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Ehrenfried, Felix & Christian Holzner (2018): Dynamics and endogeneity of firms' recruitment behaviour. (CESifo working paper 7283), München, 51 S.

Abstract

"Models of random search, directed search, or stock-ow matching differ substantially in the way they assume that job seekers and firms behave during the recruitment process. In this paper we identify new patterns about the recruitment behaviour of firms using the entropy balancing technique and argue that stock-flow matching models - if suitably amended by a timeconsuming screening technology - are best able to explain why the vacancy-filling hazard is increasing during the planned search period and decreases thereafter, why most applicants arrive early in the recruitment process, and why the willingness to pay higher wages or to hire less qualified or experienced applicants increases for firms, which have been unlucky and unable to hire until the intended starting date." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Faberman, R. Jason & Guido Menzio (2018): Evidence on the relationship between recruiting and the starting wage. In: Labour economics, Jg. 50, H. March, S. 67-79. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2017.01.003

Abstract

"Using data from the Employment Opportunity Pilot Project, we examine the relationship between the starting wage paid to the worker filling a vacancy, the number of applications attracted by the vacancy, the number of candidates interviewed for the vacancy, and the duration of the vacancy. We find that the wage is positively related to the duration of a vacancy and negatively related to the number of applications and interviews per week. We show that these surprising findings are consistent with a view of the labor market in which firms post wages and workers direct their search based on these wages if workers and jobs are heterogeneous and the interaction between the worker's type and the job's type in production satisfies some rather natural assumptions." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Fernández-Blanco, Javier & Edgar Preugschat (2018): On the effects of ranking by unemployment duration. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 104, H. May, S. 92-110. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2018.02.003

Abstract

"We propose a theory based on the firm's hiring behavior that rationalizes the observed significant decline of callback rates for an interview and exit rates from unemployment and the mild decline of reemployment wages over unemployment duration. We build a directed search model with symmetric incomplete information on worker types and non-sequential search by firms. Sorting due to firms' testing of applicants in the past makes expected productivity fall with duration, which induces firms to rank applicants by duration. In equilibrium callback and exit rates both fall with unemployment duration. In our numerical exercise using U.S. data we show that our model can replicate quite well the observed falling patterns, with the firm's ranking decision accounting for a sizable part." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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Guglielminetti, Elisa & Meradj Pouraghdam (2018): Time-varying job creation and macroeconomic shocks. In: Labour economics, Jg. 50, H. March, S. 156-179. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2017.09.008

Abstract

"In this paper we investigate the time-varying properties of job creation in the United States in connection to the macro-economy. We address this issue through a time-varying parameter VAR (TVP-VAR) with stochastic volatility. We identify four structural shocks by combining zero long-run restrictions and short-run sign restrictions based on a NK-DSGE model with frictional labor markets. Our main findings are as follows. First, at business cycle frequencies for most part of the sample the lion share of the volatility of job creation is explained by non-technology shocks; this challenges the conventional practice of addressing the labor market volatility puzzle (Shimer, 2005) under the assumption that technology shocks are the main driver of fluctuations in hiring. Second, permanent supply shocks had a negative impact on job creation during the Great Inflation period - a result reminiscent of the 'hours puzzle' (Galí, 1999). We show that the main candidate in explaining such structural change is the more passive conduct of monetary policy at that time. It follows that the results derived from partial equilibrium models of the labor market, which imply a rise in hiring as technology improves, neglect important transmission channels and may be misleading." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Hairault, Jean-Olivier & Anastasia Zhutova (2018): The cyclicality of labor-market flows. A multiple-shock approach. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 103, H. April, S. 150-172. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2018.01.008

Abstract

"In this paper, we aim to establish some stylized facts about the relative contributions of the job-finding and separation rates to unemployment dynamics depending on the nature of structural shocks. The shocks in our Bayesian Structural VAR model are identified using a sign-restriction approach, and capture shifts in the three conditions determining labor-market equilibrium in matching models: the Beveridge curve, and the job-creation and job-destruction conditions. Using both US and French data, we identify an aggregate shock to match profitability (the aggregate-profitability shock), a shock specific to existing jobs (the reallocation shock) and a shock to the efficiency of the matching process (the matching-efficiency shock). We find that the relative contributions of the job finding and separation rates are notably different across shocks in both countries, but are similar across countries for each type of shock. Labor market dynamics appear to be Transatlantic despite well-known institutional differences. However, it must be emphasized that the reaction of the labor market variables to the matching-efficiency shock seems more muted in the US than in France." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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Hall, Robert E. & Andreas I. Mueller (2018): Wage dispersion and search behavior : The importance of nonwage job values. In: Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 126, H. 4, S. 1594-1637. DOI:10.1086/697739

Abstract

"We use a rich new body of data on the experiences of unemployed job seekers to determine the sources of wage dispersion and to create a search model consistent with the acceptance decisions the job seekers made. We identify the distributions of four key variables: offered wages, offered nonwage job values, job seekers' nonwork alternatives, and job seekers' personal productivities. We find that, conditional on personal productivity, the standard deviation of offered log wages is moderate, at 0.24, whereas the dispersion of the offered nonwage component is substantially larger, at 0.34. The resulting dispersion of offered job values is 0.38." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Haller, Peter (2018): Urbanization, commuting and regional labor markets. (IAB-Bibliothek 368), Bielefeld: Bertelsmann, 124 S. DOI:10.3278/300972w

Abstract

"Deutschland ist durch seine regionale Struktur - mit vielen Zentren intensiver wirtschaftlicher Aktivität - besonders interessant für Analysen zu räumlichen Mechanismen von Städten und zu Wechselwirkungen zwischen Regionen. Mit steigender Bevölkerungszahl in den Städten dient das Pendeln zwischen Wohn- und Arbeitsort als räumlicher Ausgleichsmechanismus und führt zu Interaktionen zwischen regionalen Arbeitsmärkten. Der Autor untersucht, wie lokale Arbeitsmärkte interagieren, wie stark besiedelte Märkte bei der Suche nach einem neuen Arbeitsplatz helfen und wie Beschäftigte auf Änderungen ihrer Pendlerdistanzen reagieren. Die verschiedenen Blickwinkel und die Verwendung von Mikro- und georeferenzierten Daten bieten neue empirische Erkenntnisse über die Interaktionen zwischen regionalen Arbeitsmärkten und das Mobilitätsverhalten in Deutschland." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Hartl, Tobias, Christian Hutter & Enzo Weber (2018): Big Data bei der BA: Neue Erkenntnisse zum Suchverhalten am Arbeitsmarkt. In: IAB-Forum H. 29.05.2018, o. Sz., 2018-05-24.

Abstract

"Mit der Jobbörse der Bundesagentur für Arbeit (BA) und der Vermittler-Software 'VerBIS' erschließen sich für die Forschung ganz neuartige Datenquellen. Sie erlauben die Messung von Such- und Vermittlungsintensitäten und ermöglichen innovative Analysen des Arbeitsmarktgeschehens." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Hohmeyer, Katrin & Joachim Wolff (2018): Of carrots and sticks: The effect of workfare announcements on the job search behaviour and reservation wage of welfare recipients. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 52, S. 1-23., 2018-09-23. DOI:10.1186/s12651-018-0245-9

Abstract

"The German workfare scheme 'One-Euro-Jobs', which provides additional jobs of public interest for welfare recipients, has a number of different goals. On the one hand, One-Euro-Jobs are intended to increase the participants' employment prospects in the medium term. On the other hand, they can be used to test welfare recipients' willingness to work. We use survey data from the Panel Study 'Labour Market and Social Security' and propensity score matching methods to study the intention-to-treat effect of receiving a One-Euro-Job announcement on job search behaviour, reservation wage and labour market performance of welfare recipients. We find that receiving a One-Euro-Job announcement increases job search activities significantly and decreases the reservation wage for women and individuals who have been employed within the last 4 years, but does not affect the short-term employment probability." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Horvath, Gergely & Rui Zhang (2018): Social network formation and labor market inequality. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 166, H. May, S. 45-49. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2018.01.026

Abstract

"We study how differences in interpersonal skills lead to inequality among workers when social connections are endogenously formed and workers find jobs through their contacts. We show that the equilibrium network structure is very unequal in terms of links and access to jobs. The equilibrium network is not socially optimal because workers impose negative externality on each other by forming more links. The degree of inequality is larger in the equilibrium than what would be socially optimal. In the equilibrium, high-skilled individuals overinvest in networking while low-skilled individuals underinvest, which enlarges the impact of differences in interpersonal skills. The degree of inequality is largest when job availability is moderate." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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Immervoll, Herwig & Carlo Knotz (2018): How demanding are activation requirements for jobseekers. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 215), Paris, 53 S. DOI:10.1787/2bdfecca-en

Abstract

"This paper presents new information on activity-related eligibility criteria for unemployment and related benefits in OECD- and EU-countries in 2017, comparing the strictness of 'demanding' elements built into unemployment benefits across countries and over time. Eligibility criteria for unemployment benefits determine what claimants need to do to successfully claim benefits initially or to continue receiving them. Benefit systems feature specific rules that define the type of job offers that claimants need to accept, requirements for papering on the outcomes of independent job-search efforts, obligations to participate in active labour market programmes, as well as sanctions for failing to meet these requirements. Such rules aim to strengthen incentives to look for, prepare for, and accept employment. They may also be used as a targeting device to reduce demands on benefit systems, and on associated employment services. While this may serve to limit support to genuine jobseekers, strict requirements can also exclude some intended recipients from financial and re-employment support, e.g., by discouraging them from applying. This paper presents detailed information on policy rules in 2017, summarises them into an overall policy indicator of eligibility strictness, and gauges recent policy trends by documenting changes in the strictness measures. A novelty is the inclusion of lower-tier unemployment or social assistance benefits in the compilation of policy rules. Results document a large number of reforms enacted after the Great Recession and suggest a slight convergence of policy rules across countries even though overall measures of the strictness of activity-related eligibility criteria have remained broadly unchanged during the recent past. In countries with multiple layers of support for the unemployed, availability requirements tend to be more demanding for lower-tier assistance benefits, while sanction rules tend to be more stringent for first-tier programmes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kalfa, Eleni & Matloob Piracha (2018): Social networks and the labour market mismatch. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 31, H. 3, S. 877-914. DOI:10.1007/s00148-017-0677-5

Abstract

"This paper assesses the extent to which social contacts and ethnic concentration affect the education-occupation mismatch of natives and immigrants. Using Australian panel data and employing a dynamic random effects probit model, we show that social capital exacerbates the incidence of over-education, particularly for females. Furthermore, for the foreign born, ethnic concentration significantly increases the incidence of over-education. Using an Alternative Index, we also show that social participation, friends and support and ethnic concentration are the main contributors in generating a mismatch, while reciprocity and trust does not seem to have any effect on over-education for both, immigrants and natives. Finally, we show that social networks are more beneficial for the relatively better educated." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Kerler, Monira & Karin Steiner (2018): Mismatch am Arbeitsmarkt: Indikatoren, Handlungsfelder und Matching-Strategien im Wirkungsbereich von Vermittlung und Beratung. (AMS report 133), Wien, 93 S.

Abstract

"In dieser Publikation wurde eine Einführung in das Thema 'Mismatch am Arbeitsmarkt' gegeben. Im Vordergrund standen hierbei die Perspektiven von VermittlerInnen und BeraterInnen im AMS-Kontext, aber auch die Perspektive der Arbeitsuchenden selbst. Ziel war es, einen aktuellen Überblick über das Phänomen des Mismatch, dessen Ursachen, damit verbundene Herausforderungen sowie Mismatch-Indikatoren zu geben, das Jobsuchverhalten zu betrachten und die Auswirkungen von Mismatch auf Arbeitsuchende aufzuzeigen. Ebenso wurden die Motive und Bedarfe seitens VermittlerInnen, Arbeitgebern und Arbeitsuchenden berücksichtigt. Dabei wurde einerseits Wert auf einen Bezug zum Forschungsstand gelegt, andererseits wurden der Fokus auf praxisnahe und handlungsorientierte Bezüge gerichtet und die Einflussmöglichkeiten seitens der Vermittlung und Beratung ins Zentrum gestellt. Die unterschiedlichen Aspekte von und Einflussfaktoren auf Matching-Prozesse wurden daher zum einen von der Seite der bisherigen Forschungsergebnisse (hier und da auch von der Seite der theoretischen Fundierung) betrachtet. Zum anderen wurden auf Basis von eigenen, qualitativ angelegten Erhebungen Analysen durchgeführt und die Ergebnisse detailliert dargestellt." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Klehe, Ute-Christine & Edwin A. J. van Hooft (Hrsg.) (2018): The Oxford Handbook of job loss and job search. (Oxford Library of psychology), New York: Oxford University Press, 615 S.

Abstract

"Job search is and always has been an integral part of people's working lives. Whether one is brand new to the labor market or considered a mature, experienced worker, job seekers are regularly met with new challenges in a variety of organizational settings. Edited by Ute-Christine Klehe and Edwin A.J. van Hooft, The Oxford Handbook of Job Loss and Job Search provides readers with one of the first comprehensive overviews of the latest research and empirical knowledge in the areas of job loss and job search.
Multidisciplinary in nature, Klehe, van Hooft, and their contributing authors offer fascinating insight into the diverse theoretical and methodological perspectives from which job loss and job search have been studied, such as psychology, sociology, labor studies, and economics. Discussing the antecedents and consequences of job loss, as well as outside circumstances that may necessitate a more rigorous job hunt, this Handbook presents in-depth and up-to-date knowledge on the methods and processes of this important time in one's life. Further, it examines the unique circumstances faced by different populations during their job search, such as those working job-to-job, the unemployed, mature job seekers, international job seekers, and temporary employed workers.
Job loss and unemployment are among the worst stressors individuals can encounter during their lifetimes. As a result, this Handbook concludes with a discussion of the various types of interventions developed to aid the unemployed. Further, it offers readers important insights and identifies best practices for both scholars and practitioners working in the areas of job loss, unemployment, career transitions, outplacement, and job search." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Krueger, Alan B. & Orley Ashenfelter (2018): Theory and evidence on employer collusion in the franchise sector. (NBER working paper 24831), Cambrige, Mass., 28 S. DOI:10.3386/w24831

Abstract

"In this paper we study the role of covenants in franchise contracts that restrict the recruitment and hiring of employees from other units within the same franchise chain in suppressing competition for workers. Based on an analysis of 2016 Franchise Disclosure Documents, we find that 'no-poaching of workers agreements' are included in a surprising 58 percent of major franchisors' contracts, including McDonald's, Burger King, Jiffy Lube and H&R Block. The implications of these no-poaching agreements for models of oligopsony are also discussed. No-poaching agreements are more common for franchises in low-wage and high-turnover industries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lazear, Edward P., Kathryn L. Shaw & Christopher T. Stanton (2018): Who gets hired? The importance of finding an open slot. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 36, H. S1, S. S133-S181. DOI:10.1086/694908

Abstract

"Being hired into a job depends not only on one's own skill but also on that of other applicants. When another able applicant applies, a well-suited worker may be forced into unemployment or into accepting an inferior job. A model of this process defines over- and underqualification and provides predictions on its prevalence and on the wages of mismatched workers. It also implies that unemployment is concentrated among the least skilled workers, while vacancies are concentrated among high-skilled jobs. Four data sets are used to confirm the implications and establish that the hiring probability is low when competing applicants are able." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lommerud, Kjell Erik, Odd Rune Straume & Steinar Vagstad (2018): Employment protection and unemployment benefits. On technology adoption and job creation in a matching model. In: The Scandinavian journal of economics, Jg. 120, H. 3, S. 763-793. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12244

Abstract

"We analyse the effects of different labour-market policies (employment protection, unemployment benefits, and payroll taxes) on job creation and technology choices in a model where firms are matched with workers of different productivity and wages are determined by ex post bargaining. The model is characterized by two intertwined sources of inefficiency, namely a matching externality and a hold-up externality associated with the bargaining strength of workers. The results depend on the relative importance of the two externalities and on worker risk aversion. 'Flexicurity', meaning low employment protection and generous unemployment insurance, can be optimal if workers are sufficiently risk-averse and the hold-up problem is relatively important." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Marinescu, Ioana & Roland Rathelot (2018): Mismatch unemployment and the geography of job search. In: American Economic Journal. Macroeconomics, Jg. 10, H. 3, S. 42-70. DOI:10.1257/mac.20160312

Abstract

"Could we significantly reduce US unemployment by helping job seekers move closer to jobs? Using data from the leading employment board CareerBuilder.com, we show that, indeed, workers dislike applying to distant jobs: job seekers are 35 percent less likely to apply to a job 10 miles (mi.) away from their zip code of residence. However, because job seekers are close enough to vacancies on average, this distaste for distance is fairly inconsequential: our search and matching model predicts that relocating job seekers to minimize unemployment would decrease unemployment by only 5.3 percent. Geographic mismatch is thus a minor driver of aggregate unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Moscarini, Giuseppe & Fabien Postel-Vinay (2018): On the job search and business cycles. (IZA discussion paper 11853), Bonn, 54 S.

Abstract

"We propose a highly tractable way of analyzing business cycles in an environment with random job search both off- and and on-the-job (OJS). Ex post heterogeneity in productivity across jobs generates a job ladder. Firms Bertrand-compete for employed workers, as in the Sequential Auctions protocol of Postel-Vinay and Robin (2002). We identify three channels through which OJS amplifies and propagates aggregate shocks: (i) a higher estimated elasticity of the matching function, when recognizing that at least half of all hires are from other employers; (ii) the differential returns to hiring employed and unemployed job applicants, whose proportions naturally vary over the business cycle; (iii) within employment, the slow reallocation of workers through OJS across rungs of the job ladder, generating endogenous, slowly evolving opportunities for further poaching, which feed back on job creation incentives. Endogenous job destruction, due to either aggregate or idiosyncratic shocks, is countercyclical and thus raises the cyclical volatility of unemployment, closer to its empirical value; but it also stimulates job creation in recessions, to take advantage of the fresh batch of unemployed, and tilts the Beveridge curve up. OJS corrects this tendency and restores a vacancy-unemployment trade-off more in line with empirical observations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Neffke, Frank M. H., Anne Otto & César Hidalgo (2018): The mobility of displaced workers: How the local industry mix affects job search. In: Journal of urban economics, Jg. 108, H. November, S. 124-140., 2018-09-27. DOI:10.1016/j.jue.2018.09.006

Abstract

"Are there Marshallian externalities in job search? We study how workers who lose their jobs in establishment closures in Germany cope with their loss of employment. About a fifth of these displaced workers do not return to social-security covered employment within the next three years. Among those who do get re-employed, about two-thirds leave their old industry and one-third move out of their region. However, which of these two types of mobility responses workers will choose depends on the local industry mix in ways that are suggestive of Marshallian benefits to job search. In particular, large concentrations of one's old industry makes it easier to find new jobs: in regions where the pre-displacement industry is large, displaced workers suffer relatively small earnings losses and find new work faster. In contrast, large local industries skill-related to the pre-displacement industry increase earnings losses but also protect against long-term unemployment. Analyzed through the lens of a job-search model, the exact spatial and industrial job-switching patterns reveal that workers take these Marshallian externalities into account when deciding how to allocate search efforts among industries." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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Shi, Lulu P., Christian Imdorf, Robin Samuel & Stefan Sacchi (2018): How unemployment scarring affects skilled young workers. Evidence from a factorial survey of Swiss recruiters. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 52, S. 1-15. DOI:10.1186/s12651-018-0239-7

Abstract

"We ask how employers contribute to unemployment scarring in the recruitment process in the German-speaking part of Switzerland. By drawing on recruitment theories, we aim to better understand how recruiters assess different patterns of unemployment in a job candidate's CV and how this affects the chances of young applicants being considered for a vacancy. We argue that in contexts with tight school-work linkage and highly standardised Vocational Education and Training systems, the detrimental effect of early unemployment depends on how well the applicant's profile matches the requirements of the advertised position. To test this assumption, we surveyed Swiss recruiters who were seeking to fill positions during the time of data collection. We employed a factorial survey experiment that tested how the (un)employment trajectories in hypothetical young job applicants' CV affected their chances of being considered for a real vacancy. Our results show that unemployment decreases the perceived suitability of an applicant for a specific job, which implies there is a scarring effect of unemployment that increases with the duration of being unemployed. But we also found that these effects are moderated by how well the applicant's profile matches the job's requirements. Overall, the worse the match between applicant's profile and the job profile, the smaller are the scarring effects of unemployment. In sum, our findings contribute to the literature by revealing considerable heterogeneity in the scarring effects of unemployment. Our findings further suggest that the scarring effects of unemployment need to be studied with regard to country-specific institutional settings, the applicants' previous education and employment experiences, and the job characteristics." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Sugie, Naomi F. (2018): Work as foraging: a smartphone study of job search and employment after prison. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 123, H. 5, S. 1453-1491. DOI:10.1086/696209

Abstract

"The past several decades have seen a decline in employment rates and labor force participation, particularly among low-skilled, minority men living in poor areas. As low-skill jobs disappear from poor places, how do marginalized job seekers navigate this landscape? Using over 8,000 daily measures of search and work collected from smartphones distributed to 133 men recently released from prison, this article presents the concept of work as foraging, where people work a variety of extremely precarious opportunities that span across job types. Sequence analysis methods describe distinct patterns of search and work that unfold over time, where most people cease their search efforts after the first month and maintain a state of very irregular and varied work. Although there is substantial heterogeneity in patterns, foraging is a common strategy of survival work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zaharieva, Anna (2018): On the optimal diversification of social networks in frictional labour markets with occupational mismatch. In: Labour economics, Jg. 50, H. March, S. 112-127. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2017.04.002

Abstract

"This paper incorporates social networks into a frictional labour market framework. There are two worker types and two occupations, which are subject to correlated fluctuations in output. The equilibrium is characterized by occupational mismatch which is associated with a wage penalty. Every worker has a fixed number of social contacts in the network. The fraction of contacts of the same occupational type defines homophily of the social network, so this paper investigates the optimal level of network homophily. Workers are risk-neutral and take aggregate variables as given, so their optimal individual choice is full homophily. This is different from the social planner's perspective. The planner internalizes external effects of workers' network choices on aggregate variables, so there exists a unique interior value of network homophily maximizing the present value of income. On the one hand, higher homophily is associated with lower occupational mismatch. But on the other hand, higher homophily separates the two groups of workers, prevents exchange of information about open vacancies, and leads to more unemployment, especially in recessions. So it is the trade-off between these two effects and not the desire to reduce income volatility, as in standard portfolio theory, which gives rise to network diversification. Comparative statics shows that optimal network homophily is lower and diversification is stronger with a lower wage penalty from mismatch, lower unemployment benefit and negative correlation in output fluctuations." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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da Motta Veiga, Serge P. & Daniel B. Turban (2018): Insight into job search self-regulation. Effects of employment self-efficacy and perceived progress on job search intensity. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 108, H. October, S. 57-66. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2018.06.010

Abstract

"This study builds on a self-regulation framework to examine the influence of employment self-efficacy and perceived progress on job search intensity. Results from a repeated-measures study with new labor market entrants indicated that job seekers with higher between-person chronic employment self-efficacy put more intensity in their job search compared to those with lower chronic employment self-efficacy. Notably, however, within-person analyses indicated that as employment self-efficacy increased, job search intensity subsequently decreased. These results provide support for social cognitive theory for between-person employment self-efficacy, and for control theory for within-person employment self-efficacy. Furthermore, increased perceived progress was positively related to subsequent job search intensity. The positive relationship of perceived progress with subsequent job search intensity was moderated by chronic employment self-efficacy, such that the relationship was positive only for job seekers with lower chronic employment self-efficacy." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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Baker, Scott R. & Andrey Fradkin (2017): The impact of unemployment insurance on job search: evidence from Google search data. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 99, H. 5, S. 756-768. DOI:10.1162/REST_a_00674

Abstract

"Job search is a key choice variable in theories of labor markets but is difficult to measure directly. We develop a job search activity index based on Google search data, the Google Job Search Index (GJSI). We validate the GJSI with both survey- and web-based measures of job search. Unlike those measures, the GJSI is high frequency, geographically precise, and available in real time. We demonstrate the GJSI's utility by using it to study the effects of unemployment insurance policy changes between 2008 and 2014. We find no evidence of an economically meaningful effect of these changes on aggregate search." (Author's abstract, © MIT Press Journals) ((en))

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Bollens, Joost & Bart Cockx (2017): Effectiveness of a job vacancy referral scheme. In: IZA journal of labor policy, Jg. 6, S. 1-24. DOI:10.1186/s40173-017-0094-0

Abstract

"The public employment service (PES) makes use in many countries of vacancy referrals as to facilitate the matching between unemployed workers and vacancies. Based on a 'timing-of-events' approach to control for selective participation, this study evaluates whether this policy instrument enhanced the transition to employment in Flanders (region in northern Belgium). Three referral types are distinguished: (1) referrals actively matched by a caseworker by phone or by e-mail; (2) automatic referrals, in which the match is accomplished by a software without caseworker intervention; and (3) invitations, in which the referral is transmitted to the unemployed in a meeting with a caseworker. All three referral instruments are found to be effective, even many months after the transmission of the referral: the first and third referral types more than triples, respectively, double the transition rate to employment both in short- and long-run, while the automatic referrals enhance this rate by 50% in the first 2 months and double it in the long-run." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bähr, Sebastian (2017): Regional mobility of unemployed workers. Experimental evidence on decision-making and behaviour in flexible labour markets. (IAB-Bibliothek 365), Bielefeld: Bertelsmann, 172 S. DOI:10.3278/300943w

Abstract

"Moderne Arbeitsmärkte erfordern ein hohes Maß an Flexibilität von Arbeitskräften und insbesondere von Arbeitslosen. Dabei kommt der Bereitschaft zur regionalen Mobilität im Zuge der tiefgreifenden Hartz-Reformen des deutschen Arbeitsmarktes eine zentrale Rolle zu. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht diese Forschungsarbeit die Bedeutung überregionaler Mobilität im Stellensuchprozess von Arbeitslosen. Basierend auf innovativen experimentellen Forschungsdesigns, reichhaltigen administrativen und Befragungsdaten und unter Verwendung aktueller ökonometrischer Analysen leistet Sebastian Bähr einen wichtigen Beitrag zur aktuellen Debatte über die Wirkung von Flexibilisierung auf soziale Ungleichheit am Arbeitsmarkt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Glitz, Albrecht (2017): Coworker networks in the labour market. In: Labour economics, Jg. 44, H. January, S. 218-230. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2016.12.006

Abstract

"This paper studies the effect of coworker-based networks on individual labour market outcomes. I analyse how the provision of labour market relevant information by former coworkers affects the employment probabilities and, if hired, the wages of male workers who have previously become unemployed as the result of an establishment closure. To identify the causal effect of an individual worker's network on labour market outcomes, I exploit exogenous variation in the strength of these networks that is due to the occurrence of mass-layoffs in the establishments of former coworkers. The empirical analysis is based on administrative data that comprise the universe of workers employed in Germany between 1980 and 2001. The results suggest a strong positive effect of a higher employment rate in a worker's network of former coworkers on his re-employment probability after displacement: a 10 percentage point increase in the prevailing employment rate in the network increases the re-employment probability by 7.5 percentage points. In contrast, there is no evidence of a statistically significant effect on wages." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Gottfries, Nils & Karolina Stadin (2017): The matching process. Search or mismatch? (CESifo working paper 6300), München, 51 S.

Abstract

"We examine the matching process using monthly panel data for local labour markets in Sweden. We find that an increase in the number of vacancies has a weak effect on the number of unemployed workers being hired: unemployed workers appear to be unable to compete for many available jobs. Vacancies are filled quickly and there is no (or only weak) evidence that high unemployment makes it easier to fill vacancies; hiring appears to be determined by labour demand while frictions and labour supply play small roles. These results indicate persistent mismatch in the labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Heinz, Matthias & Heiner Schumacher (2017): Signaling cooperation. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 98, H. September, S. 199-216. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.06.017

Abstract

"We examine what an applicant's vita signals to employers about her willingness to cooperate in teams. Intensive social engagement may credibly reveal that an applicant cares about others and is less likely to free-ride in teamwork situations. We find that contributions to a public good strongly increase in a subject's degree of social engagement as indicated on her résumé. In a prediction experiment with human resource managers, we find that employers use résumé content effectively to predict relative differences in subjects' willingness to cooperate. Thus, a young professional's vita signals important behavioral characteristics to potential employers. Our results complement the findings from recent studies which analyze the effects of social engagement on wages and job market prospects." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Muller, Paul, Bas van der Klaauw & Arjan Heyma (2017): Comparing econometric methods to empirically evaluate job-search assistance. (IZA discussion paper 10531), Bonn, 56 S.

Abstract

"We test whether different empirical methods give different results when evaluating job search assistance programs. Budgetary problems at the Dutch unemployment insurance (UI) administration in March 2010, caused a sharp drop in the availability of these programs. Using administrative data provided by the UI administration, we evaluate the effect of the program using (1) the policy discontinuity as a quasi-experiment, (2) conventional matching methods, and (3) the timing-of-events model. All three methods use the same data to consider the same program in the same setting, and also yield similar results. The program reduces job finding during the first six months after enrollment. At longer durations, the quasi-experimental estimates are not significantly different from zero, while the nonexperimental methods show a small negative effect." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2017): Bewerbungsflut aufgrund von Eingliederungsvereinbarungen. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion DIE LINKE (Drucksache 18/13135). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 18/13240 (03.08.2017)), 4 S.

Abstract

"Die Bundesagentur für Arbeit (BA) wird von Unternehmen auf der Suche nach Arbeitskräften zunehmend in Anspruch genommen. Im vergangenen Jahr wurden der Behörde rund 154.000 mehr Stellen im Vergleich zum Vorjahr gemeldet, wie aus der Antwort (18/13240) der Bundesregierung auf eine Kleine Anfrage (18/13135) der Fraktion Die Linke hervorgeht. Bestätigt würden die Ergebnisse durch eine aktuelle Stellenerhebung des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB). Demnach lag die Meldequote bundesweit bei 52,7 Prozent und damit um 14,3 Prozent höher als im selben Zeitraum des Jahres 2010 mit 38,4 Prozent. Der Bundesregierung lägen keine Hinweise darauf vor, dass die Vorgaben in Eingliederungsvereinbarungen (EGV) zum Nachweis von Bewerbungsbemühungen zu einer für Firmen nicht mehr zu bearbeitenden Flut an Zusendungen geführt hätten. Auch gebe es keine Erkenntnisse, dass Unternehmen aufgrund einer großen Zahl an Bewerbungen zunehmend auf informelle Wege der Stellenbesetzung umstellten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bähr, Sebastian & Martin Abraham (2016): The role of social capital in the job-related regional mobility decisions of unemployed individuals. In: Social Networks, Jg. 46, H. July, S. 44-59., 2015-12-23. DOI:10.1016/j.socnet.2015.12.004

Abstract

"Social capital is an important factor in interregional mobility. Although most prior research has focused on its role in the job-finding process, this study investigates the function of social networks and the social capital embedded therein after an interregional job offer has been received. This subject is particularly important for the unemployed, who should be able to exploit a mobility strategy to re-enter the labour market. Unemployed persons rely on their social networks to cope with joblessness, but there is evidence that social contexts can also act as mobility traps for this group (Windzio, 2004). We examine whether the unemployed weight social capital in a unique manner when making decisions regarding mobility.
To investigate these issues, we combine a factorial survey module (FSM) with data from the German 'Labour market and social security' (PASS) panel study to generate representative samples of both unemployed and employed persons with a randomised mobility stimulus in the form of hypothetical interregional job offers. Our results reveal the mobilising effects of exposure to conflict-laden relationships with the social network and the household. These are particularly pronounced for unemployed persons, highlighting the importance of factors that influence decision making about mobility beyond simple economic considerations." (Author's abstract, © 2016 Elsevier) ((en))

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Dustmann, Christian, Albrecht Glitz, Uta Schönberg & Herbert Brücker (2016): Referral-based job search networks. In: The Review of Economic Studies, Jg. 83, H. 2, S. 514-546., 2015-06-08. DOI:10.1093/restud/rdv045

Abstract

"This article derives novel testable implications of referral-based job search networks in which employees provide employers with information about potential new hires that they otherwise would not have. Using comprehensive matched employer - employee data covering the entire workforce in one large metropolitan labour market combined with unique survey data linked to administrative records, we provide evidence that workers earn higher wages and are less inclined to leave their firms if they have obtained their job through a referral. These effects are particularly strong at the beginning of the employment relationship and decline with tenure in the firm, suggesting that firms and workers learn about workers' productivity over time. Overall, our findings imply that job search networks help to reduce informational deficiencies in the labour market and lead to productivity gains for workers and firms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gautier, Pieter, Jose L. Moraga-Gonzalez & Ronald Wolthoff (2016): Search costs and efficiency. Do unemployed workers search enough? In: European Economic Review, Jg. 84, H. May, S. 123-139. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.04.001

Abstract

"Many labor market policies affect the marginal benefits and costs of job search. The impact and desirability of such policies depend on the distribution of search costs. In this paper, we provide an equilibrium framework for identifying the distribution of search costs and we apply it to the Dutch labor market. In our model, the wage distribution, job search intensities, and firm entry are simultaneously determined in market equilibrium. Given the distribution of search intensities (which we directly observe), we calibrate the search cost distribution and the flow value of non-market time; these values are then used to derive the socially optimal firm entry rates and distribution of job search intensities. From a social point of view, some unemployed workers search too little due to a hold-up problem, while other unemployed workers search too much due to coordination frictions and rent-seeking behavior. Our results indicate that jointly increasing unemployment benefits and the sanctions for unemployed workers who do not search at all can be welfare-improving." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Haller, Peter & Daniel F. Heuermann (2016): Job search and hiring in local labor markets. Spillovers in regional matching functions. In: Regional science and urban economics, Jg. 60, H. September, S. 125-138., 2016-06-22. DOI:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2016.06.007

Abstract

"In this paper we take a fresh look at the job matching process within local labor markets in Germany. Drawing on smaller geographic units than the previous literature, we estimate regional matching functions on NUTS 3 level for the years 2000 to 2010. The elasticity between matches and unemployment ranges between 0.4 and 0.5 with 75% of this effect being driven by the impact that unemployment has on matches in neighboring regions. The effect of vacancies on matches is substantially smaller but also robustly positive. Bayesian model comparison tests suggest that spillovers from unemployment and vacancies are confined to local labor markets, which are best approximated by geographical distance rather than by present or past infrastructure or commuter numbers. Spillovers from unemployment arise exclusively after a series of major labor market reforms ('Hartz Reforms') have been implemented between 2003 and 2005, indicating that the reforms have contributed to an increased spatial mobility of the unemployed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hamann, Silke, Annekatrin Niebuhr & Cornelius Peters (2016): Benefits of dense labour markets. Evidence from transitions to employment in Germany. (IAB-Discussion Paper 13/2016), Nürnberg, 38 S.

Abstract

"Wir untersuchen, ob die Größe des lokalen Arbeitsmarktes die Qualität von Matches zwischen Arbeitsuchenden und offenen Stellen verbessert, welches sich in einer höheren Produktivität widerspiegeln sollte. Die Analyse basiert auf einem umfangreichen Individualdatensatz mit detaillierten Informationen zu einzelnen Beschäftigungsaufnahmen in Deutschland. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten auf eher geringe Matchingvorteile hin. Eine Verdoppelung der Beschäftigungsdichte erhöht die Produktivität neuer Beschäftigungsverhältnisse um 1,1% bis 1,2%. Allerdings profitieren den Resultaten zufolge ausschließlich Personen mit einem Job-to-Job Wechsel oder einer Beschäftigungsaufnahme nach einer kurzen Beschäftigungsunterbrechung. Die Produktivität nach einer langen Beschäftigungsunterbrechung wird nicht von der Dichte des lokalen Arbeitsmarktes beeinflusst." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Homrighausen, Pia & Gerhard Krug (2016): Job search behavior of older workers and labor market outcomes. (LASER discussion papers 95), Erlangen, 33 S.

Abstract

"Using unique survey and register data with detailed information on the channel-specific search intensities of older workers in Germany, we investigate the relationship between job search behavior and job search success focusing on older workers. We find that intensive job search via the public employment service is not linked to an older worker's job search success, but results in a greater wage loss and lower job satisfaction. By contrast, increasing job search by a private provider is positively linked with the probability of finding a new job and results in a lesser wage loss." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Koßmann, Ralf Werner (2016): Effectiveness of social capital in the job search process. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 823), Berlin, 53 S.

Abstract

"The empirical literature has provided ample yet contradictory evidence on the effectiveness of social ties in the job search process in terms of post-hire outcomes, such as wages or job satisfaction. Whereas early research, mainly focussing on the U.S. labour market, found positive correlations between finding a job via social ties and post-hire outcomes, most recent studies reported inconclusive or even negative correlations. Country differences in the effectiveness of social ties could be explained by differences in the effectiveness of other search channels, e.g. public institutions. Therefore, this study contributes to the existing literature by investigating the effectiveness of social ties in the German labour market which is commonly regarded as rather strict and monitored by strong labour market institutions. Based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), it is analysed whether wages, job satisfaction, and fluctuation are affected by the job finding channel. Furthermore, this is the first study which investigates whether job changes affect wage and job satisfaction differentials between the current and the previous job. Results show that finding a job via social ties is not related to higher income; yet, weak evidence can be found for higher job satisfaction and a reduction in turnover." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lazear, Edward P., Kathryn L. Shaw & Christopher T. Stanton (2016): Who gets hired? The importance of finding an open slot. (NBER working paper 22202), Cambrige, Mass., 46 S. DOI:10.3386/w22202

Abstract

"A model of hiring into posted job slots suggests hiring is based on comparative advantage: being hired depends not only on one's own skill but also on the skills of other applicants. The model has numerous implications. First, bumping of applicants occurs when one job-seeker is slotted into a lower paying job by another applicant who is more skilled. Second, less able workers are more likely to be unemployed because they are bumped. Third, vacancies are higher for harder to fill skilled jobs. Fourth, some workers are over-qualified for their jobs whereas others are under-qualified. These implications are borne out using four different data sets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lichter, Andreas (2016): Essays on the economics of the labor market. Köln, 217 S.

Abstract

"The present dissertation aims at contributing to the understanding of central labor market mechanisms by analyzing open questions on the determinants of firms' labor demand, unemployed individuals' job search behavior and the state's role in shaping peoples' trust and, thereby, affecting labor market outcomes and economic performance. (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Moscarini, Giuseppe & Fabien Postel-Vinay (2016): Did the job ladder fail after the Great Recession? In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 34, H. 1/Pt. 2, S. S55-S93.

Abstract

"We study employment reallocation across employers through the lens of a dynamic job ladder model. Workers always agree on a ranking of employers at all points in time and search for better jobs both off and on the job. A parsimonious version of the model fits well the time series of gross worker flows by employer size from newly available US data from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey. Focusing on the US experience in and around the Great Recession, our evidence indicates that the job ladder stopped working then and has not fully resumed yet." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Neffke, Frank, Anne Otto & César Hidalgo (2016): The mobility of displaced workers: How the local industry mix affects job search strategies. (Papers in evolutionary economic geography 2016/05), Utrecht, 39 S.

Abstract

"Establishment closures leave many workers unemployed. Based on employment histories of 20 million German workers, we find that workers often cope with their displacement by moving to different regions and industries. However, which of these coping strategies is chosen depends on the local industry mix. A large local presence of predisplacement or related industries strongly reduces the rate at which workers leave the region. Moreover, our findings suggest that a large local presence of the predisplacement industry induces workers to shift search efforts toward this industry, reducing the spatial scope of search for jobs in alternative industries and vice versa." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sedláček, Petr (2016): The aggregate matching function and job search from employment and out of the labor force. In: Review of Economic Dynamics, Jg. 21, H. July, S. 16-28. DOI:10.1016/j.red.2016.03.001

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Tim Weitzel, Tim, Sven Laumer, Christian Maier, Caroline Oehlhorn, Jakob Wirth, Christoph Weinert & Andreas Eckhardt (2016): Active sourcing und social recruiting. Ausgewählte Ergebnisse der Recruiting Trends 2016, einer empirischen Studie der Top 1.000 Unternehmen aus Deutschland sowie der Top 300 Unternehmen aus den Branchen Automotive, Handel und IT, und der Bewerbungspraxis 2016, einer empirischen Studie mit über 4.800 Stellensuchenden und Karriereinteressierten im Internet. Themenspecial. Bamberg, 19 S.

Abstract

"Das Themenspecial 'Active Sourcing und Social Recruiting' ist Teil der jährlich durchgeführten Studienreihen 'Recruiting Trends' und 'Bewerbungspraxis' des Centre of Human Resources Information Systems (CHRIS) der Universität Bamberg in Zusammenarbeit mit der German Graduate School of Management and Law, Heilbronn und im Auftrag der Monster Worldwide Deutschland GmbH. Der vorliegende Themenschwerpunkt gibt einen Einblick in die Bedeutung und Nutzung von Active Sourcing und Social Recruiting in den Top 1.000 Unternehmen aus Deutschland und vergleicht die Ergebnisse mit dem Nutzungsverhalten und den Einschätzungen von über 4.800 Stellensuchenden und Karriereinteressierten. Für einen umfassenden Überblick über die Gestaltung der Personalbeschaffung in Deutschland wurden zudem Branchenanalysen der Top 300 Unternehmen aus den Branchen Automotive, Handel und IT sowie mehrere Fallstudien durchgeführt." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Arni, Patrick (2015): Opening the blackbox: How does labor market policy affect the job seekers' behavior? A field experiment. (IZA discussion paper 9617), Bonn, 59 S.

Abstract

"Empirically, not much is known about the mechanisms how labor market programs like job search assistance and training operate to support finding a job. This paper provides novel evidence to open the 'blackbox': it causally links the program interventions to the dynamics of search behavior, beliefs and non-cognitive skills. The study is based on a unique combination of a randomized field experiment with detailed register data and a panel of repeated surveys. The tested coaching program, focused on older job seekers, turns out to increase the job finding of participants by 9 percentage points (72% vs. 63% in the control group). The treatment effect is driven by a reduction of reservation wages and an increase in search efficiency. Moreover, I find short-run effects on motivation, self-confidence and beliefs. The job seekers overestimate their chances slightly less with respect to job interviews and salaries. Overall, the focus on realistic expectations and on search strategy appears to be important for program success. The experiment shows that evaluation designs which directly assess behavior can provide a fruitful base for targeted policy design." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Arni, Patrick & Amelie Schiprowski (2015): The effects of binding and non-binding job search requirements. (IZA discussion paper 8951), Bonn, 52 S.

Abstract

"Job search requirements constrain the effort choice of unemployment insurance recipients by enforcing a minimum number of monthly applications. This paper is the first to assess how individual search effort, job finding and job stability react to this constraint. Standard job search theory predicts that requirements affect each job seeker relative to her unconstrained effort choice. Therefore, the behavioral treatment intensity of interest is the incremental effort necessary to comply with the requirement. Using novel Swiss register data, we measure this intensity as the difference between the individual requirement threshold and the search effort provided just before requirement imposition. Our econometric approach exploits that - conditional on a broad set of choice fixed effects - the match between the job seeker's unconstrained effort choice and the caseworker's requirement setting behavior is arbitrary. Therefore, it provides exogenous variation in the treatment assignment. We find that binding search requirements that exceed the job seeker's unconstrained effort choice, increase job finding in a substantial way. These effects are highly heterogeneous with respect to the job seeker's characteristics. They come at the cost of increased non-compliance and sanction imposition rates. Moreover, binding requirements have striking negative effects on job stability. Finally, we find that non-binding requirements can also affect search outcomes. This suggests that requirements can operate as signals, thereby generating behavioral effects that are not predicted by standard job search theory." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Auspurg, Katrin & Stefanie Gundert (2015): Precarious employment and bargaining power. Results of a factorial survey analysis. In: Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Jg. 44, H. 2, S. 99-117., 2014-10-13.

Abstract

"Welche Rolle spielt die Verhandlungsmacht von Arbeitnehmern für ihre Bereitschaft, befristete Arbeitsverträge zu akzeptieren? In welchem Ausmaß ist ihre Konzessionsbereitschaft durch individuelle Merkmale oder Kontextfaktoren beeinflusst, welche die Verhandlungsmacht gegenüber Arbeitgebern bestimmen? In einem faktoriellen Survey-Modul wurden im Panel 'Arbeitsmarkt und soziale Sicherung' (PASS) im Jahr 2011 etwa 3.700 Erwerbspersonen in Deutschland zu ihrer Annahmebereitschaft hinsichtlich fiktiver Jobangebote (Vignetten) befragt, die in Merkmalen wie der Beschäftigungsdauer experimentell variiert wurden. Erwartungsgemäß reduziert eine gute Verhandlungsposition (z.B. in Form von ökonomischen Ressourcen oder einer starken Arbeitsmarktintegration) die Konzessionsbereitschaft im Hinblick auf Beschäftigungssicherheit. Der Vorteil einer solchen Position zeigt sich zudem in höheren finanziellen Kompensationen bei der Annahme befristeter Verträge. Dabei finden sich Variationen nach familiärem Hintergrund und Geschlecht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Barbulescu, Roxana (2015): The strength of many kinds of ties. Unpacking the role of social contacts across stages of the job. In: Organization Science, Jg. 26, H. 4, S. 1040-1058. DOI:10.1287/orsc.2015.0978

Abstract

"The topic of job mobility has received increasing attention in recent years. Yet, surprising in light of the wealth of research on social networks and job attainment, we do not have a unified model of the impact of different kinds of social contacts on job search success. In this paper I show that contacts are differently beneficial for job seekers depending on the stage of the job search process that job seekers are engaged in. Specifically, three stages of the job search process can be distinguished in which social contacts fulfill different roles for the job seekers: deciding the types of jobs for which to apply, submitting job applications, and preparing for interviews. I propose that contacts who are spread across different occupations are conducive to applying to more types of jobs, yet it is contacts who are more focused across occupations that are beneficial for being invited to more interviews - relative to the number of job types applied for - and for converting the interviews into offers. In addition, contacts with lower relationship depth with the job seeker are more helpful for getting invited to interviews, whereas contacts who have more frequent interactions with the job seeker are more helpful for converting interviews into offers. Analyses using a unique longitudinal data set on the job searches of 226 participants in an MBA program offer robust evidence in support of the hypotheses. The results suggest that external mobility is best enabled when job seekers engage with - and learn from - different kinds of contacts across stages of the job search process." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Benson, Alan (2015): A theory of dual job search and sex-based occupational clustering. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 54, H. 3, S. 367-400. DOI:10.1111/irel.12095

Abstract

"This paper theorizes and provides evidence for the segregation of men into clustered occupations and women into dispersed occupations in advance of marriage and in anticipation of future colocation problems. Using the Decennial Census, and controlling for occupational characteristics, I find evidence of this general pattern of segregation, and also find that the minority of the highly educated men and women who depart from this equilibrium experience delayed marriage, higher divorce, and lower earnings. Results are consistent with the theory that marriage and mobility expectations foment a self-fulfilling pattern of occupational segregation with individual departures deterred by earnings and marriage penalties." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bruckmeier, Kerstin, Johannes Eggs, Carina Sperber, Mark Trappmann & Ulrich Walwei (2015): Arbeitsmarktsituation von Aufstockern: Vor allem Minijobber suchen nach einer anderen Arbeit. (IAB-Kurzbericht 19/2015), Nürnberg, 8 S.

Abstract

"Die positive Beschäftigungsentwicklung in Deutschland hält an und der Arbeitsmarkt ist in einer guten Grundverfassung. Dennoch ist die Zahl der Menschen, die gleichzeitig Leistungen der Grundsicherung und ein Erwerbseinkommen erhalten, in den letzten Jahren nahezu unverändert geblieben. Diese erwerbstätigen Arbeitslosengeld-II-Bezieher, die sogenannten Aufstocker, stehen im besonderen Fokus von Arbeitsmarkt- und Sozialpolitik. Die Haushaltsbefragung 'Arbeitsmarkt und Soziale Sicherung' zeigt für das Jahr 2013, dass die Tätigkeiten von Aufstockern oft durch eine geringe Stundenzahl und/oder geringe Stundenlöhne gekennzeichnet sind. Ihre Beschäftigungssituation könnte sich verbessern, wenn sie nach einer anderen oder weiteren Tätigkeit suchen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Caliendo, Marco, Deborah A. Cobb-Clark, Juliane Hennecke & Arne Uhlendorff (2015): Job search, locus of control, and internal migration. (IZA discussion paper 9600), Bonn, 42 S.

Abstract

"Internal migration can substantially improve labor market efficiency. Consequently, policy is often targeted towards reducing the barriers workers face in moving to new labor markets. In this paper we explicitly model internal migration as the result of a job search process and demonstrate that assumptions about the timing of job search have fundamental implications for the pattern of internal migration that results. Unlike standard search models, we assume that job seekers do not know the true job offer arrival rate, but instead form subjective beliefs - related to their locus of control - about the impact of their search effort on the probability of receiving a job offer. Those with an internal locus of control are predicted to search more intensively (i.e. across larger geographic areas) because they expect higher returns to their search effort. However, they are predicted to migrate more frequently only if job search occurs before migration. We then test the empirical implications of this model. We find that individuals with an internal locus of control not only express a greater willingness to move, but also undertake internal migration more frequently." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Caliendo, Marco, Anne C. Gielen & Robert Mahlstedt (2015): Home-ownership, unemployed's job search behavior and post-unemployment outcomes. (IZA discussion paper 8972), Bonn, 15 S.

Abstract

"Although home-ownership has been shown to restrict geographic labor mobility and to affect job search behavior of unemployed, there is no evidence so far on how it affects their future re-employment outcomes. We use two waves of detailed German survey data of newly unemployed individuals to study the effect of home-ownership on the job search behavior of unemployed and their re-employment outcomes. We show that unemployed who own a home are less willing to move and also less likely to apply for jobs for which one would have to move. However, we do not find any evidence for compensations of their restricted mobility by more intensive (more search channels or applications) or different (more active or informal) search behavior. Furthermore, we find that home-ownership does not seem to harm the employment prospects of the unemployed. Although the re-employment probability in the short-run is slightly lower, we find that after one year home-owning unemployed have found better re-employment jobs, in terms of wages and job satisfaction, than their renting counterparts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Caliendo, Marco, Deborah A. Cobb-Clark & Arne Uhlendorff (2015): Locus of control and job search strategies. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 97, H. 1, S. 71-87. DOI:10.1162/REST_a_00459

Abstract

"Standard job search theory assumes that unemployed individuals have perfect information about the effect of their search effort on the job offer arrival rate. In this paper, we present an alternative model which assumes instead that each individual has a subjective belief about the impact of his or her search effort on the rate at which job offers arrive. These beliefs depend in part on an individual's locus of control, i.e., the extent to which a person believes that future outcomes are determined by his or her own actions as opposed to external factors. We estimate the impact of locus of control on job search behavior using a novel panel data set of newly-unemployed individuals in Germany. Consistent with our theoretical predictions, we find evidence that individuals with an internal locus of control search more and that individuals who believe that their future outcomes are determined by external factors have lower reservation wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cappellari, Lorenzo & Konstantinos Tatsiramos (2015): With a little help from my friends? Quality of social networks, job finding and job match quality. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 78, H. August, S. 55-75. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.04.002

Abstract

"This paper studies the effect of network quality on job finding and job match quality using longitudinal data and a direct measure of network quality, which is based on the employment of friendship ties. Various identification strategies provide robust evidence that a higher number of employed contacts increases the job finding rate. Network quality also increases wages for high-skilled workers forming networks with non-familial contacts. Instead, for low-skilled workers, more employed familial contacts lead to a negative but not significant effect on wages. These findings reconcile previous mixed evidence of network effects on wages, indicating heterogeneity by skill level and relationship type." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cardoso, Ana Rute, Annalisa Loviglio & Lavinia Piemontese (2015): Information frictions and labor market outcomes. (IZA discussion paper 9070), Bonn, 43 S.

Abstract

"We analyze the impact of information frictions on workers' wages, contributing to the literature that tested search theory, which has so far focused on labor market frictions in general and not specifically on information asymmetries. Using data for 16 countries from the European Social Survey 2008, we find a sizeable gap between workers' perceptions of the unemployment rate and the actual unemployment rate in the country, which is a meaningful indicator of their misperception of labor market tightness. To handle the interval nature of our outcome of interest, the earnings variable, we estimate interval regressions, as well as ordered probit models. We follow a threefold strategy to tackle potential endogeneity problems, as the model includes: controls for the worker's ability; country-specific fixed effects; the unemployment rate in the region of residence, which might be the benchmark respondents have in mind when reporting their perception of the national unemployment rate and which is known to influence regional wages. Results show that when subjective perceptions overstate the unemployment rate in the country, a one percentage point gap between the perceived and the actual unemployment rate reduces individual wages by 0.4 to 0.7 percent. We discuss a potential mechanism generating this result. A pessimistic view of the labor market leads to concern over own future employment prospects and is thus likely to lower reservation wages; a too optimistic view, in turn, could raise reservation wages, but it would render job finding more difficult." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Chen, Been-Lon & Chih-Fang Lai (2015): Effects of labor taxes and unemployment compensation on labor supply in a search model with an endogenous labor force. In: Journal of macroeconomics, Jg. 43, H. March, S. 300-317. DOI:10.1016/j.jmacro.2014.12.005

Abstract

"Labor taxes and unemployment compensation were blamed for causing relative declines in labor supply in the EU to the US in the past decades. We propose a model with an endogenous labor force and compare with the model with an exogenous labor force. Because of discouraging the labor force, labor taxes decrease employment in our model less than the model with an exogenous labor force, have ambiguous effects on hours, and decrease less labor supply in our model. Due to boosting the labor force, unemployment compensation increases employment in our model and decreases in the model with an exogenous labor force, but with opposite effects on hours, labor supply is ambiguous in both models. To understand the net effect on labor supply, we feed in the data of increases in labor taxes and unemployment compensation in the EU relative to the US. We find that the model with an exogenous labor force explain excessively of decreases in employment and labor supply, with increases in hours against the data. In contrast, our model explains reasonable decreases in labor supply, with sensible decreases in employment and in hours. Thus, with an endogenous labor force, our model explains relative declines in labor supply better than the model with an exogenous labor force." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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De Coen, An, Anneleen Forrier, Nele De Cuyper & Luc Sels (2015): Job seekers' search intensity and wage flexibility. Does age matter? In: Ageing and Society, Jg. 35, H. 2, S. 346-366. DOI:10.1017/S0144686X13000731

Abstract

"Although studies on job search implicitly presume that relationships between antecedents and indicators of job search are similar for job seekers from different ages, few studies have tested this assumption even though lifespan theories state that individual motives and behaviour significantly change as people age. From this theoretical perspective, we examine how age moderates the relationships between re-employment efficacy, employment commitment and financial hardship, on the one hand, and job search intensity and wage flexibility, on the other hand. Path analysis on a sample of 240 Belgian job seekers who were at the start of an outplacement programme showed that re-employment efficacy relates positively to job search intensity and wage flexibility for older job seekers, while we find negative relationships for younger job seekers. For employment commitment and financial hardship, we do not find any interaction effects with age. Employment commitment relates positively to search intensity, whereas financial hardship relates negatively to wage flexibility, irrespective of age. We discuss implications for theory, practice and future research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Fort, Isabelle, Catherine Pacaud & Pierre-Yves Gilles (2015): Job search intention, theory of planned behavior, personality and job search experience. In: International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, Jg. 15, H. 1, S. 57-74. DOI:10.1007/s10775-014-9281-3

Abstract

"Diese Studie beabsichtigte nicht nur die Beziehungen zwischen Variablen der Theorie des geplanten Verhaltens und der Absicht zur Jobsuche innerhalb einer französischen Stichprobe zu bestätigen, sondern auch moderierende Effekte für diese Beziehungen durch Erfahrungen bezüglich der Jobsuche und durch zwei Persönlichkeitsdimensionen (Extraversion und Gewissenhaftigkeit) zu überprüfen. 154 Teilnehmer beurteilten die relevanten Konzepte auf einer Reihe von mehreren Skalen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass Variablen der Theorie des geplanten Verhaltens signifikant im Zusammenhang mit der Absicht zur Jobsuche stehen, und dass Extraversion sowie Gewissenhaftigkeit den Zusammenhang zwischen Einstellungen und der Absicht zur Jobsuche moderieren. Die Ergebnisse werden in Bezug zu bisheriger Forschung und praktischen Implikationen diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Fritzsche, Birgit, Michaela Fuchs, Anja Katrin Orth, Uwe Sujata & Antje Weyh (2015): Potenzialnutzung in Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt und Thüringen. Eine Analyse von Angebot und Nachfrage auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. (IAB-Regional. Berichte und Analysen aus dem Regionalen Forschungsnetz. IAB Sachsen-Anhalt-Thüringen 01/2015), Nürnberg, 49 S.

Abstract

"Auf den Arbeitsmärkten in Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt und Thüringen hat in den letzten Jahren eine Kehrtwende stattgefunden. Nachdem die Arbeitslosigkeit über Jahre hinweg angestiegen und die Beschäftigung gesunken war, drehte sich diese Entwicklung um 2005 in ihr Gegenteil. Angesichts des spürbaren demografischen Wandels wird nun immer öfter das Szenario eines Fachkräftemangels diskutiert. Dementsprechend berichten die Betriebe in den drei Bundesländern über zunehmende Probleme, ihre offenen Stellen passend zu besetzen. Einer stetig steigenden Zahl an Stellen, die immer schwieriger oder teilweise gar nicht besetzt werden können, steht aber eine immer noch recht hohe Zahl von Arbeitslosen gegenüber. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt sich die Frage, ob und in welchem Ausmaß in Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt und Thüringen spezifische Hemmnisse auf der Stellen- und/oder der Bewerberseite existieren, die einer umfassend(er)en Potenzialnutzung entgegen stehen.
Die vorliegende Studie hat eine vergleichende Analyse der Strukturen und Entwicklungen am Arbeitsmarkt in Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt und Thüringen zum Inhalt. Von speziellem Interesse ist hierbei, wie die drei Bundesländer sich sowohl im Vergleich zum ostdeutschen Durchschnitt als auch im Vergleich untereinander positionieren. Hierfür werden die spezifischen Stärken und Schwächen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt anhand einer Gegenüberstellung verschiedener Indikatoren zum Arbeitsangebot und zur Arbeitsnachfrage herausgearbeitet. Als Fazit lässt sich festhalten, dass in Sachsen-Anhalt das verfügbare Potenzial auf dem Arbeitsmarkt im Vergleich zu Sachsen und Thüringen rein rechnerisch am höchsten ist. Bei genauerer Betrachtung der Arbeitslosen wird aber auch deutlich, dass ein recht hoher Anteil aus verschiedenen Gründen eher als arbeitsmarktfern einzustufen ist. In Sachsen und Thüringen haben sich sowohl Angebot als auch Nachfrage auf dem Arbeitsmarkt günstiger als in Sachsen-Anhalt entwickelt. In bestimmten Berufen und Regionen sind in Zukunft Fachkräfteengpässe nicht mehr auszuschließen. Die Struktur und damit auch die Herausforderungen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt unterschieden sich damit ganz wesentlich zwischen Sachsen und Thüringen auf der einen Seite und Sachsen-Anhalt auf der anderen Seite. Dementsprechend müssen sie auch auf unterschiedlichen Wegen angegangen werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Gautier, Pieter A. & Coen N. Teulings (2015): Sorting and the output loss due to search frictions. In: Journal of the European Economic Association, Jg. 13, H. 6, S. 1136-1166. DOI:10.1111/jeea.12134

Abstract

"We analyze a general search model with on-the-job search (OJS) and sorting of heterogeneous workers into heterogeneous jobs. For given values of nonmarket time, the relative efficiency of OJS, and the amount of search frictions, we derive a simple relationship between the unemployment rate, mismatch, and wage dispersion. We estimate the latter two from standard micro data. Our methodology accounts for measurement error, which is crucial to distinguish true from spurious mismatch and wage dispersion. We find that without frictions, output would be about 9.5% higher if firms can commit to pay wages as a function of match quality and 15.5% higher if they cannot. Noncommitment leads to a business-stealing externality which causes a 5.5% drop in output." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Glitz, Albrecht (2015): The role of coworker-based networks in the labour market. In: CESifo DICE report, Jg. 13, H. 1, S. 25-32.

Abstract

"With the arrival of administrative data that provide comprehensive longitudinal information on individual work relationships, the systematic analysis of coworker-based networks and their role in the labour market has experienced an enormous boost in recent years. Moving ever closer to capturing actual personal interaction, several researchers have studied this important dimension of social networks within the context of established theoretical models, providing strong overall evidence that coworker-based networks play a positive role in labour market outcomes. My own findings show that this happens both through these networks' positive effect on the flow of information about job opportunities (Glitz 2013), and through their ability to reduce uncertainty about match-specific productivity (Glitz and Vejlin 2015)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hall, Robert E. & Andreas I. Mueller (2015): Wage dispersion and search behavior. (IZA discussion paper 9527), Bonn, 55 S.

Abstract

"We use a rich new body of data on the experiences of unemployed job-seekers to determine the sources of wage dispersion and to create a search model consistent with the acceptance decisions the job-seekers made. From the data and the model, we identify the distributions of four key variables: offered wages, offered non-wage job values, the value of the job-seeker's non-work alternative, and the job-seeker's personal productivity. We find that, conditional on personal productivity, the dispersion of offered wages is moderate, accounting for 21 percent of the total variation in observed offered wages, whereas the dispersion of the non-wage component of offered job values is substantially larger. We relate our findings to an influential recent paper by Hornstein, Krusell, and Violante who called attention to the tension between the fairly high dispersion of the values job-seekers assign to their job offers - which suggest a high value to sampling from multiple offers - and the fact that the job-seekers often accept the first offer they receive." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hofmann, Barbara (2015): Do geographical mobility requirements for the unemployed affect their exit rate to work? Evidence from a policy change. In: ILR review, Jg. 68, H. 5, S. 1195-1219., 2014-11-05. DOI:10.1177/0019793915592376

Abstract

"A policy change tightened job search requirements regarding geographical mobility for unemployment insurance - benefit recipients in Germany. Those affected by the policy change were individuals without family ties and whose reemployment prospects were low in their home labor market region. The author finds that the policy change increased employment after one year by 4.6 percentage points among women without children who lived in regions with relatively high unemployment. Women responded by taking up jobs in the home labor market region as well as outside the home labor market region. The author does not find any effects of the tightened mobility requirements for men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hohmeyer, Katrin & Eva Kopf (2015): Pflegende in Arbeitslosengeld-II-Haushalten: Wie Leistungsbezieher Pflege und Arbeitsuche vereinbaren. (IAB-Kurzbericht 05/2015), Nürnberg, 7 S.

Abstract

"Die Zahl der Pflegebedürftigen in Deutschland steigt. Viele Menschen pflegen Angehörige und müssen dies mit ihrer Erwerbstätigkeit vereinbaren. Auch Arbeitslosengeld-II-Bezieher, die ihre Angehörigen pflegen, stehen im Spannungsfeld zwischen der Pflegearbeit und ihrer Pflicht zur Arbeitsuche. Mithilfe von Befragungsdaten des Panels 'Arbeitsmarkt und soziale Sicherung' aus dem Zeitraum 2006 bis 2012 untersuchen wir die Situation von pflegenden Leistungsbeziehern sowie deren Kontakt zu ihrem Jobcenter." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Holbrow, Hilary J. (2015): How conformity to labor market norms increases access to job search assistance. A case study from Japan. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 42, H. 2, S. 135-173. DOI:10.1177/0730888415572377

Abstract

"Recent studies have shown that providing job search assistance to job seekers who violate labor market norms can be costly. Consequently, people with information about jobs are less willing to help deviant job seekers. This implies that job seekers' conformity to labor market norms should be useful in predicting receipt of job search assistance. The author tests this claim using data from Japan and finds evidence that deviant job seekers receive less assistance. The findings demonstrate the importance of social norms in understanding assistance flows and illustrate the limits of network analysis in explaining access to job search assistance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Homrighausen, Pia (2015): Three essays on the job search of hard-to-place unemployed and older job seekers. Nürnberg, 116 S.

Abstract

"This dissertation consists of three stand-alone studies related to the job search progress of hard-to-place unemployed and older job seekers:
- Job search behavior of older workers and labor market outcomes
- Contracting out employment service programs: Compensation and private provider performance
- Targeted wage support for older workers: Results from a randomized field experiment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kaas, Leo & Philipp Kircher (2015): Efficient firm dynamics in a frictional labor market. In: The American economic review, Jg. 105, H. 10, S. 3030-3060. DOI:10.1257/aer.20131702

Abstract

"We develop and analyze a labor market model in which heterogeneous firms operate under decreasing returns and compete for labor by posting long-term contracts. Firms achieve faster growth by offering higher lifetime wages, which allows them to fill vacancies with higher probability, consistent with recent empirical findings. The model also captures several other regularities about firm size, job flows, and pay, and generates sluggish aggregate dynamics of labor market variables. In contrast to existing bargaining models with large firms, efficiency obtains and the model allows a tractable characterization over the business cycle." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Langenbucher, Kristine (2015): How demanding are eligibility criteria for unemployment benefits, quantitative indicators for OECD and EU countries. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 166), Paris, 84 S. DOI:10.1787/5jrxtk1zw8f2-en

Abstract

"Eligibility criteria for unemployment benefits, which require recipients to actively look for work, take up suitable job offers or take part in active labour market programmes (ALMPs), or risk benefit sanctions, can play an important role in offsetting the negative impact of generous unemployment benefits on employment incentives. This paper presents information on the strictness of eligibility criteria for unemployment benefits for 40 OECD and/or EU member countries. It covers availability requirements during ALMPs and suitable work criteria, job search requirements and monitoring of independent job search effort, and sanctions for voluntary unemployment, refusing a job offer or participation in active labour market measures. These qualitative data are then used to compile a composite indicator of the strictness of eligibility criteria and some comparisons are made with the results of a similar exercise by the OECD in 2011. This indicator complements existing cross-country indicators relating to unemployment benefits, such as net replacement rate data from the OECD Taxes and Benefits Database and data on ALMP expenditure compiled annually by Eurostat and the OECD." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Leung, Ming D. (2015): Failed searches: How the choice set of job applicants affects an employer's likelihood of making an offer. (IRLE working paper 2015-111), Berkeley, CA, 41 S.

Abstract

"Most accounts of hiring focus on understanding why a particular job candidate was chosen and do not examine hiring as an outcome for the employer. I suggest that a focus on developing a better understanding of failed searches, job openings which end unfilled, is a valuable, yet understudied, piece of the hiring puzzle. I do so here by highlighting the effect of an employer's choice set on whether a job offer is extended to any candidate. In particular, I hypothesize that the categorical overlap among the candidates who apply affects the likelihood of an offer being extended. Because a hiring decision is one an employer seeks to maximize, comparisons are effortful. The less overlap in the background of job candidates', the more difficult it is to compare them, the less likely any decision will be made. To support my contention that this is driven by cognitive effort, I further predict that choice set commensurability issues are less salient for jobs which are more urgent; suggesting variation in satisficing and maximizing motivations. Finally, commensurability is more challenging for employers with greater categorical fluency because differences among candidates are further exacerbated by the employer's more nuanced expectations. I demonstrate support for my contentions with data from Elance, an online market for freelancing services." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Manyika, James, Susan Lund, Kelsey Robinson, John Valentino & Richard Dobbs (2015): A labour market that works. Connecting talent with opportunity in the digital age. Washington, DC, 88 S.

Abstract

"Labor markets around the world haven't kept pace with rapid shifts in the global economy, and their inefficiencies have taken a heavy toll. Millions of people cannot find work, even as sectors from technology to healthcare struggle to fill open positions. Many who do work feel overqualified or underutilized. These issues translate into costly wasted potential for the global economy. More important, they represent hundreds of millions of people coping with unemployment, underemployment, stagnant wages, and discouragement.
Online talent platforms can ease a number of labor-market dysfunctions by more effectively connecting individuals with work opportunities. Such platforms include websites, like Monster.com and LinkedIn, that aggregate individual résumés with job postings from traditional employers, as well as the rapidly growing digital marketplaces of the new 'gig economy,' such as Uber and Upwork. While hundreds of millions of people around the world already use these services, their capabilities and potential are still evolving. Yet even if they touch only a fraction of the global workforce, we believe they can generate significant benefits for economies and for individuals (exhibit)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Matthes, Stephanie, Joachim Gerd Ulrich, Simone Flemming & Ralf-Olaf Granath (2015): Die Entwicklung des Ausbildungsmarktes im Jahr 2015. Mehr Ausbildungsangebote, stabile Nachfrage, aber wachsende Passungsprobleme. BIBB-Erhebung über neu abgeschlossene Ausbildungsverträge zum 30. September. Bonn, 39 S.

Abstract

"Mehr Ausbildungsplatzangebote der Betriebe, eine weitgehend stabile Ausbildungsplatznachfrage der Jugendlichen, aber weiter wachsende Schwierigkeiten, die Ausbildungsangebote der Betriebe und die Ausbildungswünsche der Jugendlichen in Einklang zu bringen, so dass letztlich dennoch nicht mehr Ausbildungsverträge abgeschlossen werden konnten - so lässt sich in aller Kürze die Ausbildungsmarktentwicklung 2015 charakterisieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Moffat, John & Hong Il Yoo (2015): Who are the unemployed? Evidence from the United Kingdom. In: Economics letters, Jg. 132, H. July, S. 61-64. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2015.04.017

Abstract

"Using the UK Labour Force Survey 2005 - 2012, we analyse heterogeneity among non-employment subgroups in future employment hazards. Based on the results, we propose alternative measures of unemployment that include out-of-the-labour-force subgroups with similar or higher hazards to the officially unemployed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Nekoei, Arash & Andrea Weber (2015): Does extending unemployment benefits improve job quality? (IZA discussion paper 9034), Bonn, 41 S.

Abstract

"Contrary to standard search model predictions, prior studies failed to estimate a positive effect of unemployment insurance (UI) on reemployment wages. This paper estimates a positive UI wage effect exploiting an age-based regression discontinuity in Austrian administrative data. A search model incorporating duration dependence determines the UI wage effect as the balance between two offsetting forces: UI causes agents to seek higher wage jobs, but also reduces wages by lengthening unemployment. This implies a negative relationship between the UI unemployment duration and wage effects, which holds empirically both in our sample and across studies, reconciling disparate wage-effect estimates. Empirically, UI raises wages by improving reemployment firms' quality and attenuating wage drops." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ng, Weiyi & Ming D. Leung (2015): For love or money? Gender differences in how one approaches getting a job. (IRLE working paper 2015-103), Berkeley, CA, 45 S.

Abstract

"Extant supply-side labor market theories conclude that women and men apply to different jobs but are unable to explain gender differences in how they may behave when applying to the same job. We correct this discrepancy by considering gendered approaches to the hiring process. We propose that applicants can emphasize either the relational or the transactional aspects of the job and that this affects whether they are hired. Relational job seekers focus on developing a social connection with their employer. In contrast, transactional job seekers focus on quantitative and mechanical aspects of the job. We expect women to be more relational and men to be more transactional and that this behavior will contribute to differences in hiring outcomes. Specifically, we contend that being relational suggest that one is more committed to the job at hand and therefore should increases the chances of being hired - holding constant competence. We examine behaviors in an online contract labor market for graphic designers, Elance.com where we find that women are more likely to be hired than men by about 4.1%. Quantitative linguistic analysis on the unstructured text of job proposals reveals that women (men) adopt more relational (transactional) language in their applications. These different approaches affect a job seeker's likelihood of being hired and attenuate the gender gap we identified. Attenuation suggests that how one approaches the hiring process matters and that gender is correlated with a particular style of engagement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pager, Devah & David S. Pedulla (2015): Race, self-selection, and the job search process. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 120, H. 4, S. 1005-1054. DOI:10.1086/681072

Abstract

"While existing research has documented persistent barriers facing African-American job seekers, far less research has questioned how job seekers respond to this reality. Do minorities self-select into particular segments of the labor market to avoid discrimination? Such questions have remained unanswered due to the lack of data available on the positions to which job seekers apply. Drawing on two original data sets with application-specific information, we find little evidence that blacks target or avoid particular job types. Rather, blacks cast a wider net in their search than similarly situated whites, including a greater range of occupational categories and characteristics in their pool of job applications. Additionally, we show that perceptions of discrimination are associated with increased search breadth, suggesting that broad search among African-Americans represents an adaptation to labor market discrimination. Together these findings provide novel evidence on the role of race and self-selection in the job search process." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Saks, Alan M., Jelena Zikic & Jessie Koen (2015): Job search self-efficacy: Reconceptualizing the construct and its measurement. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 86, H. February, S. 104-114. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2014.11.007

Abstract

"Job search self-efficacy (JSSE) is one of the most studied variables in the job search literature and an important component of the theory of planned behavior and self-regulation theory which have both been used to explain the job search process. However, even though JSSE has been a part of job search research for thirty years, the measurement of JSSE has varied from study to study. This questions both the validity of the measures used and the findings from each study that used a different measure. In this paper, we propose and test a two dimensional measure of JSSE that corresponds to job search behavior (JSSE-B) and job search outcomes (JSSE-O). The results of a longitudinal study of employed and unemployed job seekers support a two-factor model corresponding to the two dimensions of JSSE. We also found differential relationships between each dimension of JSSE and several antecedents and consequences. Among the antecedents, environmental exploration and self-exploration were stronger predictors of JSSE-B while career planning was a stronger predictor of JSSE-O. In terms of consequences, JSSE-B was a stronger predictor of job search intention and behavior while JSSE-O was a stronger predictor of the number of job offers received. These findings provide support for two dimensions of JSSE and have important implications for job search research and practice." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sato, Yasuhiro & Yves Zenou (2015): How urbanization affect employment and social interactions. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 75, H. April, S. 131-155. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.01.011

Abstract

"We develop a model where the unemployed workers in the city can find a job either directly or through weak or strong ties. We show that, in denser areas, individuals choose to interact with more people and meet more random encounters (weak ties) than in sparsely populated areas. We also demonstrate that, for a low urbanization level, there is a unique steady-state equilibrium where workers do not interact with weak ties, while, for a high level of urbanization, there is a unique steady-state equilibrium with full social interactions. We show that these equilibria are usually not socially efficient when the urban population has an intermediate size because there are too few social interactions compared to the social optimum. Finally, even when social interactions are optimal, we show that there is over-urbanization in equilibrium." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schmidl, Ricarda (2015): The effectiveness of early vacancy information in the presence of monitoring and ALMP. (IZA discussion paper 9575), Bonn, 45 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies the effectiveness of vacancy information from the public employment services (PES) in Germany, focussing on vacancy information obtained early in the unemployment spell. As in many other countries, the German activation practice combines information provision with monitoring to increase the willingness to apply. In case of a failed application, unemployed may participate in more intensive active labor market programs (ALMP). Exposure to monitoring or participation in ALMP is likely to confound the effect of information; our aim is to disentangle the different effects. Based on a flexible propensity score matching approach, we find that vacancy information increases the entry rate into unemployment predominantly by jobs mediated via the PES. Monitoring seems to reinforce this effect while limiting the crowding out of transitions made through other channels. In case of continued unemployment, early vacancy information reduces the participation rate in ALMP for some labor market groups. This is however not found to mediate the effect on employment transitions. We hence suggest that early vacancy information may increase the cost-effectiveness of the overall activation process even in the case of unsuccessful applications. Slight negative effects on employment quality seem to be driven by a combination of vacancy quality and monitoring." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Stark, Oded, Marcin Jakubek & Martyna Kobus (2015): Engineering an incentive to search for work. A comparison groups approach. In: Economics letters, Jg. 132, H. July, S. 1-4. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2015.03.033

Abstract

"Social comparisons are important in the employment sphere. A 'culture of unemployment' may evolve and prevail because it is optimal for an individual to remain unemployed when other unemployed individuals constitute his main reference group. We advance the idea that by making the receipt of unemployment benefits conditional on engagement in an incentive-enhancing activity (for example, work under state-sponsored employment schemes or participation in work-site-based training programs), a government can engineer a revision of the reference groups of an unemployed individual in order to induce him to seek work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tisch, Anita (2015): The employability of older job-seekers. Evidence from Germany. In: The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Jg. 6, H. December, S. 102-112., 2014-07-18. DOI:10.1016/j.jeoa.2014.07.001

Abstract

"Encouraged by the European Employment Strategy, the German government, like many other European governments, promotes individual employability as an instrument to improve the persistently low employment prospects of older job-seekers in the labour market. However, ageing is only rarely discussed in contemporary employability approaches. This article includes various employability approaches and empirically tests the commonly used dimensions of employability in actual labour market prospects with respect to older job-seekers (>50 years of age). Many dimensions of employability are found to vary by age, and older job-seekers can be described as disadvantaged with regard to certain dimensions. However, disadvantages in 'classical' employability factors cannot fully explain the comparatively poor labour market prospects of older job-seekers. This article shows that older job-seekers in Germany are less likely to transit from unemployment to employment, even after controlling for employability factors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tumen, Semih (2015): Informal versus formal search. Which yields a better pay? (IZA discussion paper 9573), Bonn, 33 S.

Abstract

"Estimates on the effect of job contact method - i.e., informal versus formal search - on wage offers vary considerably across studies, with some of them finding a positive correlation between getting help from informal connections and obtaining high-paying jobs, while others finding a negative one. In this paper, I theoretically investigate the sources of discrepancies in these empirical results. Using a formal job search framework, I derive an equilibrium wage distribution which reveals that the informal search yields for some groups higher and for some others lower wages than formal search. The key result is the existence of nonmonotonicities in wage offers. Two potential sources of these nonmonotonicities exist: (i) peer effects and (ii) unobserved worker heterogeneity in terms of the inherent cost of maintaining connections within a productive informal network. The model predicts that a greater degree of unobserved heterogeneity tilts the estimates toward producing a positive correlation between informal search and higher wages, whereas stronger peer influences tend to yield a negative correlation. This conclusion informs the empirical research in the sense that identification of the true correlation between job contact methods and wage offers requires a careful assessment of the unobserved heterogeneity and peer influences in the relevant sample." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Varekamp, Inge, Trudie Knijn, Martin van der Gaag & Peter Bos (2015): Social capital and job search behaviour of long-term welfare recipients. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 35, H. 11/12, S. 738-755. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-10-2014-0092

Abstract

"Purpose: Long-term welfare recipients in the Netherlands are either long-term unemployed or part-time employed in jobs that generate incomes below the subsistence level. The question is whether reintegration policies aiming at their return to - a fulltime - job should consider individual social network factors besides psychological and human capital factors. The purpose of this paper is to investigate welfare recipients' job search behaviour, in particular how individual social capital is distributed, and whether it is related to job search activities.
Design/methodology/approach: Standardised and structured interviews were conducted with 189 long-term unemployed welfare recipients. An adapted version of the Resource Generator instrument was used to measure individual access to social capital.
Findings: Social capital scales measuring domestic social resources, status-related social resources, expert advice on regulations and financial matters, and advice on finding a job were developed and psychometrically tested. Status-related social resources were more easily accessible to men and higher educated persons. Advice on finding a job was more easily accessible to recently unemployed individuals. Domestic social resources were less accessible to ethnic minorities. Persons with more social capital, specifically status-related social resources and advice in finding a job, showed more active job search behaviour.
Social implications: The differences in job search activities between respondents with more social capital and those with less social capital were present but to a small degree, and therefore there is no argument for reintegration activities to focus on enlarging social capital.
Originality/value: This study addresses the instrumental functions of the social network by multidimensionally scrutinising the resources that social relationships provide access to." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zaharieva, Anna (2015): Social contacts and referrals in a labor market with on-the-job search. In: Labour economics, Jg. 32, H. January, S. 27-43. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2014.12.001

Abstract

"This paper develops a matching model of the labor market with heterogeneous firms, on-the-job search and family referrals. The overall effect of referrals on wages can be decomposed into three distinct components. First, if referrals are used to help unemployed partners find jobs, then recommended workers are disproportionately concentrated in the left tail of the earnings distribution. This is a negative concentration effect of referrals, which emerges because workers accept (forward to the partner) job offers from more (less) productive employers. Second, if referrals are also used by workers to pool their less successful employed partners to more productive jobs, then the process of on-the-job search is intensified. This is a positive pooling effect of referrals. Third, better connected workers bargain higher wages for a given level of productivity. This is a positive effect of referrals on reservation wages and earnings. In the equilibrium, the overall effect of referrals can be positive (wage premiums) or negative (wage penalties). The negative effect is dominating in labor markets with strong productivity heterogeneity of firms and large bargaining power of workers. Otherwise, the positive effect is dominating. Referrals can have a negative effect on social welfare if there is a sharp drop in the search intensity after workers accept low productivity jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Arni, Patrick & Conny Wunsch (2014): Die Rolle von Erwartungshaltungen in der Stellensuche und der RAV-Beratung. Teilprojekt 1: Wechselwirkungen zwischen Erwartungshaltungen der Stellensuchenden, Determinanten des Sucherfolgs und arbeitsmarktlichen Maßnahmen. Schlussbericht. (IZA research report 62), Bonn, 127 S.

Abstract

"Dieses Projekt untersucht die Rolle von Erwartungshaltungen und Einstellungen von Stellensuchenden (STES) im Stellensuchprozess sowie für die Wirkung von arbeitsmarktpolitischen Instrumenten anhand der wenigen für die Schweiz existierenden Daten. Die Analysen zeigen, dass die Erwartungen und Einstellungen der STES entscheidenden Einfluss auf den Sucherfolg haben und durch arbeitsmarktpolitische Instrumente beeinflussbar sind. Sie sollten deshalb stärker in den Fokus der Arbeitsmarktpolitik gerückt werden. Hierzu ist es jedoch notwendig, dass systematisch Informationen über die Erwartungen, Einstellungen und das Suchverhalten der STES erhoben werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Baert, Stijn & Dieter Verhaest (2014): Unemployment or overeducation. Which is a worse signal to employers? (IZA discussion paper 8312), Bonn, 25 S.

Abstract

"This study aims at estimating the stigma effect of unemployment and overeducation within one framework. To this end, we conduct a field experiment in the Belgian labour market. We send out trios of fictitious male job applications to real vacancies. These applications differ only by the labour market history of the candidates. By monitoring the subsequent reactions from the employer side, we find evidence for a larger stigma effect of unemployment than overeducation. The stigma effect of overeducation is found to occur for permanent contract jobs but not temporary ones." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Basten, Christoph, Andreas Fagereng & Kjetil Telle (2014): Cash-on-hand and the duration of job search. Quasi-experimental evidence from Norway. In: The economic journal, Jg. 124, H. 576, S. 540-568. DOI:10.1111/ecoj.12135

Abstract

"We identify the causal effect of lump-sum severance payments on non-employment duration in Norway by exploiting a discontinuity in eligibility at age 50. We find that a severance payment worth 1.2 months' earnings at the median lowers the fraction re-employed after a year by seven percentage points. Data on household wealth enable us to verify that the effect is decreasing in prior wealth, which favors an interpretation as liquidity constraints over the alternative of mental accounting. Finding liquidity constraints in Norway, despite its equitable wealth distribution and generous welfare state, means they are likely to exist also in other countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Behaghel, Luc, Bruno Crépon & Thomas Le Barbanchon (2014): Unintended effects of anonymous resumes. (IZA discussion paper 8517), Bonn, 53 S.

Abstract

"We evaluate an experimental program in which the French public employment service anonymized resumes for firms that were hiring. Firms were free to participate or not; participating firms were then randomly assigned to receive either anonymous resumes or name-bearing ones. We find that participating firms become less likely to interview and hire minority candidates when receiving anonymous resumes. We show how these unexpected results can be explained by the self-selection of firms into the program and by the fact that anonymization prevents the attenuation of negative signals when the candidate belongs to a minority." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Berg, Gerard J. van den & Johan Vikström (2014): Monitoring job offer decisions, punishments, exit to work, and job quality. In: The Scandinavian journal of economics, Jg. 116, H. 2, S. 284-334. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12051

Abstract

"Unemployment insurance systems include monitoring of unemployed workers and punitive sanctions if job search requirements are violated. We analyze the effect of sanctions on the ensuing job quality, notably on wage rates and hours worked, and we examine how often a sanction leads to a lower occupational level. The data cover the Swedish population over 1999-2004. We estimate duration models dealing with selection on unobservable. We use weighted exogenous sampling maximum likelihood to deal with the fact the data register is large whereas observed punishments are rare. We also develop a theoretical job search model with monitoring of job offer rejection vis-a-vis monitoring of job search effort. The observation window includes a policy change in which the punishment severity was reduced. We find that the hourly wage and the number of hours are on average lower after a sanction, and that individuals move more often to a lower occupational level, incurring human capital losses. Monitoring offers rejections is less effective than monitoring search effort." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bernhard, Sarah & Eva Kopf (2014): Courses or individual counselling: does job search assistance work? In: Applied Economics, Jg. 46, H. 27, S. 3261-3273., 2014-05-20. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2014.927567

Abstract

"How does labour market policy affect welfare recipients and long-term unemployed people? We investigate whether job search assistance (JSA) helps disadvantaged individuals to find jobs and whether courses or individual counselling is more successful in reaching this goal. To evaluate individual employment effects, we apply a quasi-experimental design and construct suitable comparison groups using propensity score matching methods. We compare participants to nonparticipants as well as participants of both schemes directly. Our article benefits from access to rich administrative data from the German Federal Employment Agency. When comparing participants to nonparticipants, results suggest that the individual JSA does not affect participants' employment prospects at all and that the course JSA even decreased their employment chances. At the same time, differences in these effects can be ascribed to programme design differences and to differences in the groups of participants. Therefore, we compare both programmes directly to each other, that is, we use the other programme participants as a comparison group, respectively. We found some evidence that individual JSA performs better than course JSA." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bonoli, Giuliano (2014): Networking the unemployed. Can policy interventions facilitate access to employment through informal channels? In: International social security review, Jg. 67, H. 2, S. 85-106. DOI:10.1111/issr.12040

Abstract

"It is widely known that informal contacts and networks constitute a major advantage when searching for a job. Unemployed people are likely to benefit from such informal contacts, but building and sustaining a network can be particularly difficult when out of employment. Interventions that allow unemployed people to effectively strengthen their networking capability could as a result be promising. Against this background, this article provides some hints in relation to the direction that such interventions could take. First, on the basis of data collected on a sample of 4,600 newly-unemployed people in the Swiss Canton of Vaud, it looks at the factors that influence jobseekers' decisions to turn to informal contacts for their job search. The article shows that many unemployed people are not making use of their network because they are unaware of the importance of this method. Second, it presents an impact analysis of an innovative intervention designed to raise awareness of the importance of networks which is tested in a randomized controlled trial setting." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brencic, Vera (2014): Search online: Evidence from acquisition of information on online job boards and resume banks. In: Journal of economic psychology, Jg. 42, H. June, S. 112-125. DOI:10.1016/j.joep.2014.02.003

Abstract

"While online job boards and resume banks have improved access to information about available jobs and job searchers, little is known about how much of this information gets actually disseminated among participants in the labor market. On the basis of novel data, we find that employers and job searchers prefer to visit resume banks and job boards with more postings. However, once on the site, the number of postings that a typical visitor reviews is not affected by the number of available postings and represents a small fraction of all postings on the site. These findings suggest that employers and job searchers acquire limited amount of information about available job searchers and jobs online even though additional information is easily accessible and available free of charge." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dong, Z. K., D. S. Huang & F. F. Tang (2014): Information disclosure and job search. Evidence from a social networks experiment. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 21, H. 4, S. 293-296. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2013.856992

Abstract

"We report the results of an experiment that determined the importance of an information disclosure policy in job search behaviour. We controlled the level of employment information disclosed after every experimental round. When we announced the subjects' wage levels, which at that point they had accepted along with their counterparts in a social network, the subjects' average reservation wages increased significantly according to their initial preference. However, when this information was not revealed, the reservation wage remained the same despite the availability of the social network. We suggest that the green-eyed monster effect may be significant in explaining these results." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ellison, Martin, Godfrey Keller, Kevin Roberts & Margaret Stevens (2014): Unemployment and market size. In: The economic journal, Jg. 124, H. 575, S. 119-148. DOI:10.1111/ecoj.12043

Abstract

"Without strong empirical support, labour market matching models typically assume constant returns to scale in matching. We construct a tractable equilibrium random matching model with a general matching technology, introducing market size effects: the job-finding rate varies with unemployment. Stable steady-states may occur in regions of increasing or decreasing returns, and multiple equilibria are welfare-ranked by market size. While the standard model relies on high-frequency shocks to the steady state to explain the co-movement of unemployment and job-finding, locally decreasing returns in matching generate plausible adjustment dynamics and slower convergence. Lastly, an extension of the Hosios condition internalises search externalities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Eppel, Rainer, Helmut Mahringer & Andrea Weber (2014): Job search behaviour and job search success of the unemployed. (WIFO working papers 471), Wien, 40 S.

Abstract

"We combine information from a job-seeker survey and two sources of administrative data to shed light on the job search behaviour and job search success of the unemployed. Our particular focus is on the way the Public Employment Service (AMS) shapes job search effort and outcomes in terms of the exit rate to work and of post-unemployment job match quality. Job-seekers attach a high value to internet job search, but social networks are by far the most promising job search channel. The AMS has a central role in the job search process of the unemployed, particularly for job-seekers with low education and long unemployment record. We find a positive link between the amount of AMS counselling and job search effort. Our results indicate that the AMS is effective in facilitating exit from unemployment to paid work - directly, through placing of jobs and increasing the efficiency of job search, as well as indirectly, by stimulating job search effort. The jobs placed by this intermediary do not significantly differ in job tenure from those generated by other channels, but they are rather poorly paid. After adjustment for differences in covariates, monthly starting wages are significantly lower for people placed via the AMS compared with those successful with the internet and private employment agencies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gielen, Anne C. & Jan C. van Ours (2014): Unhappiness and job finding. In: Economica, Jg. 81, H. 323, S. 544-565. DOI:10.1111/ecca.12089

Abstract

"It is puzzling that people feel quite unhappy when they become unemployed, while at the same time active labor market policies are needed to bring unemployed back to work more quickly. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we investigate whether there is indeed such a puzzle. First, we find that nearly half of the unemployed do not experience a drop in happiness, which might explain why at least some workers need to be activated. In addition to that, we find that even though unemployed who experience a drop in happiness search more actively for a job, it does not speed up their job finding. Apparently, there is no link between unhappiness and the speed of job finding. Hence, there is no contradiction between unemployed being unhappy and the need for activation policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Himsel, Carina & Ulrich Walwei (2014): Determinanten der Arbeitssuche atypisch Beschäftigter. In: Arbeit. Zeitschrift für Arbeitsforschung, Arbeitsgestaltung und Arbeitspolitik, Jg. 23, H. 3, S. 225-241., 2014-09-25. DOI:10.1515/arbeit-2014-0306

Abstract

"Seit Beginn der 1990er Jahre befinden sich die Erwerbsformen im Wandel, die Zahl atypisch Beschäftigter legte kontinuierlich zu. Unser Fokus liegt in diesem Beitrag auf den Präferenzen und Motiven atypisch Beschäftigter und dabei insbesondere auf der Frage, ob die Aufnahme einer atypischen Beschäftigung auch im Sinne der Arbeitnehmer liegt oder diese eine Veränderung ihrer Beschäftigungssituation anstreben. Hierfür werden das Suchverhalten und Gründe für die Arbeitssuche näher betrachtet. Es zeigt sich, dass atypisch Beschäftigte häufiger als unbefristet Vollzeitbeschäftigte eine andere oder weitere Tätigkeit suchen, bei geringfügig Beschäftigten ist die Suchintensität am größten. Tendenziell suchen Männer, Geringqualifizierte sowie Personen ohne Partner häufiger eine andere Tätigkeit. In der letzten Dekade hat die Suchintensität atypisch Beschäftigter zugenommen, allerdings geht die höhere Suchintensität zum Ende der letzten Dekade nicht allein auf die Hartz-Reformen zurück, sondern insbesondere auch mit einer verbesserten Arbeitsmarktlage einher. Atypisch Beschäftigte, die nach einer anderen Tätigkeit suchen, stellen für die Arbeitsmarktpolitik ein besonderes Potenzial dar. Wird dieses Potenzial durch geeignete Maßnahmen und Initiativen erschlossen, würde man damit einen wertvollen Beitrag zur Fachkräftesicherung, zur Stabilisierung von Erwerbsbiografien und zu individueller Aufwärtsmobilität leisten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Horvath, Gergely (2014): On-the-job search and finding a good job through social contacts. In: The B.E. Journal of Theoretical Economics, Jg. 14, H. 1, S. 1-33. DOI:10.1515/bejte-2013-0033

Abstract

"The interactions between on-the-job search and finding a job through social contacts are investigated in a Diamond - Mortensen - Pissarides search model with heterogeneous wages. Workers may find a job through their social contacts and on the formal market. The presence of social contacts increases the overall welfare in society as it rises the number of workers earning high wages and decreases the unemployment rate. However, unemployed workers finding a job through social ties earn lower wages on average than those who obtain a job on the formal market. This result follows from on-the-job search: employed workers pass only those offers on to their neighbors that pay (weakly) lower wages than their current wages earned. Despite the wage discount, unemployed workers still might find it beneficial to search via social ties because arrival rate of offers is higher for this channel than for the formal market when the number of neighbors is sufficiently large. There is a trade-off between unemployment duration and wages earned for workers obtaining a job via social ties." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kudlyak, Marianna & Fabian Lange (2014): Measuring heterogeneity in job finding rates among the nonemployed using labor force status histories. (IZA discussion paper 8663), Bonn, 30 S.

Abstract

"We use a novel approach to studying the heterogeneity in the job finding rates of the nonemployed by classifying the nonemployed by labor force status (LFS) histories, instead of using only one-month LFS. Job finding rates differ substantially across LFS histories: they are 25-30% among those currently out of the labor force (OLF) with recent employment, 10% among those currently OLF who have been unemployed but not employed in the previous two months, and 2% among those who have been OLF in all three previous months. This heterogeneity cannot be deduced from the one-month LFS or from one-month responses to the CPS survey questions about desire to work or recent search activity. We conclude that LFS histories is an important predictor of the nonemployed's job finding probability, particularly for those OLF." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lammers, Marloes (2014): The effects of savings on reservation wages and search effort. In: Labour economics, Jg. 27, H. April, S. 83-98. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2014.03.001

Abstract

"This paper discusses the interrelations among wealth, reservation wages and search effort. A theoretical job search model predicts wealth to affect reservation wages positively, and search effort negatively. Subsequently, reduced form equations for reservation wages and search intensity take these theoretical results to the data. The data used is a Dutch panel, containing detailed information on individual wealth and income, subjective reservation wages and proxies for search effort. The main empirical results show that wealth has a significantly positive effect on reservation wages of both household heads and spouses, and a significantly negative effect on the search effort of household heads." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))