Zitatform

Crul, Maurice, Frans Lelie, Özge Biner, Nihad Bunar, Elif Keskiner, Ifigenia Kokkali, Jens Schneider & Maha Shuayb (2019): How the different policies and school systems affect the inclusion of Syrian refugee children in Sweden, Germany, Greece, Lebanon and Turkey. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 7, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1186/s40878-018-0110-6

Abstract

"Since the war in Syria started in 2011, many children left their war-torn country, alone or together with their families, and fled to neighboring countries in the Middle East, to Turkey or to Europe. This article will compare how Syrian refugee children are included - or not - in school systems both in Europe (Sweden, Germany and Greece) and outside Europe (Turkey and Lebanon). These five countries represent very different ways of receiving children in their educational system. We will compare national institutional arrangements like access to compulsory school, access after compulsory school age, welcome or immersion classes, second language education and tracking mechanisms. Including children as soon as possible in regular classes seems to provide the best chances for school success, whereas educating refugee children in a segregated parallel school system for extended periods often results in early school leaving or not attending school at all." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dagnelie, Olivier, Anna Maria Mayda & Jean-François Maystadt (2019): The labor market integration of refugees to the United States. Do entrepreneurs in the network help? In: European Economic Review, Jg. 111, H. January, S. 257-272. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2018.10.001

Abstract

"We investigate whether entrepreneurs in the network of refugees - from the same country of origin - help refugees enter the labor market by hiring them. We analyze the universe of refugee cases without U.S. ties who were resettled in the United States between 2005 and 2010. We address threats to identification due to refugees sorting into specific labor markets and to strategic placement by resettlement agencies. We find that the probability that refugees are employed 90 days after arrival is positively affected by the number of business owners in their network, but negatively affected by the number of those who are employees. This suggests that network members who are entrepreneurs hire refugees, while network members working as employees compete with them, which is consistent with refugees complementing the former and substituting for the latter." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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Djuve, Anne Britt & Hanne Cecilie Kavli (2019): Refugee integration policy the Norwegian way. Why good ideas fail and bad ideas prevail. In: Transfer, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 25-42. DOI:10.1177/1024258918807135

Abstract

"Die Integration von nicht-westlichen Flüchtlingen in die hochspezialisierten skandinavischen Arbeitsmärkte hat sich als schwierig erwiesen. Dieses besonders ideologiebesetzte Politikfeld ist ein interessanter Fall für die Untersuchung von politischem Lernen versus politische Ideen in ihrer jeweiligen Rolle als Triebkräfte für institutionellen Wandel oder Kontinuität. Am Fallbeispiel des norwegischen Einführungsprogramms für Flüchtlinge zeigen wir, dass die Anwendung der Kernmaßnahmen des Programms weitgehend unbeeinflusst bleibt von Evaluierungen, die aufzeigen, dass solche Maßnahmen tendenziell sehr bescheidene Auswirkungen auf die Arbeitsmarktintegration von Flüchtlingen haben. Gleichzeitig haben schrittweise Änderungen der Disziplinierungselemente des Programms zu einem immer stärker kontrollierenden Aktivierungssystem geführt. Unsere Interpretation ist, dass ein wesentlicher Faktor für die Intensivierung der Disziplinierungselemente die Annahme war, dass den Teilnehmern die Motivation zur Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt fehle. Darüber hinaus stellen wir fest, dass diese Annahme ein Hindernis für das politische Lernen in Bezug auf die Programmqualität darstellt. Im Rahmen von Aktivierungsmaßnahmen scheinen politische Ideen gleichzeitig als pfadverstärkende kognitive Blockaden und als Triebkräfte für politischen Wandel zu wirken." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Düvell, Franck (2019): The 'Great Migration' of summer 2015. Analysing the assemblage of key drivers in Turkey. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 12, S. 2227-2240. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1468385

Abstract

"By 2015, approximately 2.8 million refugees had arrived in Turkey: approximately 2.5 million from Syria and about 300,000 from other countries. By the end of the year, an estimated 850,000 had moved on to Greece and from there on to other E.U. countries. This onward flow represents a sudden change from 2014 when only 51,000 people exited Turkey for the E.U. This article investigates events in Turkey in 2015 in order to explain these processes. The theoretical framework analyses the interplay of what I describe as secondary root causes for flight. It examines conditions in Turkey as first country of arrival and considers the migration infrastructure as well as political opportunities and constraints. This paper is based on findings from two research projects conducted in 2014 and 2015 which included qualitative interviews with refugees and stakeholders, as well as field observations. It considers the main patterns emerging during this period of both inward and secondary migration, as well as changes over time from 2014 to 2016." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Geisen, Thomas & Lea Widmer (2019): Arbeitsintegration als Herausforderung für Flüchtlinge in der Schweiz. In: Migration und Soziale Arbeit, Jg. 41, H. 2, S. 122-128. DOI:10.3262/MIG1902122

Abstract

"Bislang ist der Prozess, in dem das betriebliche Passungsverhältnis hergestellt wird und sich Arbeitsintegration nachhaltig konkretisiert, insbesondere im Kontext von Migration noch kaum untersucht. Vor diesem Hintergrund soll im vorliegenden Beitrag ausgehend von einer wissenschaftlichen Bestimmung des Konzepts der Arbeitsintegration im Kontext von Migration aufgezeigt werden, wie die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Flüchtlingen in der Schweiz aussieht. Anschließend wird der Forschungsstand zur Arbeitsintegration von Flüchtlingen aufgezeigt." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Jestl, Stefan, Michael Landesmann, Sebastian Leitner & Barbara Wanek-Zajic (2019): Employment Gaps Between Refugees, Migrants and Natives: Evidence from Austrian Register Based Labour Market Data. (WIIW working paper 167), Wien, 56 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyses labour market integration in Austria of non-European refugees originating from middle and low income countries for the period 2009-2018. We assess their probability of being employed in comparison to non-humanitarian migrants, European third country immigrants and natives. We draw on a register based panel dataset covering the complete labour market careers of all individuals residing in Austria. We control for macro level explanatory variables (e.g. the labour market situation at the time and the place of settlement) and individual characteristics. The analysis shows that initial refugee employment gaps are large in the first years when labour market access is difficult. After a period of seven years the unconditional gap between refugees and natives declines to 30 percentage points, similar to the one of non-humanitarian migrants, but the gap is still further decreasing. After controlling for a set of additional explanatory variables, the conditional gap amounts to only 10 percentage points at the same time. Moreover, our analysis provides insights into differences between employment gaps across population subgroups of immigrant groups and natives by gender, age and education level. Disclaimer Research for this paper was financed by the Anniversary Fund of the Oesterreichische Nationalbank (Project No. 17166). Support provided by Oesterreichische Nationalbank for this research is gratefully acknowledged." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Koehler, Claudia & Jens Schneider (2019): Young refugees in education: The particular challenges of school systems in Europe. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 7, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1186/s40878-019-0129-3

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Kohlbacher, Josef & Maria Six-Hohenbalken (Hrsg.) (2019): Die lange Dauer der Flucht - Analysen aus Wissenschaft und Praxis. (ISR-Forschungsberichte 49), Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 347 S.

Abstract

Geflüchtete bestimmen in der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung seit der "refugee crisis" von 2015/16 die integrationsbezogenen Debatten in den meisten Staaten der EU, denn die Flüchtlingszuwanderung aus dem Nahen und Mittleren Osten sowie aus Nordafrika hat Europa vor neue Herausforderungen gestellt. Die Beantwortung der Frage, wie die gesellschaftliche Teilhabe der Geflüchteten zu realisieren ist und auf welche Weise die Integration langfristig gelingt, besitzt hohe gesellschaftspolitische Relevanz. Im vorliegenden Band werden strukturelle und soziale Bereiche der Integration sowie auch individuelle Orientierungen und Teilhabeperspektiven von Geflüchteten dargestellt. Die Analysen wurden teils von Wissenschaftler/inne/n teils von Praktiker/inne/n der Integrationsarbeit verfasst und beziehen sich einerseits auf Diskurse von Flucht und Mobilität und andererseits auf das Ankommen und die Partizipation in Österreich. Es werden Ergebnisse von empirischen Forschungsprojekten zu so vielfältigen Themen wie der Wohnungs- und Arbeitsmarktintegration, zur Bildungsstruktur, zu Wertvorstellungen und sozialen Netzwerken sowie zum individuellen Wohlbefinden präsentiert. Des Weiteren werden Praxisfelder der Hilfe mit dem Fokus auf dem ehrenamtlichen Engagement für und von Geflüchtete(n) berücksichtigt. Zwei Interviews mit Expert/inn/en über die lange Dauer der Flucht und Herausforderungen im Feld der Inklusion runden den Inhalt dieses vielfältigen Bandes ab.

Zitatform

Landesmann, Michael & Sandra M. Leitner (2019): Various Domains of Integration of Refugees and their Interrelationships: A Study of Recent Refugee Inflows in Austria. (WIIW working paper 168), Wien, 72 S.

Abstract

"This paper addresses the complexity of, and the interrelationships between, two important aspects of integration of refugees in Austria, namely labour market integration and social integration. While labour market integration is captured in terms of being employed as compared to being unemployed or inactive, social integration distinguishes between social networks and their ethnic composition and social capital. It identifies the key determinants of each of these domains of integration and investigates the direction as well as the size of interdependencies among them. The analysis uses a unique dataset built on the basis of a survey of about 1,600 refugees from Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan and Iran who had come to Austria since 2010. The analysis establishes an important causal link between social integration and labour market integration (i.e. employment). Both social network effects with Austrians as well as with co-ethnics are important in this context but the former is more powerful than the latter. It shows that both education and length of stay are key determinants of successful labour market integration. Furthermore, tests regarding the relevance of language command for both social and labour market integration show the strong importance of speaking and understanding German, and much less so, of writing German. Disclaimer Research for this paper was financed by the Anniversary Fund of the Oesterreichische Nationalbank (Project No. 17166). Support provided by Oesterreichische Nationalbank for this research is gratefully acknowledged." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ruist, Joakim (2019): The fiscal lifetime cost of receiving refugees. (CReAM discussion paper 2019,02), London, 18 S.

Abstract

"This study estimates the fiscal consequences of receiving refugees, over the refugees' lifetime. It uses data from Sweden in 2015, and the calculations account for refugees' age, years since immigration, and country of origin. The estimated average annual fiscal net contribution over the lifetime of the average refugee (58 years) ranges from - 12 per cent of GDP per capita for refugees from the countries of origin for which labor market performance has historically been the strongest, to - 22 per cent for those for which it has been the weakest. The estimates imply that if the European Union received all refugees currently in Asia and Africa, the implied average annual fiscal cost over the same time span would be at most 0.6 per cent of GDP." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Scharnhorst, Ursula & Marlise Kammermann (2019): Integrationsvorlehren - eine Flexibilisierung des Zugangs zur Berufsbildung für Geflüchtete in der Schweiz. In: Berufsbildung in Wissenschaft und Praxis, Jg. 48, H. 5, S. 16-20.

Abstract

"Die Flucht vieler Menschen aus Kriegs- und Krisengebieten im Jahr 2015 führte auch in der Schweiz zu einer starken Zunahme der Asylmigration. Der Bundesrat beschloss daher noch im Dezember 2015 ein Pilotprogramm, um die Potenziale von jugendlichen und erwachsenen Flüchtlingen besser zu nutzen und sie nachhaltiger in die Berufsbildung und den Arbeitsmarkt zu integrieren. Nach einer Vorbereitungsphase starteten die sogenannten Integrationsvorlehren im August 2018. Der Beitrag erläutert Zielsetzung und Rahmenbedingungen des Programms und gibt erste Einblicke in die Umsetzungsmodelle, wie sie in den Kantonen und für bestimmte Berufe entwickelt und umgesetzt wurden." (Autorenreferat)

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Schenner, Johanna K., Paola Cavanna & Natalia Ollus (2019): Asylum-seekers and the 'hyper-precarity trap' in Austria, Finland and Italy. In: Transfer, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 81-99. DOI:10.1177/1024258918816938

Abstract

"Ausgehend von semi-strukturierten Interviews und Sekundärforschung trägt dieser Artikel zu einem differenzierteren Verständnis der Frage bei, wie Asylbewerber in Österreich, Finnland und Italien in die Falle der 'Hyperprekarität' gelangen können und wie vulnerabel sie im Vergleich zu anderen Arbeitnehmergruppen sind. Der erste Abschnitt des Artikels erläutert die unterschiedlichen Geschehnisse in Österreich, Finnland und Italien in Bezug auf die Aufnahme von Asylbewerbern, bevor er die jüngste Arbeitsmarktdynamik jedes dieser Länder beschreibt. Es folgt eine theoretische Diskussion über die verschiedenen Elemente der 'Hyperprekaritätsfalle', wie sie von Asylbewerbern erlebt werden. Zu diesen Elementen gehören Diskussionen über Prekarität, Vulnerabilität und Rechtsetzung. Im dritten Abschnitt wird erläutert, wie die Interviews und die Sekundärforschung durchgeführt und analysiert wurden. Der vierte und letzte Abschnitt des Artikels stellt die Ergebnisse und ihre Bedeutung vor." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Schenner, Johanna K. & Anders Neergaard (2019): Asylum-seekers and refugees within Europe and labour market integration. In: Transfer, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 13-24. DOI:10.1177/1024258919829995

Abstract

"Die vorliegende Themenausgabe von Transfer versucht, die unterschiedlichen Erfahrungen von Asylsuchenden, Menschen unter subsidiärem Schutz und Flüchtlingen, die in den Mitgliedsstaaten der EU und den Ländern des EWR Zugang zum Arbeitsmarkt suchen, zu erforschen und nachzuvollziehen. Der erste Teil dieser Einleitung verschafft einen Überblick über diese drei Gruppen von Menschen und über ihren Status in den Arbeitsmärkten der EU-Mitgliedsstaaten und der EWR-Länder. Der zweite Teil liefert Einblicke, wie die entscheidenden Aspekte der Arbeitsmarktintegration von Asylsuchenden, Menschen mit subsidiärem Schutz und Flüchtlingen anhand der Diskursanalyse von Levitas interpretiert werden können. Im dritten Teil werden unterschiedliche Dimensionen des Zugangs zum Arbeitsmarkt untersucht. Im Vordergrund stehen nicht nur der allgemeine Humankapital-Aspekt der Migration, sondern auch zahlreiche kontextuelle Faktoren: der unterschiedliche Zugang zu staatsbürgerlichen Rechten (civic stratification); der breitere gesellschaftliche Kontext einschließlich der öffentlichen Meinung und der Zivilgesellschaft; der Hintergrund und die Situation früher ins Land gekommener Migranten, insbesondere von Asylsuchenden und Flüchtlingen, im Hinblick auf nationale oder Bundesgesetze; die Herkunftsländer von Migranten und letztendlich demographische Entwicklungen in der EU. Der vierte und letzte Teil erläutert und begründet den Schwerpunkt dieser Themenausgabe von Transfer und weist auf die Relevanz der Thematik hin." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Verwiebe, Roland, Bernhard Kittel, Fanny Dellinger, Christina Liebhart, David Schiestl, Raimund Haindorfer & Bernd Liedl (2019): Finding your way into employment against all odds? Successful job search of refugees in Austria. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 9, S. 1401-1418. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1552826

Abstract

"Labour market entry poses enormous challenges for recently arrived refugees, ranging from language barriers, devaluation of human capital, unfamiliarity with customs of the job search process to outright discrimination. How can refugees overcome these challenges and quickly enter gainful employment? In this paper, we draw on interviews with 26 male and female refugees from Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq and Iran, conducted in 2017 and 2018, who came to Austria in 2015 and 2014 and who have successfully entered employment. We depict refugees' own perspectives on and strategies for fast job entry and integration. Personal agency and a proactive approach of seeking and seizing opportunities are key for overcoming initial barriers and entering upon positive integration pathways. At the same time, refugees' personal agency is essential for establishing social ties to the host society, which also play a crucial role in early labour market integration. Finally, institutions of the Austrian labour market (the 'apprenticeship'-system) interact with refugees' agency in most intricate ways, both setting up nearly insurmountable barriers but also providing specific opportunities for refugees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Voncina, Brigita & Nina Marin (2019): What issues do refugees face in integrating into labour markets? Evidence from Slovenia. In: Transfer, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 101-112. DOI:10.1177/1024258918807388

Abstract

"In 2015, the European Union (EU) experienced an unparalleled inflow of refugees. Top destination countries included Sweden and Germany, while countries such as Slovenia were considered to be rather 'transit countries. The number of people granted refugee status in Slovenia increased significantly between January 2015 and July 2018 to 445 persons, while in the 20 years prior to 2015 only 348 people had been granted this status. The annual number of people granted international protection by the Geneva Convention in Slovenia rose to 123 between 2015 and 2017, compared with an annual average of only 18 people granted this same status over the previous 20 years. In principle, the 2016 Slovenian International Protection Act stipulates that refugees are entitled to the same rights as citizens in terms of education, employment and social security. In practice, however, considerable challenges exist.
In Section 1 we analyse the events that have shaped Slovenian law on refugees. In Section 2 we contrast the differences between the characteristics of refugees who came to Slovenia in the 1990s and those of recent refugees. In Section 3 we compare the labour market integration of citizens and of refugees, while in Section 4 we outline the programmes and initiatives recently launched to help refugees to access the labour market. The final Section 5 offers recommendations on how to tackle the different issues refugees experience in striving to become an active labour force in Slovenia." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2019): How do OECD countries compare in their attractiveness for talented migrants? (Migration policy debates 19), Paris, 8 S.

Abstract

"Talented and skilled individuals have a key role to play in countries' future prosperity. They hold jobs that are key for innovation and technological progress and ultimately contribute to stronger economic growth with other employment opportunities and better living conditions for all. OECD countries increasingly compete to attract and retain talented workers notably by adopting more favourable migration policies for the best and the brightest. This competition has led to a convergence of policy frameworks but significant differences in policies and practices remain. Beyond conditions for migration, many other factors contribute to shape countries' attractiveness for foreign talent.
This issue of Migration Policy Debates presents the results of the first edition of the OECD Indicators of Talent Attractiveness, developed by the OECD with support from the Bertelsmann Stiftung. The OECD Indicators of Talent Attractiveness (ITA) measure for the first time the relative attractiveness of countries from a multidimensional perspective focusing on three types of talented migrants: highly skilled workers at master/PhD level, international students in tertiary education and foreign entrepreneurs. This aims at better understanding and comparing strengths and weaknesses of different OECD countries and can help elaborating public policies that are more effective." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"This report looks at ways to improve the resilience of systems to deal with the unexpected arrival of large inflows of refugees and other vulnerable migrants. It begins with an overview of the recent flows of migrants seeking protection, discusses the expected economic impact of these flows, and notes what has been an unprecedented multilateral response. It then examines the process of integrating refugees and other vulnerable migrants, in terms of their economic and social outcomes, as well as specific factors of vulnerability. It also provides a comprehensive assessment of the transition policies in place to support their livelihood in destination and transit countries, as well as in origin countries upon return. Finally, the report tackles issues of anticipation, monitoring and reacting, examining the role of early warning mechanisms and the challenge of improving information so as to better monitor integration outcomes and frame policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Akgündüz, Yusuf Emre & Huzeyfe Torun (2018): Two and a half million Syrian refugees, skill mix and capital intensity. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 186), Maastricht, 27 S.

Abstract

"We investigate how the rapid increase in the low-skilled labor supply induced by the inflow of 2.5 million Syrian refugees changed the tasks performed by native workers and the amount of capital used by firms in Turkey. Despite the unexpected nature of the refugee inflow, location choice of the refugees may be endogenous to the labor market opportunities of hosting regions. To handle this endogeneity issue, we use an instrument for the refugee intensity based on the distance of Turkish regions to the Syrian ones. The results based on Labor Force Survey suggest that the inflow of refugees increased natives' task complexity, reducing the intensity of manual tasks, and raising the intensity of abstract, routine and ICT tasks. This effect is particularly strong for natives with medium level of education. Exploiting the administrative firm data that contains the entirety of firms in the country, we find that the firms reduced their fixed assets. The fixed asset reduction is largest in machinery and equipment, which can be interpreted as a decline in the capital intensity of production. We conclude that tasks provided by Syrian refugees are substitutes for natives' manual tasks and firms' capital, and complementary to natives' more complex tasks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Berg, Jana, Michael Grüttner & Stefanie Schröder (2018): Zwischen Befähigung und Stigmatisierung? Die Situation von Geflüchteten beim Hochschulzugang und im Studium. Ein internationaler Forschungsüberblick. In: Z'Flucht. Zeitschrift für Flucht- und Flüchtlingsforschung, Jg. 2, H. 1, S. 57-90. DOI:10.5771/2509-9485-2018-1-57

Abstract

"Der Beitrag gibt einen systematischen Überblick über den internationalen Forschungsstand zum Thema Hochschulzugang und Studiensituation von Geflüchteten. Es zeigt sich, dass die Literatur nahezu ausschließlich qualitative Studien bietet. Wir stellen die wichtigsten Faktoren zusammen, die in der Literatur als Einflüsse auf Hochschulzugang und Studiensituation diskutiert werden. Ein Vergleich des Forschungsstandes mit demjenigen zur Studiensituation von internationalen Studierenden zeigt, inwiefern Besonderheiten der Studiensituation von Geflüchteten angenommen werden können. Unser Beitrag schließt mit einer Diskussion der wissenschaftlichen und (hochschul-)politischen Implikationen mit Bezug auf die Situation in Deutschland." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Crea, Thomas M., Robert G Hasson III, Kerri Evans, Jodi Berger Cardoso & Dawnya Underwood (2018): Moving forward. Educational outcomes for Unaccompanied Refugee Minors (URM) exiting foster care in the United States. In: Journal of Refugee Studies, Jg. 31, H. 2, S. 240-256. DOI:10.1093/jrs/fex020

Abstract

"Unprecedented numbers of unaccompanied children have migrated to the Southern border of the United States in recent years. Yet, little is known about how these children fare after arrival, including the few who are placed in the federally sponsored Unaccompanied Refugee Minors (URM) foster care programme. Existing research suggests that unaccompanied refugee children, unaccompanied migrant children and foster children each face significant barriers that limit their educational attainment. This study examines educational attainment for children exiting the URM programme in 2015. Longer stays in care are associated with higher educational attainment. Permanent legal status predicts increased high-school graduation rates, but not college enrolment. Significant variation emerged between children from the Northern Triangle region of Central America (El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras) compared with other countries of origin, as well as across countries within this region. These results are discussed in light of United States policies that may influence the educational attainment of unaccompanied migrant youth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Delaporte, Isaure & Matloob Piracha (2018): Integration of humanitarian migrants into the host country labour market. Evidence from Australia. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 44, H. 15, S. 2480-2505. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1429901

Abstract

"The objective of this paper is to identify the factors that influence the labour market integration of humanitarian migrants in the host country. A number of employment outcomes are examined including access to employment, access to stable employment, the wage/earnings level and the education-occupation mismatch. By using a recently collected panel survey data in Australia, the study shows that pre-migration education, work experience, previous migration episodes, as well as English proficiency, English training, study/job training undertaken in Australia and social capital form important determinants of the labour market integration of refugees in the host country. The paper highlights the differentiated impacts of these resources on the refugees' outcomes at six months, one year and two years after arrival." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fasani, Francesco, Tommaso Frattini & Luigi Minale (2018): (The struggle for) refugee integration into the labour market. Evidence from Europe. (IZA discussion paper 11333), Bonn, 56 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we use repeated cross-sectional survey data to study the labour market performance of refugees across several EU countries and over time. In the first part, we document that labour market outcomes for refugees are consistently worse than those for other comparable migrants. The gap remains sizeable even after controlling for individual characteristics as well as for unobservables using a rich set of fixed effects and interactions between area of origin, entry cohort and destination country. Refugees are 11.6 percent less likely to have a job and 22.1 percent more likely to be unemployed than migrants with similar characteristics. Moreover, their income, occupational quality and labour market participation are also relatively weaker. This gap persists until about 10 years after immigration. In the second part, we assess the role of asylum policies in explaining the observed refugee gap. We conduct a difference-in-differences analysis that exploits the differential timing of dispersal policy enactment across European countries: we show that refugee cohorts exposed to these polices have persistently worse labour market outcomes. Further, we find that entry cohorts admitted when refugee status recognition rates are relatively high integrate better into the host country labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Giri, Animesh (2018): From refuge to riches? An analysis of refugees' wage assimilation in the United States. In: International migration review, Jg. 52, H. 1, S. 125-158. DOI:10.1111/imre.12285

Abstract

"Given that refugees may be fleeing from political, social, racial, ethnic, or religious persecution, they are not expected to be economically independent upon arrival to the United States. Considerable state and federal resources are specifically aimed at the economic assimilation of refugees in the United States. In this article, I examine the extent to which average refugee wages have assimilated toward those of their native counterparts in the United States. Among synthetic cohorts from 1990 to 2000, most recent young refugees increase average refugee wages by approximately 17 percent within a decade. Similarly, in the period between 2000 and 2010, the gains for young and recent refugees increase average refugee wages by approximately 22 percent. In contrast, across both decades, duration effects for the oldest refugee cohorts - irrespective of their length of stay in the United States - exert a considerable downward push on average refugee wages. The contrasts in wage contributions for the oldest and youngest cohorts are less extreme for non-refugee immigrants. These findings underscore the importance of age at entry into the United States for wage assimilation, especially in the case of refugees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hainmueller, Jens, Dominik Hangartner & Duncan Lawrence (2018): When lives are put on hold: Lengthy asylum processes decrease employment among refugees. In: Science advances / American Association for the Advancement of Science, Jg. 2, H. 8, S. 1-7. DOI:10.1126/sciadv.1600432

Abstract

"European governments are struggling with the biggest refugee crisis since World War II, but there exists little evidence regarding how the management of the asylum process affects the subsequent integration of refugees in the host country. We provide new causal evidence about how one central policy parameter, the length of time that refugees wait in limbo for a decision on their asylum claim, affects their subsequent economic integration. Exploiting exogenous variation in wait times and registry panel data covering refugees who applied in Switzerland between 1994 and 2004, we find that one additional year of waiting reduces the subsequent employment rate by 4 to 5 percentage points, a 16 to 23% drop compared to the average rate. This deleterious effect is remarkably stable across different subgroups of refugees stratified by gender, origin, age at arrival, and assigned language region, a pattern consistent with the idea that waiting in limbo dampens refugee employment through psychological discouragement, rather than a skill atrophy mechanism. Overall, our results suggest that marginally reducing the asylum waiting period can help reduce public expenditures and unlock the economic potential of refugees by increasing employment among this vulnerable population." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hosner, Daniela, Doris Schmoller & Eva Heckl (2018): Early Intervention. Strategien und Maßnahmen in Deutschland - Lessons learnt für Österreich. (AMS report 128), Wien, 65 S.

Abstract

"Die diesem AMS report zugrundeliegende Studie, die mit Jahresbeginn 2018 von der KMU Forschung Austria im Auftrag der Abt. Arbeitsmarktforschung und Berufsinformation des AMS Österreich abgeschlossen wurde, zielt darauf ab, einen Überblick über Early-Intervention- Strategien und Early-Intervention-Ansätze sowie entsprechende Maßnahmen in Deutschland zu präsentieren, die Situation in Österreich kurz zu skizzieren und Schlussfolgerungen im Hinblick auf die Gestaltung solcher Early-Intervention-Maßnahmen hierzulande zu ziehen. Im Rahmen der Studie wurden ausschließlich qualitative Methoden der Sozialforschung angewandt. Kernelemente waren dabei eine umfassende Internet-Recherche bzw. eine Dokumenten- und Literaturanalyse sowie ExpertInneninterviews (17 Interviews). In Deutschland wurden die Interviews mit Fachkräften der Bundesagentur für Arbeit (BA) bzw. von Länderagenturen (Bayern, Niedersachsen-Bremen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Sachsen-Anhalt-Thüringen) geführt, in Österreich mit ExpertInnen der Bundesgeschäftsstelle und der Landesgeschäftsstellen des Arbeitsmarktservice (AMS) sowie der Sozialpartnerorganisationen. Die ExpertInnenmeinungen im Rahmen der Interviews wurden dabei als Grundlage für die Maßnahmenauswahl im Sinne von Early Intervention herangezogen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Kanduth, Anna (2018): Arbeitsmarktintegration von Flüchtlingen in Österreich. Eine empirische Analyse. In: WISO, Jg. 41, H. 2, S. 61-80.

Abstract

"Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht mittels Paneldaten des Hauptverbandes der österreichischen Sozialversicherungsträger die Effekte demografischer Merkmale und wirtschaftspolitisch beeinflussbarer Größen auf die Beschäftigung und Arbeitslosigkeit asylberechtigter Personen. Die Ergebnisse der Pooled OLS und Fixed Effects Schätzungen zeigen, dass eine Beschäftigung während des Asylverfahrens und eine Verkürzung des Asylverfahrens bei gleichbleibender Aufenthaltsdauer positive Auswirkungen auf die Arbeitsmarktintegration haben. Frühzeitige Schulungen, die vor allem für gering qualifizierte Flüchtlinge vorgesehen sind, verringern die Anzahl der Tage in einer Beschäftigung und erhöhen die Arbeitslosigkeit. Im Laufe des Integrationsprozesses holen die Schulungsteilnehmer/innen jedoch auf." (Autorenreferat, © ISW-Linz)

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Konle-Seidl, Regina (2018): Integration of refugees in Austria, Germany and Sweden. Comparative analysis. Brüssel, 60 S.

Abstract

"This note presents a comparative analysis of policies and practices to facilitate the labour market integration of beneficiaries of international protection in the main destination countries of asylum seekers in 2015/2016, namely Austria, Germany and Sweden. It focuses on the development of policy strategies to adapt the asylum and integration system to the high numbers of new arrivals. Special attention is given to the political discourse and public opinion on asylum and integration of refugees. Innovative approaches with respect to labour market integration are highlighted as well as gaps. Finally, the study includes lessons learned from recent policy developments as well as policy recommendations in order to improve labour market integration of asylum seekers and refugees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lens, Dries, Ive Marx & Sunčica Vujić (2018): Does migration motive matter for migrants' employment outcomes? The case of Belgium. (IZA discussion paper 11906), Bonn, 35 S.

Abstract

"Despite being one of the most prolific spenders on active labour market policies, and investing heavily in civic integration programmes, family policies and career and diversity plans, the native-migrant employment gap in Belgium is still one of the largest among EU and OECD countries. Past research has shown that even after controlling for human capital and other socio-demographic factors a large unexplained gap (often called ethnic gap or penalty) remains. This paper investigates how the motive for migrating to Belgium contributes to the native-migrant employment gap. Based on data from the 2014 Belgian LFS Ad Hoc Module on the labour market situation of migrants and their immediate descendants, we compare the employment outcomes of labour migrants (with and without a job prior to migration), family reunion migrants, student migrants and refugees with those of the native-born. In line with previous studies, we establish that refugees and family reunion migrants' employment likelihood is lower when compared to labour migrants and natives. Refugees who do work tend to do so in temporary jobs and in jobs that are below their skill levels. However, temporary employment is also prevalent among labour migrants without a job prior to migration and over qualification is a specific challenge for male student migrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lens, Dries, Ive Marx & Sunčica Vujić (2018): Is quick formal access to the labor market enough? Refugees' labor market integration in Belgium. (IZA discussion paper 11905), Bonn, 42 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines the labor market trajectories of refugees who arrived in Belgium between 2003 and 2009. Belgium has offered relatively easy formal labor market access to refugees but they face many other barriers in its strongly regulated and institutionalized labor market. Using the Belgian Labour Force Survey linked to longitudinal administrative data, we estimate event history models to compare refugees' entry into and exit out of the first employment, contrasting their outcomes with family and labor migrants of the same arrival cohort. The analysis shows that refugees take significantly longer to enter their first employment as compared to other migrant groups. They also run a greater risk of exiting out of their first employment into unemployment and (back) into social assistance. The results suggest that quick formal access clearly does not suffice for sustainable integration in the labor market. Additional education and labor market measures appear needed to enhance a more durable integration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Liebig, Thomas & Kristian Rose Tronstad (2018): Triple disadvantage? A first overview of the integration of refugee women. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 216), Paris, 37 S. DOI:10.1787/3f3a9612-en

Abstract

"45% der Flüchtlinge in Europa sind Frauen. Über ihre Integrationsergebnisse und die spezifischen Herausforderungen, mit denen sie konfrontiert sind, ist jedoch nur wenig bekannt. In diesem Bericht werden frühere Forschungsarbeiten zur Integration weiblicher Flüchtlinge, sowohl im Vergleich zu männlichen Flüchtlingen als auch zu anderen Migrantinnen, zusammengefasst. Darüber hinaus werden neue Vergleichsdaten aus ausgewählten europäischen und nichteuropäischen OECD-Ländern präsentiert. Weibliche Flüchtlinge sind einer Reihe von besonderen Integrationsherausforderungen ausgesetzt. So sind ihre Gesundheits-, Bildungs- und Arbeitsmarktergebnisse beispielsweise ungünstiger als die männlicher Flüchtlinge, die ihrerseits bereits gegenüber anderen Migrantengruppen benachteiligt sind. Zudem ist bei geflüchteten Frauen ein Jahr nach der Ankunft im Aufnahmeland eine Geburtenspitze zu beobachten. Viele weibliche Flüchtlinge kommen aus Ländern, in denen erhebliche Ungleichheiten zwischen Männern und Frauen herrschen und die Frauenerwerbstätigkeit im Allgemeinen gering ist. Allerdings besteht nur eine geringe Korrelation zwischen den Indikatoren der geschlechtsspezifischen Differenzen bei Erwerbsbeteiligung und Beschäftigung in den Herkunfts- und den Aufnahmeländern. Dies lässt den Schluss zu, dass die Integrationsherausforderungen durch beschäftigungs- und bildungspolitische Maßnahmen im Aufnahmeland bewältigt werden können. Der Bericht stellt außerdem fest, dass die Förderung des Erwerbs grundlegender Kompetenzen (Bildungsniveau, Sprache des Aufnahmelandes) zu deutlich verbesserten Arbeitsmarktergebnissen führt. Ferner ist ein generationsübergreifender positiver Effekt auf die Kinder von Flüchtlingsfrauen zu beobachten. Daher scheinen strukturierte Integrationsprogramme, wie sie in den skandinavischen Ländern angeboten werden, eine lohnende Investition zu sein." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Manhica, Hélio, Lisa Berg, Ylva B. Almquist, Mikael Rostila & Anders Hjern (2018): Labour market participation among young refugees in Sweden and the potential of education. A national cohort study. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 22, H. 4, S. 533-550. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2018.1521952

Abstract

"This register-based study examined the importance of education on labour market participation among young refugees in Sweden. The study population consisted of unaccompanied (n?=?1606) and accompanied refuges (n?=?4142), aged 23-26 years in 2006 - 2010, after 7 years of residence in Sweden. Native Swedish, aged 24 years (n?=?347,255) constituted the comparison population, with intercountry adoptees (n?=?6689) as an alternative reference group. Gender-stratified multinomial regression models indicated that unaccompanied and accompanied male and female young refugees had higher risks of being in insecure work force and NEET compared to native Swedes with comparable levels of education. However, young refugees and intercountry adoptees with primary education had similar risks of poor labour market outcomes. The educational differences within each group concerning the risk of being in insecure work force were comparable. With the exception of unaccompanied females, secondary education seemed to be less protective against being in NEET among young refugees compared to native Swedes and intercountry adoptees. We conclude that while young refugees face employment disadvantages, education has the potential of mitigating poor labour market outcomes in this group." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Murard, Elie & Seyhun Orcan Sakalli (2018): Mass refugee inflow and long-run prosperity. Lessons from the Greek population resettlement. (IZA discussion paper 11613), Bonn, 65 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates the long-term consequences of mass refugee inflow on economic development by examining the effect of the first large-scale population resettlement in modern history. After the Greco-Turkish war of 1919 - 1922, 1.2 million Greek Orthodox were forcibly resettled from Turkey to Greece, increasing the Greek population by more than 20% within a few months. We build a novel geocoded dataset locating settlements of refugees across the universe of more than four thousand Greek municipalities that existed in Greece in 1920. Exploiting the spatial variation in the resettlement location, we find that localities with a greater share of refugees in 1923 have today higher earnings, higher levels of household wealth, greater educational attainment, as well as larger financial and manufacturing sectors. These results hold when comparing spatially contiguous municipalities with identical geographical features and are not driven by pre-settlement differences in initial level of development across localities. The long-run beneficial effects appear to arise from agglomeration economies generated by the large increase in the workforce, occupational specialization, as well as by new industrial know-hows brought by refugees, which fostered early industrialization and economic growth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2018): Spezifische Herausforderungen der Arbeitsmarktintegration geflüchteter Frauen. (Profile der Neueinwanderung 2018), Berlin: Mensch und Buch Verlag, 176 S.

Abstract

"Bei der vierten Publikation der Reihe "Profile der Neueinwanderung" handelt es sich um eine erweiterte und überarbeitete Neuauflage der Ausgabe 2017. Sie gibt interessante Einblicke in die praktische Arbeit mit geflüchteten Frauen in Deutschland und Österreich. Basierend auf ihren Erfahrungen und Erkenntnissen analysieren fünf Projekte, die sich mit ihrem Angebot spezifisch an geflüchtete Frauen richten, unter welchen Bedingungen eine gleichberechtigte Teilhabe geflüchteter Frauen am Arbeitsmarkt gelingen kann, beziehungsweise, was ihrer Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt bisher entgegensteht." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)
Inhalt:
Pallmann, Ildiko: Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt - Spezifische Herausforderungen für geflüchtete Frauen
Poppenwimmer, Hannah: Kompetenzcheck: Arbeitsmarktmigration von Frauen mit Fluchterfahrung in Österreich
Babeyeva, Alena; Hellwig, Vivien; Hiltner, Hanna; Kretschmer, Franka; Nissen, Majra; Oltmanns, Hilke: Arbeitsmarktintegration geflüchteter Frauen im Rahmen des Förderprogramms IQ
Farrokhazad, Schahrzad: Teilhabe geflüchteter Frauen am Arbeitsmarkt - Ausgangslage, Hürden, Handlungsstrategien
Knuth, Matthias: Auf alten Wegen zu neuen Zielgruppen - und wie Geflüchtete Frauen dabei verpasst werden
Montero Lange, Miguel; Ziegler, Janine: Die Arbeitsmarktintegration geflüchteter Frauen: Zahlen, Fakten und internationale Erfahrungen
Wilpert, Czarina: Wege zur sozialen und ökonomischen Teilhabe.

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Rosenberger, Sieglinde & Sabine Koppers (2018): Claiming control: Cooperation with return as a condition for social benefits in Austria and the Netherlands. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 6, S. 1-18. DOI:10.1186/s40878-018-0085-3

Abstract

"Theoretically embedded in the migration/social policy nexus, this paper investigates cooperation with return (CWR) as a policy tool to remove practical deportation barriers for third-country nationals pending removal. Based on legal and policy documents and expert interviews with stakeholders in Austria and the Netherlands, the paper asks how CWR is implemented and what influence it has, both on migration control aims and on access to social rights. We argue that the politicization of the issue and diverging interests between policy networks of welfare and migration affect the regulation and implementation of the tool. By comparing the use of CWR within two country contexts, the analysis presented here adds valuable insights on features of governmental instruments in response to the 'deportation gap'. The paper further adds to the literature on sanction-oriented, personalized migration policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ruiz, Isabel & Carlos Vargas-Silva (2018): Differences in labour market outcomes between natives, refugees and other migrants in the UK. In: Journal of economic geography, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 855-885. DOI:10.1093/jeg/lby027

Abstract

"Using 2010-2017 data we compare the labour market outcomes of refugees (those who migrated to seek asylum), natives (UK-born) and other migrants in the UK (work, study and family migrants). The results indicate that refugees are less likely to be employed and earn less than natives and other migrants. The evidence suggests that differences in health status (particularly mental health) may be one of the factors that partly explain these gaps. Employment growth of refugees between 2010 and 2016 was significantly higher than that of other migrants, but this was not the case for earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schultz, Caroline, Dana Wagner & Stefanie Allemann (2018): Labour mobility for refugees and asylum seekers. Mending or eroding protection systems? In: FluchtforschungsBlog.

Abstract

"Several countries are implementing or exploring policies to enable refugees or asylum seekers to access labour migration. While political motives and policy means are varied, the practices can be classified as pre-arrival and post-arrival, and lessons can be derived from their comparison. Comparing five unique practices, the authors make two main policy recommendations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Shneikat, Belal & Chris Ryan (2018): Syrian Refugees and their re-entry to 'normality': the role of service industries. In: The Service Industries Journal, Jg. 38, H. 3/4, S. 201-227. DOI:10.1080/02642069.2017.1387539

Abstract

"The paper analyzes data derived from an exploratory study based on interviews with 26 Syrian Refugees, indicating how they used past experiences and qualifications to obtain employment in the UK and Germany. The paper also describes in outline a chronology of escape, reaching Europe, traveling through Europe, and finally accessing a new ‘normality’ through obtaining employment in the service industries or continuing past study. Their stories are used to further theoretical components of resilience and associated concepts of adaptability and overcoming vulnerability. Reference is made to the structure of resilience and the role of social networks made more accessible via the use of smartphones and social media." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Dieser EMN-Synthesebericht fasst die Ergebnisse von nationalen EMN-Studien aus 26 Ländern zu dem Thema 'Unbegleitete Minderjährige - Herausforderungen und Maßnahmen nach der Klärung des aufenthaltsrechtlichen Status in der EU und Norwegen' zusammen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Die Integration von Migranten geschieht dort, wo die Menschen sind: an ihren Arbeitsplätzen, in ihrer Nachbarschaft oder in Schulen. 'Working Together for Local Integration of Migrants and Refugees' beschreibt, wie lokale und übergeordnete Behörden sowie Regierungs- und Nichtregierungsakteure zusammenarbeiten müssen, damit Integration gelingt. Der OECD-Bericht stützt sich dabei auf quantitative und qualitative Daten aus 72 Städten, darunter neun große europäische Städte (Amsterdam, Athen, Barcelona, Berlin, Glasgow, Göteborg, Paris, Rom und Wien) und die nordrhein-westfälische Kleinstadt Altena, zu denen tiefergehende Einzelfallstudien erstellt wurden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Arora-Jonsson, Seema (2017): Development and integration at a crossroads. Culture, race and ethnicity in rural Sweden. In: Environment and Planning. A, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Jg. 49, H. 7, S. 1594-1612. DOI:10.1177/0308518X17701130

Abstract

"The recent arrival of refugees in rural Sweden has raised hopes that they might stave off the depopulation of the country's periphery and lead to its development. Despite these visions in policy and in some academic literature, there is little research on how immigrant encounters with development and integration practices take shape on the ground. Critical research on immigrant integration in Sweden focuses on urban areas where most immigrants live. Rural areas, with sparse populations, weak economic positions vis a vis cities and increased policy pressures to define themselves as uniquely competitive, stand at a crossroads as they grapple with developing their areas and integrating newcomers. A less visible, but no less decisive crossroads is the vision of multiculturalism grounded in current institutions for democracy, in contrast to the road that I suggest we need to take - one that turns a critical eye on the relations that constitute the culture and institutions for integration and rural development. Drawing on long term ethnographic fieldwork in the province of Hälsingland and on Bourdieu's conceptualization of misrecognition as well as critical race theories, I probe the 'misrecognition' of the rural and of institutions for integration and democracy in Sweden. I argue that the misrecognition of voluntary associations as the template for democracy for all and dominant discourses on what constitutes rural culture, inadvertently embody racial undertones that need to be confronted - both in theorizing and in practice - if aspirations for a multicultural democracy are to be taken as seriously as they must." (Author's abstract, © 2017 a Pion publication) ((en))

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Bakker, Linda, Jaco Dagevos & Godfried Engbersen (2017): Explaining the refugee gap: a longitudinal study on labour market participation of refugees in the Netherlands. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 43, H. 11, S. 1775-1791. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2016.1251835

Abstract

"In this paper, we examine the existence and development of the 'refugee gap': the difference in labour market participation rates between refugees and other types of migrants. Using the cumulative disadvantage hypothesis, we studied whether the 'refugee entry effect' scars refugees for their working careers in the Netherlands. To do so, we used register data (Social Statistical Database), containing information on all refugees who received refugee status in the Netherlands between 1995 and 1999 (N?=?33,030). We compared their labour market participation over the 2000 - 2011 period with that of labour and family migrants in the same cohort (N?=?78,298). We conclude that the 'refugee gap' exists at the start of refugees working career in the Netherlands and that it diminishes over time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Barbier, Jean-Claude (2017): Forward to before 1991? Strengthening access to the labour market for refugees and for asylum seekers. Peer country comments paper - France. Brüssel, 13 S.

Abstract

"The French share of asylum seekers in Europe is relatively modest: with nearly 86 000 asylum applications, France in 2016 was ranked 11th among EU Member States. In 2016 the refugees resettled in France amounted to 6 000 whereas total relocations (including HCR visas) from Greece and Italy reached 3 780 as of mid-July 2017. In the French case, it is thus difficult to talk in terms of the much used phrase 'migratory crisis', when the present situation is compared with Germany's, and, for that matter, with Sweden's and Italy's. Overall, the migrants' share of the total population amounted to 0.13% against the EU average of 0.25%." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Borjas, George J. & Joan Monras (2017): The labour market consequences of refugee supply shocks. In: Economic policy, Jg. 32, H. 91, S. 361-413. DOI:10.1093/epolic/eix007

Abstract

"The continuing inflow of hundreds of thousands of refugees into many European countries has ignited much political controversy and raised questions that require a fuller understanding of the determinants and consequences of refugee supply shocks. This paper revisits four historical refugee shocks to document their labour market impact. Specifically, we examine: The influx of Marielitos into Miami in 1980; the influx of French repatriates and Algerian nationals into France at the end of the Algerian Independence War in 1962; the influx of Jewish émigrés into Israel after the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s; and the exodus of refugees from the former Yugoslavia during the long series of Balkan wars between 1991 and 2001. We use a common empirical approach, derived from factor demand theory, and publicly available data to measure the impact of these shocks. Despite the differences in the political forces that motivated the various flows, and in economic conditions across receiving countries, the evidence reveals a common thread that confirms key insights of the canonical model of a competitive labour market: Exogenous supply shocks adversely affect the labour market opportunities of competing natives in the receiving countries, and often have a favorable impact on complementary workers. In short, refugee flows can have large distributional consequences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bratsberg, Bernt, Oddbjørn Raaum & Knut Røed (2017): Immigrant labor market integration across admission classes. (CReAM discussion paper 2017,02), London, 34 S.

Abstract

"We examine patterns of labor market integration across immigrant groups. The study draws on Norwegian longitudinal administrative data covering labor earnings and social insurance claims over a 25-year period and presents a comprehensive picture of immigrant-native employment and social insurance differentials by admission class and by years since entry. For refugees and family immigrants from low-income source countries, we uncover encouraging signs of labor market integration during an initial period upon admission, but after just 5-10 years, the integration process goes into reverse with widening immigrant native employment differentials and rising rates of immigrant social insurance dependency. Yet, the analysis reveals substantial heterogeneity within admission class and points to an important role of host-country schooling for successful immigrant labor market integration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Breidahl, Karen N. (2017): Scandinavian exceptionalism? Civic integration and labour market activation for newly arrived immigrants. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 5, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1186/s40878-016-0045-8

Abstract

"Since the late 1990s, a wide range of so-called new civic integration policies aimed at civilizing or disciplining newcomers have been introduced. Consequently, migration scholars have discussed whether a converging restrictive 'civic turn' has taken place in Western Europe or whether national models have been resilient: Based on an in-depth historical and comparative analysis of labour market activation policies targeting newly arrived immigrants in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark since the early 1990s, the article contributes to the overall question: To what extent do the institutional pathways of the Scandinavian welfare states prevail when confronted with newcomers? Activation policies targeting newly arrived immigrants exemplifies how the ambition of states to promote functional, individual autonomy is also an important, ongoing process in diverse policy areas of the welfare state and not restricted to early integration instruments.
While the Scandinavian welfare states differ on a number of counts with respect to immigration control, national integration philosophies and citizenship policies, the article outlines how activation policies aimed at newly arrived immigrants share several features. One of the key factors in this turn involves path dependency from, among others, a lengthy tradition for strong state involvement and norms about employment. Another factor in this turn involves transnational policy learning. On some points, national versions of these policies are also found due to country-specific citizenship traditions, integration philosophies and party political constellations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Castellà, Helena (2017): The situation of refugee women in Europe, the Spanish state and Catalonia. Diagnosis and gaps for improvement. (CMC papers 2017,01), Brüssel, 48 S.

Abstract

"In order to take a stand against the discrimination and violation of rights faced by refugee women in Europe, it's important to analyse what these are and how their rights are regulated. With the objective of understanding this specific issue of the current refugee crisis, we have incorporated in this report a diagnosis of the violations of the human rights suffered by refugee women at their country of origin, during transit as well as at their destination. This is followed by an analysis of international, European, and Spanish legislation that could, and should, prevent the violation of their rights." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Clemens, Michael A. & Jennifer Hunt (2017): The labor market effects of refugee waves. Reconciling conflicting results. (IZA discussion paper 10806), Bonn, 53 S.

Abstract

"An influential strand of research has tested for the effects of immigration on natives' wages and employment using exogenous refugee supply shocks as natural experiments. Several studies have reached conflicting conclusions about the effects of noted refugee waves such as the Mariel Boatlift in Miami and post-Soviet refugees to Israel. We show that conflicting findings on the effects of the Mariel Boatlift can be explained by a sudden change in the race composition of the Current Population Survey extracts in 1980, specific to Miami but unrelated to the Boatlift. We also show that conflicting findings on the labor-market effects of other important refugee waves can be produced by spurious correlation between the instrument and the endogenous variable introduced by applying a common divisor to both. As a whole, the evidence from refugee waves reinforces the existing consensus that the impact of immigration on average native-born workers is small, and fails to substantiate claims of large detrimental impacts on workers with less than high school." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cochran Bech, Emily, Karin Borevi & Per Mouritsen (2017): A 'civic turn' in Scandinavian family migration policies? Comparing Denmark, Norway and Sweden. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 5, S. 1-24. DOI:10.1186/s40878-016-0046-7

Abstract

"Family migration policy, once basing citizens and resident foreigners' possibilities to bring in foreign family members mainly on the right to family life, is increasingly a tool states use to limit immigration and to push newcomers to integrate into civic and economic life. The family migration policies of Denmark, Norway and Sweden range widely - from more minimal support and age requirements to high expectations of language skills, work records and even income levels. While in Denmark and increasingly in Norway growing sets of requirements have been justified on the need to protect the welfare state and a Nordic liberal way of life, in Sweden more minimal requirements have been introduced in the name of spurring immigrants' labor market integration even as rights-based reasoning has continued to dominate. In all three countries, new restrictions have been introduced in the wake of the refugee crisis. These cases show how prioritizations of the right to family life vis-à-vis welfare-state sustainability have produced different rules for family entry, and how family migration policies are used to different extents to push civic integration of both new and already settled immigrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dahlvik, Julia (2017): Asylum as construction work: Theorizing administrative practices. In: Migration studies, Jg. 5, H. 3, S. 369-388. DOI:10.1093/migration/mnx043

Abstract

"This paper understands the administration of asylum as a vital element of the current migration regime in Europe, and investigates the migration regime 'at work' through an ethnographic case study of street-level bureaucracy. With a focus on the understudied role of social construction in the asylum procedure, I argue that the social practices of decision-making officials in determining refugee status go beyond labelling and categorization, and include the construction of facts, artefacts and (in)credibility. The argument is based on a qualitative investigation of the former Austrian Federal Asylum Office, including interviews with government officials in different positions, participant observation of asylum hearings and office life, and the analysis of documents, particularly records. While previous empirical studies of the asylum procedure tend to lack a broader theoretical embedding of their findings, this paper seeks to link empirical evidence to post-constructivist and structuration theories. Drawing on this theoretical background to explain and frame the observed practices of the asylum administration, I analyse how the diverse construction processes can be understood as a key characteristic of the present migration regime. Consequently, I argue that the perspective of structure and agency not only emphasizes the interdependence of the different levels of action but also highlights the contingency and volatility of the regime 'at work,' as it is necessarily reproduced and reinvented by bureaucrats in the process of determining refugee status. I conclude by pointing out that the structures of the migration regime might not be as entrenched as they seem at first glance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fasani, Francesco, Tommaso Frattini & Luigi Minale (2017): The (struggle for) labour market integration of refugees. Evidence from European countries. (CReAM discussion paper 2017,16), London, 53 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies the labour market performance of refugees vis-à-vis comparable migrants across several EU countries and over time. We use recently released repeated cross - sectional survey data and find that refugees are 13% less likely to have a job and 32% more likely to be unemployed than migrants with similar characteristics. Their performance is relatively weaker also when analysing participation in the labour market, quality of occupation and income. Between 60 and 80% of the 'refugee gap' remains unexplained even when conditioning on unobservable factors by means of a rich set of fixed effects for areas of origin, entry cohorts, destination countries as well as their interactions. These gaps are larger for the areas of origin from which most refugees currently arrive and they persist until about ten years after immigration. We also assess the role played by asylum policies. First, we exploit the differential timing of the enactment of dispersal policies across European countries in a difference - in - differences setup and find that refugee cohorts exposed to these polices have persistently worse labour market outcomes. Second, we document how entry cohorts admitted when refugee status' recognition rates were relatively high integrate better in the host country labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))