Zitatform

Cohen, Philip N. (2013): The persistence of workplace gender segregation in the US. In: Sociology compass, Jg. 7, H. 11, S. 889-899. DOI:10.1111/soc4.12083

Abstract

"Occupational gender segregation remains one of the defining elements of gender inequality in modern societies. Recent trends for the United States show that occupational segregation remains high and did not substantially decline in the decade of the 2000s for the first time since 1960. Men and women work in different occupations because of a combination of forces, including culturally defined choices by workers themselves, discrimination by employers, and differences in skill levels and qualities. Research has shown that occupational segregation is an important aspect of gender inequality in earnings and contributes to other forms of inequality as well. The prospects for reducing gender segregation in the short term appear slim, based on the weak effects of educational attainment, cultural attitudes, and state intervention in the current period." (Author's abstract, © 2013 Hogrefe Verlag, © Hogrefe Publishing) ((en))

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Kappler, Christa (2013): Berufswahlprozesse und Motive angehender Lehrer. Eine qualitative Studie aus geschlechter- und berufsbiographisch-vergleichender Perspektive. (Prisma. Beiträge zur Erziehungswissenschaft aus historischer, psychologischer und soziologischer Perspektive 24), Bern: Haupt Verlag, 328 S.

Abstract

"Mit der Berufswahl stellen Jugendliche wichtige Weichen für ihre berufliche Zukunft. In diesem Buch wird ein Phasenmodell entwickelt, welches erklärt, wie Übergänge in die Ausbildung zustande kommen und der Eintritt ins Erwerbsleben vorbereitet wird. Eine Besonderheit des Ansatzes liegt darin, dass die Situation am Ende der obligatorischen Schule mit anderen Optionen, wie zum Beispiel der Aufnahme eines Hochschulstudiums nach Abschluss des Gymnasiums, verglichen wird. Das Buch gibt einen Einblick in die Vielfalt an Erwartungen und Entscheidungen, vor der sich junge Menschen bei der Berufswahl gestellt sehen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

König, Johannes, Martin Rothland, Kerstin Darge, Melanie Lünnemann & Sarantis Tachtsoglou (2013): Erfassung und Struktur berufsrelevanter Faktoren für die Lehrerausbildung und den Lehrerberuf in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. In: Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft, Jg. 16, H. 3, S. 553-577. DOI:10.1007/s11618-013-0373-5

Abstract

"Der Berufswahlmotivation angehender Lehrerinnen und Lehrer, ihren Interessen und darüber hinausgehenden berufswahlrelevanten Faktoren werden mit Blick auf eine optimale Nachwuchsrekrutierung für den Lehrerberuf besondere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Zugleich ist die Forschungs- und -befundlage in diesem Bereich nach wie vor defizitär. Der Beitrag verfolgt zum einen das Ziel, erstmals auf der Basis repräsentativer Stichproben (n = 6.601) die Struktur und Anwendbarkeit des international anschlussfähigen Fit-Choice-Instruments zur Erfassung relevanter Faktoren für die Berufswahl Lehramt in deutscher Übersetzung in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz zu überprüfen, um so eine Datenbasis zu schaffen, die eine Zusammenführung der bislang unverbundenen Forschungsbemühungen im deutschsprachigen Raum ermöglicht. Zum anderen werden pädagogische Erfahrungen einbezogen und mit ihnen überprüft, wie valide die von den Studierenden geäußerten Berufswahlmotive sind. Übergreifendes Ziel ist es, die Frage zu bearbeiten, inwieweit die Messung von Berufswahlmotiven und pädagogischen Erfahrungen sowie die Analyse beider Bereiche über die bislang vorliegenden, nur eingeschränkt aussagekräftigen Befunde institutionen- und länderübergreifend verallgemeinerbar sind, um somit schließlich auch generalisierbare Annahmen zur Entwicklung von Vorstellungen zur Berufswahl Lehramt und insbesondere zur Berufswahlmotivation formulieren zu können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Quintini, Glenda & Sébastien Martin (2013): Same but different: School-to-work transitions in emerging and advanced economies. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 154), Paris, 57 S. DOI:10.1787/5jzbb2t1rcwc-en

Abstract

"Improving school-to-work transitions and ensuring better career opportunities for youth after labour market entrance are common goals in emerging and advanced economies as they can contribute to raising the productive potential of the economy and to increasing social cohesion. However, the challenges faced in achieving these objectives and the policies required vary between emerging and advanced economies. This paper analyses youth labour market outcomes in 16 countries: eight emerging countries and eight advanced economies. In light of this analysis, it also discusses differences and similarities in the policy measures countries have at their disposal to tackle the key emerging challenges." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Rottmann, Joachim, Gabriele Böheim-Galehr, Christian Brühwiler & Philipp Gonon (Hrsg.) (2013): Berufsorientierung und regionales Übergangsmanagement in der internationalen Bodenseeregion. Chancen, Kompetenzen, Entwicklungspotenziale. Beiträge zur Fachtagung an der Pädagogischen Hochschule Weingarten 2012. (Studien zur beruflichen Kompetenzentwicklung 02), Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 244 S. DOI:10.3726/978-3-653-03486-8

Abstract

"Das international vergleichend angelegte Forschungsprojekt BRÜCKE untersucht die Bedingungen des Übergangs Heranwachsender vom allgemeinbildenden Schulsystem in die berufliche Ausbildung. Erstmals werden hierzu die besonderen Übergangsbedingungen in der Internationalen Bodenseeregion in den Blick genommen. Es gilt dabei ein hoch differenziertes Gesamtbild ordnungspolitischer, organisationaler und personaler Rahmenbedingungen für individuelle Übergänge aufzudecken. Auf der Grundlage eines umfassenden Lagebilds sollen sich, so die Erwartung, Hinweise zur Optimierung der (individuellen) Übergangsvorbereitung wie -gestaltung in der Region finden lassen. Der Band stellt erste Ergebnisse des Projekts dar und entwickelt Perspektiven für die Optimierung des regionalen Übergangsmanagements." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Vilhjalmsdottir, Gudbjörg & Gudmundur B. Arnkelsson (2013): Social aspects of career choice from the perspective of habitus theory. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 83, H. 3, S. 581-590. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2013.08.002

Abstract

"The concept of habitus designates a cognitive structure that is socially embedded and can give valuable insight into the social influences on career choice. A study investigating the relationship of habitus to career choice is presented in a sample of Icelandic youth aged 19 - 22 (N = 476). Measures of habitus were developed on the basis of reported cultural and leisure activities. The analysis of leisure and cultural items progressed in two steps: factor analysis and cluster analysis. The clusters constitute the four different habitus groups: Pop and fashion, Sports and rock, Music, and Literature. Correspondence factor analysis showed that the habitus groups (clusters) were related to other social variables, such as gender and class; validating habitus theory. Additionally, habitus measures were strongly linked to career variables, such as occupational perception and preferred future occupation. The results support previous research in showing that habitus theory is relevant to career counseling theory and can be a basis of understanding the relationship between social structure and career choice." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gati, Itamar, Reuma Gadassi & Rona Mashiah-Cohen (2012): Career decision-making profiles vs. styles. Convergent and incremental validity. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 81, H. 1, S. 2-16. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2012.03.004

Abstract

"The present research investigated the convergent and incremental validity of the multidimensional mode) and questionnaire - the Career Decision-Making Profiles (CDMP, Gati, Landman, Davidovitch, Peretz-Asulin, & Gadassi, 2010) - by comparing it to two prevalent decision-making style models. Study 1 compared the CDMP to the Vocational Decision Style Indicator (VDSI: Walsh, 1986) using a sample of 423 young adults. Study 2 compared the CDMP to the General Decision-Making Style inventory (GDMS: Scott & Bruce, 1995; based an Harren, 1979) using a sample of 427 individuals. The results of Studies 1 and 2 supported the convergent validity of the CDMP. Moreover, the results supported the advantage of the CDMP over the VDSI in predicting individuals' stages in the career decision-making process" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Guichard, Jean, Jacques Pouyaud, Cécile de Calan & Bernadette Dumora (2012): Identity construction and career development interventions with emerging adults. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 81, H. 1, S. 52-58. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2012.04.004

Abstract

"Today's wealthy societies are more fluid, varied and complex than they were just a few decades ago. As a consequence, what were 'vocational choices' at the beginning of the 20th century now appear as 'life designing issues'. In this context, contemporary research stresses the plurality and relative malleability of human subjects as well as their ability to take reflexive stances on their current and past experiences. Fitting in such an epistemology, a selfconstructing model is proposed as a basis for a life designing counseling interview. This model describes self-identity as a dynamic system of (past, present and expected) subjective identity forms (SIF), the synthesis and dynamism of which originate in a tension between two kinds of reflexivity. Counseling interviews with emerging adults show that the elicitation of some expected SIF allows them to re-read their current and past experiences from such a perspective and constitutes a compelling incentive to act." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mansel, Jürgen & Carsten Speck (Hrsg.) (2012): Jugend und Arbeit. Empirische Bestandsaufnahmen und Analysen. (Jugendforschung), Weinheim: Beltz, 306 S.

Abstract

"Arbeit ist ein zentraler Aspekt der Identitätsentwicklung. Erst mit dem Eintritt in das Erwerbsleben gilt die für die Jugendphase zentrale Entwicklungsaufgabe als erfolgreich bewältigt. Es stellt sich daher die Frage, in welchen Lebenssituationen Jugendliche in unterschiedlichen Statuspassagen und sozialen Milieus aufwachsen und wie sie ihre beruflichen Lebenssituationen und biografischen Perspektiven wahrnehmen und gestalten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Steiner, Karin, Monira Kerler & Sandra Schneeweiß (2012): Berufs- und Arbeitsmarktorientierung für Jugendliche. Anforderungen im Wirkungsbereich von Pädagogischen Hochschulen und AMS. (AMS report 88), Wien, 64 S.

Abstract

"In einem ersten Schritt werden in diesem Bericht der Status quo und die Trends in der schulischen und außerschulischen Bildungs- und Berufsberatungslandschaft in Österreich dargestellt. Im Anschluss wird kurz der Wirkungsbereich der Pädagogischen Hochschulen skizziert. In einem nächsten Schritt folgt die Darstellung der Literaturanalyse über die Anforderungen an die schulische Bildungs- und Berufsberatung. In diesem theoretischen Teil werden die Ergebnisse der Literaturanalyse skizziert. Im methodischen Teil werden die Ergebnisse der qualitativen Analyse dargestellt. Diese basieren auf den zehn durchgeführten qualitativen Leitfadeninterviews mit ExpertInnen. Dabei wurden ExpertInnen aus dem Wirkungsbereich der Pädagogischen Hochschulen, aus außerschulischen Bildungs- und Berufsberatungsinstitutionen, aus dem Wissenschaftsbereich und aus dem Bereich des zuständigen Ministeriums gewählt. Im vorletzten Schritt werden kurz jene Punkte zusammengefasst, die von den ExpertInnen als Mängel im schulischen Bildungs- und Berufsberatungssystem in Österreich genannt wurden. Den Abschluss bildet eine Zusammenfassung der theoretischen und empirischen Ergebnisse." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Brown, Sarah, Aurora Ortiz-Nunez & Karl Taylor (2011): What will I be when I grow up? An analysis of childhood expectations and career outcomes. In: Economics of education review, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. S . 493-506. DOI:10.1016/j.econedurev.2010.12.003

Abstract

"In this paper, we utilise the British National Child Development Study to explore the determinants of career expectations formed at the age of 16. We analyse the influence of careers advice and resources at school on career expectations as well as the influence of education. In addition, we explore the accuracy of occupational expectations as compared to the occupation that the respondents subsequently become employed in. Throughout our findings, human capital and gender play a pivotal role in explaining career expectations as well as explaining the accuracy of the occupational forecast. Interestingly, the level of school resources available for careers guidance in terms of the number of teachers who are qualified to give careers advice and the amount of specific careers guidance training received by these teachers both have relatively small effects upon career expectations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bubany, Shawn T. & Jo-Ida C. Hansen (2011): Birth cohort change in the vocational interests of female and male college students. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 78, H. 1, S. 59-67. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.08.002

Abstract

"The purpose of this research was to investigate the extent to which vocational interests have changed across birth cohorts of college students to better understand how socio-cultural factors may have an impact on career development. Using meta-analytic data collection methods, dissertations and journal articles presenting interests scores representing Holland's RIASEC typology from the Strong Interest Inventory and Strong Campbell interest inventory were gathered. With samples spanning a time period from 1976 to 2004, relations between cohort year and interests were examined with weighted regressions. A salient aspect of our results was an increase in the Enterprising interests of females and decrease in the Realistic and Investigative interests of males. This finding, along with a reduction in differences between female and male Investigative, Enterprising, and Conventional interests from earlier to more recent cohorts parallels movement of American culture toward egalitarian views of gender and provides evidence for the effect of sociocultural factors on interests." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Chevalier, Arnaud (2011): Subject choice and earnings of UK graduates. (IZA discussion paper 5652), Bonn, 36 S.

Abstract

"Using a survey of a cohort of UK graduates, linked to administrative data on higher education participation, this paper investigates the labour market attainment of recent graduates by subject of study. We document a large heterogeneity in the mean wages of graduates from different subjects and a considerably larger one within subject with individuals with the most favourable unobserved characteristics obtaining wages almost twice as large as those with the worst. Moreover, gender differences in wages within subjects are also large. We then simulate a graduate tax to calculate a willingness to pay - in form of tuition fees - to capture these subject wage premia." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Demiralp, Berna (2011): Occupational self-selection in a labor market with moral hazard. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 55, H. 4, S. 497-519. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2010.07.005

Abstract

"This paper studies the determinants and implications of self-selection when firms imperfectly observe worker effort. The effects of the resulting moral hazard problem on the self-selection mechanism are analyzed in a model in which workers simultaneously choose an employment sector and an effort level. The implications of the model reveal that in the presence of moral hazard, workers' effort decisions become an additional mechanism determining the pattern of selection into sectors. Workers' sector-specific endowments impact sectoral allocation through their effect on workers' comparative advantage as well as their effect on workers' shirking propensity. The model is then used in an empirical application that analyzes workers' self-selection into white collar and blue collar occupations. The estimation results, based on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, suggest that workers' occupational self-selection leads to higher wages and lower dismissal rates in both occupations, compared to an economy in which workers are randomly assigned to each occupation. The difference in dismissal rates between the two occupations is driven by the higher expected productivity in the white collar sector. The positive effects of occupational sorting diminish as the labor market becomes increasingly characterized by moral hazard. Results also suggest that human capital investments in skills that are most relevant to blue collar jobs may generate higher wages and lower dismissal rates in both white collar and blue collar occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dietrich, Julia, Bärbel Kracke & Jari-Erik Nurmi (2011): Parents' role in adolescents' decision on a college major. A weekly diary study. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 79, H. 1, S. 134-144. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.12.003

Abstract

"This study examined 39 adolescents during their transition to university. In standardized weekly diaries over several weeks (M = 8.13) adolescents reported on engagement in career exploration (in-breadth and in-depth self and environmental exploration), their parents' transition-related involvement (frequency of conversations, support, and interference), and their satisfaction with how the transition progressed. The results showed that exploration largely fluctuated across weeks, whereas parent involvement was more stable. Family members' engagement varied according to the phase of the application process the adolescent was involved in. The more adolescents explored during a given week, the more they talked to their parents, and the more supportive parents were. Associations between interference and exploration differed by type of exploration. Both exploration and support contributed to higher satisfaction." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Emran, M. Shahe & Forhad Shilpi (2011): Intergenerational occupational mobility in rural economy. Evidence from Nepal and Vietnam. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 46, H. 2, S. 427-458.

Abstract

"This paper presents evidence on intergenerational occupational mobility from agriculture to the nonfarm sector using survey data from Nepal and Vietnam. In the absence of credible instruments, the degree of selection on observables is used as a guide to the degree of selection on unobservables, a' la Altonji et al. (2005) to address the unobserved genetic correlations. The results show that intergenerational occupational mobility is lower among women in both countries, and is lower in Nepal compared with Vietnam. In the case of Nepal, strong evidence favors a causal role played by the mother's nonfarm participation in the daughter's occupation choice, possibly because of cultural inheritance in a traditional society." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hellerstein, Judith K. & Melinda Sandler Morrill (2011): Dads and daughters. The changing impact of fathers on women's occupational choices. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 46, H. 2, S. 333-372.

Abstract

"We examine whether women's rising labor force participation led to increased intergenerational transmission of occupation from fathers to daughters. We develop a model where fathers invest in human capital that is specific to their own occupations. Our model generates an empirical test where we compare the trends in the probabilities that women work in their father's versus their father-in-law's occupation. Using data from birth cohorts born between 1909 and 1977, our results indicate that the estimated difference in these trends accounts for at least 13 - 20 percent of the total increase in the probability that a woman enters her father's occupation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hirschi, Andreas (2011): Career-choice readiness in adolescence. Developmental trajectories and individual differences. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 79, H. 2, S. 340-348. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2011.05.005

Abstract

"Developing career-choice readiness is an important task in adolescence, but current theory and research has provided a rather static view of the phenomenon. The present study investigated the development of career-choice readiness among a group of 325 Swiss students assessed four times every 5 months from seventh through eighth grade. A variable-centered approach applying latent curve modeling showed not only a linear increase of readiness over time but also significant inter-individual differences in the level and development of readiness. Higher levels were predicted by more self-esteem and generalized self-efficacy and fewer perceived barriers while increase in readiness was predicted by increase in occupational information. A person-centered approach applying latent class-growth analysis identified four distinct developmental trajectories: high-increasing (42%), high-decreasing (5%), moderate-increasing (42%), and constantly low (11%). Students with different trajectories showed significant differences in core self-evaluations, occupational knowledge, and barriers. The results suggest that environmental demands promote a developmental trend in readiness development that overrules individual differences for the majority of students. Individual differences affect the level of readiness to a greater extent than the process of its development. Career information seems pivotal for readiness increase." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ortega, Javier & Gregory Verdugo (2011): Immigration and the occupational choice of natives. A factor proportions approach. (IZA discussion paper 5451), Bonn, 43 S.

Abstract

"This paper evaluates the impact of immigration on the labor market outcomes of natives in France over the period 1962-1999. Combining large (up to 25%) extracts from six censuses and data from Labor Force Surveys, we exploit the variation in the immigrant share across education/experience cells and over time to identify the impact of immigration. In the Borjas (2003) specification, we find that a 10% increase in immigration increases native wages by 3%. However, as the number of immigrants and the number of natives are positively and strongly correlated across cells, the immigrant share may not be a good measure of the immigration shock. When the log of natives and the log of immigrants are used as regressors instead, the impact of immigration on natives' wages is still positive but much smaller, and natives' wages are negatively related to the number of natives. To understand this asymmetry and the positive impact of immigration on wages, we explore the link between immigration and the occupational distribution of natives within education/experience cells. Our results suggest that immigration leads to the reallocation of natives to better-paid occupations within education/experience cells." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Stoll, François, Marco Vannotti & Marc Schreiber (2011): Einstieg in die Berufswelt. Rahmenbedingungen und Voraussetzungen einer gelingenden Berufswahl. Eine empirische Studie. (Wissenschaftliche Reihe, Eidgenössische Jugendbefragungen 21), Glarus: Rüegger, 254 S.

Abstract

"Junge Menschen müssen sich ihren Zugang zur Arbeitswelt erarbeiten. Diese Entwicklungsaufgabe wird sehr unterschiedlich angegangen. Dies nicht zuletzt deshalb, weil sie sich in ihren Einstellungen und Wertvorstellungen, in ihren Fähigkeiten und Fertigkeiten sowie auch in ihren Präferenzen unterscheiden. Diese Vielfalt und der Aufbau einer u.a. auf das Berufsleben orientierten Persönlichkeit stehen im Zentrum der vorgestellten Untersuchung. Die entsprechende Erhebung wurde 2004 und 2005 durchgeführt. Die Hauptstichprobe besteht aus mehr als 40'000 jungen Schweizer Männern. Sie wurde durch drei schweizweit repräsentative Zufallsstichproben ergänzt: gleichaltrige Schweizer Frauen (1'660), Ausländer (130) und Ausländerinnen (165). Die grosse Mehrheit ist mit dem eingeschlagenen beruflichen Weg zufrieden und plant bereits weitere Schritte in der Arbeits- und Berufswelt. Die Erweiterung der beruflichen Kompetenzen wird von den jungen Erwachsenen mit Entwicklungsaufgaben in anderen Lebensbereichen (wie z.B. Familie, Freundeskreis, Freizeit) abgestimmt. Ein kleiner Teil der rund 20-jährigen jungen Erwachsenen ist noch nicht so weit, sei es, weil sie bisher nur wenig Kontakt zur Berufswelt hatten, oder sei es, weil sie noch nicht wissen, wohin ihre gegenwärtige Ausbildung sie führen soll. Bekanntlich bietet unsere Arbeitswelt sehr viele Optionen; daraus die richtige Wahl zu treffen, ist nicht immer einfach, denn jede Wahl kann sowohl als Gewinn wie auch als Verlust empfunden werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Understanding how and why individuals make career decisions can help improve the delivery of careers guidance. This report explores individuals' beliefs, values and motivations in making career decisions and proposes areas for further consideration as new approaches to delivering careers guidance are developed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bentolila, Samuel, Claudio Michelacci & Javier Suarez (2010): Social contacts and occupational choice. In: Economica, Jg. 77, H. 305, S. 20-45. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0335.2008.00717.x

Abstract

"Social contacts help to find jobs, but not necessarily in the occupations where workers are most productive. Hence social contacts can generate mismatch between workers' occupational choices and their productive advantage. Accordingly, social networks can lead to low labour force quality, low returns to firms' investment and depressed aggregate productivity. We analyse surveys from both the US and Europe including information on job finding through contacts. Consistent with our predictions, contacts reduce unemployment duration by 1 - 3 months on average, but they are associated with wage discounts of at least 2.5%. We also find some evidence of negative externalities on aggregate productivity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Buchinsky, Moshe & Phillip Leslie (2010): Educational attainment and the changing U.S wage structure: dynamic implications on young individuals' choices. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 28, H. 3, S. 541-594.

Abstract

"We present a dynamic model of individuals' educational investments that allows us to explore alternative modeling strategies for forecasting future wage distributions. The key innovation we propose is an approach to forecasting that relies only on the information that would be available at the actual time decisions are made and which incorporates the role of parameter uncertainty into the decision-making process. We compare the performance of our method with alternative models of forecasting behavior, based on CPS data over the period 1964 - 2004." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hunt, Jennifer (2010): Why do women leave science and engineering? (NBER working paper 15853), Cambridge, Mass., 43 S. DOI:10.3386/w15853

Abstract

"I use the 1993 and 2003 National Surveys of College Graduates to examine the higher exit rate of women compared to men from science and engineering relative to other fields. I find that the higher relative exit rate is driven by engineering rather than science, and show that 60% of the gap can be explained by the relatively greater exit rate from engineering of women dissatisfied with pay and promotion opportunities. Contrary to the existing literature, I find that family - related constraints and dissatisfaction with working conditions are only secondary factors. My results differ due to my use of non - science and engineering fields as a comparison group. The relative exit rate by gender from engineering does not differ from that of other fields once women's relatively high exit rates from male fields generally is taken into account." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Noack, Peter, Bärbel Kracke, Burkhard Gniewosz & Julia Dietrich (2010): Parental and school effects on students' occupational exploration: A longitudinal and multilevel analysis. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 77, H. 1, S. 50-57. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.02.006

Abstract

"The study examines school and parental influences on adolescents' occupational exploration. Analyses of data from 859 6th, 8th, and 10th graders attending high- and lower-track high schools in the German federal state of Thuringia suggested more extensive exploration among students closer to the school-to-work transition. Besides cross-sectional effects of parenting and achievement orientation at school, acceptance and openness students experienced in class predicted increases of their exploratory behaviors. Multilevel analyses showed, however, that school effects operated on the level of subjective perceptions (individual level), but not on the level of intersubjective reality (classroom level). Implications for attempts to foster and facilitate exploration are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Rothland, Martin (2010): Der Einfluss des lokalen Hochschulangebots auf die Studienwahl. In: Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft, Jg. 13, H. 4, S. 683-706.

Abstract

"'Den Funktionszuweisungen und Wirkungserwartungen, die sich in der Verschiedene Studien belegen, dass das lokale Hochschulangebot bzw. die Distanz zur nächstgelegenen Universität das Studienverhalten beeinflusst: Die Wahrscheinlichkeit, ein Studium zu ergreifen, steigt mit der geographischen Nähe zu einer Hochschule. In der vorliegenden Studie wird die Frage auf die Wahl des Studienfachs sowie der Hochschulinstitution ausgedehnt und in einem humankapitaltheoretischen Ansatz am Beispiel der ETH Zürich, der Universität Luzern sowie der pädagogischen Hochschulen analysiert. Auf der Basis einer repräsentativen Maturandenbefragung in der deutschsprachigen Schweiz (n?=?1454) kann regressionsanalytisch gezeigt werden, dass die Distanz zur nächstgelegenen Hochschule auch einen Einfluss auf die Fächer- und die Institutionenwahl hat. Die Befunde sind hochschulpolitisch von Bedeutung, weil sie Hinweise auf eine angebotsinduzierte Studiennachfrage liefern. Zudem zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass bei Studierenden mit höherem sozioökonomischen Status das Studienverhalten durch die Distanz nicht beeinflusst wird, was als Indiz dafür gewertet werden kann, dass die Bedeutung der Entfernung einer Hochschule in Wirklichkeit auf Unterschieden in den Kosten eines Studiums gründet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Tracey, Terence J. G. (2010): Relation of interest and self-efficacy occupational congruence and career choice certainty. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 76, H. 3, S. 441-447. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2009.10.013

Abstract

"A sample of 2145 adults completed the Personal Globe Inventory (PGI) as well as indicating their occupational choice and the certainty of this choice. The PGI yielded interest and self-efficacy scores and these were used with the occupational choice to calculate a congruence score for interests and one for efficacy. The prediction of career certainty by each congruence measure and their interaction was examined using hierarchical regression. The results indicated that while both interest and efficacy congruence were related to career certainty, efficacy congruence did not add to prediction above that obtained using interests congruence alone, however there was a substantial interaction. The agreement of interest congruence and efficacy congruence was related to a strong positive relation between congruence and certainty; whereas low agreement between interest and efficacy congruence was related to a non-significant relation between congruence and certainty. The results demonstrate the need to focus on both interest and efficacy and their agreement in our assessments and interventions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Uthayakumar, Ramya, Ulrich Schimmack, Paull J. Hartung & James R. Rogers (2010): Career decidedness as a predictor of subjective well-being. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 77, H. 2, S. 196-204. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.07.002

Abstract

"Forming, pursing, and achieving life tasks constitute important determinants of subjective well-being (SWB). A principal life task for emerging adults involves deciding about career goals. Prior research indicates that depression predicts SWB and may be linked to lower levels of career decidedness. We tested whether or not career decidedness predicts SWB above and beyond the influence of depression and other personality traits. We also examined whether or not career decidedness partially mediates depression's influence on SWB when controlled for personality effects. Undergraduate students (N = 181; 65% female, 52% Asian) responded to measures of career decidedness, SWB, and personality. Results largely confirmed predictions. A partial mediator model indicated a direct relationship between decidedness and SWB not moderated by grade level, and an inverse relationship between the depression facet of neuroticism and both career decidedness and SWB. Findings further support career interventions to increase decidedness during the first year of college." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Yamaguchi, Shintaro (2010): Career progression and comparative advantage. In: Labour economics, Jg. 17, H. 4, S. 679-689. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2010.01.006

Abstract

"This paper constructs and estimates a structural dynamic model of occupational choice in which all occupations are characterized in a skill requirement space using data from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles and the NLSY79. This skill requirement space approach has its merit in computational simplicity as well as ease of interpretation: it allows the model to include hundreds of occupations at the three-digit census classification level without a large number of parameters. Parameter estimates indicate that wages grow with the skill requirements of an occupation and that educated and experienced individuals are better rewarded in a cognitive and interpersonal skill demanding occupation. They also suggest that ignoring self-selection into occupations and individual heterogeneity may result in counter-intuitive and biased estimates of the returns to skill requirements." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Andrew, Alison (2009): Challenging boundaries to 'employability'. Women apprentices in a non-traditional occupation. In: Social policy and society, Jg. 8, H. 3, S. 347-359. DOI:10.1017/S1474746409004898

Abstract

"This article is based on a case study of women apprentices and workers in a 'non-traditional' occupation for women, engineering construction. The article argues that the concept of 'employability' is not gender neutral, and that gendered assumptions about who is and is not 'employable' for particular work can disadvantage women seeking training and work in non-traditional industries or dissuade them from applying to do so. Approaches to employability which emphasise individual attributes underplay the significance of gender inequalities and wider discourses of gender." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Creed, Peter A., Tracy Fallon & Michelle Hood (2009): The relationship between career adaptability, person and situation variables, and career concerns in young adults. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 74, H. 2, S. 219-229. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2008.12.004

Abstract

"We surveyed 245 first-year university students using measures of career concerns, career adaptability (career planning, career exploration, self-exploration, decision-making, self-regulation), goal-orientation (learning, performance-prove, performance-avoid) and social support (family, friends, significant others), and tested: (a) whether the career adaptability variables could be represented by a second-order factor of career adaptability; (b) whether career adaptability, goal-orientation and social support were associated with fewer career concerns; and (c) whether career adaptability mediated the relationship between goal-orientation and social support and career concerns. The study demonstrated that the career adaptability variables were inter-related and could be represented by a higher-order factor. Decision-making and self-exploration were negatively associated with career concerns, and decision-making mediated the relationship between goal-orientation and career concerns. Having more of a learning orientation was associated with more decision-making and fewer career concerns, whereas holding a performance-prove orientation was associated with poorer decision-making and more career concerns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Creed, Peter A., Oi Yin Wong & Michelle Hood (2009): Career decision-making, career barriers and occupational aspirations in Chinese adolescents. In: International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, Jg. 9, H. 3, S. 189-203. DOI:10.1007/s10775-009-9165-0

Abstract

"Diese Studie untersuchte bei 498 chinesischen Oberschülern die Beziehungen zwischen beschäftigungsbezogenen Zielen einerseits und Erwartungen (bezogen auf Typus und Status) andererseits, sowie daneben Entscheidungsschwierigkeiten, Entscheidungseffizienz und Karrierehemmnisse. Männliche Jugendliche strebten die Berufstypen Forschung sowie Wirtschaft an, rechneten aber eher mit realistischen Berufstypen und dem Berufstyp Wirtschaft; weibliche Jugendliche strebten den Berufstyp Wirtschaft sowie konventionelle Berufstypen an. SchülerInnen, bei denen sich die erhofften Ziele und die erwarteten Möglichkeiten unterschieden, waren mit erhöhter Wahrscheinlichkeit weibliche Jugendliche mit guten Leistungen; diejenigen, bei denen sich der erhoffte und der erwartete Status unterschieden, hatten eher schwächere Leistungen, weniger Selbstvertrauen, und rechneten mit mehr Karrierehemmnissen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Falck, Oliver & Stephan Heblich (2009): Identity and entrepreneurship. (CESifo working paper 2661), München, 41 S.

Abstract

"We incorporate the concept of social identity into a stylized model of occupational choice and analyze whether an individual's identity affects his or her decision to become an entrepreneur. We argue that an entrepreneurial identity results from an individual's socialization. This could be parental influence but, as argued in this paper, also peer influence. To test this empirically, we apply instrumental variable approaches to PISA data. Our findings suggest that having an entrepreneurial peer group has a positive effect on an individual's entrepreneurial intentions. Regarding entrepreneurial parents, we find a positive effect that cannot only be explained by ownership succession of the family business." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gupta, Vishal K., Daniel B. Turban, S. Arzu Wasti & Arijit Sikdar (2009): The role of gender stereotypes in perceptions of entrepreneurs and intentions to become an entrepreneur. In: Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 397-417. DOI:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00296.x

Abstract

"In this study we examine the role of socially constructed gender stereotypes in entrepreneurship and their influence on men and women's entrepreneurial intentions. Data on characteristics of males, females, and entrepreneurs were collected from young adults in three countries. As hypothesized, entrepreneurs were perceived to have predominantly masculine characteristics. Additional results revealed that although both men and women perceive entrepreneurs to have characteristics similar to those of males (masculine gender-role stereotype), only women also perceived entrepreneurs and females as having similar characteristics (feminine gender-role stereotype). Further, though men and women did not differ in their entrepreneurial intentions, those who perceived themselves as more similar to males (high on male gender identification) had higher entrepreneurial intentions than those who saw themselves as less similar to males (low male gender identification). No such difference was found for people who saw themselves as more or less similar to females (female gender identification). The results were consistent across the three countries. Practical implications and directions for future research are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ham, Roger, Pramod N. Junankar & Robert Wells (2009): Occupational choice. Personality matters. (IZA discussion paper 4105), Bonn, 37 S.

Abstract

"In modern societies, people are often classified as 'White Collar' or 'Blue Collar' workers: that classification not only informs social scientists about the kind of work that they do, but also about their social standing, their social interests, their family ties, and their approach to life in general. This analysis will examine the effect of an individual's psychometrically derived personality traits and status of their parents on the probability of attaining a white collar occupation over the baseline category of a blue collar occupation; controlling for human capital and other factors. The paper uses data from the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey to estimate a random effects probit model to capture the effects on the probability of being in a white collar occupation. The results are then examined using the average marginal effects of the different conditioning variables over the whole sample. The analysis confirms the previous findings of human capital theory, but finds that personality and parental status also have significant effects on occupational outcomes. The results suggest that the magnitude of the average marginal effect of parental status is small and the effect of the personality trait 'conscientiousness' is large and rivals that of education. Finally, estimates of separate models for males and females indicate that effects differ between the genders for key variables, with personality traits in females having a relatively larger effect on their occupational outcomes due to the diminished effects of education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hirsch, Andreas & Fred W. Vondracek (2009): Adaptation of career goals to self and opportunities in early adolescence. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 75, H. 2, S. 120-128. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2009.05.005

Abstract

"Development of career goals that are adapted to self and opportunities is a central component of adolescent career preparation. The present longitudinal study (conducted throughout the eighth grade with three assessment points) investigated how 330 Swiss adolescents simultaneously adapt career goals to interests, scholastic achievement and environmental opportunities. Results demonstrated that students increasingly adapt their goals to the environment. Mean adaptation to environment related positively to degree of adaption to interests and achievement. Increased adaptation to environment over time related to increased adaptation to achievement but to decreased adaptation to interests. Gender, attended school type and nationality moderated adaptation processes. Structurally disadvantaged students (girls, lower requirements school track, immigrant students) reported more conflict in aligning adaptation to environment with adaptation to interests." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hirschi, Andreas (2009): Career adaptability development in adolescence. Multiple predictors and effect on sense of power and life satisfaction. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 74, H. 2, S. 145-155. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2009.01.002

Abstract

"This longitudinal panel study investigated predictors of career adaptability development and its effect on development of sense of power and experience of life satisfaction among 330 Swiss eighth graders. A multivariate measure of career adaptability consisting of career choice readiness, planning, exploration, and confidence was applied. Based on Motivational Systems Theory four groups of predictors were assessed: positive emotional disposition, goal decidedness, capability beliefs and social context beliefs. Influence of gender, age, immigration background, parental educational level, and college-bound or vocational education plans were also assessed. Perceived social support and positive emotional disposition, non-immigration background, and continuing to vocational education were single significant predictors of more career adaptability development over the school year. Supporting the connection of career adaptability and positive youth development, increase in career adaptability over time predicted increase in sense of power and experience of life satisfaction." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Howard, Kimberly A.S., Lea Ferrari, Laura Nota, V. Scott H. Solberg & Salvatore Soresi (2009): The relation of cultural context and social relationships to career development in middle school. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 75, H. 2, S. 100-108. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2009.06.013

Abstract

"This study examined the role of supportive relationships (i.e., family, teacher, and peer) and agency (i.e., self-efficacy, motivation, and goal-setting orientation) on three outcomes: academic grades, distress, and career decidedness. Data from 588 middle school youth from Northern (N = 322) and Southern (N = 266) Italy were analyzed using path modeling. Results indicated that across gender and region, agency was consistently related to academic grades and career decidedness. However, the role of supportive relationships was found to differ across gender and region. For both boys from Northern Italy and girls from Southern Italy, the impact of family support on academic grades and career decidedness was mediated by agency. For girls from Northern Italy, family support related directly to academic grades and career decidedness. Implications for practice were described." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Livanos, Ilias & Konstantinos Pouliakas (2009): The gender wage gap as a function of educational degree choices in an occupationally segregated EU country. (IZA discussion paper 4636), Bonn, 31 S.

Abstract

"This study investigates the extent to which differences in the subject of degree studied by male and female university graduates contributes to the gender pay gap, and the reasons underlying their distinct educational choices. The case of Greece is examined due to the fact that it is an EU country with historically large gender discrepancies in earnings and occupational segregation. Using micro-data from the Greek Labour Force Survey (LFS), the returns to academic disciplines are firstly estimated by gender. It is found that the subjects in which women are relatively over-represented (e.g. Education, Humanities) are also those with the lowest wage returns. Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions subsequently imply that gender differences in the type of degree studied can explain an additional 8.4% of the malefemale pay gap. Risk-augmented earnings functions of the Hartog-type also indicate that women seek for less risky educations that consequently command lower wage premiums in the job market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Praag, Mirjam Van (2009): Who values the status of the entrepreneur? (IZA discussion paper 4245), Bonn, 20 S.

Abstract

"Parker and Van Praag (2009) showed, based on theory, that the group status of the profession 'entrepreneurship' shapes people's occupational preferences and thus their choice behavior. The current study focuses on the determinants and consequences of the group status of a profession, entrepreneurship in particular. If the group status of entrepreneurship is related to individual choice behavior, it is policy relevant to better understand this relationship and the determinants of the status of the entrepreneur. For reasons outlined in the introduction, this study focuses on (800) students in the Netherlands. We find that the status of occupations is mostly determined by the required level of education, the income level to be expected and respect. Furthermore, our results imply that entrepreneurship is associated with hard work, high incomes, but little power and education. Moreover, we find evidence that individual characteristics, such as entrepreneurship experience, vary systematically with the perceived status of occupations, thereby contributing ammunition to a fundamental discussion in the literature. Finally, we find a strong association between the perceived status of the entrepreneur and the estimated likelihood and willingness to become an entrepreneur." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sullivan, Paul (2009): Estimation of an occupational choice model when occupations are misclassified. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 44, H. 2, S. 495-535. DOI:10.3368/jhr.44.2.495

Abstract

"This paper develops an empirical occupational choice model that corrects for misclassification in occupational choices and measurement error in occupation-specific work experience. The model is used to estimate the extent of measurement error in occupation data and quantify the bias that results from ignoring measurement error in occupation codes when studying the determinants of occupational choices and estimating the effects of occupation-specific human capital on wages. The parameter estimates reveal that 9 percent of occupational choices in the 1979 cohort of the NLSY are misclassified. Ignoring misclassification leads to biases that affect the conclusions drawn from empirical occupational choice models." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Vignoli, Emmanuelle (2009): Inter-relationships among attachment to mother and father, self-esteem, and career indecision. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 75, H. 2, S. 91-99. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2009.04.007

Abstract

"This study investigated the mediating role of adolescents' global self-esteem, based on the relationship between adolescents' mother or father attachment and their career indecision; as well as the mediating role of adolescents' career indecision on the relationship between mother or father attachment and self-esteem. Two hundred and forty-one adolescents completed a self-report questionnaire that measured the difficulty in making decisions about their future academic and vocational careers, their global self-esteem, and their attachment to their parents. Results showed that the more adolescents felt attached to their mother and father the easier it was for them to make career decisions. The self-esteem mediation hypothesis is supported as a function of parent and adolescent gender. Similarly, the mediating role of career indecision is confirmed and depends on the gender of both parents and adolescents. Interpersonal context, identity development, adolescent career development and the relationship between them are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Armstrong, Patrick Ian, James Rounds & Lawrence Hubert (2008): Re-conceptualizing the past. Historical data in vocational interest research. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 72, H. 3, S. 284-297. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2007.09.004

Abstract

"Noteworthy progress has been made in the development of statistical models for evaluating the structure of vocational interests over the past three decades. It is proposed that historically significant interest datasets, when combined with modern structural methods of data analysis, provide an opportunity to re-examine the underlying assumptions of J.L. Holland's [Holland, J. L. (1959). A theory of vocational choice. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 6, 35-45; Holland, J. L. (1997). Making vocational choices (3rd ed.). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources] RIASEC model. To illustrate this potential, data obtained from J. P. Guilford's study of interest structure were re-analyzed using modern circumplex and hierarchical clustering techniques to evaluate Holland's and I. Gati's [Gati, I. (1979). A hierarchical model for the structure of interests. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 15, 90-106; Gati, I. (1991). The structure of vocational interests. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 309-324] interest structures. Obtained results indicate that a circumplex model can be used to effectively represent the structure underlying Guilford's interest measures. However, hierarchical clustering results suggest that Holland's RIASEC types may not be the most effective categories for grouping specific interest measures into broader interest areas. The current findings provide support for the continued investigation of alternatives to Holland's interest categories using modern measures of basic interests." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Case, Anne, Christina Paxson & Mahnaz Islam (2008): Making sense of the labor market height premium. Evidence from the British Household Panel Survey. (NBER working paper 14007), Cambridge, Mass., 11 S. DOI:10.3386/w14007

Abstract

"We use nine waves of the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) to investigate the large labor market height premium observed in the BHPS, where each inch of height is associated with a 1.5 percent increase in wages, for both men and women. We find that half of the premium can be explained by the association between height and educational attainment among BHPS participants. Of the remaining premium, half can be explained by taller individuals selecting into higher status occupations and industries. These effects are consistent with our earlier findings that taller individuals on average have greater cognitive function, which manifests in greater educational attainment, and better labor market opportunities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cushing, Brian (2008): The joint choice of an individual's occupation and destinantion. In: Journal of regional science, Jg. 48, H. 5, S. 893-919. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9787.2008.00570.x

Abstract

"This study examines the relationship between an individual's occupation choice and destination choice. It portrays the relationship as an interaction between the supply of occupational skills by individuals and demand by different labor-market regions. The unusual merger of a multinomial logit model of occupational choice and the conditional logit model of destination choice in a simultaneous equation framework requires derivation of a unique variance-covariance matrix. Results indicate strong association between supply of (migration) and demand for (industry mix) an individual's occupational skills. These effects are especially strong for destinations experiencing slow economic growth, while relatively unimportant for high-growth locations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Colombier, Nathalie & David Masclet (2008): Intergenerational correlation in self employment. Some further evidence from French ECHP data. In: Small business economics, Jg. 30, H. 4, S. 423-437. DOI:10.1007/s11187-007-9059-9

Abstract

"Previous empirical work has shown that self-employment is correlated across generations, so that the children of the self-employed are themselves more likely to be self-employed. However, the reason for this intergenerational correlation remains unclear. This paper contributes to the existing literature in two ways. First, using French data from the European Community Household Panel Survey, we provide a further examination of this intergenerational correlation among the self-employed. In particular we investigate to what extent the intergenerational correlation in self-employment reflects occupational following. The second contribution of our paper is to investigate the differences between first- and second-generation self-employed workers and their possible explanations. Even though our results indicate that having self-employed parents increases the probability of being self-employed, irrespective of occupation, we do observe that a large majority of individuals enter the same (or very similar) occupation as their parents, which is consistent with occupational following. Our results also reveal some differences between the first- and second-generation self-employed. Formal education is more important for the first-generation self-employed (those whose parents are not self-employed) than for the second-generation self-employed. Further, the first-generation self-employed, who received less informal human capital than the second-generation self-employed, compensate for this shortcoming by acquiring more formal education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Danner, Magali & Gilles Galode (2008): L'insertion des femmes artistes. Entre obstables culturels et choix rationnels. In: Formation Emploi H. 104, S. 37-52.

Abstract

"Künstlerinnen hatten es früher schwer, öffentliche Anerkennung für ihr Werk zu erlangen, da ihnen der Zugang zu Kunstakademien und ausstellenden Instituten und Orten lange Zeit verwehrt wurde. Heutzutage können Frauen an Kunst- und Fachhochschulen studieren, wobei die Zahl der weiblichen Studierenden die der männlichen bei Weitem übersteigt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag sollen Aspekte der Eingliederung dieser Kunsthochschul-Absolventinnen hinterfragt und beleuchtet werden. Diese Untersuchung macht - ähnlich wie die meisten anderen Studien zu diesem Thema - deutlich, wie sehr die Berufswahl von Künstlerinnen immer noch von kulturellen Zwängen und Hemmnissen geprägt ist. Absolventinnen von Kunsthochschulen haben meist größere Eingliederungs-Probleme als ihre männlichen Kommilitonen. Sie versuchen auch seltener sich auf dem Kunstmarkt zu etablieren, sondern suchen eher nach einer bezahlten Arbeit mit sicheren Arbeitsbedingungen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag geht es nicht darum, Künstlerinnen als passive Opfer einer Diskriminierung auf dem Arbeitsmarkt zu sehen, im Vordergrund stehen vielmehr die rationalen Beweggründe und pragmatischen Erwägungen, die bei der Wahl ihrer beruflichen Orientierung eine Rolle spielen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Denzler, Stefan & Stefan C. Wolter (2008): Selbstselektion bei der Wahl eines Lehramtsstudiums. Zum Zusammenspiel individueller und institutioneller Faktoren. In: Beiträge zur Hochschulforschung, Jg. 30, H. 4, S. 112-141.

Abstract

"Die Selbstselektion bei der Wahl einer Lehrerausbildung hat einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Zusammensetzung des zukünftigen Lehrkörpers. Dementsprechend verdient auch die Frage, wer sich überhaupt für den Lehrberuf interessiert, mehr Beachtung. In diesem Beitrag werden Ergebnisse aus einem Forschungsprojekt zur Studien- und Berufswahl von Gymnasiastinnen und Gymnasiasten in der Schweiz vorgestellt. Die Analysen beruhen auf einer repräsentativen Stichprobe von 1.567 Schülerinnen und Schülern kurz vor der Reifeprüfung. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass es eine Selbstselektion in die Studiengänge der Pädagogischen Hochschulen gibt, die auf den Faktoren Geschlecht, Herkunft sowie Fächerkombination am Gymnasium beruht und die durch institutionelle und strukturelle Merkmale des Hochschultyps und dessen Studiengänge verstärkt wird. Dieser Befund bedeutet, dass die Auswahl zukünftiger Lehrpersonen auch entscheidend davon abhängt, wo und wie Lehrpersonen ausgebildet werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Doepke, Matthias & Fabrizio Zilibotti (2008): Occupational choice and the spirit of capitalism. In: The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Jg. 123, H. 2, S. 747-793. DOI:10.1162/qjec.2008.123.2.747

Abstract

"The British Industrial Revolution triggered a socioeconomic transformation whereby the landowning aristocracy was replaced by industrial capitalists rising from the middle classes as the economically dominant group. We propose a theory of preference formation under financial market imperfections that can account for this pattern. Parents shape their children's preferences in response to economic incentives. Middle-class families in occupations requiring effort, skill, and experience develop patience and a work ethic, whereas upper-class families relying on rental income cultivate a refined taste for leisure. These class-specific attitudes, which are rooted in the nature of preindustrial professions, become key determinants of success once industrialization transforms the economic landscape." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Duru-Bellat, Marie, Annick Kieffer & David Reimer (2008): Patterns of social inequalities in access to higher education in France and Germany. In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Jg. 49, H. 4/5, S. 347-368. DOI:10.1177/0020715208093081

Abstract

"This article explores social selectivity in access to tertiary education in France and Germany in the period from 1980 to 2000. Results of multinomial logistic regression models show that access to different postsecondary institutions is characterized by marked social background effects in both countries. Depending on the type of tertiary institution we consider in France or Germany, social selectivity into fields of study is also observed. Overall, there is no indication for substantial changes in the pattern of inequality in access to tertiary education in either country during the past two decades." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Eglin-Cahppuis, Noemi (2008): Wie die Studienwahl zustande kommt. In: Panorama. Bildung, Beratung, Arbeitsmarkt, Jg. 22, H. 6, S. 28-30.

Abstract

"Wer ein Studium wählt, schielt nur bedingt nach künftigen beruflichen Tätigkeiten. Dies zeigt eine Studie, die vom Schweizerischen Wissenschafts- und Technologierat (SWTR) in Auftrag gegeben wurde. Sie weist zudem nach, dass die Information über die Studien an den Gymnasien wesentlich verbessert werden sollte." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Gould, Eric D. (2008): Marriage and career. The dynamic decisions of young men. In: Journal of Human Capital, Jg. 2, H. 4, S. 337-378. DOI:10.1086/597668

Abstract

"This paper examines the extent to which human capital and career decisions are affected by their potential returns in the marriage market. Although schooling and career decisions often are made before getting married, these decisions are likely to affect the future chances of receiving a marriage offer, the type of offer, and the probability of getting divorced. Therefore, I estimate a forward-looking model of the marriage and career decisions of young men between the ages of 16 and 39. The results show that if there were no returns to career choices in the marriage market, men would tend to work less, study less, and choose blue-collar jobs over white-collar jobs. These findings suggest that the existing literature underestimates the true returns to human capital investments by ignoring their returns in the marriage market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Grazier, S. & P.J. Sloane (2008): Accident risk, gender, family status and occupational choice in the UK. In: Labour economics, Jg. 15, H. 5, S. 938-957. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2007.07.007

Abstract

"Many studies show that women are more risk averse than men. In this paper, following DeLeire and Levy [Deleire T. and Levy H. (2004) 'Worker Sorting and the Risk of Death on the Job', Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 210-217.] for the US, we use family structure as a proxy for the degree of risk aversion to test the proposition that those with strong aversion to risk will make occupational choices biased towards safer jobs. In line with DeLeire and Levy we find that women are more risk averse than men and those that are single with children are more risk averse than those without. The effect on the degree of gender segregation is somewhat smaller than for the US." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Green, Anne E. & Richard White (2008): Shaped by place. Young people's decisions about education, training and work. In: Benefits : the journal of poverty and social justice, Jg. 16, H. 3, S. 213-224.

Abstract

"This article explores the ways in which young people's decisions about post-compulsory education, training and employment are shaped by place, drawing on case study evidence from three deprived neighbourhoods in England. It discusses the way in which place-based social networks and attachment to place influence individuals' outlooks and how they interpret and act on the opportunities they see. While such networks and place attachment can be a source of strength in facilitating access to opportunities, they can also be a source of weakness in acting to constrain individuals to familiar choices and locations. In this way, 'subjective' geographies of opportunity may be much more limited than 'objective' geographies of opportunity. Hence it is important for policy to recognise the importance of 'bounded horizons'." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jackson, Michelle, Ruud Luijkx, Reinhard Pollak, Louis-Andre Vallet & Herman G. van de Werfhorst (2008): Educational fields of study and the intergenerational mobility process in comparative perspective. In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Jg. 49, H. 4/5, S. 369-388. DOI:10.1177/0020715208093082

Abstract

"This article examines the importance of educational field of study, in addition to educational level, for explaining intergenerational class mobility in four countries: France, Germany, the UK and the Netherlands. Starting from standard models that only include educational level, we increase the complexity of the educational measure by differentiating between fields of study within levels. Contrary to our expectations, including field of study does not substantially reduce the partial effect of class origin on class destination. This seems to be due to the limited association between class origin and field choice, and between field choice and class destination. Implications for stratification and mobility studies are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Munshi, Kaivan & Nicholas Wilson (2008): Identity, parochial institutions, and occupational choice. Linking the past to the present in the American Midwest. (NBER working paper 13717), Cambridge, Mass., 39 S., Anhang. DOI:10.3386/w13717

Abstract

"This paper documents the presence of non-economic career motivations in the U.S. labor market, explores reasons why such motivations could arise, and provides an explanation for why they might have persisted across many generations. The analysis links ethnic (migrant) labor market networks in the American Midwest when it was first being settled, the local identity or attachment to place that emerged endogenously to maintain the integrity of these networks, and occupational choice today. While fractionalization may adversely affect the performance of secular institutions, ethnic competition in the labor market could at the same time have strengthened within-group loyalty and parochial institutions. These values and their complementary institutions, notably the church, could have mutually reinforced each other over many overlapping generations, long after the networks themselves had ceased to be salient. Counties with greater ethnic fractionalization in 1860 are indeed associated with steadily increasing participation in select religious denominations historically dominated by the migrants all the way through the twentieth century. Complementing this result, individuals born in high fractionalization counties are significantly less likely to select into geographically mobile professional occupations and, hence, to migrate out of their county of birth, despite the fact that these counties are indistinguishable from low fractionalization counties in terms of local public good provision and economic activity today." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Peri, Giovanni & Chad Sparber (2008): Highly-educated immigrants and native occupational choice. (CReAM discussion paper 2008,13), London, 33 S.

Abstract

"Economic debate about the consequences of immigration in the US has largely focused on how influxes of foreign-born labor with little educational attainment have affected similarly-educated native-born workers. Fewer studies analyze the effect of immigration within the market for highly-educated labor. We use O*NET data on job characteristics to assess whether native-born workers with graduate degrees respond to an increased presence of highly-educated foreign-born workers by choosing new occupations with different skill content. We find that immigrants with graduate degrees specialize in occupations demanding quantitative and analytical skills, whereas their native-born counterparts specialize in occupations requiring interactive and communication skills. When the foreign-born proportion of highlyeducated employment within an occupation rises, native employees with graduate degrees choose new occupations with less analytical and more communicative content. For completeness, we also assess whether immigration causes highlyeducated natives to lose their jobs or move across state boundaries. We find no evidence that either occurs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Poschke, Markus (2008): Who becomes an entrepreneur? Labor market prospects and occupational choice. (IZA discussion paper 3816), Bonn, 37 S.

Abstract

"Why do some people become entrepreneurs (and others don't)? Why are firms so heterogeneous, and many firms so small? To start, the paper briefly documents evidence from the empirical literature that the relationship between entrepreneurship and education is U-shaped, that many entrepreneurs start a firm 'out of necessity', that most firms are small, remain so, yet persist in the market, and that returns to entrepreneurship have a much larger cross-sectional variance than returns to wage work. Popular models of firm heterogeneity cannot easily account for the U-shape or for the persistence of low-productivity firms. The paper shows that these facts can be explained in a model of occupational choice between wage work and entrepreneurship where agents are heterogeneous in their ability as workers, and starting entrepreneurs face uncertainty about their project's productivity. Then, if agents' expected productivity as entrepreneurs is increasing and not too concave in their ability as workers, the most and the least able individuals choose to become entrepreneurs. This sorting is due to heterogeneous outside options in the labor market. Because of their low opportunity cost, low-ability agents benefit disproportionately from the ability to pursue only good business projects and abandon low-productivity ones. This also makes them more likely to immediately abandon a project for a new one. Data from the NLSY79 gives support to these two predictions. Individuals with relatively high or low wages when employed, or with a high or low degree, are more likely to be entrepreneurs or to become entrepreneurs, and spend more time in entrepreneurship. Among entrepreneurs, more of the firms run by individuals with low wages when employed, or with a low degree, are abandoned after only a year." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Raggl, Andrea & Geoff Troman (2008): Turning to teaching. Gender and career choice. In: British Journal of Sociology of Education, Jg. 29, H. 6, S. 581-595. DOI:10.1080/01425690802423254

Abstract

"As the largest public sector institution in the United Kingdom, education is a key site for studying the context of 'choice' and changes in the identities of professional workers in contemporary society. Recruitment and retention problems in education have led to the creation of new routes into teaching to attract career changers from other professions and occupations. In this paper we focus on career changers within the Economic and Social Research Council project 'Primary Teacher Identity, Commitment and Career in Performative School Cultures' who have entered teaching from other private sector occupations. We analyse these career changes in terms of 'turning points' in the participants' lives in order to assess the extent to which choices are 'self-initiated', 'forced' or 'structural'. We are interested in the basis on which these choices were made and the impact of gender on career decisions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Rogers, Mary E., Peter A. Creed & A. Ian Glendon (2008): The role of personality in adolescent career planning and exploration. A social cognitive perspective. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 73, H. 1, S. 132-142. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2008.02.002

Abstract

"Social cognitive career theory (SCCT) recognises the importance of individual differences and contextual influences in the career decision-making process. In extending the SCCT choice model, this study tested the role of personality, social supports, and the SCCT variables of self-efficacy, outcome expectations and goals in explaining the career readiness actions of career planning and exploration. The authors surveyed 414 Australian high school students in Years 10, 11 and 12. Career exploration was associated with goals and social supports, whereas career planning was associated with self-efficacy, goals, personality and an interaction term for goals and social support that indicated that levels of planning were highest when social support and goals were highest. Implications for parents, teachers and guidance counsellors as well as recommendations for future research directions are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Rosenbloom, Joshua L., Ronald A. Ash, Brandon Dupont & LeAnne Coder (2008): Why are there so few women in information technology? Assessing the role of personality in career choices. In: Journal of economic psychology, Jg. 29, H. 4, S. 543-554. DOI:10.1016/j.joep.2007.09.005

Abstract

"Despite increases in female labor force participation, women remain substantially under represented in most scientific and technical fields. The small number of women in engineering, physics, chemistry, computer science and other similar fields has variously been attributed to discrimination, differences in ability or choice. This paper uses a unique data set containing information on vocational interests to examine the determinants of entry in to Information Technology occupations. We show that men and women differ systematically in their interests, and that these differences can account for an economically and statistically large fraction of the occupational gender gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schallberger, Peter & Alfred Schwendener (2008): Studienwahlmotive bei angehenden Studierenden der Sozialen Arbeit. Eine fallrekonstruktiv erschlossene Typologie. In: Neue Praxis, Jg. 38, H. 6, S. 609-630.

Abstract

"In der Form einer Typologie werden im Folgenden zunächst die Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung vorgestellt, die auf die Rekonstruktion von Motiven für ein Studium der Sozialen Arbeit ausgerichtet war.' Daran anschließend werden einige Konsequenzen für die Hochschulpädagogik diskutiert, die sich aus den Befunden ziehen lassen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Zanni, Alberto M., Alastair Bailey & Sophia Davidova (2008): Analysis of the vocational and residential preferences of a rural population. Application of an experimental technique to rural Slovenia. In: Spatial Economic Analysis, Jg. 3, H. 1, S. 89-114. DOI:10.1080/17421770701775465

Abstract

"This study applies choice experiments to the analysis of the relative importance of both monetary and non-monetary determinants of vocational choice and spatial labour supply. It identifies the determinants of individuals' choice of jobs and places of residence, and provides a better understanding of how rural labour adjustments might be managed in a country in transition. The results indicate that while wages are the most important factor influencing employment choice, other determinants affecting working conditions and residence do have a counterbalancing impact on choice. Results suggest that sample respondents do appear to be relatively immobile between sectors and also in terms of migration and commuting. However, our results do identify a range of non-wage determinants that might be used to stimulate mobility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Chiswick, Barry R. & Sarinda Taengnoi (2007): Occupational choice of high skilled immigrants in the United States. (IZA discussion paper 2969), München, 41 S.

Abstract

"This paper explores the impact of English language proficiency and country of origin on the occupational choice of high-skilled immigrants in the U.S. using the 2000 Census. The findings reveal that high-skilled immigrants with limited proficiency in English, or whose mother tongue is linguistically distant from English, are more likely to be in occupations in which English communication skills are not very important, such as computer and engineering occupations. Moreover, the degree of exposure to English prior to immigration is found to have little influence on selecting occupations in the U.S. The paper also shows that immigrants from some origins with little exposure to English and whose native language is far from English tend to be in some 'speaking-intensive' occupations, in particular social services occupations. These occupations may not require workers to be fluent in English if they mostly provide services to immigrants from their same linguistic background." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Christiansen, Charlotte, Juanna Schröter Joensen & Helena Skyt Nielsen (2007): The risk-return trade-off in human capital investment. In: Labour economics, Jg. 14, H. 6, S. 971-986. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2007.06.001

Abstract

"In this paper, we analyze investments in human capital in a way which is standard for financial assets, but not (yet) for human capital assets. We study mean-variance plots of human capital assets. We compare the properties of human capital returns using a performance measure and by using tests for mean-variance spanning. Fields differ strongly not only in common rates of return, but also in return per unit of risk. We identify a range of educations that are efficient in terms of investment goods, and a range of educations that may be chosen for consumption purposes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Colombier, Nathalie & David Masclet (2007): L'importance de l'environnement familial comme determinant du travail independant. In: Economie et Statistique H. 405/406, S. 99-118.

Abstract

"In der wirtschaftlichen Fachliteratur wurde viel über die mikroökonomischen Grundlagen bei dem Entschluss diskutiert, sich 'selbständig' zu machen. Mehrere empirische Studien betonen die entscheidende Rolle der finanziellen Situation, des Bildungsniveaus und des familiären Umfelds. So stellt Laferrere (1998) fest, dass die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer selbständigen Erwerbstätigkeit in einem positiven Zusammenhang mit der Tatsache steht, dass ein oder beide Elternteile selbständig sind. Mehrere Arbeiten erklären diese Korrelation der selbständigen Arbeit zwischen den Generationen mit der Möglichkeit der selbständigen Eltern, ihren Kindern ein informelles Humankapital zu übermitteln (Dunn und Holtz-Eakin, 2000). In diesem Artikel wird insbesondere auf die Rolle eingegangen, die das familiäre Umfeld spielt. Die Eltern vermitteln ihren Kindern im Allgemeinen nicht nur spezielle Fachkenntnisse eines bestimmten Berufs, sondern auch bestimmte Führungsfähigkeiten, die sich nicht auf einen besonderen Beruf beziehen. Die Eltern, die einen selbständigen Beruf ausüben, übermitteln ihren Kindern somit ein 'Denkvermögen' (Führungsfähigkeiten, eigenständiges Arbeiten), was unabhängig vom gewählten Beruf die Ausübung einer selbständigen Erwerbstätigkeit erleichtert. Die mikroökonomischen Grundlagen der Entscheidung zugunsten einer selbständigen Erwerbstätigkeit unterscheiden sich je nach dem, ob die Betroffenen von ihren selbständigen Eltern einen Transfer von Kompetenzen erhalten haben oder nicht. Beispielsweise ist das Niveau der formellen Bildung für die ersten Generationen der selbständigen Erwerbstätigen (diejenigen, deren Eltern nicht selbständig sind) entscheidender als für die zweiten Generationen der selbständigen Erwerbstätigen (diejenigen, deren Eltern selbständig sind)." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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De Cooman, Rein, Sara De Gieter, Roland Pepermans, Cindy Du Bois, Ralf Caers & Marc Jegers (2007): Graduate teacher motivation for choosing a job in education. In: International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, Jg. 7, H. 2, S. 123-136.

Abstract

"Der Artikel stellt unter Absolventen eines Lehramts-Studiengangs einen Vergleich zwischen einer Gruppe an, die in eine Lehrertätigkeit einmündete, mit einer anderen Gruppe, die in eine andere als eine lehrende Tätigkeit mündeten. Aus den Antworten von 241 Lehrern, die kürzlich ihr Studium abgeschlossen hatten, kann die Schlussfolgerung gezogen werden, dass Lehrer sich vor allem an intrinsischen, altruistischen und interpersonellen Motivatoren orientieren. Weiterhin bevorzugen Lehrer auch altruistische und interpersonelle Werthaltungen, während sich Nicht-Lehrer stärker angesprochen fühlen von individualistischen Werthaltungen wie Aufstiegsmöglichkeiten und Durchsetzungsmacht/Einfluss." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Eeckhout, Jan & Boyan Jovanovic (2007): Occupational choice and development. (NBER working paper 13686), Cambridge, Mass., 35 S. DOI:10.3386/w13686

Abstract

"The rise in world trade since 1970 has raised international mobility of labor services. We study the effect of such a globalization of the world's labor markets. We find that when people can choose between wage work and managerial work, the output gains are U-shaped: A worldwide labor market raises output by more in the rich and the poor countries, and by less in the middle-income countries. This is because the middle-income countries experience the smallest change in the factor-price ratio, and where the option to choose between wage work and managerial work has the least value in the integrated economy. Our theory also establishes that after economic integration, the high skill countries see a disproportionate increase in managerial occupations. Using aggregate data on GDP, openness and occupations from 115 countries, we find evidence for these patterns of occupational choice." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gallie, Duncan (2007): Welfare regimes, employment systems and job preference orientations. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 23, H. 3, S. 279-293. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcm001

Abstract

"Employees' preferences about the types of jobs they want are of central importance both for theories of work motivation and for theories of personal well-being. Yet, we know little about whether there are significant differences between European countries in the strength of different preferences. This article uses representative data for five European countries with contrasting institutional regimes-Denmark, Finland, Germany, Great Britain, and Sweden. It compares the relative strength of intrinsic and extrinsic job preferences in these countries and then seeks to examine the usefulness of contrasting theoretical accounts to account for employees' job preference orientations. It finds little support for the view that either production or welfare regimes have a substantial effect on job preferences. Much of the difference between countries can be accounted for in terms of differences in workforce composition. There is, however, support for the view that the quality of jobs contributes to the salience of intrinsic job preferences and that variations between societies in the prevalence of good quality jobs help account for differences in motivational patterns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kimura, Masako & Daishin Yasui (2007): Occupational choice, educational attainment, and fertility. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 94, H. 2, S. 228-234. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2006.06.035

Abstract

"This paper develops an overlapping generations model that incorporates occupational (educational) choices and fertility decisions. We explain the fertility decline as the result of the popularization of higher education in association with capital accumulation. This model also exhibits the possibility of multiple equilibria." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Knoth Humlum, Maria, Kristin J. Kleinjans & Helena Skyt Nielsen (2007): An economic analysis of identity and career choice. (IZA discussion paper 3120), Bonn, 36 S.

Abstract

"Standard economic models which focus on pecuniary payoffs cannot explain why there are highly able individuals who choose careers with low pecuniary returns. Therefore, financial incentives are unlikely to be effective in influencing career choices of these individuals. Based on Akerlof and Kranton (2000), we consider a model of career choice and identity where individuals derive non-pecuniary identity payoffs. Using factor analysis on a range of attitude questions, we find two factors related to identity (career orientation and social orientation), which are important for educational choices. The implication is that policymakers and institutions of higher education need to focus on identity related issues rather than just improved financial incentives if they aim at attracting the high ability youth to occupations with excess demand for labor." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Krueger, Alan B. & David Schkade (2007): Sorting in the labor market. Do gregarious workers flock to interactive jobs? (NBER working paper 13032), Cambridge, Mass., 32 S. DOI:10.3386/w13032

Abstract

"This paper tests a central implication of the theory of equalizing differences, that workers sort into jobs with different attributes based on their preferences for those attributes. We present evidence from four new time-use data sets for the United States and France on whether workers who are more gregarious, as revealed by their behavior when they are not working, tend to be employed in jobs that involve more social interactions. In each data set we find a significant and sizable relationship between the tendency to interact with others off the job and while working. People's descriptions of their jobs and their personalities also accord reasonably well with their time use on and off the job. Furthermore, workers in occupations that require social interactions according to the O'Net Dictionary of Occupational Titles tend to spend more of their non-working time with friends. Lastly, we find that workers report substantially higher levels of job satisfaction and net affect while at work if their jobs entail frequent interactions with coworkers and other desirable working conditions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Patel, Krishna & Francis Vella (2007): Immigrant networks and their implications for occupational choice and wages. (IZA discussion paper 3217), Bonn, 49 S.

Abstract

"This paper employs United States Census data to study the occupational allocation of immigrants. The data reveal that the occupational shares of various ethnic groups have grown drastically in regional labor markets over the period 1980 to 2000. We examine the extent to which this growth can be attributed to network effects. That is, we examine the relationship between the occupational choice decision of recently arrived immigrants with those of established immigrants from the same country. We also consider the earnings implications of these immigrant networks for recent arrivals. The empirical evidence strongly suggests the operation of networks in the immigrant labor market. First, we find evidence that new arrivals are locating in the same occupations as their countrymen. Moreover, this location decision is operating at the level of regional labor markets. Second, we find that individuals who locate in the 'popular' occupations of their countrymen enjoy a large and positive effect on their hourly wage and their level of weekly earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Saka, Noa & Itamar Gati (2007): Emotional and personality-related aspects of persistent career decision-making difficulties. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 71, H. 3, S. 340-358. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2007.08.003

Abstract

"This study focused on examining the persistent aspects of career decision-making difficulties, using the Emotional and Personality-related Career decision-making Difficulties scale. The contribution of four personality measures- general indecisiveness, self-esteem, trait anxiety, and identity status-to the prediction of persistent career decision-making difficulties was tested on 747 students, using a longitudinal design. Results indicated that individuals with high EPCD scores at the beginning of the academic school year had less confidence in their choice and were less close to making a decision about the major into which they wanted to be admitted at the end of the year. The moderate correlations between the EPCD score and the four personality measures supported the validity of the EPCD. Implications for counseling and future research are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tsukahara, Ichiro (2007): The effect of family background on occupational choice. In: Labour, Jg. 21, H. 4/5, S. 871-890. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.2007.00395.x

Abstract

"In this paper, individual data from the Keio Household Panel Survey (KHPS) are used to investigate the effect of father's occupation and parents' years of schooling on the children's occupational choice in Japan. The estimation results indicate that children tend to choose the same occupation as their father with this being especially true for males. Parents' education does not affect children's occupational choice directly, but appears to have an indirect effect on children's occupational choice through children's education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cornwell, Christopher, Kyung Hee Lee & David B. Mustard (2006): The effects of state-sponsored merit scholarships on course selection and major choice in college. (IZA discussion paper 1953), Bonn, 39 S.

Abstract

"A common justification for HOPE-style merit-aid programs is to promote and reward academic achievement, thereby inducing greater investments in human capital. However, grade-based eligibility and retention rules encourage other behavioral responses. Using data extracted from the longitudinal records of all undergraduates who enrolled at the University of Georgia (UGA) between 1989 and 1997, we estimate the effects of HOPE on college GPA, course selection, and major choice, treating non-residents as a control group. First, we find that HOPE increased resident freshman GPA by 0.13 point, while its effect on GPA after the first year is weak. Second, HOPE reduced the number of credit hours completed in math and science core curriculum courses during the first year, and this effect persisted into the second at roughly the same magnitude. Over both years, the estimated program effects imply that residents completed about 1.2 fewer math and sciences credit hours. Finally, the likel! ihood that the average resident freshman would choose to major in Education jumped 1.2 percentage points relative to their out-of-state counterparts after HOPE was introduced and the scholarship's influence on this decision was more pronounced for women and whites." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Herzog, Walter, Markus P. Neuenschwandner & Evelyne Wannack (2006): Berufswahlprozess: Wie sich Jugendliche auf ihren Beruf vorbereiten. (Prisma 02), Bern: Haupt, 223 S.

Abstract

"Mit der Berufswahl stellen Jugendliche wichtige Weichen für ihre berufliche Zukunft. In diesem Buch wird ein Phasenmodell entwickelt, welches erklärt, wie Übergänge in die Ausbildung zustande kommen und der Eintritt ins Erwerbsleben vorbereitet wird. Eine Besonderheit des Ansatzes liegt darin, dass die Situation am Ende der obligatorischen Schule mit anderen Optionen, wie zum Beispiel der Aufnahme eines Hochschulstudiums nach Abschluss des Gymnasiums, verglichen wird. Das Buch gibt einen Einblick in die Vielfalt an Erwartungen und Entscheidungen, vor der sich junge Menschen bei der Berufswahl gestellt sehen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Lupton, Ben (2006): Explaining men's entry into female-concentrated occupations. Issues of masculinity and social class. In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 13, H. 2, S. 103-128. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2006.00299.x

Abstract

"This article seeks to add to an understanding of why some men enter female-concentrated occupations (and why the majority do not). Drawing on the results of in-depth interviews with 27 men in a range of occupations, I illustrate and interpret the complex and often contradictory ways in which men approach the notion of working in female-concentrated occupations and examine the impact that this has on their occupational outcomes. The data suggest that different attitudes to female-concentrated work cannot in themselves explain men's presence there. Consequently I explore, with particular reference to social class, the context in which attitudes around gender, work and occupational destinations, are framed. I conclude that men's entry to female-concentrated occupations may best be approached, not as an issue of 'masculinity' but as one of social mobility operating within a gendered labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Biermans, Maarten, Uulkje de Jong, Marco H. D. van Leeuwen & Jaap Roeleveld (2005): Begabungsreserven in den Niederlanden. Zu den Entscheidungs- und Anreizfaktoren für ein Studium der Natur- und Technikwissenschaften. In: Die Hochschule, Jg. 14, H. 2, S. 44-62.

Abstract

Im internationalen Vergleich verzeichnet die niederländische Wirtschaft ein eher schleppendes Produktivitätswachstum. Vor diesem Hintergrund streben die Niederlande an, den Anteil der Erwerbsbevölkerung mit naturwissenschaftlich-technischer Ausbildung zu steigern. Dabei stehen zwei Fragestellungen im Mittelpunkt einer systematischen Betrachtung: Wie viele naturwissenschaftlich-technisch Begabte sind in den Niederlanden tatsächlich vorhanden und wie können diese jungen Menschen dazu gebracht werden, sich für eine technologisch orientierte Ausbildung zu entscheiden? Ausgehend von einer zusammenfassenden Darstellung des niederländischen Bildungssystems, untersucht der Beitrag die Begabtenreserven für naturwissenschaftlich-technische Fächer und Anreize für ein naturwissenschaftlich-technisches Studium. Fazit: die Niederlande verfügen über umfangreiche Begabtenreserven im Bereich Naturwissenschaften und Technik. Die meisten von ihnen präferieren allerdings aus rationalen Gründen ein nicht-technisches Studium. Gezielte Maßnahmen könnten zu einer beträchtlichen Steigerung des Zustroms zu einer naturwissenschaftlichen oder technischen Ausbildung führen. Den beträchtlichen Kosten solcher Maßnahmen steht allerdings deren im Allgemeinen niedrige Kosteneffizienz entgegen. (IAB)

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Bright, Jim E. H., Robert G.L. Pryor, Sharon Wilkenfeld & Joanna Earl (2005): The role of social context and serendipitous. Events in career decision making. In: International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, Jg. 5, H. 1, S. 19-36.

Abstract

"Die Bedeutung von Einflüssen aus dem Umfeld und von ungeplanten Faktoren auf Berufsentscheidungen wurde untersucht. 651 Universitätsstudenten aus allen Bereichen wurden befragt, um Daten über berufliche Pläne, derzeitige Immatrikulationen, Wahrnehmungen der Einflüsse von Familie, Freunden, Lehrern und der Medien, aber auch über die Bedeutung von glücklichen Umständen, dem Bildungsstand der der derzeitigen Berufstätigkeit ihrer Familienmitglieder zu erheben. Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass die Studenten in ihren Familien und Lehrern sehr wirksame Einflussfaktoren bei ihren Berufsentscheidungen wahrnehmen. Darüber hinaus waren auch Ferneinflüsse wie durch Medien oder internetbasierte Informationen bedeutsam. Die aktuellen Immatrikulationen und die Berufsziele der Studenten lagen mit signifikant erhöhter Wahrscheinlichkeit in Interessensgebieten, die mit der derzeitigen Arbeitsstelle des Vaters korrespondierten. Es wurde häufig wahrgenommen, dass ungeplante Einflussfaktoren und glückliche Umstände die Berufsentscheidungen beeinflussten. Die Ergebnisse insgesamt werden interpretiert als ein weiterer Beleg zur Unterstützung von offenen System-Theorien zur Berufswahl. Praktische Auswirkungen für die Beratung und für zukünftige Forschungsprojekte werden diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Convert, Bernhard & Francis Gugenheim (2005): Sinkende Studierendenzahlen in den Natur- und Technikwissenschaften in Frankreich. Über die Beliebtheit von Studienangeboten und soziodemografische Faktoren der Studienwahl. In: Die Hochschule, Jg. 14, H. 2, S. 21-43.

Abstract

Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, inwieweit die sinkende Zahl der Studierenden in Frankreich in den theorieorientierten naturwissenschaftlichen Fachrichtungen auf soziodemographische Faktoren zurückzuführen ist. Der Beitrag gliedert sich in fünf Abschnitte. Zunächst wird ein Überblick über die spezifischen Bedingungen des französischen Hochschulsystems gegeben. Im zweiten Teil erfolgt die Problembeschreibung und im dritten Teil wird untersucht, inwieweit der Rückgang der Neueinschreibungen in den theorieorientierten Universitätsstudiengängen auf die kombinierten Effekte der Hierarchie der Bildungsgänge und der Entwicklung der Studentenzahlen zurückzuführen ist. Alle universitären Fachrichtungen, mit Ausnahme von Sport und Sportwissenschaften, sind von den gleichen Entwicklungen mit den gleichen Auswirkungen betroffen. Im vierten Teil wird gezeigt, dass die naturwissenschaftlichen Studiengänge einer spezifischen Problematik unterliegen, die durch die Entwicklung der Schülerpopulation in den naturwissenschaftlichen Zügen der Sekundarschule bedingt ist. Abschließend beschäftigt sich der fünfte Abschnitt mit den Ursachen dafür, dass Abiturienten der naturwissenschaftlichen Sekundarschulzüge sich immer häufiger für Fachstudiengänge statt für theorieorientierte naturwissenschaftliche Studiengänge entscheiden. Die im französischen Bildungssystem faktisch bestehende Beschränkung des Zugangs zu naturwissenschaftlichen und technischen Studiengängen auf Abiturienten der naturwissenschaftlichen Schulzüge kann in Zukunft zu Engpässen bei der Besetzung von Facharbeitsplätzen führen, die nur durch eine Aufwertung des technologisch-fachlichen Sekundärschulzweigs ausgeglichen werden können. (IAB)

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Imdorf, Christian (2005): Schulqualifikation und Berufsfindung. Wie Geschlecht und nationale Herkunft den Übergang in die Berufsbildung strukturieren. Wiesbaden: VS, Verl. für Sozialwissenschaften, 408 S.

Abstract

"Im Zentrum steht die Frage, wie die Schule die Chancen von SchulabgängerInnen auf dem Berufsbildungsmarkt der Schweiz strukturiert. Inwiefern stehen Schulqualifikationen sowohl mit einer erfolgreiche Ausbildungsplatzsuche als auch mit der Entwicklung beruflicher Präferenzen in einem Zusammenhang? Bourdieus Theorie der Praxis bildet den integrativen theoretischen Rahmen der Dissertation, die den Strukturkategorien Geschlecht und nationale Herkunft besonderes Gewicht zuweist. Zur theoretischen und empirischen Klärung differentieller Berufsbildungschancen werden neben schulischen Titeln und individuellen Handlungsstrategien soziale Beziehungsnetze und symbolische Kredite von Auszubildenden hervorgehoben. Die Resultate verweisen jenseits individualistischer Fördermaßnahmen auf Interventionen zwischen Schule und Berufsbildung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schlögl, Peter (2005): Bildungswegentscheidungen von Jugendlichen in Österreich. Beruflichkeit als Wahlmotiv. In: Berufsbildung in Wissenschaft und Praxis, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 19-21.

Abstract

"Der Zusammenhang zwischen Bi!dungsinformationen, sozialer Herkunft, Leistungen sowie erreichtem Bildungsgrad und damit verbundenen Arbeitsmarktergebnissen junger Menschen ist international und national unbestritten - sowohl in der bildungspolitischen wie auch bildungswissenschaftlichen Diskussion. Eine im Herbst 2003 veröffentlichte repräsentative Querschnittsuntersuchung liefert Daten zu Sozialindikatoren sowie zur Bildungsaspiration und Leistungsfähigkeit der Kinder und Jugendlichen. Dabei zeigten sich markante Unterschiede bei den gewählten Bildungsgängen aufgrund der unterschiedlichen sozialen Hintergründe der Herkunftsfamilien." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schlögl, Peter (2005): Beruflichkeit von Bildung. Ein Motiv von Bildungswegentscheidungen in der oberen Sekundarstufe in Österreich? In: M. Jacob & P. Kupka (Hrsg.) (2005): Perspektiven des Berufskonzepts : die Bedeutung des Berufs für Ausbildung und Arbeitsmarkt (Beiträge zur Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, 297), S. 109-121.

Abstract

"Österreichs Berufsbildung auf der oberen Sekundarstufe zeichnet sich durch zwei annähernd gleich stark ausgebaute Zweige aus. Neben der dualen Ausbildung gibt es noch zwei vollschulische Berufsbildungswege, von denen einer auch zu einer Reifeprüfung mit allgemeinem Hochschulzugang führt. Betrachtet man nun jene Populationen, die sich grundsätzlich für einen berufsorientierten Weg in der oberen Sekundarstufe entschieden haben (immerhin rund 80 % aller Jugendlichen im Bildungssystem), so interessiert die Frage, was den Ausschlag für eine duale bzw. eine vollschulische Ausbildung gegeben haben mag. Aktuelle empirische Daten aus Österreich zeigen auf, dass die Bildungsabschlüsse der Eltern und damit im Zusammenhang das Einkommen tendenziell sozial reproduziert werden und eine bewusste Entscheidung zwischen unterschiedlichen pädagogischen Modellen von beruflicher Ausbildung demgegenüber als Bildungswahlmotiv in den Hintergrund zu treten scheint." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schmitt-Rodermund, Eva (2005): Wer wird Unternehmer? Persönlichkeit, Erziehungsstil sowie frühe Interessen und Fähigkeiten als Vorläufer für unternehmerische Aktivität im Erwachsenenalter. In: Wirtschaftspsychologie, Jg. 7, H. 2, S. 7-23.

Abstract

"Die Daten einer außergewöhnlichen, sich nach 1922 insgesamt über mehr als 60 Jahre erstreckenden US-amerikanischen Studie wurden für den Zweck dieser Untersuchung reanalysiert. Einige unter den befragten Männern der Terman-Studie verdienten im Laufe ihres Lebens als selbstständige Unternehmer ihr Geld. Lässt sich eine solche berufliche Orientierung bereits aus in Kindheit und Jugend vorhandenen Merkmalen ablesen? Die kurze Antwort lautet: Ja. Insgesamt 718, vor 1913 geborene Männer wurden für den Zweck der vorliegenden Studie ausgewählt. Erstaunlicherweise unterschied sich im Alter von 13 Jahren nicht nur die Persönlichkeit der später selbstständigen von den abhängig beschäftigten Männern. Es zeichnete sich Auswertungen mittels Strukturgleichungsmodellen zufolge auch ab, dass die Unternehmer mehr als andere das Glück hatten, besonders unterstützend und reich an Anregungen erzogen worden zu sein. Beides, Erziehungsstil und Persönlichkeit bestimmte, ob im Jugendalter unternehmerische Interessen benannt und Fähigkeiten an den Tag gelegt wurden. Beides wiederum trug zu einer unternehmerischen Berufsorientierung bei. Vor allem bei Jungen, die nicht nur über die entsprechende Persönlichkeit verfügten, sondern gleichzeitig auch noch in dem dazu passenden Kontext aufwuchsen, indem die Eltern ganz besonders stark förderten und forderten, zeigte sich eine starke unternehmerische Orientierung, die in einer doppelt so hohen Gründungswahrscheinlichkeit ihren Ausdruck fand. Die Studie schließt mit Überlegungen dazu, wie sich unter jungen Leuten unternehmerische Kompetenzen fördern lassen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Arrighi, Jean-Jacques (2004): Les jeunes dans l'espace rural. Une entrée précoce sur le marché du travail ou une migration probable. In: Formation Emploi H. 87, S. 63-78.

Abstract

"Schulische Ambitionen und weitere (Aus-)Bildungswünsche, die Familien für ihre Kinder hegen, werden stark vom dem Raum geprägt, in dem diese Jugendlichen ihre Schullaufbahn durchlaufen. So besuchen Jugendliche in ländlichen Gemeinden eher berufsbildende Schulen. Ein Berufsabschluss nach einem kurzen Studiengang reicht meist für eine berufliche Eingliederung vor Ort und ermöglicht somit, weiter auf dem Land zu leben. Landjugendliche streben seltener nach abgeschlossenen Hochschulstudien, da damit notwendigerweise Wanderungen verbunden sind. Zum einen studienbedingte Wanderungen, um das Studium an einer Hochschule fortsetzen zu können, zum anderen aber auch arbeitsbedingte Wanderungen, denn für höhere berufliche Qualifikationen gibt es im ländlichen Raum oft keine entsprechenden Beschäftigungsangebote. Und wenn sich Mädchen in ländlichperipheren Räumen - häufiger als in der Stadt - für lange Studiengänge entscheiden, so weil sie auf dem ländlichen Arbeitsmarkt absolut benachteiligt sind. Die offiziell propagierte 'Gleichheit hinsichtlich des Zugangs zu Ausbildungs- und Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten' sollte unter Berücksichtigung räumlicher Unterschiede neu hinterfragt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Belot, Michèle, Erik Canton & Dinand Webbink (2004): Does reducing student support affect educational choices and performance? Evidence from a Dutch reform. (CPB discussion paper / CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis 35), The Hague, 44 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates the impact of student support on educational choice (university versus non-university) and student performance in higher education, using data from the Netherlands. Over the years, the generosity of this support system has been substantially reduced. This paper considers the 1996-reform, which reduced the duration of public support by one year and limited it to the nominal duration of the study program. We investigate the effects of the reform, using micro data on freshmen from two cohorts: one before the change (1995) and one after the change (1997). We find that the reform drove 2.2% of the students from university to higher vocational education. We also find that performance improved after the reform. The probability of dropping out after 5 months fell by 2%, and university students completed 5% more courses. In addition, students spent relatively more time working on the side (3.7 hours per week on average) and less time studying (1.8 hours per week on average). This means that students probably became more efficient." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bergmann, Nadja, Maria Gutknecht-Gmeiner, Regine Wieser & Barbara Willsberger (2004): Berufsorientierung und Berufseinstieg von Mädchen in einem geteilten Arbeitsmarkt. (AMS report 38), Wien, 84 S.

Abstract

"Ausgangspunkt der Studie ist die seit Jahren nahezu unveränderte Situation am Lehrstellen- bzw. Arbeitsmarkt generell. Nach wie vor kann von einer Teilung des Arbeitsmarktes in sogenannte 'Männerberufe' und 'Frauenberufe' gesprochen werden. Nach wie vor gibt es also auf der einen Seite zahlreiche typische Frauenberufe, die von einem großen Teil der weiblichen Erwerbstätigen ausgeübt werden. Auf der anderen Seite gibt es viele sogenannte (für Frauen) nicht-traditionelle Berufe, in welchen großteils männliche Beschäftigte zu finden sind und die sich zumeist durch bessere Bezahlung und Absicherung auszeichnen. In welchem Ausmaß dies der Fall ist, ob sich in jüngster Zeit etwas geändert hat, welche Problemstellungen mit der Teilung des Arbeitsmarktes verbunden sind, aber auch welche positive Tendenzen erkennbar sind, wird in Teil A (Kapitel 1 bis 7) erläutert. In Teil B wird auf Basis dieses geschlechtsspezifisch geprägten Arbeitsmarktes anhand einer umfangreichen empirischen Erhebung ein genaueres Bild bestehender Strukturen und Bedingungen für junge Frauen während des Berufswahlprozesses (Kapitel 8 und 9) nachgezeichnet. Wieso ist der Arbeitsmarkt noch immer ein geteilter, welche Faktoren spielen hier in der Phase der Berufsorientierung und Berufswahl eine (einschränkende) Rolle? Der Fokus der Untersuchung liegt dabei auf dem Übergang von der Pflichtschule zu einer Lehre, also die Zeit der achten und neunten Schulstufe, in der sich viele Jugendliche für einen bestimmten Beruf entscheiden sollten. Neben dem schulischen und privaten Umfeld wird dabei das Hauptaugenmerk auf professionelle Möglichkeiten der Berufsinformation und Berufsberatung gelegt, allen voran Angebote des Arbeitsmarktservice sowie Angebote spezieller Einrichtungen zur Mädchen- und Frauenberatung. Einen weiteren Analyseschwerpunkt stellt die Situation von jungen Frauen, die einen Lehrberuf oder Beruf in einem nicht-traditionellen oder neuen Bereich ausüben, dar, um einerseits positive Faktoren für eine nicht-traditionelle Berufswahl bzw. einen nicht-traditionellen Berufseinstieg herauszuarbeiten und andererseits einen Einblick in die Bedingungen zu erhalten, mit welchen sie konfrontiert sind (Kapitel 10 und 11). Abschließend geht es im Rahmen der Studie auch um die Suche nach Möglichkeiten, bestehende Beschränkungen und einengende Faktoren für Mädchen und junge Frauen zu überwinden und Lösungsansätze zu erarbeiten, die dazu beitragen, dass ihnen ein größeres Berufswahlspektrum ermöglicht wird (Kapitel 12)." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Athanasou, James A. (2003): Factors influencing job choice. In: International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, Jg. 3, H. 3, S. 205-221.

Abstract

"This research sets out a Perceptual-Judgemental-Reinforcement approach to job choice under conditions of complexityand uncertainty. It investigates the claim that job choices are based on seven implicitfactors: such as the specific size of the occupation, the proportion of employees workingfull-time, the earnings, the job prospects, gender dominance in an occupation, the level of unemployment in the occupation and the predominant age group in the job. Nine casestudies involving choices from 25 randomly selected advertised jobs are presented. Results indicated substantial idiosyncrasy in jobchoices. An individual logistic regression analysis indicated no statistically significant influence of key labour market indicators in any of the nine case studies. It was concluded that job choice was idiosyncratic; that individuals lacked insight into their jobchoices and probably relied upon relatively few unstated cues. The findings have direct implications for the relevance of occupational information and for key issues in the delivery of vocational guidance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Davies, Richard, Eskil Heinesen & Anders Holm (2002): The relative risk aversion hypothesis of educational choice. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 15, H. 4, S. 683-713.

Abstract

"Analysing young people's educational choices, the authors derive and test implications of a relative risk aversion hypothesis: that educational choices are made so as to minimize the risk of ending up with a lower level of education than one's parents. These implications are in general different from what one would expect from human capital theory. They use a unique data set which combines data from administrative registers on young people's pathways through the educational system and their family background with survey data on their academic abilities at lower secondary school. The evidence is partly in favour of the relative risk aversion hypothesis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Douglas, Evan J. & Dean A. Shepherd (2002): Self-employment as a career choice. Attitudes, entrepreneurial intentions, and utility maximization. In: Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Jg. 26, H. 3, S. 81-90.

Abstract

"This paper investigates the relationship between career choice and people's attitudes to-ward income, independence, risk, and work effort. Entrepreneurs are often described in terms of the strength or weakness of their attitudes in these dimensions. Conjoint analysis was used to determine the significance and nature of these attitudes in choosing one job over another. We also investigated the effect these attitudes have on the intention to start one's own business. Significant relationships were found between the utility expected from a job and the independence, risk, and income it offered. Similarly, the strength of intention to become self-employed was significantly related to the respondents' tolerance for risk and their preference for independence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brandstätter, Hermann, Alois Farthofer & Ludwig Grillich (2001): Die Stabilität der Studienwahl als Funktion von Interessenkongruenz, Selbstkontrolle und intellektueller Leistungsfähigkeit. In: Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht, Jg. 48, H. 3, S. 200-218.

Abstract

"Die an der Universität Linz seit 1991 angebotenen Studienberatungstests sollen dazu beitragen, die Studien- bzw. Berufswahl von Maturanten aus Oberösterreich, die ein Studium an der Universität Linz in Erwägung ziehen, auf verlässliche Informationen über Anforderungen, Interessen und studienfeldspezifische Fähigkeiten zu gründen und so das Risiko von Fehlentscheidungen zu mindern. Die Studie sucht eine Antwort auf die Frage, welchen Einfluss die Rückmeldung der Interessenkongruenz (der Übereinstimmung des individuellen Interessenprofils mit dem studienfeldtypischen Interessenprofil) und der studienfeldspezifischen kognitiven Testleistungen auf die Studienwahl und die Stabilität dieser Wahl hat. 518 Maturanten hatten an den Studienberatungstests der Jahre 1991, 1993, 1995 und 1997 teilgenommen, von denen im Januar 1999, dem Zeitpunkt der Studienbefragung, 371 Personen einen Fragebogen zum Studienverlauf beantwortet haben. Davon studierten 348 Befragte oder hatten bereits ein Studium erfolgreich abgeschlossen. Es zeigte sich, dass die Interessenkongruenz die Studienwahl und deren Stabilität stärker beeinflusst als das Niveau der im Rahmen der Beratung rückgemeldeten kognitiven Testleistungen. Die Erwartung, der Einfluss der Interessenkongruenz sei bei Personen mit geringer Selbstkontrolle höher als bei Personen mit hoher Selbstkontrolle, hat sich nur teilweise bestätigt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Correll, Shelley J. (2001): Gender and the career choice process. The role of biased self-assessments. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 106, H. 6, S. 1691-1730.

Abstract

"This article develops a supply-side mechanism about how cultural beliefs about gender differentially influence the early career-relevant decisions of men and women. Cultural beliefs about gender are argued to bias individuals' perceptions of their competence at various career-relevant tasks, controlling for actual ability. To the extent that individuals then act on gender-differentiated perceptions when making career decisions, cultural beliefs about gender channel men and women in substantially different career directions. The hypotheses are evaluated by considering how gendered beliefs about mathematics impact individuals' assessments of their own mathematical competence, which, in turn, leads to gender differences in decisions to persist on a path toward a career in science, math, or engineering." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Khazzoom, Aziza (1997): The impact of mothers' occupations on children's occupational destinations. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 15, S. 57-89.

Abstract

"This study demonstrates that mothers' occupations are crucial to mobility analyses, even Chose limited to men. Knowing mother's occupation not only substantially increases our ability to predict occupations for both genders, it also equalizes predictive ability between genders. Two findings from the model that includes mother's occupation diverge from the findings of models that use father's occupation as the sole measure of social origins. First, when mother's occupation is included, levels of inheritance, or immobility, rise. Second, there appear to be strong gender differences in mobility Patterns. There is some evidence that the effect of mother's occupation on daughter's occupational attainment increases as father's occupation decreases in status. This suggests that not including mother's occupation in analyses of social mobility and status attainment not only misspecifies the process of women's occupational attainment, but does so to differing degrees, depending on the level of father's occupation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jacobs, Sheila C. (1995): Changing patterns of sex segregated occupations throughout the life-course. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 11, H. 2, S. 157-171.

Abstract

Auf der Grundlage einer retrospektiven Erhebung untersucht der Beitrag Veränderungen in Frauen- und Männerberufen im Erwerbsverlauf. Dabei werden einige neuere Hypothesen und die Eignung der Längsschnittmethode für die Untersuchung solcher Phänomene getestet. Die erzielten Befunde deuten darauf hin, daß ein Wechsel zwischen geschlechtsspezifisch besetzten Berufsfeldern durch die dort dominierende Arbeitszeitform eingeschränkt wird. Die Befunde decken sich weitgehend mit Ergebnissen aus Längsschnittdaten aus Westdeutschland über den Stellenwert von Berufswahlentscheidungen sowie von Berufsentscheidungen bei der beruflichen Integration nach der Familienphase. Sie machen plausibel, warum geschlechtsspezifisch bedingte berufliche Segregation und damit zusammenhängende Unterschiede bei Löhnen und sozialem Status zwischen den Geschlechtern einen so langen Bestand haben. (IAB)

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Mayer, Horst O. (1994): Bildungswünsche ausländischer Jugendlicher. In: Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Jg. 19, H. 3, S. 87-96.

Abstract

Es wird über die Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung berichtet, die zum Ziel hatte, die Bildungswünsche bzw. das Bildungshandeln der türkischen und jugoslawischen Jugendlichen in Vorarlberg zu untersuchen sowie zu analysieren, durch welche individuelle und gesellschaftliche Faktoren diese determiniert werden. Des weiteren wurde untersucht, inwiefern sich ihre Bildungswünsche und ihr voraussichtliches Bildungshandeln von jenem der inländischen Schüler unterscheidet bzw. wie hoch die Übereinstimmung mit den Vorstellungen der Eltern ist. Die Stichprobe (Klumpenstichprobe) umfaßte 26 vierte Klassen mit 620 Schülern an 10 Vorarlberger Hauptschulen sowie alle 14-15jährigen Wiederholer an diesen Schulen. Die Befragung erfolgte im Mai 1992. (IAB2)

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Davey, F. Heather & Janet M. Stoppard (1993): Some factors affecting the occupational expectations of female adolescents. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 43, H. 3, S. 235-250. DOI:10.1006/jvbe.1993.1045

Abstract

Herrschende Berufswahltheorien sind für Männer aussagekräftiger als für Frauen. Sie können z.B. nicht erklären, warum junge Frauen, die dies eigentlich nicht wünschen, trotzdem erwarten, einmal einen traditionsgemäß von Frauen ausgeübten Beruf zu ergreifen. Worin unterscheiden sich diese Frauen von anderen, die davon ausgehen, den von ihnen gewünschten Beruf zu ergreifen? Diese Frage versuchen die Autorinnen mit einer eigenen empirischen Untersuchung an einer kanadischen High School (Befragung von 180 Studentinnen) zu klären. (IAB)

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Flitner, Elisabeth (1992): Wirkungen von Geschlecht und sozialer Herkunft auf Schullaufbahn und Berufswahl. In: Zeitschrift für Pädagogik, Jg. 38, H. 1, S. 47-63.

Abstract

An den Wiederholungsquoten des ersten Schuljahres gemessen sind Mädchen im französischen Schulsystem von Anfang an erfolgreicher als Jungen. Und das scheint auch bis zum Ende der Schulzeit so zu bleiben, wenn man sich an den Abiturientenquoten orientiert. 1989 legten gut 40% der 18jährigen ein baccalaureat ab - 45,8% der Mädchen dieses Alters gegenüber 35,5% der Jungen. Im allgemeinbildenden französischen Schulsystem liegen die Mädchen offensichtlich vorne. Allerdings - die Einschränkung wird nicht überraschen - wahren sie ihren "Schulvorteil" nicht, sobald sie die Schule verlassen. Ihre Berufsausbildungen sind kürzer und weniger rentabel als die Berufsausbildung von Jungen mit vergleichbaren Schulabschlüssen. Wie diese Nachteile für die Mädchen praktisch durch die unterschiedlichen Schullaufbahnen und Schulabschlüsse (so gibt es etwa 50 verschiedene baccalaureats) präjudiziert werden, beschreibt die Autorin in ihrem Beitrag, der sich hauptsächlich auf das Buch "L'ecole des ihrem Beitrag, der sich hauptsächlich auf das Buch "L'ecole des filles" von Marie Dura stützt. (IAB2)

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Schoch, Jürgen (1989): Warum wollen sie ins Heim? Warum arbeiten sie im Heim? Berufswahl- und Berufsmotive von ausgebildeten Heimerziehern. In: Soziale Arbeit, Jg. 38, H. 5, S. 175-181.

Abstract

"Die Studie untersucht mit Hilfe schriftlicher Befragungen an über 1000 ausgebildeten Heimerzieher/innen, deren Motivation für diesen Beruf beim Entscheid zum Eintritt in die Ausbildung und die von ihnen in der Arbeit selbst als wichtigste Motivatoren erachteten Aspekte. Es zeigt sich, daß persönliche und altruistische Motive die beiden wichtigsten Motivgruppen bilden. Deutlich wird aber auch, daß die persönlichen Motive ('sich selbst entfalten', 'das eigene Leben bereichern' etc.) in den letzten Jahren auf Kosten der altruistischen ('Helfer'-)Motive klar zugenommen haben. Diese Verschiebung zeigt sich nicht nur zwischen den Kohorten der in den 50er Jahren und im letzten Jahrzehnt Ausgebildeten, sondern auch intraindividuell im Laufe der Berufskarriere der einzelnen Befragten unabhängig vom Diplomierungszeitpunkt. Trotzdem tragen altruistische Motive nicht unwesentlich zur beruflichen Motivation tätiger Heimerzieher/innen bei - sie haben ihre Wurzeln allerdings nicht in einer einzigen, sondern in sehr verschiedenen Weltanschauungen und Grundhaltungen." (Autorenreferat)

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Breakwell, Glynis M., Chris Fife-Schaw & John Devereux (1988): Parental influence and teenagers' motivation to train for technological jobs. In: Journal of occupational psychology, Jg. 61, H. 1, S. 79-88.

Abstract

Der Beitrag berichtet über Ergebnisse einer überregionalen Umfrage unter 13 bis 18 Jahre alten englischen Jugendlichen, in der nach den Einflüssen auf die Motivation, sich in technischen Berufen ausbilden zu lassen, gefragt wurde. Es zeigt sich, daß der Einfluß der Eltern in der Wahrnehmung der Jugendlichen eher indirekten als direkten Einfluß auf die Berufswahl hat. (IAB)