Arbeitszeit: Verlängern? Verkürzen? Flexibilisieren?
Verkürzung, Verlängerung oder Flexibilisierung der Arbeitszeit stehen immer wieder im Zentrum der Debatten. Was wünschen sich Unternehmen und Beschäftigte? Wie kann Arbeitszeitpolitik die Schaffung neuer Arbeitsplätze und die Sicherung vorhandener Arbeitsplätze unterstützen?
Dieses Themendossier bietet Publikationen zur Entwicklung der Arbeitszeiten in Deutschland auch im internationalen Vergleich, zur betrieblichen Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit und zu den Arbeitszeitwünschen der Beschäftigten.
Publikationen zur kontroversen Debatte um die Einführung der Vier-Tage-Woche finden Sie in unserem Themendossier Vier-Tage-Woche – Arbeitszeitmodell der Zukunft?
Im Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
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Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonten
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Gender, nonstandard work schedules, and marital quality (2012)
Zitatform
Maume, David J. & Rachel A. Sebastian (2012): Gender, nonstandard work schedules, and marital quality. In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Jg. 33, H. 4, S. 477-490. DOI:10.1007/s10834-012-9308-1
Abstract
"Relatively few studies have focused on the effects of working late and rotating shifts on marital dynamics. This study addressed the limitations of prior studies by sampling from a sector of the economy (i.e., grocery and drug store workers) where shift work and rotating schedules were common, and by controlling for numerous accompanying disruptive effects of shift work on marital quality. Results show that working late shifts reduces marital quality among men, whereas among women, job-family spillover explained away marital quality effects of working rotating schedules. These results suggest that more than men, women remain largely responsible for family life irrespective of work schedules, yet further research on how family lives are affected by work schedules is needed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Access to and utilization of flexible work options (2012)
Zitatform
McNamara, Tay K., Marcie Pitt-Catsouphes, Melissa Brown & Christina Matz-Costa (2012): Access to and utilization of flexible work options. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 51, H. 4, S. 936-965. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-232X.2012.00703.x
Abstract
"Many workers do not utilize the flexible work options to which they have access nor do they necessarily have access to all options officially provided by their organizations. This study sheds light on these gaps using probit models with sample selection to predict access to and utilization of fourteen flexible options. The findings highlight the roles of supervisor support, occupation, and work-life culture. The influence of each of these factors on access and utilization differs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Intertemporal labour supply with search frictions (2012)
Michelacci, Claudio; Pijoan-Mas, Josep;Zitatform
Michelacci, Claudio & Josep Pijoan-Mas (2012): Intertemporal labour supply with search frictions. In: The Review of Economic Studies, Jg. 79, H. 3, S. 899-931. DOI:10.1093/restud/rdr042
Abstract
"Starting in the 1970's, wage inequality and the number of hours worked by employed U.S. prime-age male workers have both increased. We argue that these two facts are related. We use a labour market model with on-the-job search where by working longer hours individuals acquire greater skills. Since job candidates are ranked by productivity, greater skills not only increase worker's productivity in the current job but also help the worker to obtain better jobs. When job offers become more dispersed, wage inequality increases and workers work longer hours to obtain better jobs. As a result, average hours per worker in the economy increase. This mechanism accounts for around two-thirds of the increase in hours observed in data. Part of the increase is inefficient since workers obtain better jobs at the expense of other workers competing for the same jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Family structure, gender, and the work-family interface: work-to-family conflict among single and partnered parents (2012)
Zitatform
Minnotte, Krista Lynn (2012): Family structure, gender, and the work-family interface. Work-to-family conflict among single and partnered parents. In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Jg. 33, H. 1, S. 95-107. DOI:10.1007/s10834-011-9261-4
Abstract
"This study examined whether single parents experience greater reductions in work-to-family conflict from using resources than partnered parents do. The question of whether single mothers, single fathers, partnered mothers, or partnered fathers experienced differing levels of work-to-family conflict was also addressed. Data were from the 2002 National Study of the Changing Workforce, and only those respondents with at least one child under the age of 18 living in the household were included in the analysis (N=1325). Findings indicated that single-parent status was not directly related to work-to-family conflict. Rather single-parent status interacted with other variables, including gender, control over work hours, and the number of other adults in the home, in predicting work-to-family conflict." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The hard truth about telecommuting (2012)
Zitatform
Noonan, Mary C. & Jennifer L. Glass (2012): The hard truth about telecommuting. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 135, H. 6, S. 38-45.
Abstract
"Telecommuting has not permeated the American workplace, and where it has become commonly used, it is not helpful in reducing work-family conflicts; telecommuting appears, instead, to have become instrumental in the general expansion of work hours, facilitating workers' needs for additional worktime beyond the standard workweek and/or the ability of employers to increase or intensify work demands among their salaried employees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Aggregate hours worked in OECD countries: new measurement and implications for business cycles (2012)
Zitatform
Ohanian, Lee E. & Andrea Raffo (2012): Aggregate hours worked in OECD countries. New measurement and implications for business cycles. In: Journal of monetary economics, Jg. 59, H. 1, S. 40-56. DOI:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2011.11.005
Abstract
"We build a dataset of quarterly hours worked for 14 OECD countries. We document that hours are as volatile as output, that a large fraction of labor adjustment takes place along the intensive margin, and that the volatility of hours relative to output has increased over time. We use these data to reassess the Great Recession and prior recessions. The Great Recession in many countries is a puzzle in that labor wedges are small, while those in the U.S. Great Recession - and those in previous European recessions - are much larger." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work-to-family and family-to-work spillover: the implications of childcare policy and maximum work-hour legislation (2012)
Zitatform
Ruppanner, Leah & Joy E. Pixley (2012): Work-to-family and family-to-work spillover: the implications of childcare policy and maximum work-hour legislation. In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 283-297. DOI:10.1007/s10834-012-9303-6
Abstract
"This paper addresses the relationship between individual-level work-to-family and family-to-work spillover and two country-level policy measures: childcare policy and maximum work hour legislation. Coupling Gornick and Meyers' (Families that work: policies for reconciling parenthood and employment, 2003) policy measures with individual-level data (N=7,895) from the 2002 International Social Survey Programme, the authors analyze whether men and women in countries with stronger childcare policies and maximum work-hour legislation exhibit work-to-family and family-to-work spillover. The authors find that neither childcare policy nor maximum work-hour legislation is significantly associated with work-to-family spillover. Stronger childcare policy is associated with lower family-to-work spillover for women, especially for women with young children. Maximum-hour legislation is associated with greater family-to-work spillover for women, with a significantly larger effect for mothers of young children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Motives for flexible work arrangement use (2012)
Zitatform
Shockley, Kristen M. & Tammy D. Allen (2012): Motives for flexible work arrangement use. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 15, H. 2, S. 217-231. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2011.609661
Abstract
"This study investigated employees' motives for using two types of flexible work arrangements (FWA), flextime and flexplace. Using a sample of workers with high job flexibility (university academics), we examined both the prevalence of different motives (life management and work-related) and how these motives vary according to several individual differences (gender, family responsibility, marital status, and work-nonwork segmentation preferences). Overall, results indicated that employees are more driven to use FWA by work-related motives than by life management motives. Those with greater family responsibilities and those married/living with a partner were more likely to endorse life management motives, whereas individuals with greater segmentation preferences were more motivated to use FWA by work-related motives. Findings regarding gender were contrary to expectations based on traditional gender roles, as there were no gender differences in life management motives but women more highly endorsed work-related motives than did men. The main implications of the findings are that individuals recognize FWA as not only a work-family policy, but also as a potential means to increase productivity. Individual differences relate to why workers use available flexible policies. Additional theoretical and practical implications are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Shift work and work to family fit: Does schedule control matter? (2012)
Tuttle, Robert; Garr, Michael;Zitatform
Tuttle, Robert & Michael Garr (2012): Shift work and work to family fit: Does schedule control matter? In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 261-271. DOI:10.1007/s10834-012-9283-6
Abstract
"We used the 2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce to investigate the effects of shift work on individuals. We investigated if shift workers would have poorer work to family fit than workers with regular day schedules or flexible schedules. We also investigated if control of work schedule would moderate the possible negative effects of shift work. Results indicate that shift work is associated with increased work to family conflict, especially for women. In addition, the results indicate that women have greater work to family conflict compared to men when workers have more work schedule control. Implications of the findings are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Are telecommuting and personal travel complements or substitutes? (2012)
Zitatform
Zhu, Pengyu (2012): Are telecommuting and personal travel complements or substitutes? In: The annals of regional science, Jg. 48, H. 2, S. 619-639. DOI:10.1007/s00168-011-0460-6
Abstract
"Whether telecommuting and personal travel are complements or substitutes is a key question in urban policy analysis. Urban planners and policy makers have been proposing telecommuting as part of travel demand management (TDM) programs to reduce congestion. Based on small samples, several empirical studies have found that telecommuting has a substitution effect (although small) on commute travel, and have thus argued that policies promoting telecommuting might be promising in reducing travel. Using data from the 2001 and 2009 National Household Travel Surveys (NHTS), this study involves two large national samples to try to more accurately identify the impact of telecommuting on workers' travel patterns. Through a series of empirical tests, this research investigates how telecommuting influences workers' one-way commute trips, daily total work trips, and daily non-work trips, and tries to provide some answers to a question that has been discussed for some years -- namely, whether telecommuting and personal travel are complements or substitutes. The results of these tests suggest that telecommuting has been an important factor in shaping personal travel patterns over the 2001 - 2009 period, and that telecommuting indeed has a complementary effect on not just workers' one-way commute trips, but also their daily total work trips, and total non-work trips." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor supply and the extensive margin (2011)
Zitatform
Blundell, Richard, Antoine Bozio & Guy Laroque (2011): Labor supply and the extensive margin. In: The American Economic Review. Papers and Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, Jg. 101, H. 3, S. 482-486. DOI:10.1257/aer.101.3.482
Abstract
"In this paper we propose a systematic way of examining the importance of the extensive and the intensive margins of labor supply in order to explain the overall movements in total hours of work over time. We show how informative bounds can be developed on each of these margins. We apply this analysis to the evolution of hours of work in the US, the UK, and France and show that both the extensive and intensive margins matter in explaining changes in total hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Extensive and intensive margins of labour supply: working hours in the US, UK and France (2011)
Zitatform
Blundell, Richard, Antoine Bozio & Guy Laroque (2011): Extensive and intensive margins of labour supply. Working hours in the US, UK and France. (IZA discussion paper 6051), Bonn, 35 S.
Abstract
"This paper documents the key stylised facts underlying the evolution of labour supply at the extensive and intensive margins in the last forty years in three countries: United-States, United-Kingdom and France. We develop a statistical decomposition that provides bounds on changes at the extensive and intensive margins. This decomposition is also shown to be coherent with the analysis of labour supply elasticities at these margins. We use detailed representative micro-datasets to examine the relative importance of the extensive and intensive margins in explaining the overall changes in total hours worked." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Factors shaping the development of working time regulation in the United States (2011)
Zitatform
Dembe, Allard E. (2011): Factors shaping the development of working time regulation in the United States. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 150, H. 3-4, S. 419-429. DOI:10.1111/j.1564-913X.2011.00126.x
Abstract
"In nineteenth century Britain, the first working time regulations were prompted by humanitarian concerns about women and children employed in factories. In the United States, working time laws were initially introduced in response to union activism and labour unrest. During the twentieth century, policy-makers enacted statutes that shortened hours of work in an attempt to spread available work and thereby curb unemployment. The past 20 years, with the adoption of the European Working Time Directive, have reflected a movement towards social and political integration, continuing political pressure to curb unemployment, and growing acceptance of ergonomics and work organization as components of international safety regulation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The organization of working time in the knowledge economy: an insight into the working time patterns of consultants in the UK and the USA (2011)
Zitatform
Donnelly, Rory (2011): The organization of working time in the knowledge economy. An insight into the working time patterns of consultants in the UK and the USA. In: British Journal of Industrial Relations, Jg. 49, H. s1, S. s93-s114. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8543.2010.00826.x
Abstract
"The development of the knowledge economy is creating new and diverse working time patterns. This study uses survey and qualitative interview data from consultants operating as organizational employees, as well as those acting as freelance contractors to explore the organization of working time among knowledge workers in the UK and the USA. The findings reveal how these forms of employment and national context shape and produce complex nuances in the working patterns and experiences of these important highly skilled workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Phased retirement and workplace flexibility for older adults: opportunities and challenges (2011)
Johnson, Richard W.;Zitatform
Johnson, Richard W. (2011): Phased retirement and workplace flexibility for older adults. Opportunities and challenges. In: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Jg. 638, H. 1, S. 68-85. DOI:10.1177/0002716211413542
Abstract
"Phased retirement programs that allow older workers to reduce their hours and responsibilities and pursue more flexible work schedules could satisfy both the employee's desire for flexibility and the employer's need to maintain an experienced workforce. However, few employers have established formal programs, because they often complicate the provision of other benefits and might violate antidiscrimination rules. For example, federal laws limit retirement plan distributions to employees who are still working for the plan sponsor, which discourages phased retirement because few older workers can afford to reduce their work hours unless they can receive at least some retirement benefits. Many employers do not provide fringe benefits to part-time employees, and making exceptions for older workers could violate antidiscrimination rules. Federal laws requiring that benefits provided through tax-qualified plans be evenly distributed between highly compensated and lower-paid employees also complicate formal phased retirement programs. Reforming these policies could promote phased retirement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Nonstandard work schedules over the life course: a first look (2011)
Presser, Harriet B.; Ward, Brian W.;Zitatform
Presser, Harriet B. & Brian W. Ward (2011): Nonstandard work schedules over the life course. A first look. In: Monthly Labor Review, Jg. 134, H. 7, S. 3-16.
Abstract
Auf der Basis von Langzeituntersuchungen des US-Arbeitsministeriums zwischen 1979 und 2004 wird das Ausmaß der nicht-normalen Arbeitszeiten bei US-Bürgern ausgewertet. Dabei werden alle Tätigkeiten, die nicht in die Normalarbeitszeit zwischen 8 Uhr und 17 Uhr fallen, einbezogen. Es ergibt sich, dass die 1979 befragten Arbeitnehmer zwanzig Jahre später zu mehr als 90 Prozent zumindest zeitweise untypische Arbeitszeiten erlebt haben. Die Einzelergebnisse werden nach Geschlecht, Ethnizität und Bildungsgrad aufgeschlüsselt. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
The human face of workplace flexibility (2011)
Schneider, Barbara;Zitatform
Schneider, Barbara (2011): The human face of workplace flexibility. In: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Jg. 638, H. 1, S. 103-122. DOI:10.1177/0002716211415824
Abstract
"This article reviews several recent studies on working families and discusses the importance of why workplace flexibility needs to become a standard of the U.S. workplace. Most children reside in households with either two employed parents or an employed single parent. The inflexibility of work and school schedules is a pressure that working parents feel on a daily basis and one that affects their work-related productivity, health, and family life. Whether employed in a white-collar job or in a low-wage one, employed parents often experience anxiety and guilt as they face the obligations of work and family. Parent-role overload and time deprivations are particularly acute problems that many employed mothers and fathers cope with on a daily basis. Overall, work-family conflict leads to decreased psychological well-being. Parents need to work to meet the needs of their families, yet their lives show signs that the current situation is untenable. A new balance needs to be achieved between work and home for working families." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A shred of credible evidence on the long run elasticity of labor supply (2010)
Ashenfelter, Orley C.; Doran, Kirk B.; Schaller, Bruce;Zitatform
Ashenfelter, Orley C., Kirk B. Doran & Bruce Schaller (2010): A shred of credible evidence on the long run elasticity of labor supply. (NBER working paper 15746), Cambridge, Mass., 29 S. DOI:10.3386/w15746
Abstract
"Virtually all public policies regarding taxation and the redistribution of income rely on explicit or implicit assumptions about the long run effect of wages rates on labor supply. The available estimates of the wage elasticity of male labor supply in the literature have varied between -0.2 and 0.2, implying that permanent wage increases have relatively small, poorly determined effects on labor supplied. The variation in existing estimates calls for a simple, natural experiment in which men can change their hours of work, and in which wages have been exogenously and permanently changed. We introduce a panel data set of taxi drivers who choose their own hours, and who experienced two exogenous permanent fare increases instituted by the New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission, and we use these data to fit a simple structural labor supply function. Our estimates suggest that the elasticity of labor supply is about -0.2, implying that income effects dominate substitution effects in the long run labor supply of males." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IZA discussion paper , 4810 -
Literaturhinweis
Flexible work models: how to bring sustainability to a 24/7 world (2010)
Coffman, Julie; Hagey, Russ;Zitatform
Coffman, Julie & Russ Hagey (2010): Flexible work models. How to bring sustainability to a 24/7 world. Boston, MA, 8 S.
Abstract
Im Rahmen der Untersuchung zum Einsatz flexibler Arbeitszeitmodelle wurden mehr als 3.300 Fach- und Führungskräfte in den USA, Europa und Asien befragt. Es zeigt sich, dass auf den Einzelnen zugeschnittene Arbeitszeitmodelle die Arbeitszufriedenheit und die Bindung an das Unternehmen erhöhen. Wichtig ist, dass dieses Modelle durch die Unternehmensführung unterstützt werden. Außerdem sollten diese von Führungskräften genutzt und so deren Machbarkeit demonstriert werden. Die vorgestellten Maßnahmen dienen auch zu einer Erhöhung des Frauenanteils in Führungspositionen, da diese besonderen Wert auf flexible Arbeitszeitmodelle legen. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Why do BLS hours series tell different stories about trends in hours worked? (2010)
Frazis, Harley; Stewart, Jay;Zitatform
Frazis, Harley & Jay Stewart (2010): Why do BLS hours series tell different stories about trends in hours worked? (IZA discussion paper 4704), Bonn, 49 S.
Abstract
"Hours worked is an important economic indicator. In addition to being a measure of labor utilization, average weekly hours are inputs into measures of productivity and hourly wages, which are two key economic indicators. However, the Bureau of Labor Statistics' two hours series tell very different stories. Between 1973 and 2007 average weekly hours estimated from the BLS's household survey (the Current Population Survey or CPS) indicate that average weekly hours of nonagricultural wage and salary workers decreased slightly from 39.5 to 39.3. In contrast, average hours estimated from the establishment survey (the Current Employment Statistics survey or CES) indicate that hours fell from 36.9 to 33.8 hours per week. Thus the discrepancy between the two surveys increased from about two-and-a-half hours per week to about five-and-a-half hours. Our goal in the current study is to reconcile the differences between the CPS and CES estimates of hours worked and to better understand what these surveys are measuring. We examine a number of possible explanations for the divergence of the two series: differences in workers covered, multiple jobholding, differences in the hours concept (hours worked vs. hours paid), possible overreporting of hours in CPS, and changes in the length of CES pay periods. We can explain most of the difference in levels, but cannot explain the divergent trends." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Mostly mismatched with a chance of settling: Tracking work hour mismatches in the United States (2010)
Zitatform
Reynolds, Jeremy & Lydia Aletraris (2010): Mostly mismatched with a chance of settling: Tracking work hour mismatches in the United States. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 37, H. 4, S. 476-511. DOI:10.1177/0730888410383245
Abstract
"Mismatches between Americans' actual and preferred hours of paid work are common, but the understanding of such mismatches is still limited. In this article, the authors provide the first large-scale, longitudinal study of hour mismatches in the United States. They found that the population of workers with hour mismatches is in constant flux. Nevertheless, hour mismatches seem to persist for long periods of time: The vast majority of respondents who wanted fewer hours when first interviewed still wanted fewer hours 5 years later. The authors also found inequalities in the methods through which people develop and resolve mismatches. Women who want fewer hours were less likely than men to resolve their mismatches by working less. Also, they found evidence suggesting that non-Whites who want fewer hours may be settling for the hours they can get rather than getting the hours they want." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Investigating the missing link in flexible work arrangement utilization: an individual difference perspective (2010)
Shockley, Kisten M.; Allena, Tammy D.;Zitatform
Shockley, Kisten M. & Tammy D. Allena (2010): Investigating the missing link in flexible work arrangement utilization. An individual difference perspective. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 76, H. 1, S. 131-142. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2009.07.002
Abstract
"The present study investigates the relationship between individual differences and flexible work arrangement use. Three need-based motivational factors (need for affiliation at work, need for segmentation of work from other life roles, need for occupational achievement) were examined in relation to extent of flextime and flexplace use. Additionally, the moderating roles of an organizational variable (face-time orientation) and family variable (family responsibility) were tested. Using a sample of university faculty, we found that need for segmentation negatively related to both flextime and flexplace use as predicted. Some evidence for the moderating role of family responsibility was also found. The findings underscore the importance of considering both the individual and the environment as drivers of flexible policy use. Further implications and future directions are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The timing of maternal work and time with children (2010)
Stewart, Jay;Zitatform
Stewart, Jay (2010): The timing of maternal work and time with children. In: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Jg. 64, H. 1, S. 181-200. DOI:10.1177/001979391006400109
Abstract
"The author investigates how maternal employment affects when during the day that employed mothers engage in enriching childcare and whether they adjust their work schedules to spend time with their children at more-desirable times of day. Using data from the American Time Use Survey and focusing on mothers of pre-school-aged children, he finds that both full- and part-time employed mothers shift enriching childcare time from workdays to non-workdays. On workdays, full-time employed mothers shift enriching care time to evenings, whereas part-time employed mothers shift care time very little. The author finds no evidence that mothers working full time adjust their work schedules to spend enriching time with their children at more preferred times of the day. In contrast, part-time employed mothers shift their work hours to later in the day in order to spend time with their children at more-desirable times of day." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work without end? Scheduling flexibility and work-to-family conflict among stockbrokers (2009)
Zitatform
Blair-Loy, Mary (2009): Work without end? Scheduling flexibility and work-to-family conflict among stockbrokers. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 36, H. 4, S. 279-317. DOI:10.1177/0730888409343912
Abstract
"The common finding in the work-family literature that workplace scheduling flexibility reduces work-to-family conflict may not be generalizable to service occupations with intense client demands. This qualitative analysis of stockbrokers finds that brokers in firms granting scheduling flexibility experience more work-to-family conflict than those in the firm with scheduling rigidity. Although brokers in the latter firm lose autonomy from their employer (and earning potential), bureaucratic rigidity buffers them from client pressures that intrude an family life. This finding should be tested in other occupations requiring extensive client interactions in a 24-hour economy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Why a fixed workweek? (2009)
Díaz, Antonia; Echevarria, Cristina;Zitatform
Díaz, Antonia & Cristina Echevarria (2009): Why a fixed workweek? In: The Journal of Socio-Economics, Jg. 28, H. 5, S. 790-798. DOI:10.1016/j.socec.2009.03.017
Abstract
"The main goal of this article is to explain why the fixed workweek appeared. To this purpose we differentiate between 'jobs' and 'hours per job'. We consider an economy where hours and number of workers are substitutes in production but in which hiring a worker entails a fixed cost plus a variable cost per hour worked. As a consequence, firms would like workers to work as many hours as possible. In an unregulated economy, workers work more hours that they would like to at the on-going wage rate. This situation characterizes the economy of today's industrialized countries in the 19th century." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
International comparisons of hours worked: an assessment of the statistics (2009)
Fleck, Susan E.;Zitatform
Fleck, Susan E. (2009): International comparisons of hours worked: an assessment of the statistics. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 132, H. 5, S. 3-31.
Abstract
"A study of 13 countries reveals that measures of hours worked based on administrative sources are relatively low while measures based on establishment and labor force surveys are relatively high; thus, although ever improving, these measures cannot yet be taken at face value and are useful only for broad comparisons." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Flexible daily work schedules in U.S. jobs: formal introductions needed? (2009)
Golden, Lonnie;Zitatform
Golden, Lonnie (2009): Flexible daily work schedules in U.S. jobs. Formal introductions needed? In: Industrial relations, Jg. 48, H. 1, S. 27-54. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-232X.2008.00544.x
Abstract
"The incidence of flexible daily starting and ending times of work presumably reflects the various underlying motivations of employers to offer them either as a formal workplace program or on a more selective basis. Access to scheduling flexibility is greater for managerial and professional, long hours, private sector, salaried and nonunion jobs, and for parents and men. This advantage is gained primarily through means other than a formal flexi-time plan. Implementation of more formal programs would likely promote more equity in access." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Longevity and lifetime labor supply: evidence and implications (2009)
Zitatform
Hazan, Moshe (2009): Longevity and lifetime labor supply. Evidence and implications. In: Econometrica, Jg. 77, H. 6, S. 1829-1863. DOI:10.3982/ECTA8107
Abstract
"Conventional wisdom suggests that increased life expectancy had a key role in causing a rise in investment in human capital. I incorporate the retirement decision into a version of Ben-Porath's (1967) model and find that a necessary condition for this causal relationship to hold is that increased life expectancy will also increase lifetime labor supply. I then show that this condition does not hold for American men born between 1840 and 1970 and for the American population born between 1890 and 1970. The data suggest similar patterns in Western Europe. I end by discussing the implications of my findings for the debate on the fundamental causes of long-run growth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
European vs American hours worked: assessing the role of the extensive and intensive margins (2009)
Zitatform
Langot, François & Coralia Quintero-Rojas (2009): European vs American hours worked. Assessing the role of the extensive and intensive margins. In: Economics Bulletin, Jg. 29, H. 2, S. 531-543.
Abstract
"Europeans have worked less than Americans since the 1970s. In this paper, we quantify the relative importance of the extensive and intensive margins of aggregate hours of market work on the observed differences. Our counterfactual exercises show that the two dimensions of the extensive margin, the employment rate and the participation rate, explain the most of the total-hours-gap between regions. Moreover, both ratios have similar weight. Conversely, the intensive margin, measured by the number of hours worked per employee, has the smallest role." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender differences in sleep disruption among retail food workers (2009)
Zitatform
Maume, David J., Anthony R. Bardo & Rachel A. Sebastian (2009): Gender differences in sleep disruption among retail food workers. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 74, H. 6, S. 989-1007.
Abstract
"As women pursue careers while retaining primary responsibility for family life, discretionary time is an emerging arena of gender inequality in contemporary life. This study examines gender inequality in waking role obligations and the implications for differences in sleep disruption. Drawing on a sample of 583 retail food workers, who regularly worked nights and rotating schedules, we find in our multivariate modeling that women experience significantly more sleep disruption than do men. A decomposition analysis shows that almost one-half of the gender gap in sleep disruption is accounted for by gender differences in health status and various dimensions of work-family context. By implication, the remainder of the gender gap in sleep disruption is attributable to differences in responsibility for work-family obligations. Given the need for more research on how work-family conflict affects health and well-being, further research on sleep patterns is warranted." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A century of work and leisure (2009)
Ramey, Valerie A.; Francis, Neville;Zitatform
Ramey, Valerie A. & Neville Francis (2009): A century of work and leisure. In: American Economic Journal. Macroeconomics, Jg. 1, H. 2, S. 189-224. DOI:10.1257/mac.1.2.189
Abstract
"We develop comprehensive measures of time spent in market work, home production, schooling, and leisure in the United States for the last 106 years. We find that hours of work for prime age individuals are essentially unchanged, with the rise in women's hours fully compensating for the decline in men's hours. Hours worked by those 14 to 24 years old have declined noticeably, but most of this decline was offset by a rise in hours spent in school. Overall, per capita leisure and average annual lifetime leisure increased by only four or five hours per week during the last 100 years." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Time use of working parents: a visual essay (2008)
Allard, Mary Dorinda; Janes, Marianne;Zitatform
Allard, Mary Dorinda & Marianne Janes (2008): Time use of working parents. A visual essay. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 131, H. 6, S. 3-14.
Abstract
"Working parents have many constraints on their time as they try to balance paid work, childcare, household activities, shopping, and leisure activities. The American Time Use Survey (ATUS) enables analysts to measure how Americans spend their time in primary activities - their main activities, in other words. This includes the measurement of time all working parents spend providing primary childcare, which consists of physical care of children; playing, reading, or talking with children; travel related to childcare; and other childcare activities. For those parents with children aged 12 or younger, it is also possible to measure the amount of time spent in more passive secondary childcare - that is, the amount of time that they have at least one child of that age group in their care while doing activities other than primary childcare. Focusing on both primary and secondary childcare gives a more complete picture of parents' time spent providing childcare. Unless otherwise specified, all data in this visual essay refer to married parents between the ages of 25 and 54 who were employed full time at the time of the survey; that is, they were usually working 35 or more hours per week." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working time flexibility in the German employment relations system: implications for Germany and lessons for the United States (2008)
Zitatform
Berg, Peter (2008): Working time flexibility in the German employment relations system. Implications for Germany and lessons for the United States. In: Industrielle Beziehungen, Jg. 15, H. 2, S. 133-150.
Abstract
"Wettbewerbsbedingungen führen zunehmend zu Dezentralisierungs-Experimenten im deutschen System der Arbeitsbeziehungen. In diesem Artikel wird gezeigt, inwiefern flexible Arbeitszeiten ein integraler Bestandteil des deutschen Systems sind und wie flexible Arbeitszeitmodelle zu dessen Transformation beitragen. Außerdem werden die Implikationen, die flexible Arbeitszeiten für Arbeitgeber und Arbeitnehmer haben, sowie die Lehren der deutschen Erfahrungen für die USA diskutiert. Flexible Arbeitszeiten tragen zur Dezentralisierung des deutschen Systems der Arbeitsbeziehungen auf diversen Ebenen bei, insbesondere innerhalb der Unternehmen. Aus Arbeitgebersicht nimmt der Nutzen flexibler Arbeitszeiten vielfältige Formen an und ist generell positiv, während die Implikationen für Arbeitnehmer ambivalenter Natur sind. Die wichtigste Lehre für die USA besteht darin, dass Arbeitsmarktinstitutionen nach wie vor relevant sind für die Entwicklung flexibler Arbeitszeitmodelle, die den Bedürfnissen sowohl der Arbeitgeber als auch der Arbeitnehmer gerecht werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Working hours and job sharing in the EU and USA: are Europeans lazy? Or Americans crazy? (2008)
Boeri, Tito ; Zylberberg, Andre; Cahuc, Pierre ; Crépon, Bruno ; Burda, Michael; Schank, Thorsten ; Hamermesh, Daniel S. ; Weil, Philippe ; Lomwel, Gijsbert van; Kramarz, Francis; Nordström Skans, Oskar ;Zitatform
Boeri, Tito, Michael Burda & Francis Kramarz (Hrsg.) (2008): Working hours and job sharing in the EU and USA. Are Europeans lazy? Or Americans crazy? (Report for the Fondazione Rodolfo DeBenedetti), Oxford u. a.: Oxford University Press, 269 S.
Abstract
"In the last 50 years the gap in labour productivity between Europe and the US has narrowed considerably with estimates in 2005 suggesting a EU-US labour productivity gap of about 5 per cent. Yet, average per capita income in the EU is still about 30 % lower than in the US. This persistent gap in income per capita can be almost entirely explained by Europeans working less than Americans. Why do Europeans work so little compared to Americans? What do they do with their spare time outside work? Can they be induced to work more without reducing labour productivity? If so, how? And what is the effect on well-being if policies are created to reward paid work as opposed to other potentially socially valuable activities, like childbearing? More broadly, should the state interfere at all when it comes to bargaining over working hours? This volume explores these questions and many more in an attempt to understand the changing nature of the hours worked in the USA and EU, as well as the effects of policies that impose working hour reductions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Work-life policies for the twenty-first century economy (2008)
Boushey, Heather; Sattelmeyer, Sarah; Waller, Margy; Moughari, Layla;Zitatform
Boushey, Heather, Layla Moughari, Sarah Sattelmeyer & Margy Waller (2008): Work-life policies for the twenty-first century economy. Washington, 20 S.
Abstract
"The U.S. economy, workplace, workforce, and labor market have changed radically in the last 50 years, yet our public and private policies have not kept up with these changes. In recent years, policymakers have begun considering new options for allowing workers to meet the often-conflicting demands of work and other life obligations. These proposals include a variety of options for time off from work - both paid and unpaid - and more flexibility in the workplace. In this report, we review the evidence regarding work-life conflicts, the economic case for policy initiatives, and evidence of effectiveness of the policy options. We provide a clear explanation of these policy options and make recommendations for decision-makers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Here comes the rain again: Weather and the intertemporal substitution of leisure (2008)
Zitatform
Connolly, Marie (2008): Here comes the rain again: Weather and the intertemporal substitution of leisure. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 26, H. 1, S. 73-136. DOI:10.1086/522067
Abstract
"I revisit the intertemporal labor supply framework, using exogenous variations in daily weather to see how time at work varies with rain. In my model, a rainy day is associated with a lower enjoyment of leisure, effectively increasing wages and bringing more hours at work. I test the model using data from the American Time Use Survey, supplemented with daily weather. I find that, on rainy days, men shift on average 30 minutes from leisure to work. Computations give a rough estimate of the intertemporal elasticity of labor supply of around 0.01, in line with the rest of the literature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working time in the EU and other global economies: industrial relations in the EU and other global economies 2006-7 (2008)
Demetriades, Stavroula; Perdersini, Roberto;Zitatform
Demetriades, Stavroula & Roberto Perdersini (2008): Working time in the EU and other global economies. Industrial relations in the EU and other global economies 2006-7. Dublin, 66 S.
Abstract
"Globalisation is having a profound impact on economies and industrial relations systems all around the world. In the context of global competition, it is increasingly relevant to look at Europe's economic development in a wider perspective. This report explores the main industrial relations developments in the European Union, Japan and the US in the period 2006-2007. It charts the similarities and trends in industrial relations as well as the differences in basic structures and developments between these three major economies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Older workers: increasing their labor force participation and hours of work (2008)
Gendell, Murray;Zitatform
Gendell, Murray (2008): Older workers: increasing their labor force participation and hours of work. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 131, H. 1, S. 41-54.
Abstract
"Major changes in the movement of labor force participation rates and full-time employment of older workers have occurred during the past dozen years. A closer examination of available data reveals different trends in the labor force participation rates between workers aged 60 and older and workers aged 50-59, as well as varied trends by gender. This article updates two time series of data on the average age at retirement of men and women aged 50 years or older. One series uses the median age at exit from the labor force (hereafter, median age at exit), and the other uses the mean age at initial receipt of the retirement or disability benefit provided by the Social Security Administration (hereafter, the Social Security mean). The addition of the most recent 5-year period in the series, 2000-05, provides a 50-year perspective. The latest data show a continuation of the leveling off of the Social Security average age, but a further drop in the median age at exit. The reason for this decline is the same as it was for the decline between 1990-95 and 1995-2000, namely, that workers aged 60 years or older withdrew from the labor force at a lower rate than workers 50-59 years old, shifting the age distribution of the estimated number of net exits toward the younger ages. The reason for this difference in exit rates is that the labor force participation rates of men and women aged 60 years or older have increased considerably since at least 1994, while there has been little or no change at ages 50-59. For workers 60 years or older, the increases are a major reversal of men's long-run decline and a marked change from the previously flat trend among women. Furthermore, not only have these workers' participation rates risen impressively, but this age group also has been increasingly working full time - and doing so throughout the year." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Leisure and redistribution (2008)
Zitatform
Hodler, Roland (2008): Leisure and redistribution. In: European journal of political economy, Jg. 24, H. 2, S. 354-363. DOI:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2007.11.001
Abstract
"We study a model with majority voting on redistribution in which agents differ in their skills and their preferences for leisure. Redistribution is generous and average labor supply low if the decisive voter has relatively strong preferences for leisure, while redistribution is limited and average labor supply high if the decisive voter has relatively weak preferences for leisure. Given differences in the preference distributions due to cultural differences or positive complementarities in leisure, our model thus provides an explanation for the substantial differences in redistribution and average working hours between the United States and continental Western Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Teachers' work patterns: when, where, and how much do U.S. teachers work? (2008)
Krantz-Kent, Rachel;Zitatform
Krantz-Kent, Rachel (2008): Teachers' work patterns: when, where, and how much do U.S. teachers work? In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 131, H. 3, S. 52-59.
Abstract
"Teachers' work patterns differ from those of many other professionals. In addition to teaching, they grade assignments, develop lesson plans, and perform other tasks in which they have some flexibility in determining when and where they work. Teachers' work schedules, too, are unique in that they often are tied to a traditional school year, with an extended break in the summer. This visual essay uses data from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) to examine how much teachers work, where they work, when they work, and how their work patterns compare with those of other professionals. In the ATUS, interviewers collect data in a time diary format, in which survey participants provide information about activities that they engaged in 'yesterday.' Because of the way in which the data are collected, it is possible to identify and quantify the work that teachers do at home, at a workplace, and at other locations and to examine the data by day of the week and time of day. Data are available for nearly every day of 2003-06, which is the reference period for this analysis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The expanding workweek?: understanding trends in long work hours among U.S. Men, 1979-2006 (2008)
Kuhn, Peter; Lozano, Fernando;Zitatform
Kuhn, Peter & Fernando Lozano (2008): The expanding workweek? Understanding trends in long work hours among U.S. Men, 1979-2006. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 26, H. 2, S. 311-343.
Abstract
"According to U.S. Census and Current Population Survey (CPS) data, employed U.S. men are more likely to work more than 48 hours per week today than 25 years ago. Using 1979-2006 CPS data, we show that this increase was greatest in the 1980s, among highly educated, highly paid, and older men, and among workers paid on a salaried basis. We examine some possible explanations for these changes, including composition effects. Among salaried men, increases in long work hours were greatest in detailed occupations and industries with larger increases in residual wage inequality and slowly growing real compensation at 'standard' (40) hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
European vs. American hours worked: assessing the role of the extensive and intensive margins (2008)
Zitatform
Langot, François & Coralia Quintero Rojas (2008): European vs. American hours worked. Assessing the role of the extensive and intensive margins. (IZA discussion paper 3846), Bonn, 21 S.
Abstract
"Europeans have worked less than Americans since the 1970s. In this paper, we quantify the relative importance of the extensive and intensive margins of aggregate hours of market work on the observed differences. Our counterfactual exercises show that the two dimensions of the extensive margin, the employment rate and the participation rate, explain the most of the total-hours-gap between regions. Moreover, both ratios have similar weight. Conversely, the intensive margin, measured by the number of hours worked per employee, has the smallest role." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Explaining the evolution of hours worked and employment across OECD countries: an equilibrium search approach (2008)
Zitatform
Langot, François & Coralia Quintero Rojas (2008): Explaining the evolution of hours worked and employment across OECD countries. An equilibrium search approach. (IZA discussion paper 3364), Bonn, 39 S.
Abstract
"Since 1960, the dynamics of the aggregate hours of market work exhibit dramatic differences across industrialized countries. Before 1980, these differences seem to come from the hours worked per employee (the intensive margin). However, since 1980 a notable feature of the data is that the divergence across countries responds to quantitatively important differences along the employment rate (the extensive margin). In this paper we develop an equilibrium matching model where both margins are endogenous. The model is rich enough to account for the behavior of the two margins of the aggregate hours when we include the observed heterogeneity across countries of both the taxes and the labor market institutions such as the unemployment benefits and the bargaining power. Because these findings come from on unified framework, they also give a strong support to the matching models." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work, family and life-course fit: does control over work time matter? (2008)
Zitatform
Moen, Phyllis, Erin Kelly & Qinlei Huang (2008): Work, family and life-course fit. Does control over work time matter? In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 73, H. 3, S. 414-425. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2008.08.002
Abstract
"This study moves from 'work-family' to a multi-dimensional 'life-course fit' construct (employees' cognitive assessments of resources, resource deficits, and resource demands), using a combined work-family, demands-control and ecology of the life course framing. It examined (1) impacts of job and home ecological systems on fit dimensions, and (2) whether control over work time predicted and mediated life-course fit outcomes. Using cluster analysis of survey data on a sample of 917 white-collar employees from Best Buy headquarters, we identified four job ecologies (corresponding to the job demands-job control model) and five home ecologies (theorizing an analogous home demands-home control model). Job and home ecologies predicted fit dimensions in an additive, not interactive, fashion. Employees' work-time control predicted every life-course fit dimension and partially mediated effects of job ecologies, organizational tenure, and job category." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Agglomeration and hours worked (2008)
Zitatform
Rosenthal, Stuart S. & William C. Strange (2008): Agglomeration and hours worked. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 90, H. 1, S. 105-118.
Abstract
"This paper establishes the existence of a previously overlooked relationship between agglomeration and hours worked. Among nonprofessionals, hours worked decrease with the density of workers in the same occupation. Among professionals, the relationship is positive. This relationship is stronger for the young than for the middle-aged. Moreover, young professional hours worked are especially sensitive to the presence of rivals. The paper shows that these patterns are consistent with the selection of hard workers into cities and with the high productivity of agglomerated labor. The behavior of young professionals is also consistent with the presence of keen rivalry in larger markets, a kind of urban rat race." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effect of hours of work on social interaction (2008)
Zitatform
Saffer, Henry & Karine Lamiraud (2008): The effect of hours of work on social interaction. (NBER working paper 13743), Cambridge, Mass., 25 S. DOI:10.3386/w13743
Abstract
"Over time, increases in hours of work per capita have created the intuitively plausible notion that there is less time available to pursue social interactions. The specific question addressed in this paper is the effect of hours of work on social interaction. This is a difficult empirical question since omitted factors could increase both hours of work and social interaction. The approach taken in this paper utilizes an exogenous decline in hours of work in France due to a new employment law. The results clearly show that the employment law reduced hours of work but there is no evidence that the extra hours went to increased social interactions. Although hours of work are not an important determinant of social interaction, human capital is found to be important. The effect of human capital, as measured by education and age, is positive for membership groups but negative for visiting relatives and friends. Also, contrary to expectations, there are no important differences in the determinants of social interaction by gender, marital status or parent status. Finally, a comparison between France and the US show that the response to human capital and other variables are much the same in both nations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Measuring trends in leisure: the allocation of time over five decades (2007)
Zitatform
Aguiar, Mark & Erik Hurst (2007): Measuring trends in leisure. The allocation of time over five decades. In: The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Jg. 122, H. 3, S. 969-1006. DOI:10.1162/qjec.122.3.969
Abstract
"In this paper, we use five decades of time-use surveys to document trends in the allocation of time within the United States. We find that a dramatic increase in leisure time lies behind the relatively stable number of market hours worked between 1965 and 2003. Specifically, using a variety of definitions for leisure, we show that leisure for men increased by roughly six to nine hours per week (driven by a decline in market work hours) and for women by roughly four to eight hours per week (driven by a decline in home production work hours). Lastly, we document a growing inequality in leisure that is the mirror image of the growing inequality of wages and expenditures, making welfare calculation based solely on the latter series incomplete." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work hours, wages, and vacation leave (2007)
Zitatform
Altonji, Joseph G. & Emiko Usui (2007): Work hours, wages, and vacation leave. In: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Jg. 60, H. 3, S. 408-428. DOI:10.1177/001979390706000306
Abstract
"Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the Health and Retirement Study, we provide a set of facts about vacation leave and its relationship to hours worked, hours constraints, wage rates, worker characteristics, spouse's vacation leave, labor market experience, job tenure, occupation, industry, and labor market conditions. We show that on average vacation time taken rises 1 to 1 with paid vacation but varies around it, that annual hours worked fall by about 1 full time week with every week of paid vacation, that the gap between time taken and time paid for is higher for women, union members, and government workers, that hourly wage rates have a strong positive relationship with paid vacation weeks both in the cross section and across jobs, and that nonwage compensation is positively related to vacation weeks. We provide evidence that vacation leave is determined by broad employer policy rather than by negotiation between the worker and firm. In particular, it is strongly related to job seniority but depends very little on labor market experience, and for job changers it is only weakly related to the amount of vacation on the previous job." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Time allocation between work and family over the life-cycle: a comparative gender analysis of Italy, France, Sweden and the United States (2007)
Anxo, Dominique; Mencarini, Letizia ; Flood, Lennart; Solaz, Anne ; Tanturri, Maria Letizia ; Pailhe, Ariane;Zitatform
Anxo, Dominique, Lennart Flood, Letizia Mencarini, Ariane Pailhe, Anne Solaz & Maria Letizia Tanturri (2007): Time allocation between work and family over the life-cycle. A comparative gender analysis of Italy, France, Sweden and the United States. (IZA discussion paper 3193), Bonn, 38 S.
Abstract
"This article analyses the extent to which changes in household composition over the life course affect the gender division of labour. It identifies and analyses cross-country disparities between France, Italy, Sweden and United States, using most recent data available from the Time Use National Surveys. We focus on gender differences in the allocation of time between market work, domestic work and leisure over the life-cycle. In order to map the life-cycle, we distinguish between nine key cross-country comparable life stages according to age and family structure such as exiting parental home, union formation, parenthood, and retiring from work. By using appropriate regression techniques (Tobit with selection, Tobit and OLS), we show large discrepancies in the gender division of labour at the different life stages. This gender gap exists in all countries at any stage of the life course, but is usually smaller at the two ends of the age distribution, and larger with parenthood. Beyond social norms, the impact of parenthood on time allocation varies across countries, being smaller in those where work-family balance policies are more effective and traditionally well-established." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Some new evidence on overtime use, total job compensation, and wage rates (2007)
Barkume, Anthony J.;Zitatform
Barkume, Anthony J. (2007): Some new evidence on overtime use, total job compensation, and wage rates. (BLS working paper 402), Washington, 30 S.
Abstract
"This paper is a replication of research reported by Steven Trejo in the 1991 American Economic Review. Trejo used labor force data from the seventies to assess the relevance of two contrasting views of the impact of overtime pay regulation. This paper reports research using a recent representative sample of U.S. private industry jobs that includes employer-reported measures of usual annual hours of overtime work and comprehensive measures of employer costs for job compensation. Comparisons are made between a set of jobs likely to be subject to U.S. overtime pay regulation-jobs paid hourly on 40 hour a week schedules-with another set of jobs that can offer overtime but are not likely to be subject to Federal overtime requirements-jobs on reduced hour schedules. The main findings of the research are: (1) higher wage rates are associated with a lower incidence of overtime work among the set of jobs with 40 hour work schedules, but not among the set of jobs with reduced hour schedules (2) in jobs using overtime work, more usual overtime work is associated with lower wage rates among the jobs with 40 hour work schedules, but not among the jobs on reduced hour schedules (3) higher 'quasi-fixed' job compensation, such as employer health insurance costs, is associated with a higher incidence of overtime use. The paper also discusses some of the difficulties of interpreting these statistical results in the context of the labor market models considered by Trejo." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
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Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonten
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug