Female breadwinner – Erwerbsentscheidungen von Frauen im Haushaltskontext
Nach wie vor ist die ungleiche Verteilung von Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit zwischen den Partnern der Regelfall. Traditionelle familiäre Arrangements werden dabei durch institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen bevorzugt. Die Folge ist, dass Frauen immer noch beruflich zurückstecken - auch wenn sie den Hauptteil des Haushaltseinkommens erarbeiten und damit die Rolle der Familienernährerin übernehmen.
Dieses Themendossier widmet sich den Bedingungen und Auswirkungen der Erwerbsentscheidung von Frauen sowie empirischen Studien, die sich mit der Arbeitsteilung der Partner im Haushaltskontext befassen.
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Literaturhinweis
Employer-provided health insurance and labor supply of married women (2011)
Cebi, Merve;Zitatform
Cebi, Merve (2011): Employer-provided health insurance and labor supply of married women. (Upjohn Institute working paper 171), Kalamazoo, MI, 31 S.
Abstract
"This work presents new evidence on the effect of husbands' health insurance on wives' labor supply. Previous cross-sectional studies have estimated a significant negative effect of spousal coverage on wives' labor supply. However, these estimates potentially suffer from bias due to the simultaneity of wives' labor supply and the health insurance status of their husbands. This paper attempts to obtain consistent estimates by using several panel data methods. In particular, the likely correlation between unobserved personal characteristics of husbands and wives - such as preferences for work - and potential joint job choice decisions can be controlled by using panel data on intact marriages. The findings, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Current Population Survey, suggest that the negative effect of spousal coverage on labor supply found in cross-sections results mainly from spousal sorting and selection. Once unobserved heterogeneity is controlled for, a relatively smaller estimated effect of spousal coverage on wives' labor supply remains." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Family proximity, childcare, and women's labor force attachment (2011)
Compton, Janice; Pollak, Robert A.;Zitatform
Compton, Janice & Robert A. Pollak (2011): Family proximity, childcare, and women's labor force attachment. (NBER working paper 17678), Cambridge, Mass., 46 S. DOI:10.3386/w17678
Abstract
"We show that close geographical proximity to mothers or mothers-in-law has a substantial positive effect on the labor supply of married women with young children. We argue that the mechanism through which proximity increases labor supply is the availability of childcare. We interpret availability broadly enough to include not only regular scheduled childcare during work hours but also an insurance aspect of proximity (e.g., a mother or mother-in-law who can provide irregular or unanticipated childcare). Using two large datasets, the National Survey of Families and Households and the public use files of the U.S. Census, we find that the predicted probability of employment and labor force participation is 4-10 percentage points higher for married women with young children living in close proximity to their mothers or their mothers-in-law compared with those living further away." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Low-skilled immigration and the labor supply of highly skilled women (2011)
Zitatform
Cortés, Patricia & José Tessada (2011): Low-skilled immigration and the labor supply of highly skilled women. In: American Economic Journal. Applied Economics, Jg. 3, H. 3, S. 88-123. DOI:10.1257/app.3.3.88
Abstract
"Low-skilled immigrants represent a significant fraction of employment in services that are close substitutes of household production. This paper studies whether the increased supply of low-skilled immigrants has led high-skilled women, who have the highest opportunity cost of time, to change their time-use decisions. Exploiting cross-city variation in immigrant concentration, we find that low-skilled immigration increases average hours of market work and the probability of working long hours of women at the top quartile of the wage distribution. Consistently, we find that women in this group decrease the time they spend in household work and increase expenditures on housekeeping services." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
What would they do?: childcare under parental leave and reduced hour options (2011)
Zitatform
Drago, Robert (2011): What would they do? Childcare under parental leave and reduced hour options. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 50, H. 4, S. 610-628. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-232X.2011.00659.x
Abstract
"Time diary data are used to simulate the effects of parental leave and reduced hours arrangements on childcare time among parents of infants. Estimates suggest that coupled fathers would apply approximately 70 percent of working time reductions under leave or reduced hours to childcare. Both coupled and single mothers translate working time reductions into childcare at higher rates. The analysis highlights inequalities across lines of gender, marital status, and socioeconomic status associated with existing policies and suggests policy innovations to both raise parental investments in childcare time and reduce levels of inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Time for children: trends in the employment patterns of parents, 1967-2009 (2011)
Zitatform
Fox, Liana E., Wen-Jui Han, Christopher Ruhm & Jane Waldfogel (2011): Time for children. Trends in the employment patterns of parents, 1967-2009. (NBER working paper 17135), Cambridge, Mass., 37 S. DOI:10.3386/w17135
Abstract
"Utilizing data from the 1967-2009 years of the March Current Population Surveys, we examine two important resources for children's well-being: time and money. We document trends in parental employment, from the perspective of children, and show what underlies these trends. We find that increases in family work hours mainly reflect movements into jobs by parents who, in prior decades, would have remained at home. This increase in market work has raised incomes for children in the typical two-parent family but not for those in lone-parent households. Time use data from 1975 and 2003-2008 reveal that working parents spend less time engaged in primary childcare than their counterparts without jobs but more than employed peers in previous cohorts. Analysis of 2004 work schedule data suggests that non-daytime work provides an alternative method of coordinating employment schedules for some dual-earner families." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Times are changing: gender and generation at work and at home (2011)
Galinsky, Ellen; Bond, James T.; Aumann, Kerstin;Zitatform
Galinsky, Ellen, Kerstin Aumann & James T. Bond (2011): Times are changing. Gender and generation at work and at home. New York, NY, 24 S.
Abstract
"This is the first study released using data from the 2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce. The report reveals two striking trends about gender and generation when the study is compared to data from 1992. First, for the first time since questions about responsibility in the workplace have been asked, women and men under 29 years old did not differ in their desire for jobs with more responsibility. Second, the study demonstrates that long-term demographic changes are the driving force behind gender and generational trends at work and at home." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Not just maternalism: marriage and fatherhood in American welfare policy (2011)
Zitatform
Geva, Dorit (2011): Not just maternalism. Marriage and fatherhood in American welfare policy. In: Social Politics, Jg. 18, H. 1, S. 24-51. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxr003
Abstract
"The United States' 1996 welfare reforms are often interpreted as a historical break in transitioning from supporting motherhood to commodifiying women's labor. However, this cannot account for welfare reform's emphasis upon heterosexual marriage and fatherhood promotion. The paper traces continuities and shifts in over a century of familial regulation through American welfare policy, specifying the place of marriage promotion within welfare policy. Up until 1996, families were key sites of intervention through which the American welfare state was erected, especially through single women as mothers - not wives. However, as of the 1960s, concern with African American men's 'failed' familial commitments turned policymakers toward concern over marriage promotion for women and men. While marriage 'disincentives' for aid recipients were lifted in the 1960s, the 1996 reforms structured a new form of nuclear family governance actively promoting marriage rooted in, but distinct from, the previous. Given the historical absence of welfare policies available to poor men, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families' (TANF) marriage promotion policies have positioned poor women as nodes connecting the state to poor men, simultaneously structuring poor women as breadwinners, mothers, and wives. Recent welfare reform has also started to target poor men directly, especially in fatherhood and marriage promotion initiatives. The article highlights how, in addition to workfare policies, marriage promotion is a neoliberal policy shifting risk to the shoulders of the poor, aiming to produce 'strong families' for the purposes of social security" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor force exit decisions of new mothers (2011)
Zitatform
Hotchkiss, Julie L., M. Melinda Pitts & Mary Beth Walker (2011): Labor force exit decisions of new mothers. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 9, H. 3, S. 397-414. DOI:10.1007/s11150-010-9114-1
Abstract
"Using unique administrative data from the state of Georgia, this paper investigates women's decisions to exit the labor market upon the birth of a child. Exits rates and their changes over time varies dramatically between married and single women giving birth. Only the pattern among single, less educated women can be considered consistent with changing labor force participation rates of women over the period of analysis. Potential policy implications of these changes are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
'We both need to work': maternal employment, childcare and health care in Britain and the USA (2011)
Zitatform
Lyonette, Clare, Gayle Kaufman & Rosemary Crompton (2011): 'We both need to work': maternal employment, childcare and health care in Britain and the USA. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 34-50. DOI:10.1177/0950017010389243
Abstract
"Both Britain and the USA are described as market-oriented or 'liberal' welfare regimes. However, there are important variations within these two countries: although both have high rates of maternal employment, part-time work is much more common in the UK than in the USA, where dual-earner (full-time) couples are the norm. Part-time employment can help to ease work-family conflict for women, while simultaneously contributing to the household income. However, part-time work is limited in its economic benefits, is also career limiting, and, in the USA, it generally comes without health insurance. While most of the current research regarding maternal employment decisions focuses on women, this research involves interviews with 83 British and American fathers, to better understand the complexity of such decision-making. Men's attitudes and experiences are examined in detail, focusing on the need for two incomes, the importance of paid health care and childcare costs and the potential role of part-time work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Child-custody reform, marital investment in children, and the labor supply of married mothers (2011)
Zitatform
Nunley, John M. & Richard Alan Jr. Seals (2011): Child-custody reform, marital investment in children, and the labor supply of married mothers. In: Labour economics, Jg. 18, H. 1, S. 14-24. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2010.08.002
Abstract
"Research on child custody primarily focuses on the well-being of children following divorce. We extend this literature by examining how the prospect of joint child custody affects within-marriage investment in children through changes in household bargaining power. Variation in the timing of joint-custody reforms across states provides a natural-experiment framework with which to examine within-marriage investment in children. The probability of children's private school attendance declines by 12% in states that adopt jointcustody laws. We also find evidence linking joint-custody reform to higher rates of labor force participation for married mothers, which may indicate less time devoted household production." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Revisiting the gender gap in time-use patterns: multitasking and well-being among mothers and fathers in dual-earner families (2011)
Zitatform
Offer, Shira & Barbara Schneider (2011): Revisiting the gender gap in time-use patterns. Multitasking and well-being among mothers and fathers in dual-earner families. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 76, H. 6, S. 809-833. DOI:10.1177/0003122411425170
Abstract
"This study suggests that multitasking constitutes an important source of gender inequality, which can help explain previous findings that mothers feel more burdened and stressed than do fathers even when they have relatively similar workloads. Using data from the 500 Family Study, including surveys and the Experience Sampling Method, the study examines activities parents simultaneously engage in and how they feel when multitasking. We find that mothers spend 10 more hours a week multitasking compared to fathers and that these additional hours are mainly related to time spent on housework and childcare. For mothers, multitasking activities at home and in public are associated with an increase in negative emotions, stress, psychological distress, and work-family conflict. By contrast, fathers' multitasking at home involves less housework and childcare and is not a negative experience. We also find several similarities by gender. Mothers' and fathers' multitasking in the company of a spouse or children are positive experiences, whereas multitasking at work, although associated with an increased sense of productivity, is perceived as a negative experience." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effects of California's paid family leave program on mothers' leave-taking and subsequent labor market outcomes (2011)
Zitatform
Rossin-Slater, Maya, Christopher Ruhm & Jane Waldfogel (2011): The effects of California's paid family leave program on mothers' leave-taking and subsequent labor market outcomes. (IZA discussion paper 6240), Bonn, 34 S.
Abstract
"This analysis uses March Current Population Survey data from 1999-2010 and a differences-indifferences approach to examine how California's first in the nation paid family leave (PFL) program affected leave-taking by mothers following childbirth, as well as subsequent labor market outcomes. We obtain robust evidence that the California program more than doubled the overall use of maternity leave, increasing it from around three to six or seven weeks for the typical new mother - with particularly large growth for less advantaged groups. We also provide suggestive evidence that PFL increased the usual weekly work hours of employed mothers of one-to-three year-old children by 6 to 9% and that their wage incomes may have risen by a similar amount." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: NBER working paper , 17715 -
Literaturhinweis
She left, he left: how employment and satisfaction affect women's and men's decisions to leave marriages (2011)
Zitatform
Sayer, Liana C., Paula England, Paul D. Allison & Nicole Kangas (2011): She left, he left. How employment and satisfaction affect women's and men's decisions to leave marriages. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 116, H. 6, S. 1982-2018. DOI:10.1086/658173
Abstract
"Studies examining determinants of divorce have largely ignored differences between factors that elevate wives' and husbands' initiation of divorce. The authors use longitudinal data and a latent class model embedded in a competing-risks event history model to assess distinct predictors of wives and husbands leaving marriages. They find that when men are not employed, either spouse is more likely to leave. When wives report better-than-average marital satisfaction, their employment affects neither spouse 's exit. However, when wives report below-average marital satisfaction, their employment makes it more likely they will leave. The authors' findings suggest that theories of divorce require 'gendering' to reflect asymmetric gender change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A panel data analysis of racial/ethnic differences in married women's labor supply (2011)
Troske, Kenneth R.; Voicu, Alexandru;Zitatform
Troske, Kenneth R. & Alexandru Voicu (2011): A panel data analysis of racial/ethnic differences in married women's labor supply. (IZA discussion paper 5729), Bonn, 31 S., Anhang.
Abstract
"We study differences in life-cycle labor supply among white, black, and Hispanic women, focusing on the interaction between race/ethnicity, education, and fertility. We use panel data that capture women's labor market and fertility histories and an econometric model that accounts for the endogeneity of labor market and fertility decisions, the heterogeneity of the effects of children and their correlation with the fertility decisions, and the correlation of sequential labor market decisions. Our results show an intricate connection between race/ethnicity, education, and fertility as determinants of women's life-cycle labor supply. For all levels of education, white women have fewer children, have the first birth later in life, and space subsequent births more closely together. The level of labor market involvement before the first birth is highest for white women and lowest for Hispanic women, but children reverse the relationship between race/ethnicity and level of labor market involvement. The negative effects of children are largest for white women and smallest for Hispanic women, and as a result, among women with two children, black and Hispanic women work more than white women. Racial/ethnic differences in fertility decisions, pre-natal labor supply, and labor supply responsiveness to children decline with the level education. Educational differences contribute to the racial/ethnic differentials in labor supply. White women have the highest levels of education and Hispanic women have the lowest levels of education. Other things equal, women with higher education have fewer children, have the first birth later in life, space subsequent births more closely together, work more before the birth of the first child, but face larger negative effects of children on their level of labor market involvement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The opt-out revolution: a descriptive analysis (2010)
Antecol, Heather;Zitatform
Antecol, Heather (2010): The opt-out revolution. A descriptive analysis. (IZA discussion paper 5089), Bonn, 43 S.
Abstract
"Using data from the 1980, 1990, and 2000 U.S. Census, I find little support for the opt-out revolution - highly educated women, relative to their less educated counterparts, are exiting the labor force to care for their families at higher rates today than in earlier time periods - if one focuses solely on the decision to work a positive number of hours irrespective of marital status or race. If one, however, focuses on both the decision to work a positive number of hours as well as the decision to adjust annual hours of work (conditional on working), I find some evidence of the opt-out revolution, particularly among white college educated married women in male dominated occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effects of remarriage on women's labor supply (2010)
Aughinbaugh, Alison;Zitatform
Aughinbaugh, Alison (2010): The effects of remarriage on women's labor supply. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 23, H. 4, S. 1151-1176. DOI:10.1007/s00148-009-0256-5
Abstract
"Many studies have found that women decrease their labor supply upon marriage and increase their labor supply upon divorce. This paper examines whether that pattern varies depending on whether the marriage is a first or higher-order one using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics for the years 1979 through 2001. The combination of a greater expected probability that a remarriage will end and the failure of household production to bring returns upon the end of a previous marriage may make women less likely to reduce their labor supply in second or higher marriages as compared to a first marriage. The results differ for the intensive and extensive margins of labor supply. With one exception, after controlling for background characteristics, the estimates imply that the probability of working is related to marriage in a similar manner regardless of whether the marriage is a first or a remarriage. In contrast, the estimates provide support for the possibility that decreases in hours of work upon marriage are smaller in second and higher marriages as compared to first marriages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Assortative mating and female labor supply (2010)
Zitatform
Bredemeier, Christian & Falko Juessen (2010): Assortative mating and female labor supply. (IZA discussion paper 5118), Bonn, 47 S.
Abstract
"This paper investigates the pattern of wives' hours disaggregated by the husband's wage decile. In the US, this pattern has changed from downward-sloping to hump-shaped. We show that this development can be explained within a standard household model of labor supply when taking into account trends in assortative mating. We develop a model in which assortative mating determines the wage ratios within individual couples and thus the efficient time allocation of spouses. The economy-wide pattern of wives' hours by the husband's wage is downward-sloping for low degrees, hump-shaped for medium degrees, and upward-sloping for high degrees of assortative mating. A quantitative analysis of our model suggests that changes in the gender wage gap are responsible for the overall increase in hours worked by wives. By contrast, the fact that wives married to high-wage men experienced the most pronounced increase is a result of trends in assortative mating." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Reinforcing separate spheres: the effect of spousal overwork on men's and women's employment in dual-earner households (2010)
Zitatform
Cha, Youngjoo (2010): Reinforcing separate spheres. The effect of spousal overwork on men's and women's employment in dual-earner households. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 75, H. 2, S. 303-329. DOI:10.1177/0003122410365307
Abstract
"This study examines whether long work hours exacerbate gender inequality. As working long hours becomes increasingly common, a normative conception of gender that prioritizes men's careers over women's careers in dual-earner households may pressure women to quit their jobs. I apply multilevel models to longitudinal data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation to show that having a husband who works long hours significantly increases a woman's likelihood of quitting, whereas having a wife who works long hours does not appear to increase a man's likelihood of quitting. This gendered pattern is more prominent among workers in professional and managerial occupations, where the norm of overwork and the culture of intensive parenting are strong. Furthermore, the effect is stronger among workers who have children. Findings suggest that overwork can reintroduce the separate spheres arrangement, consisting of breadwinning men and homemaking women, to many formerly dual-earner households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working or stay-at-home mum?: the influence of family benefits and religiosity (2010)
Jäger, Ulrike;Zitatform
Jäger, Ulrike (2010): Working or stay-at-home mum? The influence of family benefits and religiosity. (Ifo working paper 84), München, 39 S.
Abstract
"It is a well-established fact that mothers' labour force participation reacts differently to different types of family benefits. It is also already well-known that cultural and religious factors have an impact on their labour force participation. But does the labour force reaction to family benefits differ among more religious mothers? In this paper, I analyse how both factors - benefits and religiosity - interact when it comes to the decision concerning labour force participation. Firstly, I present a theoretical model which predicts that this difference exists. Secondly, I test this prediction in a sample of pooled cross-section data from 10 OECD countries using different measures to assess the extent of religiosity. There is evidence that religious mothers react less than non-religious mothers to increases in family benefits. I also find important differences among various religious affiliations. These results imply that trends in religiosity should be considered when designing labour market policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The female breadwinner: phenomenological experience and gendered identity in work/family spaces (2010)
Zitatform
Meisenbach, Rebecca J. (2010): The female breadwinner. Phenomenological experience and gendered identity in work/family spaces. In: Sex Roles, Jg. 62, H. 1/2, S. 2-19. DOI:10.1007/s11199-009-9714-5
Abstract
"Although female breadwinners (FBWs) are increasingly common in industrialized society and challenge traditional western gender norms, little research has focused specifically on the experiences of FBWs. These experiences impact individual, family, and organizational decision making. Thus, this project uses a phenomenological method to explore the experiences and gendered identity negotiations of 15 FBWs from the eastern and midwestern U.S. who were recruited via electronic message boards and personal contacts. The study asks how these women experience the phenomenon of being the breadwinner, seeking common elements. Results indicate six essential elements of FBWs' experiences: (a) having control, (b) valuing independence, (c) feeling pressure and worry, (d) valuing partner's contributions, (e) feeling guilt and resentment, and (f) valuing career progress." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))