. These initial educational handicaps show up in higher drop-out rates and youth joblessness, greatly limiting these youths' future life chances. Indeed, intergenerational persistence in educational and employment outcomes appears very high. From both a social and economic point of view, it will be essential to develop more fully the human capital of the fast growing demographic group of ethnic minorities. Better teaching quality is needed, with more attention devoted to diversity of student needs and learning approaches to keep children in school. A related problem is the apparently large divergence between the nature of skills supplied by the education sector and the skills demanded by employers. A greater role for youth apprenticeships could help to raise skill levels while aligning them better to the economy's needs. All this has an important bearing on the government's ambition to secure strong and sustainable growth with rising living standards and equal opportunities for all. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Survey of New Zealand (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/new-zealand-2maori013.htm)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Vielfalt an Übergängen in der beruflichen Bildung - Zwölf Ansichten: Berufliche Bildung und zukünftige Entwicklung (2013)
Zitatform
Fischer, Andreas & Dietmar Frommberger (Hrsg.) (2013): Vielfalt an Übergängen in der beruflichen Bildung - Zwölf Ansichten. Berufliche Bildung und zukünftige Entwicklung. (Leuphana-Schriften zur Berufs- und Wirtschaftspädagogik 06), Baltmannsweiler: Schneider-Verl. Hohengehren, 242 S.
Abstract
"Verschiedene Bedeutungen und Beispiele für Übergange werden aus Sicht der Berufs- und Wirtschaftspädagogik betrachtet: Übergänge zwischen Berufen, Übergänge zwischen (nationalen) Berufsbildungs- und Beschäftigungssystemen, zwischen Berufs- und Lebenswelten, zwischen berufsspezifischen und berufsübergreifenden Kompetenzen, Übergänge zwischen Wissenschafts- und Situationsorientierung, zwischen Beschäftigungs- und Bildungssystem, zwischen traditionellen und 'neuen' Wertvorstellungen, Übergänge vom nicht-nachhaltigen hin zum nachhaltigen Wirtschaften, zwischen Anpassung und Veränderungen, zwischen Selbst- und Fremdbestimmung oder Übergänge vom Lernenden zum Lehrenden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Inhaltsverzeichnis bei der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek -
Literaturhinweis
Berufsorientierung und regionales Übergangsmanagement in der internationalen Bodenseeregion: Chancen, Kompetenzen, Entwicklungspotenziale. Beiträge zur Fachtagung an der Pädagogischen Hochschule Weingarten 2012 (2013)
Rottmann, Joachim; Böheim-Galehr, Gabriele; Gonon, Philipp; Brühwiler, Christian;Zitatform
Rottmann, Joachim, Gabriele Böheim-Galehr, Christian Brühwiler & Philipp Gonon (Hrsg.) (2013): Berufsorientierung und regionales Übergangsmanagement in der internationalen Bodenseeregion. Chancen, Kompetenzen, Entwicklungspotenziale. Beiträge zur Fachtagung an der Pädagogischen Hochschule Weingarten 2012. (Studien zur beruflichen Kompetenzentwicklung 02), Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 244 S. DOI:10.3726/978-3-653-03486-8
Abstract
"Das international vergleichend angelegte Forschungsprojekt BRÜCKE untersucht die Bedingungen des Übergangs Heranwachsender vom allgemeinbildenden Schulsystem in die berufliche Ausbildung. Erstmals werden hierzu die besonderen Übergangsbedingungen in der Internationalen Bodenseeregion in den Blick genommen. Es gilt dabei ein hoch differenziertes Gesamtbild ordnungspolitischer, organisationaler und personaler Rahmenbedingungen für individuelle Übergänge aufzudecken. Auf der Grundlage eines umfassenden Lagebilds sollen sich, so die Erwartung, Hinweise zur Optimierung der (individuellen) Übergangsvorbereitung wie -gestaltung in der Region finden lassen. Der Band stellt erste Ergebnisse des Projekts dar und entwickelt Perspektiven für die Optimierung des regionalen Übergangsmanagements." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Inhaltsverzeichnis bei der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek -
Literaturhinweis
Transitions in vocational education (2013)
Seifried, Jürgen ; Zoyke, Andrea; Gegenfurtner, Andreas ; Heinrichs, Karin; Wuttke, Eveline ; Jordan, Marine; Apera, Carmela; Kayser, Hans; Beutner, Marc; Kremer, H.-Hugo; Bimrose, Jenny ; Lamamra, Nadia ; Bonica, Laura; Lilienthal, Jonas; Bustino, Susanna; Linares, Lucia; Dilger, Bernadette; Marhuenda, Fernando; Elffers, Louise; Navas, Almudena; Ziegler, Birgit; Russello, Elisa; Bausch, Luca; Sappa, Viviana; Boldrini, Elena; Schmitz, Sarah; Cordoba, Ana I.; Searle, Jean; Fasching, Helga ; Seifried, Jürgen ; Billett, Stephen ; Steinritz, Gaby; Duc, Barbara; Wuttke, Eveline ; Brown, Alan ; Wyss, Corinne ; Alves, Mariana Gaio; Zacares, Juan Jose;Zitatform
Seifried, Jürgen & Eveline Wuttke (Hrsg.) (2013): Transitions in vocational education. (Research in Vocational Education 02), Opladen: Budrich, Barbara, 330 S.
Abstract
"This volume focuses on the different passages and transitions in Vocational Education and professional work life. Exploring the personal experiences of coping with the transition from school to vocational education, vocational education to work, and - finally - from work life to retirement, the book takes account of the rapidly changing conditions under which these processes take place." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The employability of young graduates in Europe - analysis of the ET2020 benchmark (2012)
Zitatform
Garrouste, Christelle & Margarida Rodrigues (2012): The employability of young graduates in Europe - analysis of the ET2020 benchmark. (EUR. Scientific and Technical Research Reports 25624), Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 69 S. DOI:10.2788/69842
Abstract
"The Education Council has adopted in May 2012 a new benchmark on the employability of graduates from education and training that aims at measuring the contribution of education and training to the transition from education to employment. This new benchmark is defined as the share of young people employed among the 20-34 years old, who graduated 1, 2 or 3 years before, and are not currently in education or training. It is computed using the annual Labour Force Survey (LFS) microdata. This report aims at analyzing the determinants of the employability of the individuals targeted by the benchmark. It starts with a short presentation of the benchmark indicator. It then estimates the probability of being employed for the 20-34 years old cohort that graduated one to three years before and is not currently enrolled in any further education or training activity, controlling for individual characteristics and institutional factors. In addition to the annual LFS data, we also make use of the LFS ad-hoc module of 2009 to identify more specifically, at country level, the role played by the orientation of the degree and the acquisition of a professional experience during the time of studies. Among those who are employed, we then analyze the nature of that employment by estimating the probability of having a permanent vs. temporary contract and the probability of working full-time vs. part-time. Regarding the probability of being employed, we find that the contribution of education attainment is significant and constant, even after controlling for labour market contextual variables. Whereas education attainment is an important determinant for working full-time, it does not play a role in explaining the probability of having a permanent contract. We find that, overall, having a vocational oriented degree and/or working during studies does not affect significantly the probability of having a job. On the other hand, for a few countries, these two factors are important and our analysis shows that among the two, working during studies proves to be a more significant factor than the sole orientation of the degree." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Fit for business: pre-vocational education in European schools (2012)
Pilz, Matthias ; Liepins, Emils; McGlynn, Catherine; Berger, Susanne ; Muzis, Ivars; Bognár, Tibor; Rachwal, Tomasz; Figueira, Eduardo; Roze, Janis; Krastins, Valdis; Schwarz, Ingrid; Gönczöol, Enikö; Szubert, Mariusz; Kurek, Siawomir; Dolan, Michael; Canning, Roy;Zitatform
Pilz, Matthias, Susanne Berger & Roy Canning (Hrsg.) (2012): Fit for business. Pre-vocational education in European schools. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 216 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-531-19028-0
Abstract
"Within compulsory education, prevocational education is intended primarily to introduce participants to the world of work. This book considers curriculum design and pedagogical practice in pre-vocational education during the last two years of compulsory education. The study focuses on seven European countries (Scotland, Latvia, Poland, Hungary, Germany, Austria, Portugal) and presents an analysis of the curriculum as it relates both to knowledge-based competencies in economics and business and to self- and social competencies. It then discusses the differences between the prescribed and the enacted curriculum as identified by means of a subsequent survey of teachers. The authors conclude with a comparative assessment of each country case study, combined with supranational recommendations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Inhaltsverzeichnis bei der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek -
Literaturhinweis
School-to-work transitions in international comparison (2011)
Zitatform
Brzinsky-Fay, Christian (2011): School-to-work transitions in international comparison. (Acta Electronica Universitatis Tamperensis 1126), Tampere, 208 S.
Abstract
"The transition from school to work is becoming more and more complex in the last decades, reflecting increasing flexibilisation in labour markets. This trend can be observed in many countries, even though to a different extent. The reasons for these disparities can be found mainly on the level of institutional arrangements. Thus, social science is very much engaged in analysing institutional effects on individual outcomes. The major limitations of this research regarding school-to-work transitions are, first, the neglect of periodical character of transitions processes and, second, the complex causal relationships between institutional arrangements and individual outcomes.
The transition from school to work is generally defined as the change from the status 'education' to the status 'employment' or from the status 'unemployment' to 'employment'. But, because of transition processes' increasing complexity this is not longer appropriate. Therefore, a new methodological tool is presented, namely 'sequence analysis', which is able to explore and reduces this complexity by identifying ideal types of transitions, which provides a basis for further research. Additionally, the analysis of institutional conditions for transition outcomes remains on a very basic level, because researchers only examine net effects of single institutions and not effects of institutions in combination with each other. Here, the application of configurational methods, namely Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), helps to overcome this limitation of analysis.
The application of both methods can help to overcome the limitations of contemporary school-to-work transition research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
What difference does it make? The outcome effects of the European Employment Strategy on the transition from education to work (2011)
Zitatform
Brzinsky-Fay, Christian (2011): What difference does it make? The outcome effects of the European Employment Strategy on the transition from education to work. In: German Policy Studies, Jg. 7, H. 1, S. 45-72.
Abstract
"This article aims at assessing the effects of the EES on youth labour market outcomes in the EU-15 countries within the recent decade. With the European Employment Strategy, which was established in 1998, and the Lisbon objectives in education and training, which came into force in 2000, the European Union among other topics started focussing on young people and their chances in entering and succeeding the labour market. The political instrument for the implementation was the Open Method of Coordination (OMC), which aims at taking into account different complex institutional frameworks while formulating common targets that have to be reached using different policies. The analysis of the effects looks at both the output (i.e. the implementation of youth employment policies) and at the outcome dimension (i.e. youth labour market indicators). Within the field of school-to-work transitions, like in other fields of social and employment policy, effects of the EES on the policy making process can be observed, while the effect on the outcome dimension - that is the relative youth unemployment and the employment rate among 15 to 24 years old people - hardly can be detected: Regarding the youth policies that were set up by the national governments, it can be shown that youth labour markets and their institutional frameworks between countries differ in the same way as the effects of the EES and the policies, and so do the outcomes. However, some general trends can be observed. The switch from employment to education issues might be one reason for the lack of empirical success regarding youth labour market indicators. The concentration on education issues has overshadowed the youth labour market policies, which appears in the non-development of such policies as well as in the lack of any empirical outcome effects. Finally, the main result is that, for the EU-15 countries, the assumption that the EES has affected policy making processes could be supported. Furthermore, the degree of effectiveness with respect to the policy making process depends on the degree of pre-existing compliance between the EES and national employment policy. In other words, those countries, which were very much in line with the targets of the EES beforehand, showed little compliance regarding the formulation of youth policies. Surprisingly enough, out of this group of countries, Denmark, Sweden and the United Kingdom show worsening outcome indicators, despite the fact that all of them launched youth programmes. In countries with low compliance beforehand, the outcome indicators also show no significant improvement. In a nutshell, the induction of active youth labour market policies through the EES shows indeed effects on the output dimension, but hardly on the outcome level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Mismatch of vocational graduates: What penalty on French labour market? (2011)
Zitatform
Béduwé, Catherine & Jean-François Giret (2011): Mismatch of vocational graduates: What penalty on French labour market? In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 78, H. 1, S. 68-79. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.09.003
Abstract
"This study explores individual effects of educational mismatch on wages, job satisfaction and on-the-job-search on French labour market. We distinguish between horizontal matches (job matches with field of studies) and vertical matches (job matches the level of qualification) on the one hand and skills matches (worker's assessment) on the other hand. We use data from the French survey 'Generation 98,' conducted among a sample of 22780 young vocational graduates asked about their employment situation 3 years after leaving school. We show that whatever the criterion chosen, there is a minority of matched situations. We find that situations of vertical mismatch and skill mismatch have strong negative effects on wages, while situations of horizontal mismatch have not. However, horizontal mismatch increases both job dissatisfaction and the desire to find another job, even if their job is qualified, permanent and reasonably well paid. Implications for the evaluation of vocational training programs are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Der Übergang von der Schule in die Berufs(bildungs)welt in Deutschland und europäischen Nachbarländern (2011)
Dehmer, Mara;Zitatform
Dehmer, Mara (2011): Der Übergang von der Schule in die Berufs(bildungs)welt in Deutschland und europäischen Nachbarländern. In: Forum Arbeit H. 3, S. 9-11.
Abstract
"Der gelingende Übergang von der Schule in die Berufs(bildungs)welt stellt einen wichtigen Schritt im Lebensverlauf junger Menschen dar und ist zugleich zentrale Voraussetzung für die berufliche und soziale Integration. Der vorliegende Artikel nimmt dieser Übergänge in Deutschland und in europäischen Nachbarländern in den Blick." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
School-to-work transitions in Europe: Paths towards a permanent contract (2011)
Garrouste, Christelle; Loi, Massimo;Zitatform
Garrouste, Christelle & Massimo Loi (2011): School-to-work transitions in Europe. Paths towards a permanent contract. (JRC scientific and technical reports hal-03245376), Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 48 S.
Abstract
"In a context of intensive and global economic competition, European countries are growingly concerned with the consequences of increasing numbers of young people temporarily or permanently prevented from entering the job market and the difficulties faced by college and university graduates to find adequate employment. This study is concerned with analyzing the speed of transition of students to permanent employment as a proxy of professional stability, and by identifying possible discriminatory effects in selected countries. The research questions are addressed with a Cox survival model and a continuous-time Markov chain model where each individual can transit non-sequentially between the following Markov states: (1) education; (2) inactivity; (3)unemployment; (4) fixed-term/temporary employment; and (5) permanent employment (the 5th state being a non-absorbing steady state). The model is tested using the longitudinal ECHP data in thirteen EU member countries, over the period 1994-2001, controlling for individual and household characteristics and labour market characteristics (e.g., youth employment rate and share of temporary contracts). Overall, we find that the Mediterranean countries are the ones where the transition is the most hazardous both in terms of length and number of steps, but that in other countries, the speed of convergence is not necessarily correlated to the number of spells at intermediate states. Moreover, we find that the gender discrimination that affected most of the countries at the beginning of the 1990s, faded away by the end of the decade, replaced by a positive discrimination in favour of the graduates from vocationally oriented programmes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Vorbereitung auf die Welt der Arbeit in Japan: Bildungssystem und Übergangsfragen (2011)
Zitatform
(2011): Vorbereitung auf die Welt der Arbeit in Japan. Bildungssystem und Übergangsfragen. (VS research), Wiesbaden: VS-Verl. für Sozialwiss., 293 S.
Abstract
"Japan ist eine führende Industrienation und verfügt über hochqualifizierte Beschäftigte. In diesem Kontext stellt sich die Frage, wie das japanische Bildungssystem die Jugendlichen auf die Welt der Arbeit und die Anforderungen des Beschäftigungssystems vorbereitet. Vor dem Hintergrund einer im internationalen Kontext relativ geringen Jugendarbeitslosigkeit und dem Fehlen eines ausgeprägten Berufsbildungssystems erhält diese Frage zusätzliche Bedeutung. Die bildungsspezifischen Beiträge japanischer und deutscher ExpertInnen geben umfassende Antworten auf der Basis bildungspolitischer, curricularer und kultureller Befunde." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Erfolge trotz schlechter Startbedingungen: Was hilft Migrantennachkommen in Frankreich und Deutschland? (2011)
Zitatform
Tucci, Ingrid, Ariane Jossin, Carsten Keller & Olaf Groh-Samberg (2011): Erfolge trotz schlechter Startbedingungen: Was hilft Migrantennachkommen in Frankreich und Deutschland? In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 78, H. 41, S. 3-11.
Abstract
"Die Bildungs- und Erwerbsverläufe von Migrantenkindern in Frankreich und Deutschland sind äußerst vielfältig. In der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung dominieren die wenig Erfolgreichen. Dabei sind erfolgreiche Biographien junger Erwachsener mit Migrationshintergrund aber keineswegs eine zu vernachlässigende Ausnahme. Allerdings sehen sie in beiden Ländern anders aus: Während es in Frankreich mehr Migrantenkinder bis zum Abitur schaffen, sind sie in Deutschland vor allem auf der Hauptschule überrepräsentiert. Dafür fällt es diesen Jugendlichen in Frankreich wesentlich schwerer, dauerhaft auf dem Arbeitsmarkt Fuß zu fassen, während sie in Deutschland oft die Möglichkeit einer außerschulischen Qualifikation ergreifen und bessere Jobchancen haben. Im Rahmen eines auf drei Jahre angelegten Forschungsprojektes wurde der Frage nachgegangen, welche sozialen und institutionellen Faktoren den Bildungserwerb und die berufliche Orientierung stabilisieren können. Auf Basis qualitativer Interviews, die mit jungen Erwachsenen mit Migrationshintergrund in vier benachteiligten Vierteln von Berlin und Paris durchgeführt wurden, können drei Faktoren benannt werden, die eine wichtige Rolle für den Erfolg beziehungsweise die Stabilisierung des frühen Bildungs- und Erwerbsverlaufs spielen: die Unterstützung durch bedeutsame Drittpersonen, der Eintritt in sozial-kulturell stärker durchmischte Milieus und die Perspektive einer 'zweiten Chance'." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Maßnahmen für Jugendliche - 2010 (2011)
Zitatform
(2011): Maßnahmen für Jugendliche - 2010. (Bericht des Europäischen Beschäftigungsobservatoriums), Luxemburg, 32 S.
Abstract
"Im Juli 2010 wurden die 33 SYSDEM-Experten des Europäischen Beschäftigungsobservatoriums (EBO) damit beauftragt, einen Bericht über Maßnahmen für Jugendliche in ihrem Land zu verfassen. Diese Veröffentlichung fasst die wichtigsten Punkte dieser Berichte zusammen und zieht Vergleiche zu den politischen Trends, Studienergebnissen und Datenerhebungen auf europäischer Ebene.
Diese Zusammenfassung ist, wie auch die Länderberichte, in fünf Abschnitte unterteilt: In der Einführung wird die Jugendbeschäftigung in Europa anhand der auf europäischer Ebene gesammelten Daten erörtert und so ein Gesamtbild der Lage geschaffen. Dieses Bild wird dann durch Informationen der Länderberichte ergänzt, um die jeweilige landesspezifische Situation näher zu beschreiben. Im zweiten Abschnitt werden die ab 2008 und anlässlich der Krise eingeführten Strategien im Bereich der Bildungs- und Ausbildungspolitik beschrieben, beispielsweise Maßnahmen zur Verhinderung eines vorzeitigen Schulabgangs und zur Gewährleistung, dass alle Jugendlichen grundlegende Fähigkeiten erwerben und auf das Berufsleben vorbereitet werden. Im dritten Abschnitt werden arbeitsmarkt- und beschäftigungspolitische Maßnahmen und der Zugang zu Unterstützungsleistungen behandelt. Dazu gehören Sozialleistungen und aktive arbeitsmarktpolitische Maßnahmen für Jugendliche, Steuer- und Arbeitsgesetze sowie mobilitätsfördernde Maßnahmen. Im vierten Abschnitt werden die problematischen Aspekte der Jugendbeschäftigung und im fünften Abschnitt die Aufgaben der verschiedenen Arbeitsmarktakteure auf diesem Gebiet beschrieben. Abschließend werden die wichtigsten Punkte der Länderberichte noch einmal zusammengefasst." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku) -
Literaturhinweis
Eine Vergleichsstudie zur Risikowahrnehmung beim Übergang von der Schule in die Berufsausbildung in Ostdeutschland und den USA (2010)
Barabatsch, Antje;Zitatform
Barabatsch, Antje (2010): Eine Vergleichsstudie zur Risikowahrnehmung beim Übergang von der Schule in die Berufsausbildung in Ostdeutschland und den USA. In: Zeitschrift für Berufs- und Wirtschaftspädagogik, Jg. 106, H. 1, S. 106-124.
Abstract
"Der Beitrag stellt die Ergebnisse einer empirischen Untersuchung zum Thema Risikowahrnehmung bezüglich der Lebenslaufplanung junger Erwachsener in Berufsausbildung vor. Dazu wurden Daten in vier Ausbildungsprogrammen in Erfurt und Atlanta, USA, erhoben. Als Untersuchungsdesign wurde das 'Concurrent Triangulation Design' aus dem Mixed Methods Repertoire, bei welchem kurz nacheinander quantitative und qualitative Daten erfasst werden, gewählt. Damit wurden Werte, Normen, Einstellungen und Überzeugungen im Kontext der unterschiedlichen gesellschaftlichen Bedingungen verschiedener Ausbildungssysteme untersucht. Im Ergebnis der hier beschriebenen vergleichenden Untersuchung wird deutlich, dass die ostdeutschen Jugendlichen unter einem hohen gesellschaftlichen Druck hinsichtlich ihrer Lebensplanung stehen, gleichzeitig aber in der Berufsausbildung nicht ausreichend mit Bewältigungsstrategien für die sich ständig verändernden Bedingungen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt ausgestattet werden. Während bei den ostdeutschen Teilnehmern ein hohes Risikobewusstsein und eine hohe Risikowahrnehmung verbunden mit deutlichen Zukunftsängsten vorherrschten, waren die U.S. amerikanischen jungen Erwachsenen in ihrer Lebensplanung kurzfristiger orientiert und positiver eingestellt. Die Autorin verweist abschließend auf weiteren Forschungs- und Handlungsbedarf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)