Berufswahl
Was will ich werden? Welche Ausbildung, welches Studium passt zu mir und bietet langfristig sichere Perspektiven auf dem Arbeitsmarkt? Die Wahl eines Berufes gehört zu den wichtigen biographischen Weichenstellungen, auch wenn sie heute keine Festlegung für ein ganzes (Berufs-)leben mehr darstellt. Sie hat Auswirkungen auf die spätere ökonomische Sicherheit, den sozialen Status und auf Chancen zur Entfaltung der Persönlichkeit.
Dieses Themendossier bietet eine Auswahl von Literatur- und Forschungsprojektnachweisen zur Berufswahlforschung in Deutschland und anderen Ländern. Sie gibt einen Überblick über theoretische Ansätze und empirische Befunde zur Erklärung des Berufswahlverhaltens, zu Motiven der Berufswahl bei besonderen Personengruppen sowie zu Bestimmungsgründen und Einflussfaktoren bei der Entscheidungsfindung.
Im Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
-
Literaturhinweis
The Full Returns to the Choice of Occupation and Education (2022)
Zitatform
Clark, Andrew E., Maria Cotofan & Richard Layard (2022): The Full Returns to the Choice of Occupation and Education. (IZA discussion paper 15279), Bonn, 57 S.
Abstract
"Information on both earnings and non-pecuniary rewards is needed to understand the occupational dispersion of wellbeing. We analyse subjective wellbeing in a large UK sample to construct a measure of "full earnings", the sum of earnings and the value of non-pecuniary rewards, in 90 different occupations. Labour-market inequality is underestimated: the dispersion of full earnings is one-third larger than the dispersion of earnings. Equally, the gender and ethnic gaps in the labour market are larger than those in earnings alone, and the full returns to education on the labour market are underestimated. These results are similar in data on US workers. In neither cross-section nor panel data do we find evidence of compensating differentials." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Pflege? Damit kann ich mich (nicht) sehen lassen...: Zum Image von Pflegeberufen und seiner Bedeutung für die Berufswahl Jugendlicher (2022)
Ebbinghaus, Margit;Zitatform
Ebbinghaus, Margit (2022): Pflege? Damit kann ich mich (nicht) sehen lassen... Zum Image von Pflegeberufen und seiner Bedeutung für die Berufswahl Jugendlicher. (BIBB-Report 2022,01), Leverkusen, 20 S.
Abstract
"Pflegekräfte sind rar in Deutschland. Strukturelle Änderungen bei den Ausbildungsgängen sollen daher gemeinsam mit Imagekampagnen dazu beitragen, dass sich mehr junge Menschen für eine Ausbildung in der Pflege interessieren. Gleichzeitig sind im Zuge der Covid-19-Pandemie neben der Relevanz auch die Schattenseiten von Tätigkeiten in der Pflege verstärkt in das öffentliche Bewusstsein gerückt. Vor diesem Hintergrund beschäftigt sich dieser BIBB Report mit der Frage, welches Image Pflegeberufe derzeit bei Jugendlichen haben und was daraus für ihr Interesse an einer Pflegeausbildung folgt. Es zeigt sich, dass die Neigung zu einer Pflegeausbildung größer ist, wenn Pflegekräften solche Imageattribute zuerkannt werden, die für das mit einem Beruf erreichbare soziale Ansehen relevant sind. Das ist insbesondere bei Hauptschülerinnen und -schülern der Fall." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Why Do High‐Performing School Leavers Aspire to Occupations Atypical of Their Qualification? (2022)
Zitatform
Eberhard, Verena, Annalisa Schnitzler & Hanna Mentges (2022): Why Do High‐Performing School Leavers Aspire to Occupations Atypical of Their Qualification? In: Social Inclusion, Jg. 10, H. 2, S. 265-277. DOI:10.17645/si.v10i2.5102
Abstract
"In Germany, the dual system of vocational education and training is an attractive alternative to tertiary programmes for school leavers with a higher education entrance certificate (HEEC). Most adolescents with this qualification opt for training occupations where the majority of apprentices hold an HEEC (e.g., bank clerk). This decision seems sensible considering that such training occupations are difficult for people with lower school‐leaving certificates to access and promise better career outcomes. Nevertheless, some adolescents with an HEEC enter occupations that are not typical of their school‐leaving qualification. This article examines under which circumstances adolescents with an HEEC aspire to training occupations atypical of their level of education and thus accept lower career outcomes. Following the rational choice paradigm, we expect differences in perceived benefit and probability of success between school leavers with an HEEC opting for HEEC occupations as opposed to non‐HEEC occupations. Using data from the 2018 DZHW Panel Study of German School Leavers With an HEEC, our logistic regression models show that the individuals' self‐assessed strengths and their occupational goals explain why they aspire to training occupations atypical of their qualification. Contrary to our assumption, adolescents from academic families are not less likely to aspire to non‐HEEC occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Pushing Higher or Lower? Divergent Parental Expectations and Compromises in Occupational Choice (2022)
Zitatform
Fischer-Browne, Melanie (2022): Pushing Higher or Lower? Divergent Parental Expectations and Compromises in Occupational Choice. In: Social Inclusion, Jg. 10, H. 2, S. 240-251. DOI:10.17645/si.v10i2.5056
Abstract
"Many adolescents in Germany are unable to realize their realistic occupational aspirations when they transition from school to vocational education and training (VET). However, little is known about the underlying circumstances and what the compromises look like when these adolescents come to take up a VET occupation. As parents perform an important socialization role, which is also influential in occupational orientation, this article examines the role of divergent parental expectations. Are parental expectations, which differ from adolescents' realistic occupational aspirations, related to the probability that adolescents will take up different occupations than they originally aspired to? Are relatively higher or lower parental expectations associated with a corresponding direction of compromise formation? Are there differences between men and women in the relationship between divergent parental expectations and compromise formation? This empirical analysis is based on a sample of 1243 VET entrants from the starting cohort 4 of the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS). The compromise formation of the adolescents is measured by comparing their realistic occupational aspirations from ninth grade with their first VET occupation. Results from multinomial logistic regression models show that adolescents adjust their occupational choices to their parents' divergent expectations. Women are more likely to make compromises that accommodate their parents' higher expectations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Interplay between family background and labour-market conditions in shaping students' occupational status expectations (2022)
Zitatform
Hartung, Andreas, Katarina Weßling & Steffen Hillmert (2022): Interplay between family background and labour-market conditions in shaping students' occupational status expectations. In: Journal of education and work, Jg. 35, H. 4, S. 405-421. DOI:10.1080/13639080.2022.2073338
Abstract
"This study examines the relevance of labour-market conditions for individual occupational status expectations. We are particularly interested in students’ status expectations in the final stages of their school careers. Occupational expectations are an important basis for adolescents’ biographical decisions and corresponding transitions to vocational training and employment. By anticipating their likely labour-market situation, adolescents adjust their occupational choices; however, this anticipation is strongly moderated by their family background. We demonstrate this interaction using the example of school students in Germany’s secondary education’s tracked system. We link survey data from the German National Educational Panel Study to regionalised administrative data on unemployment. We find expectations for higher-status occupations in poor regional labour markets among students in non-academic school tracks. In contrast, students in the academic track aspire to lower status occupations in poor regional labour markets. In both cases, higher parental occupational status mitigates the impact of labour-market conditions on individual occupational status expectations. Our results indicate a greater awareness of structural conditions in the region among adolescents who are equipped with fewer familial resources." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Lassen sich durch mehr Mathematikunterricht auch mehr junge Frauen für MINT-Berufe gewinnen? (Serie "Frauen in MINT-Berufen") (2022)
Hild, Judith; Kramer, Anica;Zitatform
Hild, Judith & Anica Kramer (2022): Lassen sich durch mehr Mathematikunterricht auch mehr junge Frauen für MINT-Berufe gewinnen? (Serie "Frauen in MINT-Berufen"). In: IAB-Forum H. 28.04.2022 Nürnberg, 2022-04-25. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20220428.01
Abstract
"Mehr Mathematikunterricht in der gymnasialen Oberstufe führt dazu, dass männliche Jugendliche später häufiger MINT-Fächer (Mathematik, Informatik, Naturwissenschaften, Technik) studieren und MINT-Berufe ergreifen – nicht aber junge Frauen. Um auch diese zu motivieren, reichen Reformen am Ende der Schulzeit, die sich auf die Vermittlung von mathematischem Wissen fokussieren, nicht aus." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Are Adolescents in One‐Parent Families a Previously Unnoticed Group in Inclusive Career Guidance? (2022)
Klein, Jerusha; Ohlemann, Svenja; Driesel‐Lange, Katja;Zitatform
Klein, Jerusha, Katja Driesel‐Lange & Svenja Ohlemann (2022): Are Adolescents in One‐Parent Families a Previously Unnoticed Group in Inclusive Career Guidance? In: Social Inclusion, Jg. 10, H. 2, S. 278-289. DOI:10.17645/si.v10i2.5085
Abstract
"In Germany, schools are largely responsible for adolescents' career development. Corresponding interventions in career guidance must take into account various endogenous and exogenous factors of individualized development to foster successful post‐school transitions. Parents, in particular, are one of the most significant influencing factors when it comes to shaping after‐school plans usually having a highly positive effect along with teacher support. Children in one‐parent families constitute a group that has received little attention so far in the context of career guidance analysis. They are at a higher risk of social decline into precarious circumstances and of living in families with lower education levels as well as less parental care time. In addition, one‐parent families more often report that they are unable to adequately support their children concerning career development, ultimately impacting the children's post‐school transition. Based on the theoretical model of career competence, a sample from eight German schools (N = 1998) is used to investigate to what extent adolescents in one‐parent families differ from their peers in other family compositions regarding both support and development of career competence. Each school's location and teacher support are included in the calculations. This study shows that adolescents in one‐parent families display below‐average levels concerning three of the analysed facets (occupational knowledge, exploration, and self‐regulation)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Social selectivity and gender-segregation across fields of study: Comparative evidence from Austria (2022)
Zitatform
Lessky, Franziska, Erna Nairz & Marcus Wurzer (2022): Social selectivity and gender-segregation across fields of study: Comparative evidence from Austria. In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Jg. 63, H. 4, S. 201-221. DOI:10.1177/00207152221099171
Abstract
"This study explores stratification within the Austrian university system by focusing on social selectivity and gender-segregation across fields of study. We investigate how much the choice of field of study is associated with parental educational background and the gender of the students—especially, how these characteristics vary across individual (teaching) subjects. Teacher training is often regarded as typically chosen by women and preferred by so-called educational climbers. However, previous studies focus on clusters of fields of study and do not take into account the differences between individual (teaching) subjects. We address this research gap by focusing on a comparison between those who have chosen to undergo a teaching program in a specific subject and those who have studied this specific subject without pedagogical training. By using administrative data from first-year students at Austrian state universities (N = 23,400) in 2016–2017, and applying logistic regression analysis, the results demonstrate that in almost all analyzed fields of study, similar patterns of gender-segregation according to the choice of fields of study can be observed, regardless of whether it concerns a teacher training subject or a corresponding equivalent academic subject. Educational climbers tend to opt more frequently for teacher training subjects than for their corresponding fields—especially in some of the mathematics-oriented science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) subjects. We contribute to comparative sociological literature by introducing the approach of comparing teacher training subjects to their academic equivalents and revealing a more nuanced picture regarding horizontal inequalities in higher education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
The effect of gender norms on gender-based sorting across occupations (2022)
Zitatform
Marcén, Miriam & Marina Morales (2022): The effect of gender norms on gender-based sorting across occupations. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 1160), Essen, 41 S.
Abstract
"Despite the notable progress that has been made in bridging the gap between women and men in the world of work, women are still underrepresented in several occupations. In this article, the effect of gender norms on whether women enter male-dominated occupations is analysed using differences in gender equality among early-arrival migrants. The variations in gender norms according to the cultural backgrounds of those migrants by country of origin are exploited to identify their impact on occupational choices. Using data from the American Community Survey, it is found that greater gender equality in the country of origin reduces the gender gap in male-dominated occupations. Suggestive evidence is further shown on the roles of job flexibility and women's relative preferences for family-friendly jobs in shaping gender-based sorting across occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Is there a “STEM Personality” in Germany? Linking Personality Traits with STEM Occupational Aspirations in German Secondary Education (2022)
Zitatform
Minor, Ralf, Kathrin Leuze & Ellen Winkler (2022): Is there a “STEM Personality” in Germany? Linking Personality Traits with STEM Occupational Aspirations in German Secondary Education. In: International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology, Jg. 15, H. 3, S. 264-291.
Abstract
"Across countries, young women are less likely to aspire to STEM occupations (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) than young men. Since STEM occupations often entail higher wages, it remains important for researchers to explain gender differences in STEM. In this paper, we examine whether students’ personality traits (Big Five) are associated with expressing preferences for STEM in German secondary education. To examine how girls and boys in secondary education match self-concepts of their personalities with beliefs about shared images of STEM occupations, we generate hypotheses based on Gottfredson’s (1981) theory of Circumscription and Compromise. Associations between personality traits and STEM aspirations are examined by multinomial logistic regression for a cohort of ninth graders from the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS). The results show that personality traits are differently related to subdomains within STEM occupations, particularly for young women. Increases in all traits lower pupils’ likelihood of aspiring to scientific occupations and lower the likelihood of aspiring to technology aspirations. Despite the small and mostly insignificant effects, our results highlight the gendered processes of occupational formation at this age and underscore the relevance of providing more differentiated vocational guidance by gender and STEM domain." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Does Ethnic Diversity in Schools Affect Occupational Choices? (2022)
Zitatform
Pregaldini, Damiano, Simone Balestra & Uschi Backes-Gellner (2022): Does Ethnic Diversity in Schools Affect Occupational Choices? (Working paper / Swiss Leading House 201), Zürich, 51 S.
Abstract
"We study how two distinct dimensions of peer ethnic diversity (ethnic fractionalization and ethnic polarization) affect occupational choice. Using longitudinal administrative data and leveraging variation in ethnic composition across cohorts within schools, we find evidence for two opposing effects. Ethnic fractionalization increases the likelihood of students sorting into people-oriented occupations while ethnic polarization reduces this likelihood. Using data on social and cognitive skills, we provide evidence that exposure to higher levels of ethnic fractionalization enhances the students' formation of social skills and increases the likelihood of students sorting into people-oriented occupations where the returns to these skills are higher." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Compromises between Occupational Aspirations and VET Occupations - a Contribution to the Reproduction of Social Inequalities? (2022)
Zitatform
Schels, Brigitte, Corinna Kleinert, Melanie Fischer-Browne & Lea Ahrens (2022): Compromises between Occupational Aspirations and VET Occupations - a Contribution to the Reproduction of Social Inequalities? In: Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Jg. 51, H. 2, S. 154-173., 2022-05-11. DOI:10.1515/zfsoz-2022-0011
Abstract
"Viele Schulabgänger_innen können ihre Berufsaspiration beim Eintritt in Berufsausbildung nicht erfüllen und gehen Kompromisse ein. Die Studie untersucht, wie Kompromisse zwischen realistischer Berufsaspiration und Ausbildungsberuf aussehen und prüft soziale Herkunftsunterschiede. Um Kompromisse multidimensional in extrinsischen Berufsdimensionen zu erfassen, werden Daten des Nationalen Bildungspanels für ein Sample von Ausbildungsanfänger_innen mit aggregierten Berufsdaten angereichert. Eine Clusteranalyse zeigt vier Muster der Kompromissbildung: 1) Relative Aufstiege und 2) Abstiege in allen Berufsdimensionen, 3) Zugeständnisse bei Unternehmensgröße und Lohn und 4) bei regulären Arbeitszeiten und Status. Regressionsanalysen zeigen, dass sich die Kompromissbildung kaum nach elterlichen Bildungshintergrund und beruflicher Stellung unterscheidet. Im Vergleich zu Auszubildenden ohne Migrationshintergrund stellen sich Auszubildende aus Migrantenfamilien der zweiten Generation in ihrem Ausbildungsberuf sogar besser als in ihrem angestrebten Beruf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © De Gruyter)
-
Literaturhinweis
Berufsorientierung Jugendlicher in Deutschland: Erwartungen, Sorgen und Bedarfe (2022)
Schleer, Christoph; Calmbach, Marc;Zitatform
Schleer, Christoph & Marc Calmbach (2022): Berufsorientierung Jugendlicher in Deutschland. Erwartungen, Sorgen und Bedarfe. (SINUS-Studien), Wiesbaden: Springer VS, VI, 93 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-38591-0
Abstract
"Wie gut sehen sich Jugendliche auf die berufliche Zukunft vorbereitet? Welche Sorgen machen sie sich? Welche Vorstellungen haben Jugendliche über die Arbeitswelt? Welche Erwartungen richten sie an Beruf und Unternehmen? Wie informieren sie sich über berufliche Optionen und wo haben sie noch Unterstützungsbedarf? Diesen und weiteren Fragen ist das SINUS-Institut mit einer repräsentativen Studie auf den Grund gegangen. Ein zentraler Befund ist, dass die Berufsentscheidung weniger durch „externe“ Faktoren erschwert wird (Noten-Defizite, Druck der Eltern, fehlende Unterstützung), sondern primär auf persönliche Unsicherheiten zurückzuführen ist. Zugespitzt formuliert beschäftigt die Jugendlichen vor allem die folgende Frage: Was will und kann ich eigentlich, und zu welchen Berufen passt das? Auf Basis der Studienergebnisse werden Schlussfolgerungen gezogen und Handlungsempfehlungen formuliert. Die Autoren Dr. Christoph Schleer, Associate Director, SINUS Markt- und Sozialforschung GmbH. Dr. Marc Calmbach, Managing Director, SINUS Markt- und Sozialforschung GmbH." (Verlagsangaben)
-
Literaturhinweis
Berufswahl in der Adoleszenz: Projektbericht des Österreichischen Instituts für Berufsbildungsforschung (öibf), Wien (2022)
Schmölz, Alexander; Löffler, Roland; Litschel, Veronika; Österle, David; Gugitscher, Karin; Petanovitsch, Alexander;Zitatform
Schmölz, Alexander, Karin Gugitscher, David Österle, Alexander Petanovitsch, Veronika Litschel & Roland Löffler (2022): Berufswahl in der Adoleszenz. Projektbericht des Österreichischen Instituts für Berufsbildungsforschung (öibf), Wien. (AMS-Report / Arbeitsmarktservice Österreich 164), Wien, 82 S.
Abstract
"Aus dem einleitenden Teil: "Diese Studie präsentiert die Lebensrealitäten von Jugendlichen in Wien am Übergang von der Schule in den Beruf. Es werden unterschiedliche Aspekte aufgezeigt, die bei der Wahl eines Berufes für diese Jugendlichen ausschlaggebend sind. Dabei wird das Augenmerk vor allem auf chancenbenachteiligte Jugendliche und deren besonderen Herausforderungen und Lebensumstände gelegt. Vorgestellt werden spezifische Ressourcen, die bereitgestellt werden müssen, damit diesen Jugendlichen eine gelingende Berufswahl möglich ist. Auf Basis der im empirischen Teil gewonnenen Ergebnisse werden Ansätze zur Stärkung und zum Empowerment der Jugendlichen entwickelt und zusammengefasst. Neben dem Ziel, eine Ausbildung erfolgreich abzuschließen, zeigt sich, dass es arbeitsmarktpolitisch sinnvoll ist, dass diese Jugendlichen: 1. eine aktiv erworbene berufliche Identität entwickeln; 2. eine aktive Positionierung »Ich will« gegenüber Arbeit einnehmen; 3. eine reflektierte Berufswahl treffen. Um diese Ziele zu erreichen, erweisen sich vor allem humanistische Ansätze der Berufsorientierung, Bildungsberatung und Übergangsbegleitung als wirkmächtig, da sie neben der Begleitung der Berufswahl auch zur Stärkung des Selbstbewusstseins, des Selbstwirkungsgefühls und der Handlungskompetenz des Einzelnen beitragen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Gendersensible Berufsorientierung mit einem Serious Game: Didaktische Einbettung des Spiels „Serena Supergreen“ (2022)
Zitatform
Spangenberger, Pia, Iken Draeger, Felix Kapp, Linda Kruse & Nadine Matthes (2022): Gendersensible Berufsorientierung mit einem Serious Game: Didaktische Einbettung des Spiels „Serena Supergreen“. In: W. Becker & M. Metz (Hrsg.): Digitale Lernwelten – Serious Games und Gamification: Didaktik, Anwendungen und Erfahrungen in der Beruflichen Bildung (2022), Wiesbaden, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden S. 127-146. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-35059-8_9
Abstract
"Wie gendersensible Berufsorientierung mit einem Serious Game gelingen kann, zeigen Dr.in Pia Spangenberger, Iken Draeger, Dr. Felix Kapp, Linda Kruse und Nadine Matthes auf. Anhand des Serious Games Serena Supergreen wird für den Bereich der technischen Ausbildungsberufe gezeigt, wie das Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept von Mädchen im Bereich Technik gestärkt und dadurch eine gendersensible Berufsorientierung ermöglicht wird. Das didaktische Konzept ist so aufgebaut, dass nach dem Spielen in den begleiteten Unterrichtseinheiten die Spielerfahrung reflektiert wird. So werden die technischen Aufgaben, die im Spiel erfolgreich gemeistert worden sind, im Rahmen der Unterrichtseinheit, durch eine Lehrkraft angleitet praktisch umgesetzt und auf konkrete berufliche Handlungssituationen bezogen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku; © Springer)
-
Literaturhinweis
The labour market integration of migrants and refugees: career guidance and the newly arrived (2022)
Zitatform
Sultana, Ronald G. (2022): The labour market integration of migrants and refugees: career guidance and the newly arrived. In: International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, Jg. 22, H. 2, S. 491-510. DOI:10.1007/s10775-022-09529-z
Abstract
"This scoping paper sets out to consider various aspects of the phenomenon of people on the move, and to examine some of the ways in which career guidance has responded to the challenge of integrating the newly arrived. The paper is informed by a recognition of the dignity of individuals above any classificatory system that places persons in a hierarchy, with some having access to rights that others are denied. This stance requires career practitioners to confront the prevalent vocabulary, discourses and attitudes circulating in the mainstream in order to become aware of—and to overcome—personal prejudice, thus opening up possibilities for more socially just forms of service. A synthesis of relevant literature concerning the integration of migrants and refugees in the labour market is provided in order to signpost emancipatory forms of career guidance, ones that move beyond an emphasis on individual resilience to take seriously the impact of exclusionary social practices and structures. The paper concludes by highlighting a number of initiatives that suggest that career guidance is rising to the challenge of catering for a diverse group of newly arrived by mobilising theoretical frameworks that are fit for purpose, by developing bespoke training programmes for practitioners, and by sharing the lessons learnt from the field." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Educational and Occupational Aspirations: A Longitudinal Study of Vienna Youth (2022)
Zitatform
Vals, Ona, Franz Astleithner, Brigitte Schels, Susanne Vogl & Raphaela Kogler (2022): Educational and Occupational Aspirations: A Longitudinal Study of Vienna Youth. In: Social Inclusion, Jg. 10, H. 2, S. 226-239., 2022-02-01. DOI:10.17645/si.v10i2.5105
Abstract
"During their transition from lower to upper secondary education, young people make educational and occupational choices driven by their aspirations. Such aspirations are shaped by the individuals’ social environment, their idea of what seems achievable and desirable, and their experiences. Therefore, aspirations can change during the transitional phase. In this article, we explore the development of educational and occupational aspirations of young people over three years. At the start of the study period, the students were attending the lower track in lower secondary education, the so‐called Neue Mittelschule (8th grade), in the city of Vienna in the 2017–2018 academic year. Drawing on the panel survey data (2018–2020) of the Pathways to the Future project, we simultaneously explore stability and change of educational and occupational aspirations. We describe different patterns of change in aspirations and analyse the influence of sociodemographic characteristics and prior achievement on these patterns. Using latent transition analysis, we identify 11 patterns of aspirations with important differences depending on social background. Most of the students have stable aspirations. However, the results show that school performance, migration background, and the level of parental education play important roles in explaining different levels and patterns of aspirations over time. These longitudinal analyses of educational and occupational aspirations provide important insights into the transition process." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © COGITATIO Press) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
"Maler, Tischler oder Elektronik alles für die Jungen": Zur Rolle von Geschlecht im Berufswahlprozess geflüchteter Frauen (2022)
Zitatform
Wehking, Katharina (2022): "Maler, Tischler oder Elektronik alles für die Jungen". Zur Rolle von Geschlecht im Berufswahlprozess geflüchteter Frauen. In: Z'Flucht. Zeitschrift für Flucht- und Flüchtlingsforschung, Jg. 6, H. 1, S. 34-68. DOI:10.5771/2509-9485-2022-1-34
Abstract
"Der Beitrag untersucht die Berufsvorstellungen junger geflüchteter Frauen und die Rolle von Geschlecht bei ihrer Berufswahl. Basierend auf Interviewdaten identifiziert der Beitrag endogene und exogene Einflussfaktoren, die auf ihre Berufswahlprozesse wirken. Die qualitativen Befunde zeigen, dass die Frauen hohe Bildungsaspirationen haben, diese aber oftmals geschlechtsspezifisch ausfallen. Zudem wirken die soziale und familiäre Herkunft, private und institutionelle Netzwerke sowie Selbstselektionsprozesse aufgrund eingeschränkt wahrgenommener Deutschkenntnisse als Einflussfaktoren auf die Berufswahl. Es wird deutlich, dass geflüchteten Frauen aufgrund ihrer Berufspräferenzen oft ein kleineres Berufsspektrum zur Verfügung steht als Männern und dies durch Beratungsprozesse, die in feminisierte Berufe führen, noch verstärkt wird." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Ethnic Differences in Gender‐Typical Occupational Orientations Among Adolescents in Germany (2022)
Zitatform
Wicht, Alexandra & Matthias Siembab (2022): Ethnic Differences in Gender‐Typical Occupational Orientations Among Adolescents in Germany. In: Social Inclusion, Jg. 10, H. 2, S. 290-301. DOI:10.17645/si.v10i2.5092
Abstract
"We illuminate the socio‐cultural embeddedness of adolescents to explain gender‐typical occupational orientations (GTOO) from an intersectional perspective. We investigate whether and why immigrant and native youths differ in their GTOO. These issues are of practical and political importance, as deviations from the norm of the autochthonous majority society can drive change in the gender segregation of the labor market on the one hand but can also lead to difficulties in accessing training and work on the other. We use cross‐sectional data on ninth‐graders from the German National Educational Panel Study, which allows us to analyze distinct dimensions of GTOO, i.e., expectations and aspirations. The results of step‐wise multilevel models show that (a) differences in GTOO between immigrant and native youths apply to certain countries of origin—particularly females from Turkey, the country with the strongest contrast to the German context in terms of gender‐related labor market characteristics, differ in their aspirations from native females—and (b) differences between immigrant and native German expectations shrink with immigrant generation and after controlling for aspirations. This indicates that assimilation processes involving socialization‐related adaptation to the host society play a greater role than an increase in information about its labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Career Guidance for Low-Qualified Workers in Germany (2022)
Zitatform
(2022): Career Guidance for Low-Qualified Workers in Germany. (Getting Skills Right), Paris, 77 S. DOI:10.1787/5e6af8da-en
Abstract
"In a changing world of work, job profiles constantly develop and the demand for skills and qualifications with them. Particularly, jobs that mainly involve simple and repetitive tasks are threatened by technology, which fosters demand for high-level cognitive skills and complex social interaction skills. Reskilling and upskilling initiatives, through continuing education and training (CET), could foster transitions to emerging sectors and occupations, but participation by low-qualified workers is low. This study looks at the career guidance programmes available for low-qualified workers in Germany to help them navigate the ongoing changes and identify the most appropriate training and employment opportunities for them. In Germany, these services exist at national level and in the federal states and help adults overcome barriers to participating in CET or invest in their professional development. The report gives an overview of career guidance provision at the federal level and then describes career guidance needs and provision in the states of Berlin and North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW). Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the labour market outcomes of low-qualified workers were good in Germany thanks to strong demand for these workers in several manufacturing and low-skilled service sectors. However, the need for social distancing, a temporary drop in consumer demand and disruptions in global markets and supply chains due to the pandemic have disproportionally affected low-qualified workers. While most economic indicators are close to their pre-pandemic level on average, the recovery is expected to be slower for this group. In addition, the labour market prospects of low-qualified workers are affected by structural changes. Low-qualified workers are less likely to receive career guidance than those with higher qualifications, as employers focus their efforts in guidance and training on the high qualified. They are also less likely to receive training than those who are unemployed, as the public employment service systematically provides counselling to the unemployed. A range of multi-layered and interconnected barriers complicates the use among low-qualified workers, including finding time to attend counselling sessions, given their work and family responsibilities and scepticism or anxiety towards re-entering learning. Tackling these barriers requires individualised support, which is why the quality of career guidance plays an important role. The career guidance offers differ significantly from one federal state to another in Germany. The Federal Employment Agency’s (Bundesagentur für Arbeit, BA) new Lifelong Vocational Guidance in Working Life (Lebensbegleitende Berufsberatung im Erwerbsleben, LBBiE) aims at closing provision gaps. In addition, regional and sectoral networks intend to connect career guidance and CET providers with employers to plan and organise CET for employees better" (Author's abstract, © 2022 OECD) ((en))