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(2019): Betriebskindergärten in Deutschland. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion der FDP (Drucksache 19/13296). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 19/13781 (07.10.2019)), 16 S.

Abstract

Familienfreundlichkeit spielt im Wettbewerb um gute Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter für Unternehmen in Deutschland eine große Rolle. In ihrer Antwort auf eine kleine Anfrage der FDP geht die Bundesregierung auf die Entwicklung der betrieblich unterstützten Kinderbetreuung (z. B. Betriebskindergarten) in Deutschland ein. (IAB)

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Autor, David, David Dorn & Gordon Hanson (2018): When work disappears: manufacturing decline and the falling marriage-market value of young men. (IZA discussion paper 11465), Bonn, 24 S.

Abstract

"We exploit the gender-specific components of large-scale labor demand shocks stemming from rising international manufacturing competition to test how shifts in the relative economic stature of young men versus young women affected marriage, fertility and children's living circumstances during 1990-2014. On average, trade shocks differentially reduce employment and earnings of young adult males. Consistent with Becker's model of household specialization, shocks to male's relative earnings reduce marriage and fertility. Consistent with prominent sociological accounts, these shocks heighten male idleness and premature mortality, and raise the share of mothers who are unwed and the share of children living in below-poverty, single-headed households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cim, Merve & Anica Kramer (2018): Working women and labour market inequality. Research project for the Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies. Final report. (RWI-Projektbericht), Essen, 54 S.

Abstract

"Ziel des Projektes ist es, einen umfassenden Überblick über die geschlechtsspezifische (Un)gleichheit auf europäischen Arbeitsmärkten zu geben. In einer deskriptiven Analyse wird dabei zunächst die Arbeitsmarktsituation von Frauen für alle EU Mitgliedsstaaten dargestellt. In detaillierten Fallstudien werden Faktoren identifiziert, die mögliche Unterschiede zwischen den Ländern erklären können. Insbesondere wird analysiert, inwieweit Bildungssysteme, der Zugang zu Kinderbetreuung, Steuerpolitiken sowie kulturelle und historische Normen mit der Arbeitsmarktpartizipation und der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern korreliert sind. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen der Analysen werden mögliche Rückschlusse für die Wirtschaftspolitik gezogen sowie eine Reihe von ausgewählten Strategien abgeleitet, die auf EU- und einzelstaatlicher Ebene durchgeführt werden könnten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Baldini, Massimo, Constanza Torricelli & Maria Cesira Urzì Brancati (2018): Family ties: Labor supply responses to cope with a household employment shock. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 16, H. 3, S. 809-832. DOI:10.1007/s11150-017-9375-z

Abstract

"We use data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) to explore labor responses of individuals (not only the spouse) to a negative employment shock suffered by another household member. We focus on Italy where family ties other than spousal ones are particularly strong and grown up children live in their parents' household till late, especially when they are students. Two main results emerge. First, we find strong and robust evidence that households hit by an employment shock do respond by increasing labor supply. Second, we document an added worker effect that is affecting not only wives, but also teenage children and students independently of their age, with important policy implications in terms of human capital formation. Results are robust across gender, household financial conditions and the crisis, yet they do not point to differential reactions along these dimensions." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Barker, Andrew (2018): Increasing inclusiveness for women, youth and seniors in Canada. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1519), Paris, 63 S. DOI:10.1787/83cb8b8d-en

Abstract

"Women, youth and seniors face barriers to economic inclusion in Canada, with considerable scope to improve their labour market outcomes. There has been no progress in shrinking the gender employment gap since 2009, and women, particularly mothers, continue to earn significantly less than men, in part due to a large gap in unpaid childcare responsibilities. Outside the province of Québec, low (but increasing) rates of government support for childcare should be expanded considerably, as should fathers' low take-up of parental leave. Skills development should be prioritised to arrest declining skills among youth and weak wage growth among young males with low educational attainment. Fragmented labour market information needs to be consolidated to address wage penalties associated with the widespread prevalence of qualifications mismatch. Growth in old-age poverty should be tackled through further increases in basic pension payments over time. Linking changes in the age of eligibility for public pensions to life expectancy would boost growth by increasing employment of older Canadians still willing and able to work. For all three groups, well-targeted expansions of in-work tax benefits and active labour market spending have the potential to increase employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bernhardt, Arielle, Erica Field, Rohini Pande, Natalia Rigol, Simone Schaner & Charity Troyer-Moore (2018): Male social status and women's work. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 108, S. 363-367. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20181086

Abstract

"Female labor force participation varies significantly even among countries with similar levels of economic development. Recent studies have shown that gender norms can help explain these differences in women's work, but the channels through which norms impact women's employment decisions are not well understood. We present novel data on spouses' preferences and perceptions of community attitudes about female labor in rural India and document associations with female work. We find that the perceived social cost of women's work falls on men and that husbands' opposition to female labor is associated with their wives' lower take-up of employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Carriero, Renzo & Lorenzo Todesco (2018): Housework division and gender ideology. When do attitudes really matter? In: Demographic Research, Jg. 39, S. 1039-1064. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2018.39.39

Abstract

"This paper's original contribution is in analyzing whether and how relative resources and education influence the effect of gender ideology on the division of housework. Moreover, our analysis goes beyond most existing studies in its rare combination of behavior measures collected through a reliable time-use diary procedure and information regarding partners' gender ideology." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

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Carta, Francesca & Marta De Philippis (2018): You've come a long way, baby. Husbands' commuting time and family labour supply. In: Regional science and urban economics, Jg. 69, H. March, S. 25-37. DOI:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2017.12.004

Abstract

Der Beitrag untersucht die Wirkungen der Pendlerzeit des Ehemanns auf die Erwerbsbeteiligung der Ehefrauen und die Zeitverwendung in der Familie. Unter der Modellannahme der imperfekten Substitution von Markt- und Eigenleistungen kann eine Verlängerung der Pendelzeit die Arbeitszeit der Ehefrau mindern, die des pendelnden Ehemanns erhöhen. Bei einer Vergrößerung der Distanz vom Wohnort zum Arbeitsort um ein Prozent sinkt die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Erwerbsbeteiligung der Frau um 0.016. Diese Wirkung erhöht sich bei Familien mit Kindern und bei hochqualifizierten Ehemännern. (IAB)

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Cuberes, David & Marc Teignier (2018): Macroeconomic costs of gender gaps in a model with entrepreneurship and household production. In: The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, Jg. 18, H. 1, S. 1-15. DOI:10.1515/bejm-2017-0031

Abstract

"This paper examines the quantitative effects of gender gaps in entrepreneurship and workforce participation in an occupational choice model with a household sector and endogenous female labor supply. Gender gaps in workforce participation have a direct negative effect on market, while gender gaps in entrepreneurship affect negatively market output not only by reducing wages and labor force participation but also by reducing the average talent of entrepreneurs and aggregate productivity. We estimate the effects of these gender gaps for 37 European countries, as well as the United States, and find that gender gaps cause an average loss of 17.5% in market output and 13.2% in total output, which also includes household output. Interestingly, the total output loss would be similar (12%) in a model without household sector, since the market output loss is larger when the female labor supply is endogenous. Eastern Europe is the region with the lowest income fall due to gender gaps, while Southern Europe is the region with the largest fall. Northern Europe is the region with the largest productivity fall, which is due to the presence of high gender gaps in entrepreneurship." (Author's abstract, © De Gruyter) ((en))

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Cygan-Rehm, Kamila, Daniel Kühnle & Regina T. Riphahn (2018): Paid parental leave and families' living arrangements. (IZA discussion paper 11533), Bonn, 51 S.

Abstract

"We examine how a paid parental leave reform causally affected families' living arrangements. The German reform we examine replaced a means-tested benefit with a universal transfer paid out for a shorter period. Combining a regression discontinuity with a difference-in-differences design, we find that the reform increased the probability that a newborn lives with non-married cohabiting parents. This effect results from a reduced risk of single parenthood among women who gained from the reform. We reject the economic independence hypothesis and argue that the reform effects for those who benefited from the reform are consistent with hypotheses related to the improved financial situation of new mothers after the reform and increased paternal involvement in childcare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Drydakis, Nick, Katerina Sidiropoulou, Vasiliki Bozani, Sandra Selmanovic & Swetketu Patnaik (2018): Masculine vs feminine personality traits and women's employment outcomes in Britain. A field experiment. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 39, H. 4, S. 621-630. DOI:10.1108/IJM-09-2017-0255

Abstract

"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine whether masculine personality traits in women generate better job market prospects, as compared to feminine personality traits.
Design/methodology/approach: The authors utilized a field experiment (correspondent test) to capture the way in which firms respond to women who exhibit masculine and feminine personality traits. In doing so, the authors minimized the potential for reverse causality bias and unobserved heterogeneities to occur.
Findings: Women who exhibit masculine personality traits have a 4.3 percentage points greater likelihood of gaining access to occupations than those displaying feminine personality traits. In both male- and female-dominated occupations, women with masculine personality traits have an occupational access advantage, as compared to those exhibiting feminine personality traits. Moreover, women with masculine personality traits take up positions which offer 10 percentage points higher wages, in comparison with those displaying feminine personality traits. Furthermore, wage premiums are higher for those exhibiting masculine personality traits in male-dominated occupations than for female-dominated positions.
Practical implications: Within the labor market, masculine personality traits may increase competency levels and leadership capability.
Social implications: As feminine personality traits are stereotypically attributed to women, and these characteristics appear to yield fewer rewards within the market, they may offer one of many plausible explanations as to why women experience higher unemployment rates, while also receiving lower earnings, as compared to men.
Originality/value: Masculine and feminine personality traits may be a probable outcome of wage-related differentials. The experimental study isolates spurious relationships and offers clear evaluations of the effect of masculine and feminine personality traits on occupational access and wage distribution. To the best of the authors knowledge, this is the first-field experiment to examine the effect of masculine and feminine personality traits on entry-level pay scales." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Evertsson, Marie & Katarina Boye (2018): The transition to parenthood and the division of parental leave in different-sex and female same-sex couples in Sweden. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 34, H. 5, S. 471-485. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcy027

Abstract

"Research on the division of paid and unpaid work at the transition to parenthood has rarely been able to separate the social construction of gender and motherhood/fatherhood identities from labour market and financial factors. By bringing in female same-sex couples (SSC) and comparing how the transition to parenthood influences the division of parental leave in SSC and different-sex couples (DSC), we can isolate parents' gender as a predictor of the division of care from physiological and identity-forming aspects linked to being a birth-mother (or her partner). Analysing Swedish register data for couples who had their first child in 2003-2011, results show that (i) the (birth) mother's leave uptake is higher than the partner's uptake for both SSC and DSC, providing support for identity formation and internalized norms linked to the child's need of its (birth) mother; (ii) birth-mothers in SSC on average take 7 weeks less parental leave than mothers in DSC, indicating that the partner's gender plays a role; and (iii) the (birth) mother's parental leave share is negatively related to her income but unrelated to her partner's income, suggesting that her labour market prospects are more important in the division of leave than any financial, family-utility maximization." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Evertsson, Marie, Katarina Boye & Jeylan Erman (2018): Fathers on call? A study on the sharing of care work between parents in Sweden. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 39, S. 33-60. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2018.39.2

Abstract

"Background: Swedish fathers' parental leave uptake has increased over time, but progress has been moderate. In relation to this, we ask what factors hinder or facilitate the taking of leave by fathers and how - if at all - the leave influences the father's relationship with his child.
Objective: To study (i) the reasons for parents' division of parental leave as well as the consequences this division has for their actual time at home with the child and (ii) the link between the father's leave and his relationship with the child, as well as the parents' division of childcare after parental leave.
Methods: A multi-methods approach is used, where OLS regression models of survey data from the Young Adult Panel Study are analysed alongside qualitative in-depth interviews with 13 couples who have had a first child.
Results: Quantitative results show that parents' leave lengths vary with the reasons given for the division of leave and that fathers' parental leave is related to long-term division of childcare. Qualitative results suggest that equal parenting is important to the interviewed parents; however, motherhood ideals may stand in the way of achieving it. Several mechanisms by which fathers' parental leave may influence later division of childcare are suggested, including the development of a closer relationship between father and child.
Conclusions: Policies aimed towards increasing fathers' parental leave uptake have the potential to strengthen the father - child bond, contribute to a more equal division of childcare, and facilitate both parents' understanding of each other and what being a stay-at-home parent involves.
Contribution: This article is the first to show how parents alleged reasons for the parental leave links to the actual length of the mother's and father's leave. Results indicate that increasing paternal leave length is linked to improved couple relationship quality and a closer relationship with the child." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

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Fleche, Sarah, Anthony Lepinteur & Nattavudh Powdthavee (2018): Gender norms and relative working hours. Why do women suffer more than men from working longer hours than their partners? In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 108, S. 163-168. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20181098

Abstract

"Constraints that prevent women from working longer hours are argued to be important drivers of the gender wage gap in the United States. We provide evidence that in couples where the wife's working hours exceed the husband's, the wife reports lower life satisfaction. By contrast, there is no effect on the husband's satisfaction. The results still hold when controlling for relative income. We argue that these patterns are best explained by perceived fairness of the division of household labor, which induces an aversion to a situation where the wife works more at home and on the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fric, Karel & Camilla Galli da Bino (2018): Discrimination against men at work. Experiences in five countries. Working conditions. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, 18 S. DOI:10.2806/835224

Abstract

"While discrimination against women at work has long been a mainstream topic in research literature, only marginal attention has been paid to discrimination against men. A number of factors may be responsible for this, including change in traditional occupational roles, cultural perceptions of the 'natures' of men and women, and men's own perception (or lack of perception) of discrimination. This short report investigates whether men face discrimination based on sex in the workplace. It looks at the results of Eurofound's 2015 European Working Conditions Survey and then examines cases from five countries (Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, France and the UK). Discrimination is examined in such areas as recruitment, education, healthcare-related services, working time and parenting, and sexual harassment. The cases demonstrate that men do indeed experience discrimination because of their sex. The cases appear to be more concentrated in female-dominated contexts and in instances of adjustment of working time in relation to parental duties." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Goldin, Claudia & Lawrence F. Katz (Hrsg.) (2018): Women working longer. Increased employment at older ages. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 304 S.

Abstract

"Today, more American women than ever before stay in the workforce into their sixties and seventies. This trend emerged in the 1980s, and has persisted during the past three decades, despite substantial changes in macroeconomic conditions. Why is this so? Today's older American women work full-time jobs at greater rates than women in other developed countries. In Women Working Longer, editors Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz assemble new research that presents fresh insights on the phenomenon of working longer. Their findings suggest that education and work experience earlier in life are connected to women's later-in-life work. Other contributors to the volume investigate additional factors that may play a role in late-life labor supply, such as marital disruption, household finances, and access to retirement benefits. A pioneering study of recent trends in older women's labor force participation, this collection offers insights valuable to a wide array of social scientists, employers, and policy makers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Contents:
I. Transitions over the Life Cycle
1. Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz: Women Working Longer: Facts and Some Explanations
2. Nicole Maestas: The Return to Work and Women's Employment Decisions
3. Joanna N. Lahey: Understanding Why Black Women Are Not Working Longer
II. Family Matters: Caregiving, Marriage, and Divorce
4. Claudia Olivetti and Dana Rotz: Changes in Marriage and Divorce as Drivers of Employment and Retirement of Older Women
5. Sean Fahle and Kathleen McGarry: Women Working Longer: Labor Market Implications of Providing Family Care
III. Financial Considerations: Resources, Pensions, and Social Security
6. Annamaria Lusardi and Olivia S. Mitchell: Older Women's Labor Market Attachment, Retirement Planning, and Household Debt
7. Maria D. Fitzpatrick: Teaching, Teachers' Pensions, and Retirement across Recent Cohorts of College-Graduate Women
8. Alexander Gelber, Adam Isen, and Jae Song: The Role of Social Security Benefits in the Initial Increase of Older Women's Employment: Evidence from the Social Security Notch
9. C. Adam Bee and Joshua Mitchell: The Hidden Resources of Women Working Longer: Evidence from Linked Survey-Administrative Data

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Grigoli, Francesco, Zsóka Kóczán & Petia Topalova (2018): A cohort-based analysis of labor force participation for advanced economies. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 264), Maastricht, 23 S.

Abstract

"Advanced economies are in the midst of a major demographic transition, with the number of elderly rising precipitously relative to the working-age population. Yet, despite the acceleration in demographic shifts in the past decade, advanced economies experienced markedly different trajectories in overall labor force participation rates and the workforce attachment of men and women. Using a cohort-based model of labor force participation for 17 advanced economies estimated over the 1985-2016 period, we document a significant role of common patterns of participation over the life cycle and shifts in these patterns across generations for aggregate labor supply, especially in the case of women. The entry of new cohorts of women led to upward shifts in the age participation profile, boosting aggregate participation rates. However, this process plateaued in most advanced economies, with signs of reversal in some. Using the model's results to forecast future participation trends, we project sizable declines in aggregate participation rates over the next three decades due to the aging of the population. Illustrative simulations show that implementing policies encouraging labor supply can help attenuate but may not fully offset demographic pressures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gutierrez, Federico H. (2018): Reaching the top or falling behind? The role of occupational segregation in women's chances of finding a high-paying job over the life-cycle. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 273), Maastricht, 51 S.

Abstract

"Using a two-stage decomposition technique, this paper analyzes the role of occupational segregation in explaining the probability of women vis-à-vis men of finding high-paying jobs over the life-cycle. Jobs are classified as highly-remunerated if their compensation exceeds a threshold, which is set at different values to span the entire wage distribution. Results obtained from pooled CPS surveys indicate that the importance of occupational segregation remains virtually unchanged over the life-cycle for low- and middle-wage workers. However, women's access to high-paying occupations becomes significantly more restricted as workers age, suggesting a previously undocumented type of 'glass ceiling' in the U.S." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hu, Yang & Deniz Yucel (2018): What Fairness? Gendered Division of Housework and Family Life Satisfaction across 30 Countries. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 92-105. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcx085

Abstract

"This article sheds new light on the role played by perceived fairness in configuring the relationship between gendered housework division and women's family life satisfaction across 30 countries. This is achieved by distinguishing and comparing two major dimensions of women's fairness comparison -- inter-gender relational comparison between partners and intra-gender referential comparison with other women from the same society. Analysing data from the 2012 International Social Survey Programme, we find that women's family life satisfaction is adversely affected by both a lack of relational fairness and unfavourable referential comparison, which operate independently of each other. Supporting the 'self-serving' theory, women are found to rely more on one dimension of fairness comparison to assess their family life satisfaction when they compare unfavourably rather than favourably in the other dimension. Country-level gender equality positively predicts the strength of the association between relational fairness and family life satisfaction. However, it does not seem to moderate the influence of referential comparison on family life satisfaction. In light of these results, scholars are urged to consider the perceived fairness of housework division as a plural construct, and to promulgate gender equality in multiple dimensions -- addressing not just inter-gender (in)equity but also intra-gender (in)equality -- to move the gender revolution forward." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jessen, Robin, Davud Rostam-Afschar & Sebastian Schmitz (2018): How important is precautionary labour supply? In: Oxford economic papers, Jg. 70, H. 3, S. 868-891. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpx053

Abstract

"We quantify the importance of precautionary labour supply defined as the difference between hours supplied in the presence of risk and hours under perfect foresight. Using the German Socio-Economic Panel from 2001 to 2012, we estimate the effect of wage risk on labour supply and test for constrained adjustment of labour supply. We find that married men choose on average about 2.8% of their hours of work to shield against wage shocks. The effect is strongest for self-employed, who we find to be unconstrained in their hours choices, but also relevant for other groups with more persistent hours constraints. If the self-employed faced the same wage risk as the median civil servant, their hours of work would be reduced by 4.5%." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jones, Melanie, Gerry Makepeace & Victoria Wass (2018): The UK gender pay gap 1997-2015. What is the role of the public sector? In: Industrial relations, Jg. 57, H. 2, S. 296-319. DOI:10.1111/irel.12208

Abstract

"The Labour Force Survey is used to examine the influence of sector on the UK gender pay gap 1997 - 2015. The assessment is twofold: first comparing gender pay gaps within sectors and second through identifying the contribution of the concentration of women in the public sector to the overall gender pay gap. The long-term narrowing of the gender pay gap, which predominately reflects relative improvements in women's productivity-related characteristics, is found to stall in 2010 within each sector. This is considered in the context of claims that public sector austerity represents a critical turning point in progress toward gender equality at work." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Juncke, David, Jan Braukmann & Andreas Heimer (2018): Väterreport. Vater sein in Deutschland heute. (Väterreport … / Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend), Berlin, 62 S.

Abstract

"Der Väterreport gibt unter anderem Auskunft über Einstellungen und Erwartungen heutiger Väter, die Nutzung von Elterngeld und ElterngeldPlus sowie darüber, wie sich die Nutzung von Elterngeldmonaten auswirkt. Der Report zeigt: Die aktive Vaterschaft liegt im Trend. Väter wollen sich stärker an der Erziehung und Betreuung ihrer Kinder beteiligen und wünschen sich mehr Zeit für Familie." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Klammer, Ute (2018): Gender und Erwerbsverlauf im Licht der Beschäftigungs- und Sozialpolitikstrategien der EU. In: E. M. Hohnerlein, S. Hennion & O. Kaufmann (Hrsg.) (2018): Erwerbsverlauf und sozialer Schutz in Europa, S. 33-48. DOI:10.1007/978-3-662-56033-4_4

Abstract

"Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit den unterschiedlichen Erwerbsverläufen von Frauen und Männern vor dem Hintergrund des gesellschaftlichen Wandels und untersucht die Beschäftigungs- und Sozialpolitikstrategien der EU im Hinblick auf ihren möglichen Beitrag zur Gleichstellung der Geschlechter. Im Rahmen eines konzeptionellen Modells werden Einflussfaktoren auf geschlechtsspezifische Erwerbsmuster über den Lebensverlauf identifiziert und ihr Zusammenwirken beleuchtet. Im Zentrum steht anschließend die Analyse verschiedener beschäftigungs- und sozialpolitischer Initiativen der EU unter Gleichstellungsaspekten. Es wird deutlich, dass die EU zwar ein früher Impulsgeber und Wegbereiter für die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter war, dass Geschlechter- und Gleichstellungsfragen aber im Laufe der Zeit - und verstärkt im Kontext der Finanzkrise - an Gewicht verloren bzw. eine stark ökonomisch motivierte Engführung mit dem Ziel einer möglichst umfassenden Erwerbsintegration von Frauen erfahren haben." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Kolpashnikova, Kamila (2018): American househusbands: New time use evidence of gender display, 2003-2016. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 140, H. 3, S. 1259-1277. DOI:10.1007/s11205-017-1813-z

Abstract

"The traditional gendered division of household labor, where women did the bulk of all domestic labor, is eroding. The literature on housework, however, does not discuss the ways how to test for the non-traditional gender performances. Using the American Time Use Survey (2003-2016), the present study fills in this research gap and re-tests the relationship between relative earnings and the performance of housework. The analysis of women's time spent on domestic work shows that the traditional gender display explanation still applies to women's participation in routine tasks such as cooking and cleaning. Thus, breadwinning wives display gender neutralizing behavior and 'do' gender. On the other hand, American men show non-normative gender behavior in cooking and cleaning, but not in maintenance, where they still 'do' gender. This paper unveils a persistent traditional gender performance of women in housework and a new pattern for men's involvement in indoor routine housework." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Kushi, Sidita & Ian P. McManus (2018): Gendered costs of austerity: the effects of the great recession and government policies on employment across the OECD. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 157, H. 4, S. 557-587. DOI:10.1111/ilr.12059

Abstract

"The global financial crisis prompted dramatic increases in unemployment and market instability in nearly every state. While the negative effects on national economies have been widespread, distributional outcomes have varied among different labor market groups, particularly between men and women. This article analyzes the gendered impact of the Great Recession on labor markets across the OECD, using random effects modeling of 28 countries across 14 years. We argue that although the start of the crisis afflicted male workers the most, the turn from stimulus toward fiscal austerity policies - including social spending and public employment cuts - exposed women to greater instability." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Lenkewitz, Sven & Katja Möhring (2018): Work-Life-Balance und Arbeitsbedingungen von wissenschaftlichen Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern in Deutschland. In: Zeitschrift für Sozialreform, Jg. 64, H. 2, S. 163-185. DOI:10.1515/zsr-2018-0010

Abstract

"Die Arbeitsbedingungen von wissenschaftlichen Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern in Deutschland sind durch eine ambivalente Mischung aus hoher Autonomie und interessanten Arbeitsinhalten einerseits, unsicheren Arbeitsverhältnissen und unklaren Karriereaussichten andererseits geprägt. Wir analysieren die Einflussfaktoren der work-life balance in dieser Gruppe und beziehen sowohl den Konflikt von Arbeit und Privatleben (work-life conflict) als auch die wechselseitige Bereicherung (work-life enrichment) ein. Für die empirischen Analysen verwenden wir Daten einer Onlinebefragung von 96 wissenschaftlichen Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern in den Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften einer deutschen Universität aus dem Jahr 2015. Mit linearen Regressionsanalysen untersuchen wir, wie Arbeitsbedingungen und -ressourcen work-life conflict und work-life enrichment beeinflussen. Zentrales Ergebnis unserer Analyse ist, dass insbesondere befristete Verträge und Wochenendarbeit den work-life conflict erhöhen. Eine gute Arbeitsatmosphäre im Team trägt hingegen zu einer Bereicherung des Privatlebens bei." (Autorenreferat, © De Gruyter)

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Liebig, Brigitte & Martina Peitz (2018): Zeit-Nischen oder Familienzeit? Väter und der Umgang mit den Widersprüchen flexibler Arbeitsformen. In: Gender, Jg. 10, H. 1, S. 151-166. DOI:10.3224/gender.v10i1.10

Abstract

"Flexible Arbeitsmodelle gewinnen heute an Bedeutung - ebenso wie die Vorstellung einer 'involvierten' Vaterschaft. Hinsichtlich der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie erweisen sich flexible Formen der Arbeit für Väter jedoch als ambivalent: Einerseits bieten sie Vätern neue Spielräume, andererseits stehen sie für problematische Trends der Arbeitsverdichtung, denen insbesondere Männer aufgrund traditioneller Arbeitsnormen ausgeliefert sind. Dieser Beitrag geht der Frage nach, wie Väter die Widersprüche flexibler Arbeitsmodelle im Kontext von Vereinbarkeitsansprüchen handhaben. Empirische Grundlage bilden problemzentrierte Interviews mit 32 Vätern aus familienfreundlichen Unternehmen und Verwaltungen der Schweiz. Die Resultate zeigen, dass flexible Arbeitsmodelle Vaterschaftspraxen nur auf symbolischer Ebene verändern, wenn sie von traditionellen Vorstellungen von Männlichkeit und Familie begleitet sind. Erst verknüpft mit partnerschaftlich-egalitären Vorstellungen und unterstützt von einer Arbeitskultur, welche der Sorgeverantwortung von Vätern ausdrücklich Rechnung trägt, können flexible Arbeitsformen auch bei Vätern zu einem Mehr an Familienzeit im Sinne einer gleichberechtigt(er)en Teilhabe an der Kindererziehung führen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Liwiński, Jacek (2018): The impact of compulsory education on employment and earnings in a transition economy. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 193), Maastricht, 46 S.

Abstract

"In 1966 the minimum school-leaving age was increased from 14 to 15 years in Poland. This was a result of extending the primary school education from 7 to 8 years. At the same time, the reform did not affect the education system at post-primary levels, that is the system of secondary and higher education. In result, all education tracks were extended by one year. Using the regression discontinuity design and data from the Polish LFS (2001-2005), we find that the reform had no impact on men's and women's hourly earnings and employment rate. A similar finding was reported earlier for a few Western European countries. However, our study is the first one to estimate the impact of the compulsory schooling extended in a centrally planned economy on the individuals' labour market outcomes in the period of economic transition. Besides, we find that the reform had a negative impact on the hourly earnings of individuals with primary education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lup, Daniela (2018): Something to Celebrate (or not): The Differing Impact of Promotion to Manager on the Job Satisfaction of Women and Men. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 407-425. DOI:10.1177/0950017017713932

Abstract

"The literatures on gender status stereotyping and the 'glass-ceiling' have shown that women managers have more difficult job experiences than men, but whether these experiences result in lower job satisfaction is still an open question. Using fixed-effects models in a longitudinal national sample, this study examines differences in job satisfaction between women and men promoted into lower and higher-level management, after controlling for key determinants of job satisfaction. Results indicate that promotions to management are accompanied by an increase in job satisfaction for men but not for women, and that the differing effect lasts beyond the promotion year. Moreover, following promotion, the job satisfaction of women promoted to higher-level management even starts declining. The type of promotion (internal or lateral) does not modify this effect. By clarifying the relationship between gender, promotion to managerial position and job satisfaction, the study contributes to the literature on the gender gap in managerial representation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lurie, Lilach (2018): Unions and unequal pay. The establishment of the "family wage". In: International Labour Review, Jg. 157, H. 1, S. 153-167. DOI:10.1111/ilr.12015

Abstract

"Equal pay laws in many OECD countries establish the right of men and women to equal pay for work of equal value. Nevertheless, during the first half of the 20th century, before the enactment of equal pay laws, employers and unions in several countries promoted unequal pay through 'family wage' arrangements. This article seeks to improve understanding of the historical and sociological origins of 'family wage' arrangements through both comparative research and in-depth historical archival research on family wage arrangements in Israel. It shows that unions played a complex role in promoting family wage arrangements. While their action refected their patriarchal understanding of society, they were also guided by socialist principles." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Nolan, Anne & Alan Barrett (2018): Working beyond 65 in Ireland. (IZA discussion paper 11664), Bonn, 30 S.

Abstract

"Extending working lives is often proposed as one route through which the costs associated with population ageing can be managed. In that context, understanding who currently works for longer can help policymakers to design policies to facilitate longer working. In particular, it is important to know if longer working is a choice or a necessity, where necessity arises from a lack of pension income. In this paper, we use data from the first four waves of the Irish Longitudinal Study of Ageing (TILDA), covering the period 2010-2016, to examine patterns of labour force participation among men and women aged 65+. We find that a lack of pension income is an important determinant of later-life working and that this applies for both men and women. Although older women are significantly less likely to work than older men, we find few differences in the pattern of determinants of longer working among older men and women. However, while women are significantly less likely to work than men, this effect is stronger among married women compared to single women. This suggests that older women without immediate access to family-provided financial support may need to work to support themselves. This adds to the picture of later life work being a necessity as opposed to a choice. However, an alternative explanation is that older married women may also have caring responsibilities that reduce their labour force participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pollmann-Schult, Matthias (2018): Parenthood and Life Satisfaction in Europe : The Role of Family Policies and Working Time Flexibility. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 34, H. 3, S. 387-411. DOI:10.1007/s10680-017-9433-5

Abstract

"The life satisfaction of parents residing with dependent children varies greatly between countries. This article examines how country-level characteristics -- the provision of family allowances and formal child care, and the level of working time flexibility -- account for these cross-national differences, using data from the European Social Survey from 2004 and 2010 for 27 countries. Parents report greater life satisfaction in countries that offer generous financial benefits to families, high child care provision, and high working time flexibility than parents residing in counties with low levels of support. Results also show that these national contextual factors are associated with lower levels of financial strain and work - life conflicts among parents. These findings suggest that the mitigating effect of family benefits, child care provision, and working time flexibility on the psychosocial and financial burdens of parenthood is a key mechanism in the association between national contextual factors and parental life satisfaction." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Preston, Alison & Elisa Birch (2018): The Western Australian wage structure and gender wage gap. A post-mining boom analysis. In: The journal of industrial relations, Jg. 60, H. 5, S. 619-646. DOI:10.1177/0022185618791589

Abstract

"Whilst there is a large literature on the determinant of wages in Australia, relatively few studies have examined the determinants of wages at a state level. In this article, we present a study of the determinants of earnings in Western Australia, a state that experienced rapid growth during the mining boom of 2003-2013. We show that the relatively stronger wage growth in Western Australia since 2001 is the product of both compositional and price effects. We also report on the Western Australia and rest of Australia gender wage gaps. Our decomposition analysis of the mean gender wage gap shows that industry effects (as a result of gender segmentation across industry) account for a much larger share of the Western Australia gender wage gap than they do elsewhere in Australia, with the mining, construction and transport sectors driving the industry effects. Using quantile analysis we show that, relative to the rest of Australia, the Western Australia gender wage gaps are larger at both the bottom and the top of the wage distribution. At the median the Western Australia gender wage gap, at 2014-2016, is on par with that prevailing elsewhere in Australia, with women in both groups earning 10% less than their male counterparts, all else held equal." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Reid, Erin M. (2018): Straying from breadwinning: Status and money in men's interpretations of their wives' work arrangements. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 25, H. 6, S. 718-733. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12265

Abstract

"The male breadwinner identity is culturally associated with career success for men, particularly in the professions, but today, few married men's lives easily map onto this identity. This study analyses interviews with 42 married men employed in US offices of a consulting firm to examine first, how men construct their identities as spouses in relation to their wives' work arrangements and second, how men navigate straying from the male breadwinner identity. While some men interpreted their wives' work in ways that supported personal claims on the breadwinner identity, others did so in ways that supported a more egalitarian identity, labelled here breadsharer. These groups differed in how they interpreted the social status and financial value of their wives' work, as well as in how they approached their own careers. Breadsharers were aware they strayed from the expected breadwinner identity and crafted alternative claims on status. These findings advance theory on gender, work, family and masculinity." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Richiardi, Matteo, Brian Nolan & Lane Kenworthy (2018): The US labour force participation debacle. Learning from the contrast with Britain. (ISER working paper 2018-12), Colchester, 48 S.

Abstract

"This paper uses the marked divergence in labour force participation trends between the US and the UK to probe underlying drivers and implications for recent US poor performance. Contrary to a common US narrative, our comparative perspective suggests that the relative decline in US labour force participation is not confined to the (white) male population: the divergence in female participation rate is even more pronounced. We also do not find evidence that the poor US performance is linked to some structural changes brought about by the financial crisis; instead, it is a more pervasive, longer-run phenomenon. Our multivariate analysis seeks to disentangle age, cohort, and period effects, and shows that the US is particularly ill-equipped to deal with the looming ageing of the Baby Boom generation. An Oaxaca decomposition shows that the relative decline of US participation rates with respect to the UK is roughly equally attributable to characteristics, which have become less favourable over time, and the impact of those characteristics, which have become more adverse to participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schiefer, Katrin (2018): Familienleitbilder in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Dimensionierung, Struktur und Determinanten. (Familie und Gesellschaft 34), Würzburg: Ergon, 275 S.

Abstract

"Die Studie untersucht die Familienleitbilder in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Es wird angenommen, dass sich aufgrund der Etablierung völlig unterschiedlicher Familienmodelle (male vs. dual breadwinner) während der Teilung Deutschlands auch unterschiedliche Familienvorstellungen entwickelt haben. Diese werden eingehend untersucht, um beantworten zu können, inwiefern sie heute noch in den Köpfen der Bevölkerung verankert sind. Dabei werden folgende Fragen analysiert: Welche Dimensionen von Familienleitbildern bzw. welche Familienleitbildtypen können unterschieden werden? Welche Ost-West-Unterschiede existieren und wie können diese erklärt werden? Die umfassenden empirischen Analysen auf der Basis der Familienleitbildstudie des Bundesinstituts für Bevölkerungsforschung belegen den Fortbestand der unterschiedlichen Familienmodelle in der deutschen Gesellschaft. Wobei sich insbesondere die pro-egalitäre Doppelverdienerfamilie als ostdeutsches Leitbild identifizieren lässt. Dabei scheint es sich trotz der (politischen) Veränderungen nach der Wiedervereinigung um ein stabiles Leitbild zu handeln. Diese Situation dürfte zusätzlich durch die aktuelle Entwicklung der Familienpolitik hinsichtlich einer egalitäreren Aufteilung von Kinderbetreuung und Erwerbsarbeit befördert werden." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Schmidt, Eva-Maria (2018): Breadwinning as care? The meaning of paid work in mothers' and fathers' constructions of parenting. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 21, H. 4, S. 445-462. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2017.1318112

Abstract

"As some scholars have argued for a distinct conceptualisation of breadwinning and for understanding breadwinning as a form of care, this study addresses parents' constructions of breadwinning and its connections to care. It is based on an in-depth interpretive analysis of multiple-perspective, qualitative longitudinal interviews with 22 Austrian mothers and fathers from three points in time during their transition to parenthood. The analysis revealed four different types of breadwinning concepts by considering the jointly constructed meaning of mothers' and fathers' paid work within a parental couple and further relied on Tronto's [(1993). Moral boundaries. A political argument for an ethic of care. New York, NY: Routledge] conceptualisation of care as a four-step process. The results indicate that respondents construct a clear difference between earning money and breadwinning. Additionally, a difference is made between breadwinning and taking care of the family's subsistence, predominantly so for mothers. In conclusion, breadwinning can definitely be considered a form of care and thus a form of involvement in parenting, but it cannot be regarded a form of involvement in caregiving. The holistic picture of parents' joint constructions enabled us to contribute to the existing conceptualisations of breadwinning and of parental involvement, thus providing a novel perspective on matters of gender equality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schröder, Martin (2018): How working hours influence the life satisfaction of childless men and women, fathers and mothers in Germany. In: Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Jg. 47, H. 1, S. 65-81. DOI:10.1515/zfsoz-2018-1004

Abstract

"Dieser Artikel zeigt mit Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels, dass Väter - und in geringerem Maße kinderlose Männer und Frauen - am zufriedensten sind, wenn sie Vollzeit oder länger arbeiten. Die Lebenszufriedenheit von Müttern ist dahingegen kaum von ihren Arbeitszeiten beeinflusst. Rationale Einkommensmaximierung kann dieses Muster nicht erklären, da es sogar in Haushalten auftritt, in denen Frauen mehr verdienen als Männer. Die Ergebnisse zeigen sich ebenfalls bei Menschen mit sehr sicheren Arbeitsplätzen und sehr wenig Haus- und Kinderbetreuungsarbeit. Damit widersprechen sie den Prognosen der expansionistischen Rollentheorie, dass Männer und Frauen zufriedener sind, wenn sie beide gleich umfangreich erwerbstätig sind. Für Männer passen die Ergebnisse am besten zu den Vorhersagen der traditionellen Rollentheorie, wonach Menschen zufriedener sind, wenn sie stereotypen Geschlechterrollen entsprechen." (Autorenreferat, © De Gruyter)

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Strawinski, Pawel, Aleksandra Majchrowska & Paulina Broniatowska (2018): Occupational segregation and wage differences. The case of Poland. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 39, H. 3, S. 378-397. DOI:10.1108/IJM-07-2016-0141

Abstract

"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relation between occupational segregation and the gender wage differences using data on three-digit occupational level of classification. The authors examine whether a statistically significant relation between the share of men in employment and the size of the unexplained part of the gender wage gap exists.
Design/methodology/approach: Traditional Oaxaca (1973) - Blinder (1973) decomposition is performed to examine the differences in the gender wage gaps among minor occupational groups. Two types of reweighted decomposition - based on the parametric estimate of the propensity score and non-parametric proposition presented by Barsky et al. (2002) - are used as the robustness check. The analysis is based on individual data available from Poland.
Findings: The results indicate no strong relation between occupational segregation and the size of unexplained differences in wages. The unexplained wage differences are the smallest in strongly female-dominated and mixed occupations; the highest are observed in male-dominated occupations. However, they are probably to a large extent the result of other, difficult to include in the econometric model, factors rather than the effects of wage discrimination: differences in the psychophysical conditions of men and women, cultural background, tradition or habits. The failure to take them into account may result in over-interpreting the unexplained parts as gender discrimination.
Research limitations/implications: The highest accuracy of the estimated gender wage gap is obtained for the occupational groups with a similar proportion of men and women in employment. In other male- or female-dominated groups, the size of the estimated gender wage gaps depends on the estimation method used.
Practical implications: The results suggest that decreasing the degree of segregation of men and women in different occupations could reduce the wage differences between them, as the wage discrimination in gender balanced occupations is the smallest.
Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is one of the few conducted at such a disaggregated level of occupations, and one of few studies focused on Central and Eastern European countries and the first one for Poland." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Tocchioni, Valentina (2018): Exploring the childless universe. Profiles of women and men without children in Italy. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 38, S. 451-470. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.19

Abstract

"Background: In recent decades, several Western countries have experienced a large increase in childlessness. Relatively little is known about the profiles of childless women in Italy, and virtually nothing about childless men.
Objective: The aim of this paper is to address this gap by identifying typical life course trajectories of childless women and men in Italy from a gender perspective and in a cross-cohort comparison.
Methods: In order to identify typical patterns I adopted a holistic perspective, applying sequence analysis to data on partnership, employment, and education for a sample of childless women and men derived from the 2009 Italian Family and Social Subjects survey.
Results: Six profiles each were identified for childless women and men, which illustrate the marked heterogeneity of the childless universe. Four out of the six were similar for both genders. Importantly, the life course of the childless evolved across cohorts, with an increasing proportion of employed women and single men in the youngest generations.
Contribution: This work sheds light on differences in childlessness in Italy by gender and generation. It confirms the role of factors such as not having a partner, and adds new empirical findings such as the pattern of disadvantaged, less-educated women and that of highly educated men with a history of unstable employment." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

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Torre, Margarita (2018): Stopgappers? The occupational trajectories of men in female-dominated occupations. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 45, H. 3, S. 283-312. DOI:10.1177/0730888418780433

Abstract

"This study examines the determinants of men's exit from female-dominated occupations. Using census data and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data set, the author analyzes the job history of men employed in the United States between 1979 and 2006. Supporting the theoretical model, evidence indicates a group of stopgappers - men entering female-dominated occupations and leaving soon after their entry, thereby contributing to the perpetuation of segregation in female settings. By identifying the stopgapper occupational trajectory, this article contributes to the development of a comprehensive theory accounting for the way structural inequality is reproduced." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Töpfer, Marina (2018): The age pay gap and labor market heterogeneity. A new empirical approach using data for Italy. (Universität Erlangen, Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Arbeitsmarkt- und Regionalpolitik. Diskussionspapiere 105), Erlangen, 25 S.

Abstract

"Dieser Beitrag untersucht das Lohndifferenzial zwischenälteren (55-64) und erwachsenen (34-54) Arbeitsmarktteilnehmern entlang der Lohnverteilung anhand italienischer Mikrodaten 2005-2016. Die Lohngleichung basiert auf einem 'three-way fixed effects' Modell. Der Beitrag betrachtet die um (beobachtbare und nicht-beobachtbare) Arbeitsmarktheterogenität korrigierte Lohnlücke. Das Lohndifferenzial wird mit OLS und unbedingter Quantilsregression geschätzt. Die drei fixen Effekte (individuell, job- und industriespezifisch) werden mit Hilfe einer Partitionierungsmethode geschätzt. Die Analyse entlang der Lohnverteilung zeigt substanzielle Unterschiede in dem Lohndifferenzial an verschiedenen Quantilen. Dabei ist die Lohnlücke am oberen Ende der Lohnverteilung besonders ausgeprägt. Der Beitrag zeigt, dass individuelle Heterogenität der Hauptverursacher der Lohnlücke ist und die korrigierte Lohnlücke gegen Null geht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Vos, Duco de, Evert Meijers & Maarten van Ham (2018): Working from home and the willingness to accept a longer commute. In: The annals of regional science, Jg. 61, H. 2, S. 375-398. DOI:10.1007/s00168-018-0873-6

Abstract

"It is generally found that workers are more inclined to accept a job that is located farther away from home if they have the ability to work from home one day a week or more (telecommuting). Such findings inform us about the effectiveness of telecommuting policies that try to alleviate congestion and transport-related emissions, but they also stress that the geography of labour markets is changing due to information technology. We argue that estimates of the effect of working from home on commuting time may be biased because of sorting based on residential- and commuting preferences. In this paper we investigate the relationship between telecommuting and commuting time, controlling for preference-based sorting. We use 7 waves of data from the Dutch Labour Supply Panel and show that on average telecommuters have higher marginal cost of one-way commuting time, compared to non-telecommuters. We estimate the effect of telecommuting on commuting time using a fixed effects approach, and we show that preference-based sorting biases cross-sectional results upwards. This suggests that the bias due to sorting based on residential preferences is strongest. Working from home allows people to accept 5% longer commuting times on average, and every additional 8 h of working from home are associated with 3.5% longer commuting times." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Walker, Charlie (2018): 'I just don't want to connect my life with this occupation': working-class young men, manual labour, and social mobility in contemporary Russia. In: The British journal of sociology, Jg. 69, H. 1, S. 207-225. DOI:10.1111/1468-4446.12299

Abstract

"A key strand in the Western literature on working-class masculinities focuses on whether young men are capable of the feminized performances apparently required of them in new service economies. However, the wider literature on processes of neoliberalization - emphasizing the 'hollowing out' of labour markets, the cultural devaluation of lower-skilled forms of employment, and the pathologization of working-class lives - would suggest that it is as much a classed as a gendered transformation that is demanded of young men leaving school with few qualifications. This dimension of neoliberalization is highlighted by ethnographic data exploring the experiences and subjectivities of young workers in St Petersburg, Russia, where traditional forms of manual labour have not given way to 'feminized' work, but have become materially and symbolically impoverished, and are perceived as incapable of supporting the wider transition into adult independence. In this context, young workers attempt to emulate new forms of 'successful masculinity' connected with novel service sector professions and the emergent higher education system, despite the unlikelihood of overcoming a range of structural and cultural barriers. These acquiescent, individualized responses indicate that, while ways of being a man are apparently being liberated from old constraints amongst the more privileged, neoliberalization narrows the range of subject positions available to working-class young men." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Wanger, Susanne & Ines Zapf (2018): For better or worse? How more flexibility in working time arrangements and fatherhood affect men's working hours in Germany. (IAB-Discussion Paper 09/2018), Nürnberg, 30 S.

Abstract

"Obwohl Väter zunehmend mehr Zeit mit ihren Kindern verbringen und familiäre Aufgaben übernehmen möchten, arbeitet der Großteil nach der Geburt eines Kindes weiterhin in Vollzeit. Flexible Arbeitszeitmodelle könnten hierbei eine wichtige Rolle spielen, um Beruf und Familie bei Vätern besser zu vereinbaren. Auf Basis von Daten des Sozio-ökonomischen Panels und mit Fixed-Effects-Regressionsmodellen untersuchen wir, inwieweit sich flexible Arbeitszeitmodelle auf die tatsächlich geleisteten Arbeitsstunden von Männern und Vätern auswirken. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass bei einem Wechsel von festen zu flexiblen Arbeitszeitmodellen die Arbeitszeit von Männern zunächst ansteigt. Dieser Anstieg ist für Männer mit Kindern geringer als für kinderlose Männer. Wird ein Mann Vater und wechselt im gleichen Jahr zu Gleitzeit mit Arbeitszeitkonto oder selbstbestimmten Arbeitszeiten, dann reduziert sich die tatsächliche Arbeitszeit kurzfristig. Die vorliegende Studie zeigt, dass arbeitnehmerorientierte Arbeitszeitmodelle dazu beitragen können, die Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie bei Vätern zu verbessern, auch wenn der Rückgang der Arbeitszeit bei Vätern noch relativ klein ist." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Weber, Enzo & Franziska Zimmert (2018): Arbeitszeiten zwischen Wunsch und Wirklichkeit: Wie Diskrepanzen entstehen und wie man sie auflöst. (IAB-Kurzbericht 13/2018), Nürnberg, 8 S.

Abstract

"Arbeitszeitwünsche und tatsächliche Arbeitszeiten der Beschäftigten in Deutschland stimmen oft nicht überein, zum Beispiel aufgrund familiärer und berufsbezogener Rahmenbedingungen. Solche Arbeitszeitdiskrepanzen treten bei Frauen ebenso auf wie bei Männern und können sich auf die Lebens-, Gesundheits- oder Arbeitszufriedenheit der Betroffenen negativ auswirken. Kürzere Arbeitszeiten können die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf vereinfachen oder dabei helfen, Familienarbeit ausgewogener zu gestalten. In dem Wunsch nach einer Arbeitszeitverlängerung liegt ein Beschäftigungspotenzial, das zur Sicherung des Arbeitskräftebedarfs beitragen kann. In dem Kurzbericht wird die Verbreitung von Arbeitszeitdiskrepanzen in den letzten 30 Jahren betrachtet und untersucht, welche Faktoren zu ihrer Entstehung beziehungsweise zu ihrer Auflösung beitragen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Wieschke, Johannes (2018): Frequency of employer changes and their financial return: gender differences amongst German university graduates. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 52, S. 1-13. DOI:10.1186/s12651-017-0235-3

Abstract

"Diese Studie nutzt eine Stichprobe bayerischer Hochschulabsolventen, um Geschlechtsunterschiede sowohl in der Häufigkeit als auch in den finanziellen Erträgen von Arbeitgeberwechseln zu untersuchen. Die Such- und Matchingtheorien werden genutzt, um Hypothesen zu entwickeln, die anschließend gegeneinander getestet werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Frauen ihren Arbeitgeber in den ersten Jahren nach dem Abschluss häufiger wechseln als Männer. Das kann zu einem großen Teil durch unterschiedliche Arbeitsmarktstrukturen erklärt werden, vor allem durch die Tatsache, dass Frauen in ihrer ersten Beschäftigung seltener in Großbetrieben, in Führungspositionen und mit unbefristeten Verträgen arbeiten und weniger zufrieden mit ihrer Arbeit sind. Sobald auf all diese Faktoren kontrolliert wird, ändert der Koeffizient sein Vorzeichen, d. h. unter gleichen Umständen wechseln Männer den Arbeitgeber häufiger. Weiterhin profitieren sowohl Männer als auch Frauen finanziell von Arbeitgeberwechseln. Männer erhalten höhere absolute Erträge, aber aufgrund ihrer höheren Einstiegseinkommen existiert bei den relativen Erträgen kein Unterschied zwischen Männern und Frauen und somit auch kein Einfluss auf die Gender Pay Gap. Die Ergebnisse werden vor dem Hintergrund der Besonderheiten des deutschen Arbeitsmarktes diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

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Wiswall, Matthew & Basit Zafar (2018): Preference for the workplace, investment in human capital, and gender. In: The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Jg. 133, H. 1, S. 457-507. DOI:10.1093/qje/qjx035

Abstract

"We use a hypothetical choice methodology to estimate preferences for workplace attributes from a sample of high-ability undergraduates attending a highly selective university. We estimate that women on average have a higher willingness to pay (WTP) for jobs with greater work flexibility and job stability, and men have a higher WTP for jobs with higher earnings growth. These job preferences relate to college major choices and to actual job choices reported in a follow-up survey four years after graduation. The gender differences in preferences explain at least a quarter of the early career gender wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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herausgegeben von T. Johnson (Hrsg.); Wuiame, Nathalie (2018): Female (un)employment and work-life balance. A discussion paper from the Employment Thematic Network. (ESF technical dossier 08), Brüssel, 37 S. DOI:10.2767/022588

Abstract

"The objective of this paper is to give an updated overview of the different situations of men and women in the labour market. It examines what the contribution of the Structural and Investment Funds - and especially the ESF - can be, in terms of both female employment and work life balance initiatives. The report concludes with some recommendations on how current and future European funds can better support female employment and gender equality through fighting gender stereotypes and gender segregation, changing the prevalent working culture, providing high-quality and affordable care solutions, and supporting women in specific situations such as victims of domestic violence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2018): Anspruch und Wirklichkeit des ElterngeldPlus und der Partnerschaftsmonate. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion der FDP (Drucksache 19/3310). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 19/3533 (23.07.2018)), 11 S.

Abstract

"Das Elterngeld mit ElterngeldPlus und Partnerschaftsbonus ist nicht nur die beliebteste Familienleistung, sondern auch der größte Einzelposten im Haushalt des Bundesministeriums für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ). Deshalb begrüßen wir die Flexibilisierung des Elterngeldes durch das ElterngeldPlus und den Partnerschaftsbonus. Leider gibt es in der Umsetzung erhebliche Mängel. Dies wird deutlich anhand des Untersuchungsberichts 'Das Eltergeld- Plus nach zwei Jahren - Befragung der Bezieherinnen und Bezieher im Auftrag des BMFSFJ' des Instituts für Demoskopie Allensbach, der seit wenigen Wochen vorliegt. Auf diesem umfassenden Bericht über das Elterngeld, ElterngeldPlus und den Partnerschaftsbonus basiert zum größten Teil der Bericht der Bundesregierung (Bundestagsdrucksache 19/400). Ergänzt wird der Bericht durch die Quartalsstatistiken zum Elterngeld des Statistischen Bundesamtes." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"While digital technologies offer leapfrog opportunities and help empower women, gender-based digital exclusion remains widespread and has many causes. The report Bridging the Digital Divide: Include, Upskill, Innovate is an effort by the OECD, working with the G20, that aims to provide policy directions for consideration by all governments. It analyses a range of drivers at the root of the digital gender divide in order to draw attention to critical areas for policy action." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Das ElterngeldPlus bietet Müttern und Vätern die Möglichkeit, länger staatliche Unterstützung für die Betreuung ihrer neugeborenen Kinder zu erhalten als durch das herkömmliche Elterngeld. Über drei Viertel der Nutzerinnen und Nutzer sind mit dem ElterngeldPlus vollständig zufrieden (77 Prozent). Das zeigt eine schriftliche Befragung von Müttern und Vätern, die ElterngeldPlus beziehen. Im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend ermittelte das Institut für Demoskopie Allensbach dabei 2017 die Muster bei der Nutzung der Leistung, die wirtschaftliche Lage der Beziehenden und die Auswirkungen des Bezugs auf die Berufstätigkeit der Eltern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Alemann, Annette von, Sandra Beaufaÿs & Beate Kortendiek (Hrsg.) (2017): Alte neue Ungleichheiten? Auflösungen und Neukonfigurationen von Erwerbs- und Familiensphäre. (Gender. Sonderheft 04), Opladen: Budrich, 181 S.

Abstract

"Wie sehen die Lebensrealitäten von Frauen und Männern in den Lebensbereichen 'Erwerbssystem' und 'Familie' aus? Welche Interdependenzen und damit möglicherweise einhergehenden Ungleichheiten im Geschlechterverhältnis ergeben sich hieraus? Das Heft präsentiert theoretische und empirische Beiträge, die sich mit der Auflösung und Neubestimmung der gesellschaftlichen Sphären 'Erwerbsarbeit' und 'private Lebensführung' auseinandersetzen. Dabei werden neben der Analyse des Bestehenden auch aktuelle Tendenzen und Perspektiven diskutiert. "(Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bernhardt, Janine (2017): Geschlechter(un)gerechtigkeit: Zur Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. In: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, Jg. 67, H. 30/31, S. 28-33.

Abstract

"Während sich viele Mütter mehr Teilhabe am Erwerbsleben wünschen, wollen viele Väter mehr Zeit für Familie haben. Die geschlechts-spezifische Aufteilung von Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit hat gravierende Folgen für Geschlechterungleichheiten im Lebensverlauf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Dew, Brian (2017): The problem with blaming men for not working. A comparison of labor market outcomes for men and women. Washington, DC, 11 S.

Abstract

"Researchers, partially in response to the slow labor market recovery from the Great Recession and the 2016 presidential election in the United States, are interested in why men, and particularly men without a college education, aren't as likely to be working. Some explanations point to survey data on how leisure time is used to argue that men aren't working because they would rather do something else (such as play video games, or engage in other online leisure activities). Other research points to how increasing opioid usage is causing men to be unable to work. One problem with these explanations is that within specific age and education groups, changes to women's employment outcomes are often actually worse than men's. That is, the 'problem with men' is not specific to men.
This short paper compares changes since 1990 to men's and women's employment rates (also called the employment-population ratio) for three age subgroups of men and women without a college education. Changes to the employed share of each group show up in the group's employment rate, therefore discussion focuses on explanations for similarities and differences in trends in men's and women's employment rates since 2000. According to the latest available microdata - the October 2017 Current Population Survey (CPS) - roughly 44 million Americans between the ages of 25 and 54 (sometimes referred to as 'prime-age') report a high school diploma or less as their highest level of educational attainment (35.2 percent of the age 25 to 54 population). Of this group, slightly more than half, or 54.2 percent, are men. The prime-age group is divided into ten-year age subgroups (25-34, 35-44, and 45-54) to reduce the effect of demographic trends on employment rate data." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Elman, Cheryl & Jenny Chesters (2017): Adult men and the post-industrial 'turn'. Breadwinning gender norms, masculine occupational tasks and midlife school trajectories. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 51, H. October, S. 1-13. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2017.06.004

Abstract

"Post-1970s restructuring exacerbated occupational skill and occupational sex-segregation divides by reducing jobs in male-dominated occupations requiring less than college. Economic precarity might have motivated men to extend postsecondary careers into adulthood due to economic interests. However, men's gender socialization as 'breadwinners' and familiarity with performance of stereotypically masculine occupational tasks might have discouraged postsecondary attainment in adulthood. Using National Survey of Families and Households data (1987-2003), event history and multinomial methods, we find that adult men's postsecondary entry and completion of baccalaureate and higher degrees was strongly motivated by economic factors, including market precarity. However, traditional gender role attitudes and exposure to masculine task performance, as countervailing forces, significantly constrained men's potential educational gains. We briefly address policies that might reduce adult men's barriers to attainment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hochgürtel, Tim (2017): Familiengründung und -erweiterung im Kohortenvergleich. In: Wirtschaft und Statistik H. 6, S. 60-73.

Abstract

"Auf Basis der Zeitreihe der Familien zeigt sich, dass in den vergangenen 25 Jahren die Anzahl der Familien in Deutschland deutlich abgenommen hat. Auf Grundlage solcher Querschnittsbetrachtungen lassen sich jedoch keine Erkenntnisse gewinnen, wie sich das Familiengründungsverhalten sowie die Neigung, eine bestehende Familie zu vergrößern, verändern. Um Rückschlüsse auf mögliche Veränderungen bei der Familiengründung und -erweiterung zwischen Kohorten zu ziehen, erfolgt in diesem Aufsatz eine kohortenorientierte Untersuchung.
Untersucht werden hierbei die kohortenspezifische Neigung Partnerschaften einzugehen, die kohortenspezifische Entscheidung zur Elternschaft sowie zu weiteren Kindern und darüber hinaus der kohortenspezische Anteil von Alleinerziehenden." (Autorenreferat, © Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden)

Zitatform

Kanji, Shireen & Robin Samuel (2017): Male breadwinning revisited. How specialisation, gender role attitudes and work characteristics affect overwork and underwork in Europe. In: Sociology, Jg. 51, H. 2, S. 339-356. DOI:10.1177/0038038515596895

Abstract

"We examine how male breadwinning and fatherhood relate to men's overwork and underwork in western Europe. Male breadwinners should be less likely to experience overwork than other men, particularly when they have children, if specialising in paid work suits them. However, multinomial logistic regression analysis of the European Social Survey data from 2010 (n = 4662) challenges this position: male breadwinners, with and without children, want to work fewer than their actual hours, making visible one of the downsides of specialisation. Male breadwinners wanting to work fewer hours is specifically related to the job interfering with family life, as revealed by a comparison of the average marginal effects of variables across models. Work - life interference has an effect over and beyond the separate effects of work characteristics and family structure, showing the salience of the way work and life articulate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kopf, Eva & Cordula Zabel (2017): Activation programmes for women with a partner in Germany. Challenge or replication of traditional gender roles. In: International journal of social welfare, Jg. 26, H. 3, S. 239-253., 2016-09-18. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12249

Abstract

"In 2005, Germany implemented major welfare benefit reforms that encourage an adult worker model of the family. In this study, we hypothesised that, despite these reforms, women's assignments to activation programmes would in practice still tend to replicate the degree of labour market attachment to which they had become accustomed relative to their partner in the past. We compared programme entries between women in former male breadwinner, dual earner, no-earner and female breadwinner households and applied event-history analysis to large-scale administrative data. Our findings showed that in western Germany - but not in eastern Germany - women's assignments to activation programmes indeed replicated their prior labour market attachment relative to their partner." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Krueger, Alan B. (2017): Where have all the workers gone? An inquiry into the decline of the U.S. labor force participation rate. In: Brookings Papers on Economic Activity H. Fall, S. 1-87.

Abstract

"The U.S. labor force participation rate has declined since 2007, primarily because of population aging and ongoing trends that preceded the Great Recession. The labor force participation rate has evolved differently, and for different reasons, across demographic groups. A rise in school enrollment has largely offset declining labor force participation for young workers since the 1990s. Labor force participation has been declining for prime age men for decades, and about half of prime age men who are not in the labor force may have a serious health condition that is a barrier to working. Nearly half of prime age men who are not in the labor force take pain medication on any given day; and in nearly two-thirds of these cases, they take prescription pain medication. Labor force participation has fallen more in U.S. counties where relatively more opioid pain medication is prescribed, causing the problem of depressed labor force participation and the opioid crisis to become intertwined. The labor force participation rate has stopped rising for cohorts of women born after 1960. Prime age men who are out of the labor force report that they experience notably low levels of emotional well-being throughout their days, and that they derive relatively little meaning from their daily activities. Employed women and women not in the labor force, by contrast, report similar levels of subjective well-being; but women not in the labor force who cite a reason other than 'home responsibilities' as their main reason report notably low levels of emotional well-being. During the past decade, retirements have increased by about the same amount as aggregate labor force participation has declined, and the retirement rate is expected to continue to rise. A meaningful rise in labor force participation will require a reversal in the secular trends affecting various demographic groups, and perhaps immigration reform." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lansky, Mark, Jayati Ghosh, Dominique Méda & Uma Rani (Hrsg.) (2017): Women, gender and work. Vol. 2: Social choices and inequalities. Genf: International Labour Organization, 755 S.

Abstract

"On many aggregate measures of labour market performance, gender gaps have narrowed steadily across much of the world over recent decades. They have even 'reversed' in some cases. Yet, the statistical picture is not entirely what it seems. The gaps have often narrowed through levelling down, and there are other problems as well: gendered social regulation still powerfully shapes the life choices of women and men, both directly - through explicit socio-cultural norms and constraints - and indirectly, through the interplay of gender roles and identities that typically finds expression in the unequal sharing of unpaid domestic care work and consequent labour market inequalities.
This second volume of Women, gender and work is an invitation to reflect upon the connections between measured labour market outcomes and the real lives people lead, what work means to them, the care work continuum, and the very notion of 'gender equality'. It features some 30 recent articles selected from the International Labour Review, Offering the insights of economists, sociologists and lawyers into a wide range of gender issues and country settings, from Mali to Switzerland, from Jamaica to Malaysia. The diversity of situations, patterns and trends suggests that male-female inequalities might usefully be considered from the perspective of absolute disadvantage. Hence the strong case for a social policy framework that focuses on the improvement of quality of life rather than equalization of women's and men's (often poor) economic performances as an end in itself. What matters is what women (and men) are capable of doing, in freedom, to pursue their own conception of happiness." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Liebig, Brigitte & Mechtild Oechsle (Hrsg.) (2017): Fathers in work organizations. Inequalities and capabilities, rationalities and politics. Opladen: Budrich, 253 S.

Abstract

"This book analyzes the role of work organizations when it comes to the realization of an active fatherhood. Firstly, it deals with barriers for active fatherhood and the related mechanisms of inequality. Which aspects of discrimination and social closure do fathers face today if they assert a claim for active fatherhood, and with what kind of barriers are they confronted? Secondly, the capabilities of fathers are addressed. Which is their possible scope of action, who are relevant actors, and what is the effect of policies and programs on change and organizational learning with respect to fatherhood?" (Publisher's text, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lietzmann, Torsten & Claudia Wenzig (2017): Arbeitszeitwünsche und Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern: Welche Vorstellungen über die Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie bestehen. (IAB-Kurzbericht 10/2017), Nürnberg, 8 S.

Abstract

"Erwerbsarbeit sowie Haus- und Erziehungsarbeit sind in Deutschland noch immer ungleich zwischen den Geschlechtern verteilt. Die Erhöhung der Frauen- und Müttererwerbstätigkeit ist als politisches Ziel verankert, um einerseits die finanzielle Situation der Familien zu verbessern und andererseits die finanzielle Eigenständigkeit von Frauen zu stärken. Ob dieses Ziel erreicht werden kann, hängt neben strukturellen Rahmenbedingungen wie etwa Kinderbetreuungsmöglichkeiten auch von den Einstellungen der Betroffenen zu Familie und Beruf ab. Die Autoren gehen der Frage nach, wie die Arbeitszeiten von Männern und Frauen je nach Familienkontext variieren und welche Idealvorstellungen hinsichtlich des Arbeitszeitumfangs bestehen. Um besser abschätzen zu können, ob es bei der Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern ungenutzte Potenziale gibt, werden in diesem Kurzbericht Einstellungen von Frauen zu Müttererwerbstätigkeit und externer Kinderbetreuung genauer untersucht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Olivetti, Claudia & Barbara Petrongolo (2017): The economic consequences of family policies. Lessons from a century of legislation in high-income countries. (IZA discussion paper 10505), Bonn, 45 S.

Abstract

"We draw lessons from existing work and our own analysis on the effects of parental leave and other interventions aimed at aiding families. The outcomes of interest are female employment, gender gaps in earnings and fertility. We begin with a discussion of the historical introduction of family policies ever since the end of the nineteenth century and then turn to the details regarding family policies currently in effect across high-income nations. We sketch a framework concerning the effects of family policy to motivate our country- and micro-level evidence on the impact of family policies on gender outcomes. Most estimates of the impact of parental leave entitlement on female labor market outcomes range from negligible to weakly positive. The verdict is far more positive for the beneficial impact of spending on early education and childcare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Olivetti, Claudia & Barbara Petrongolo (2017): The economic consequences of family policies. Lessons from a century of legislation in high-income countries. In: The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Jg. 31, H. 1, S. 205-230. DOI:10.1257/jep.31.1.205

Abstract

"By the early 21st century, most high-income countries have put into effect a host of generous and virtually gender-neutral parental leave policies and family benefits, with the multiple goals of gender equity, higher fertility, and child development. What have been the effects? Proponents typically emphasize the contribution of family policies to the goals of gender equity and child development, enabling women to combine careers and motherhood, and altering social norms regarding gender roles. Opponents often warn that family policies may become a long-term hindrance to women's careers because of the loss of work experience and the higher costs to employers that hire women of childbearing age. We draw lessons from existing work and our own analysis on the effects of parental leave and other interventions aimed at aiding families. We present country- and micro-level evidence on the effects of family policy on gender outcomes, focusing on female employment, gender gaps in earnings, and fertility. Most estimates range from negligible to a small positive impact. But the verdict is far more positive for the beneficial impact of spending on early education and childcare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Pocock, Barbara & Sara Charlesworth (2017): Multilevel work-family interventions. Creating good-quality employment over the life course. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 44, H. 1, S. 23-46. DOI:10.1177/0730888415619218

Abstract

"Poor-quality jobs have significant costs for individual workers, their families, and the wider community. Drawing mainly on the Australian case, the authors' focus is on the structural challenges to work - life reconciliation and the multiple-level interventions necessary to create quality employment that supports workers to reconcile work and family over the life course. The authors argue that interventions are necessary in three domains: at the macrosocial and economic level, in the regulatory domain, and in the workplace domain. The nature and success of these interventions is also critical to gender equality and to responding to the changing gender and care composition of the workforce across OECD countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Rainer, Helmut, Anita Fichtl & Timo Hener (2017): Familienpolitik in Deutschland. Kausale Evaluationsstudien und ausgewählte Ergebnisse. In: Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik, Jg. 18, H. 2, S. 117-131. DOI:10.1515/pwp-2017-0010

Abstract

"Anita Fichtl, Timo Hener und Helmut Rainer liefern einen Überblick über die empirische Forschung zu den Auswirkungen familienpolitischer Maßnahmen auf Erwerbstätigkeit und Einkommen von Familien, auf das Wohlergehen von Kindern und auf die Fertilität. Anhand von quasi-experimentellen Evaluationsstudien, die eindeutige Wirkungsrichtungen aufdecken sollen, zeichnen sie die Effekte von vier wichtigen familienpolitischen Leistungen nach: Kindergeld, Elterngeld, Betreuungsgeld und öffentlich geförderte Kinderbetreuung. Ihr Fokus liegt auf den Ergebnissen deutscher Studien, die sie mit internationaler Evidenz ergänzen und vergleichen. Vor der Folie der empirischen Erkenntnisse weisen die Autoren auf Problemfelder der deutschen Familienpolitik hin und leiten weiteren Forschungsbedarf ab." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Schulz, Florian & Henriette Engelhardt (2017): The development, educational stratification and decomposition of mothers' and fathers' childcare time in Germany. An update for 2001-2013. In: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, Jg. 29, H. 3, S. 277-297. DOI:10.3224/zff.v29i3.02

Abstract

"Diese Studie aktualisiert das empirische Wissen über die Entwicklung, die Bildungsstratifizierung und die Dekomposition der Zeitverwendung von Müttern und Vätern für Kinderbetreuung mit den aktuellen Zeitbudgetdaten für Deutschland. Auf Basis der der letzten beiden Erhebungen der Deutschen Zeitverwendungsstudie 2001/2002 und 2012/2013 werden die Zeitbudgets für die Gesamtzeit für Kinderbetreuung sowie sechs Einzeltätigkeiten mit OLS-Regressionen und Oaxaca- Dekompositionen untersucht. Die Studie zeigt, dass die Zeit für Kinderbetreuung von Müttern und Vätern zwischen 2001 und 2013 angestiegen ist, es einen Bildungsgradienten für Vorlesen gibt und signifikante Veränderungen in den Zeitbudgets nicht auf Kompositionsveränderung der Bevölkerung zurückgeführt werden können. Insgesamt belegt die Studie weniger die Dynamik als vielmehr die Stabilität und die geringe Bildungsdifferenzierung der Zeitverwendung für Kinderbetreuung. Darüber hinaus wird gezeigt, dass die Veränderungen in der Gesamtzeit für Kinderbetreuung nicht auf proportionale Veränderungen in allen, sondern nur auf Veränderungen in wenigen Einzeltätigkeiten zurückgeführt werden können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Stadler, Bettina & Ingrid Mairhuber (2017): Arbeitszeiten von Paaren: Aktuelle Verteilungen und Arbeitszeitwünsche. (FORBA-Forschungsbericht 2017,03), Wien, 66 S.

Abstract

"Mit dem hier präsentierten Projekt wird der Blick auf Paare gerichtet und untersucht, wie die Verteilung der Erwerbs-Arbeitszeit zwischen den Ehe- bzw. LebenspartnerInnen mit und ohne Kinder gestaltet ist und ob sich diese in der Zeit von 2005 bis 2015 verändert hat. Kommen reduzierte Arbeitszeiten, konkret weniger geleistete Überstunden von Männern, Frauen zugute? D.h., haben Frauen dadurch die Möglichkeit, sich stärker in der Erwerbsarbeit zu engagieren und ihre Erwerbsarbeitszeiten auszuweiten? Oder können keine Entwicklungen in diese Richtung beobachtet werden? Diese und weitere Fragen werden in den folgenden Ausführungen untersucht." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Unterhofer, Ulrike & Katharina Wrohlich (2017): Fathers, parental leave and gender norms. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1657), Berlin, 27 S.

Abstract

"Social norms and attitudes towards gender roles have been shown to have a large effect on economic outcomes of men and women. Many countries have introduced policies that aim at changing gender stereotypes, for example fathers' quota in parental leave schemes. In this paper, we analyze whether the introduction of the fathers' quota in Germany in 2007, that caused a sharp increase in the take-up of parental leave by fathers, has changed the attitudes towards gender roles in the grandparents' generation. To this end, we exploit the quasi-experimental setting of the 2007 reform and compare grandparents whose son had a child born before the 2007 reform to grandparents whose son had a child born after it. Our results suggest that such policy programs not only induce direct behavioral responses by the target group but also have indirect effects on non-treated individuals through social interaction and can thus change attitudes towards gender roles in a society as a whole." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Westermeier, Christian, Markus M. Grabka, Björn Jotzo & Anika Rasner (2017): Veränderung der Erwerbs- und Familienbiografien lässt einen Rückgang des Gender-Pension-Gap erwarten. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 84, H. 12, S. 235-243., 2017-03-22.

Abstract

"Die geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede im Rentenzahlbetrag der Gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung werden sich im Kohortenvergleich verringern. Während in der Kriegskohorte der 1936 bis 1945 Geborenen der so genannte Gender-Pension-Gap noch 56 Prozent in West- und 34 Prozent in Ostdeutschland beträgt, wird er sich basierend auf einem vom DIW Berlin entwickelten Fortschreibungsmodell zur Simulation von Erwerbs- und Familienbiografien bei der Kohorte der 1966 bis 1970 Geborenen auf 43 beziehungsweise 18 Prozent reduzieren. Mitverantwortlich für diesen Trend ist, dass Männer im Kohortenvergleich kürzere Phasen ihres Erwerbslebens in Vollzeit arbeiten werden. Bei westdeutschen Frauen dagegen ist eine starke Zunahme von Teilzeitbeschäftigung bei gleichzeitigem Rückgang von Phasen der Hausfrauentätigkeit zu beobachten. Aber auch ostdeutsche Frauen werden in zunehmenden Maße Teilzeittätigkeiten aufnehmen. Allerdings weisen sie längere Phasen von Vollzeiterwerbstätigkeit auf und weichen damit weiterhin von westdeutschen Frauen ab." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Wippermann, Carsten (2017): Männer-Perspektiven: Auf dem Weg zu mehr Gleichstellung? Sozialwissenschaftliche Repräsentativbefragung der Bevölkerung, im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend. Penzberg, 150 S.

Abstract

"Die neue Auswertung aus der Gleichstellungsstudie 2016 zum Themenfeld Männer hat repräsentativ untersucht, ob sich Einstellungen und Verhalten von Männern zu Gleichstellung und Geschlechtergerechtigkeit, zur Verantwortung für Erwerbseinkommen und Familienarbeit, zur Vorstellung attraktiver Männlichkeit (und Weiblichkeit) sowie hinsichtlich der Gleichstellungspolitik in den letzten Jahren verändert haben. Im Vergleich zu der Untersuchung 'Rolle vorwärts - Rolle rückwärts?' aus dem Jahr 2007 zeigen die aktuellen Daten, dass heute mehr Männer ein gleichgestelltes Lebensmodell wollen, dass die Mehrheit der Männer eine aktive und offensive Gleichstellungspolitik fordert - aber auch, dass das Spektrum von Haltungen der Männer zu den Themen Gender und Gleichstellung vielfältig und seit 2007 noch breiter geworden ist." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Zerle-Elsäßer, Claudia & Xuan Li (2017): Väter im Familienalltag. Determinanten einer aktiven Vaterschaft. In: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, Jg. 29, H. 1, S. 11-31. DOI:10.3224/zff.v29i1.01

Abstract

"Von den 'neuen' oder auch 'aktiven Vätern' wird heute viel gesprochen, wenngleich oft unklar bleibt, was diese kennzeichnet und von welchen Determinanten die Ausübung einer solchen aktiven Vaterschaft abhängt. Mit dem DJI-Survey AID:A II liegen nun aktuelle Daten vor, anhand derer für den vorliegenden Beitrag Alltagsaktivitäten von Vätern für und mit ihren Kindern in den Blick genommen und daraus ein Index 'aktiver Vaterschaft' erstellt werden konnten. Anschließend konnten so die wichtigsten Determinanten einer aktiven Vaterschaft untersucht werden. Wie die Befunde zeigen, spielt dabei die Erwerbstätigkeit beider Partner eine bedeutende Rolle: Je mehr Überstunden die Väter über ihre normale Vollzeitwoche hinaus leisten müssen, desto geringer sind die Chancen, sich aktiv in Betreuung und Erziehung der Kinder einbringen zu können. Ein höherer Erwerbsumfang der Mütter sowie ein größerer Anteil am erwirtschafteten Haushaltseinkommen hingegen fördern eine 'aktive Vaterschaft'. Deutlich wird darüber hinaus die große Bedeutung der Partnerschaftsqualität sowie der Genderkonzepte beider Partner." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Das Gutachten knüpft an die umfassende Analyse der Gleichstellungssituation in Deutschland an, die im Ersten Gleichstellungsbericht geleistet wurde. Insbesondere bedeutet dies, dass sich auch das vorliegende Gutachten an einer Lebensverlaufsperspektive orientiert, um den Stand und mögliche Handlungsansätze für die Gleichstellungspolitik zu untersuchen. In den letzten fünf Jahren haben sich die Erwerbsbiografien und damit auch die Lebensverläufe allerdings weiter ausdifferenziert. Armutsgefährdete Alleinerziehende (vor allem Frauen), (prekäre) Selbstständige, die mit ihrem Unternehmen beständig um das wirtschaftliche Überleben kämpfen, und Menschen, die Angehörige pflegen, werden immer stärker zu Risikogruppen. Das Gutachten nimmt außerdem in den Blick, dass die Folgen der Digitalisierung zunehmend alle Lebens- und Arbeitsbereiche durchdringen. Das vorliegende Gutachten greift Empfehlungen des Ersten Gleichstellungsberichts auf, um sie weiterzuentwickeln und für die aktuelle gesellschaftliche Situation zu konkretisieren. Dabei war zu berücksichtigen, welche politischen und gesetzlichen Entwicklungen es seither auf maßgeblichen Feldern gegeben hat. Dieses Gutachten soll zwar nicht die Umsetzung der Empfehlungen des Ersten Gleichstellungsberichts systematisch erfassen und auswerten. Es berücksichtigt in seinen Analysen und Empfehlungen aber, dass zwischenzeitlich gleichstellungspolitisch relevante Maßnahmen neu eingeführt wurden, insbesondere das ElterngeldPlus, die Familienpflegezeit, das Pflegeunterstützungsgeld, das Gesetz für die gleichberechtigte Teilhabe von Frauen und Männern an Führungspositionen in der Privatwirtschaft und im öffentlichen Dienst (FüPoG) und das Mindestlohngesetz (MiLoG). Erste Schritte zu einem Gesetz für mehr Lohngerechtigkeit zwischen Frauen und Männern sind unternommen worden; zum Zeitpunkt des Abschlusses dieses Gutachtens lag dem Bundestag allerdings noch kein Gesetzentwurf vor. Auch die gleichstellungspolitisch relevanten Befunde der Gesamtevaluation familienpolitischer Leistungen aus dem Jahr 2014 werden im vorliegenden Gutachten berücksichtigt. In Anknüpfung an die Lebensverlaufsperspektive konzentriert sich das Sachverständigengutachten auf die gleichstellungsorientierte Gestaltung von Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit. Diese Schwerpunktsetzung wird im folgenden Kapitel B ausführlich begründet und in ein Verhältnis zu weiteren gleichstellungspolitischen Zielen gesetzt." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"The ILO-Gallup report, 'Towards a better future for women and work: Voices of women and men', provides a first-ever account of global attitudes and perceptions of women and men regarding women and work. The results come from the Gallup World Poll which was conducted in 142 countries and territories and surveyed almost 149,000 adults. It is representative of more than 99 per cent of the global adult population.
The findings are revealing: A total of 70 per cent of women and a similar 66 per cent of men would prefer that women work at paid jobs. Each of these figures are more than double the percentages of those who would prefer women to stay at home. Women worldwide would prefer to be either working at paid jobs (29 per cent) or be in situations in which they could both work and take care of their families (41 per cent), according to the joint ILO-Gallup report. Only 27 per cent of women want to stay at home.
The 70 per cent of women who would like to work at paid jobs notably includes a majority of women who are not in the workforce. Importantly, this is true in almost all regions worldwide, including several regions where women's labour force participation is traditionally low, such as the Arab States and territories." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Allmendinger, Jutta, Sophie Krug von Nidda & Vanessa Wintermantel (2016): Lebensentwürfe junger Frauen und Männer in Bayern. München, 64 S.

Abstract

"Junge Frauen und Männer, ihre Rolle in Beruf, Familie und Gesellschaft werden heutzutage in Politik und Medien heiß diskutiert, auch in Bayern. Zwischen Eltern- und Betreuungsgeld, Frauenquote und Ehegattensplitting nimmt eine Reihe von (oft widersprüchlichen) frauen- sowie familienpolitischen Maßnahmen diese Zielgruppe in den Blick. Zugleich wenden sich junge Menschen zunehmend von bestimmten Formen politischer Beteiligung ab - so ging bei der Landtagswahl 2013 fast die Hälfte der unter 35-Jährigen nicht zur Wahl. Scheinbar erreicht die beschriebene Mischung politischer Bemühungen nicht die tatsächlichen Lebensrealitäten und Erwartungen junger Frauen und Männer in Bayern. Für die Studie des BayernForums der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung wurden Menschen zwischen 18 und 40 Jahren in Bayern dazu befragt, wie sie ihr Leben gestalten und welche Wünsche und Vorstellungen sie für ihre Zukunft haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Biewen, Martin & Stefanie Seifert (2016): Potential parenthood and career progression of men and women. A simultaneous hazards approach. (IZA discussion paper 10050), Bonn, 37 S.

Abstract

"We analyze individual career transitions of men and women in Germany. Our particular focus is on the association of upward, downward and horizontal job changes with individual fertility. In contrast to most of the literature, we focus on potential rather than realized fertility. Based on mixed multivariate proportional hazard models with competing risks, we find a significant negative relationship between the contemporaneous probability of having a child and horizontal career transitions for women, and a positive significant association of the hazard of parenthood with upward career transitions for men. These effects persist if we apply fixed effects panel data models allowing for correlation of individual parenthood hazards with unobserved individual characteristics. Independent of their sources, our results suggest clear gender differences in the relationship between career patterns and potential fertility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Blau, David M. & Ryan M. Goodstein (2016): Commitment in the household. Evidence from the effect of inheritances on the labor supply of older married couples. In: Labour economics, Jg. 42, H. October, S. 123-137. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2016.08.003

Abstract

"We study the effect of receiving an inheritance on the labor force participation (LFP) of both the recipient and the recipient's spouse in a population of older married couples. An inheritance is not subject to laws in the U.S. governing division of marital property at divorce, because it is not acquired with income earned during marriage. Hence it plays the role of a 'distribution factor' in the intrahousehold allocation of resources, increasing bargaining power of the recipient. Controlling for inheritance expectations, we interpret the receipt of an inheritance as a shock to wealth. Our results indicate that receiving an inheritance reduces LFP of the recipient by four percentage points, comparable in magnitude to the effect of a self-reported decline in health. However, an inheritance has little or no effect on LFP of the spouse. These estimates are inconsistent with a dynamic, collective model of the household in which spouses have the ability to commit to an ex ante efficient allocation. The results are consistent with a model of limited commitment in which a shock to household resources can alter bargaining power. We discuss the implications for reform of Social Security spouse and survivor benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Blau, David M. & Ryan M. Goodstein (2016): Commitment in the household. Evidence from the effect of inheritances on the labor supply of older married couples. (IZA discussion paper 10059), Bonn, 45 S.

Abstract

"We study the effect of receiving an inheritance on the labor force participation (LFP) of both the recipient and the recipient's spouse in a population of older married couples. An inheritance is not subject to laws governing division of marital property at divorce, because it is not acquired with income earned during marriage. Hence it plays the role of a 'distribution factor' in the intrahousehold allocation of resources, increasing bargaining power of the recipient. Controlling for inheritance expectations, we interpret the receipt of an inheritance as a shock to wealth. Our results indicate that receiving an inheritance reduces LFP of the recipient by four percentage points, comparable in magnitude to the effect of a decline in health. However, an inheritance has little or no effect on LFP of the spouse. These estimates are inconsistent with a dynamic, collective model of the household in which spouses have the ability to commit to an ex ante efficient allocation. The results are consistent with a model of limited commitment in which a shock to household resources can alter bargaining power. We discuss the implications for reform of Social Security spouse and survivor benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Brandth, Berit & Elin Kvande (2016): Fathers and flexible parental leave. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 30, H. 2, S. 275-290. DOI:10.1177/0950017015590749

Abstract

"Research on work-family balance has seen flexible work arrangements as a key solution for reconciling work and family, but it has given contradictory results in regard to fathers. This article focuses on flexible parental leave for fathers in Norway, which until now has rarely been studied. Based on interviews with 20 fathers, the article explores their experiences with flexible organization of the leave, which provides them with a menu of choices, and considers how it affects their caring. Findings show that it allows work to invade care, produces a double stress and promotes half-way fathering. Flexible use of the father's quota tends to confirm fathers as secondary carers instead of empowering them as carers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bujard, Martin (2016): Das flexible Zweiverdienermodell und seine vielfältigen Chancen. ... und wie die Politik es familienphasen-sensibel gestalten kann. (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. Analysen und Argumente 214), Sankt Augustin, 14 S.

Abstract

"Junge Menschen favorisieren eine partnerschaftliche Aufteilung von Beruf und Familienarbeit. Im Zweiverdienermodell lassen sich politisch definierte Ziele besser erreichen. Familienpolitische Reformen wie Kita-Ausbau und Elterngeld üben einen positiven Einfluss auf die Geburtenrate und die Frauenerwerbstätigkeit aus. Der Schlüssel zu einem familienphasen-sensiblen Zweiverdienermodell liegt im Arbeitsmarkt: Es bedarf mehr qualifizierter Teilzeitstellen, langfristige Rückkehrperspektiven in Vollzeitarbeit und Karrierepfade, die temporäre familienbedingte Auszeiten ermöglichen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bünning, Mareike & Matthias Pollmann-Schult (2016): Parenthood, child care, and nonstandard work schedules in Europe. In: European Societies, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 295-314. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2016.1153698

Abstract

"An increasing proportion of the European labor force works in the evening, at night or on weekends. Because nonstandard work schedules are associated with a number of negative outcomes for families and children, parents may seek to avoid such schedules. However, for parents with insufficient access to formal child care, working nonstandard hours or days may be an adaptive strategy used to manage child-care needs. It enables 'split-shift' parenting, where parents work alternate schedules, allowing one of the two to be at home looking after the children. This study examines the prevalence of nonstandard work schedules among parents and nonparents in 22 European countries. Specifically, we ask whether the provision of formal child care influences the extent to which parents of preschool-aged children work nonstandard schedules. Using data from the European Social Survey and multilevel models, we find evidence that the availability of formal child care reduces nonstandard work among parents. This indicates that access to formal child care enables parents to work standard schedules. To the extent that nonstandard work schedules are negatively associated with child wellbeing, access to formal child care protects children from the adverse effects of their parents' evening and night work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cools, Sara & Marte Ström (2016): Parenthood wage penalties in a double income society. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 14, H. 2, S. 391-416. DOI:10.1007/s11150-014-9244-y

Abstract

"We estimate how parenthood affects hourly wages using panel data for Norwegian employees in the years 1997 - 2007. Though smaller than for most other OECD countries, we find substantial wage penalties to motherhood, ranging from a 1.2 % wage reduction for women with lower secondary education to 4.9 % for women with more than four years of higher education. Human capital measures such as work experience and paid parental leave do not explain the wage penalties, indicating that in the Norwegian institutional context, mothers are protected from adverse wage effects due to career breaks. We do however find large heterogeneity in the effects, with the largest penalties for mothers working full time and in the private sector. Contrary to most studies using US data and to previous research from Norway, we find a small wage penalty also to fatherhood. Also for men, the penalty is greater for those who work full time and in the private sector. A substantial share of the fatherhood wage penalty is explained by paternity leave." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Davaki, Konstantina (2016): Differences in men's and women's work, care and leisure time. Study for the FEMM committee. Brüssel, 63 S. DOI:10.2861/381996

Abstract

"The economic crisis has profoundly affected the labour market and private life of men and women. This study examines the interrelation of policies with the ways women and men allocate time to paid work, care and leisure and the gendered outcomes produced in different socio-economic and cultural settings. It shows that policies are powerful tools which can contribute to a better work-life balance and transform gender roles in accordance to the targets of EU2020 strategy and EU28 commitment to gender equality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Erosa, Andrés, Luisa Fuster & Gueorgui Kambourov (2016): Towards a micro-founded theory of aggregate labour supply. In: The Review of Economic Studies, Jg. 83, H. 3, S. 1001-1039. DOI:10.1093/restud/rdw010

Abstract

"We build a heterogeneous agents life cycle model that captures a large number of salient features of individual male labour supply over the life cycle, by education, both along the intensive and extensive margins. The model provides an aggregation theory of individual labour supply, firmly grounded on individual-level micro-evidence, and is used to study the aggregate labour supply responses to changes in the economic environment. We find that the aggregate labour supply elasticity to a transitory wage shock is 1.75, with the extensive margin accounting for 62% of the response. Furthermore, we find that the aggregate labour supply elasticity to a permanent-compensated wage change is 0.44." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Fehr, Hans, Manuel Kallweit & Fabian Kindermann (2016): Household formation, female labor supply, and savings. In: The Scandinavian journal of economics, Jg. 118, H. 4, S. 868-911. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12154

Abstract

"In this paper, we aim to quantify the impact of changing family structures on labor supply and savings in Western societies. Our dynamic general equilibrium model features both genders, and it takes into account changes in marital status as a stochastic process. The numerical results indicate that changes in household formation can partly explain the reallocation of male and female labor supply observed during the last decades in Germany. We also find a negative impact on capital accumulation, and we show that a combination of higher marital risk and a narrowing gender wage gap can explain the changes in hours ratios between single and married men and women." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Gihleb, Rania & Osnat Lifshitz (2016): Dynamic effects of educational assortative mating on labor supply. (IZA discussion paper 9958), Bonn, 88 S.

Abstract

"In 30% of young American couples the wife is more educated than the husband. Those women are characterized by a substantially higher employment (all else equal), which in turn amplifies income inequality across couples. Using NLSY79, we formulate and structurally estimate a dynamic life-cycle model of endogenous marriage and labor supply decisions in a collective framework. We establish that the education gap at the time of marriage, produces dynamic effects due to human capital accumulation and implied wage growth. Inequality between couples is largely driven by the persistence in labor supply choices and only slightly affected by assortative matching." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Haasler, Simone (2016): Verhinderte Karrieren und Berufswechsel. Berufliche Orientierungen von Frauen der mittleren Erwerbsgeneration. In: Berufs- und Wirtschaftspädagogik - online H. H. Spezial 12, S. 1-15.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, welche Rahmenbedingungen und Orientierungsgrößen die Berufsorientierungen von Frauen strukturieren und welche Rolle formelles und informelles Lernen bei der Gestaltung der Erwerbsverläufe spielt. Hierfür wurden im Rahmen von zwei international vergleichend angelegten Studien 24 Frauen interviewt, die in der Mitte ihres Erwerbslebens stehen. Studien belegen, dass für die Berufsorientierung von Frauen das Zusammenwirken von Rollenerwartungen, familiären Verpflichtungen, die Karriere des Partners und die Antizipation geringer Bildungsrenditen wichtige Einflussgrößen sind. Dies spiegelt sich in einer Orientierung an sozialen Berufsfeldern sowie diskontinuierlichen Erwerbsverläufen, Teilzeitbeschäftigung und der Zuverdienerposition von Frauen wider. Darüber hinaus dominieren bei Frauen mit einem mittleren Qualifikationsniveau eine horizontale Erwerbsmobilität und Berufswechsel gegenüber klassischen Aufstiegsmustern. Diese erfordern auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt in der Regel eine weitere qualifizierende Berufsausbildung im Lebensverlauf. Auch die qualitative Untersuchung zeigt, dass bei den interviewten Frauen Lernen und weitere berufliche Qualifizierungen nicht dem beruflichen Aufstieg, sondern in erster Linie dem Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt nach einer familial bedingten Erwerbsunterbrechung, der horizontalen Arbeitsmarktmobilität sowie der Beschäftigungssicherung dienen. Die Annahme, dass Weiterbildung und Höherqualifizierung die Arbeitsmarkt- und Aufstiegschancen von auf dem Arbeitsmarkt benachteiligten Gruppen verbessert, konnte für Frauen im Rahmen der Studien nicht belegt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Hipp, Lena & Friederike Molitor (2016): Inanspruchnahme von Elternmonaten. In: Neue Zeitschrift für Familienrecht, Jg. 3, H. 5, S. 192-195.

Abstract

"Seit Inkrafttreten des Bundeselterngeld- und Elternzeitgesetzes (BEEG) im Jahr 2007 haben sich berufliche Auszeiten von Müttern nach der Geburt eines Kindes im Durchschnitt verkürzt, während die der Väter gestiegen sind. Gleichwohl besteht weiterhin eine Ungleichverteilung zwischen Müttern und Vätern bezüglich der Inanspruchnahme und Dauer von Elternzeit. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die Gründe, die einer egalitären Aufteilung von Elternzeit entgegenstehen, und geht der Frage nach, wie eine partnerschaftliche Aufteilung von Elternzeit gefördert werden könnte." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Jakobsson, Niklas & Andreas Kotsadam (2016): Does marriage affect men's labor market outcomes? A European perspective. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 14, H. 2, S. 373-389. DOI:10.1007/s11150-013-9224-7

Abstract

"Does marriage make men more productive, or do more productive men marry? Previous studies have reached different conclusions but have also been conducted using different methodologies in different countries and in different time periods. We use two sources of European panel data (spanning the years 1994 - 2001 and 2003 - 2007) to assess the relationship between marriage and labor market outcomes. By using data from 12 countries over a 13 year period, we are able to investigate the impact of marriage in different country groups and across time. We find that selection into marriage accounts for most of the differences in hours worked and wages between married and non-married men. With respect to wages we note that while the difference between married and non-married males has increased over time, the actual effect of marriage has disappeared." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dulk, Laura den (2016): Working time options over the life course. New regulations and empirical findings in five European countries. (WSI study 07), Düsseldorf, 136 S.

Abstract

"Sie stellt den aktuellen Stand der Regulierung von Arbeitszeitoptionen für eine lebensphasenorientierte Arbeitszeitgestaltung in fünf europäischen Ländern vor: Wissenschaftler/innen aus den Niederlanden, Schweden, Norwegen, Polen und der Tschechischen Republik gehen auf das Angebot an flexiblen Arbeitszeitarrangements per Gesetz und per Tarifvertrag ein und zeigen Zusammenhänge zur Geschlechtergleichstellung auf.
Zu finden sind die neuesten Daten zur Verfügbarkeit von Teilzeit, Elternzeit, Vaterschaftsurlaub und anderer Auszeiten. Die Wissenschaftler/innen stellen Forschungsergebnisse zur Nutzung der Optionen in den jeweiligen Ländern vor und behandeln die Veränderungen der letzten Jahre.
So gibt es in Ländern, in denen bisher feste Arbeitszeiten vorherrschten (Polen und Tschechische Republik) eine gewisse Zunahme von Arbeitszeitoptionen. Auch in diesen Ländern wird ein zunehmender Druck deutlich, das alte Arbeitszeitregime zu flexibilisieren.
In allen Ländern (Ausnahme: Schweden) zeigen sich Bestrebungen, flexible Arbeitszeiten (noch stärker) für wirtschaftliche Ziele nutzbar zu machen, das heißt, arbeitgeber- oder betriebsbezogene Flexibilität auszuweiten.
Die wenigen Studien, die zur Praxis der Nutzung von Arbeitszeitoptionen vorliegen, deuten darauf hin, dass in vielen Fällen die Einführung der Optionen nicht von einer Veränderung der betrieblichen Kultur begleitet war." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Kumra, Savita, Ruth Simpson & Ronald J. Burke (Hrsg.) (2016): The Oxford handbook of gender in organizations. (Oxford Handbooks in Business and Management), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 584 S. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199658213.001.0001

Abstract

Part I. Theorizing Gender and Organizations
1: Marta Calas, Linda Smircich, Evangelina Holvino: Theorizing Gender-and-Organization: Changing Times, Changing Theories
2: Albert Mills, Jean Helms-Mills, Marianne Paludi: Disturbing Thoughts and Gendered Practices: A Discursive View of Feminist Organizational Analysis
3: Silvia Gherardi: Organizations as Symbolic Gendered Order
4: Heather Höpfl: Was will der Mann?
5: Patricia Lewis: Feminism, Post-Feminism and Emerging Femininities in Entrepreneurship
6: Karen Lee Ashcraft, Kate Lockwood Harris: Meaning that Matters: An Organization Communication perspective on Gender, Discourse, and Materiality.
Part II. Gender in Leadership and Management
7: Alice Eagly, Leire Gartzia, Linda L. Carli: Female Advantage Revisited
8: Isabel Metz, Carol Kulik: The Rocky Climb: Women's Advancement in Management
9: Yvonne du Billing, Mats Alvesson: Leadership: A Matter of Gender?
10: Sharon Mavin, Jannine Williams, Gina Grandy: Negative Intra-gender Relations between Women: Friendship, Competition and Female Misogyny
11: Gary Powell: Sex, Gender & Leadership: What do Four Decades of Research Tell Us?
12: Savita Kumra: Gendered Constructions of Merit and Impression Management within Professional Services Firms
Part III. Gender and Careers
13: Debra Major, Val Streets: Gender & Careers: Obstacles and Opportunities
14: Susanne Bruckmuller, Michelle Ryan, Floor Rink, Alex Haslam: The Glass Cliff: Examining Why Women Occupy Leadership in Precarious Circumstances
15: Yvonne Benschop & Marieke van den Brink: Power and Resistance in Gender Equality Strategies: Comparing Quotas and Small Wins
16: Sandra Fielden, Carianne Hunt: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace
17: Ron Burke: Organizational Culture, Work Investments, and the Careers of Men: Disadvantages to Women?
18: Barbara Bagilhole: Challenging Gender Boundaries: Pressures and Constraints on Women in Non-Traditional Occupations
Part IV. Masculinities in Organizations
19: Jeff Hearn: Contextualizing Men, Masculinities, Leadership and Management: Embodied/Virtual, Theory/Practice
20: Stephen Whitehead: Masculinities in Management: Hidden, Invisible & Persistent
21: Nick Rumens: Masculinity and Sexuality at Work: Incorporating Gay and Bisexual Men's Perspectives
22: Ruth Simpson: Doing Gender Differently: Men in Caring Occupations
23: David Knights, Marie Tullberg: Masculinity in the Financial Sector
24: Janne Tienari, Alexei Koveshnikov: Masculinity in Multinationals

Zitatform

Mascherini, Massimiliano, Martina Bisello & Irene Riobóo Lestón (2016): The gender employment gap. Challenges and solutions. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, 96 S. DOI:10.2806/75749

Abstract

"Women's labour market participation in the European Union has increased over recent decades, passing 70% in 2014. In that year, women comprised almost 46% of the active EU labour market population. Nevertheless, women's employment and participation rates are still lower than those of men in almost all Member States. Fostering higher participation of women is crucial to meet the Europe 2020 target to achieve an overall employment rate of at least 75% by 2020. This report explores the main characteristics and consequences of gender gaps in labour market participation. It finds that the total cost of a lower female employment rate was EURO370 billion in 2013, corresponding to 2.8% of EU GDP. The report also examines policies and measures aimed at fostering female labour market participation, which could be central to closing gender gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schröder, Melanie & Norma Burow (2016): Couple's labor supply, taxes, and the division of housework in a gender-neutral lab. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1593), Berlin, 30 S.

Abstract

"We use a lab-in-the-field experiment to investigate intra-couple labor supply decisions and the division of housework under individual and joint income taxation systems. In order to eliminate problems of endogenous intra-couple time use decisions, we exogenously varied not only the taxation system but also the intra-couple roles of primary and secondary earners. Using work effort as a proxy for labor supply, 62 established couples, both cohabiting and married (124 participants), performed real effort tasks under a piece rate payment system within a given time. Prior to this paid task, couples had to decide upon the allocation of an unpaid task serving as our proxy for housework. In our gender neutral lab, we find tax-effects only on men's labor supply but not on women's and no gender differences in the allocation of housework. Instead, the allocation of housework follows a purely economic rationale with the majority of secondary earners taking responsibility. This is even confirmed by a shift to a more egalitarian allocation when individual taxation is applied. However, one result replicates real world findings with married male participants providing more labor supply than cohabiting men and married women less than cohabiting women. This result hinges on the stability of specialization in married couples, which seems to overcome the gender neutral lab." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Struffolino, Emanuela, Matthias Studer & Anette Eva Fasang (2016): Gender, education, and family life courses in East and West Germany. Insights from new sequence analysis techniques. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 29, H. September, S. 66-79. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2015.12.001

Abstract

"How do men and women's family life courses differ? Are gender differences in family life courses greater at higher or lower educational levels? And how does the intersection of gender, education and family life courses vary across different macro-structural contexts? This paper addresses these questions comparing East and West Germany during the German division (1961 - 1990). We thereby compare a strong male breadwinner model in a social market economy in West Germany and a universal breadwinner model in a state socialist system in the East. The analysis uses data from the German National Education Panel (NEPS) and employs two new sequence analysis tools: sequence discrepancy analysis and the implicative statistic for analyzing sequences of typical states. These tools enable us to scrutinize the degree, content, and timing of differences in family trajectories between men and women of different educational levels in the two sub-societies. In line with our expectations, family life courses were more de-standardized in the West compared to the East, and this occurred to the same extent for men and women in both contexts. While we find moderate gender differences in family life courses across all educational groups in the strong male breadwinner context in West Germany, for East Germany gender differences were significant among the medium and lower educated, but not among the highly educated. These findings underline the fact that the intersection of gender and education for family life courses is highly context-specific. They further suggest that different patterns of assortative mating play a key role for gender differences in family life courses. We demonstrate the added value of sequence discrepancy analysis and the implicative statistic to illuminate differences in longitudinal life courses between men and women or other social groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Welteke, Clara & Katharina Wrohlich (2016): Peer effects in parental leave decisions. (IZA discussion paper 10173), Bonn, 39 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyzes to what extent parental leave decisions of mothers with young children depend on the decisions made by their coworkers. The identification of peer effects, which are defined as indirect effects of the behavior of a social reference group on individual outcomes, bears various challenges due to correlated characteristics within social groups and endogenous group membership. We overcome these challenges by exploiting quasi-random variation in the costs of parental leave during a narrow window around a cut-off date, induced by a parental leave benefit reform in Germany. The reform encourages mothers to remain at home during the first year following childbirth. Administrative linked employer-employee panel data enable us to assign a peer group to all individuals who work in the same establishment and occupational group. While there is a growing literature on peer effects, few studies look at peer effects in the context of parental leave decisions. We argue, however, that mothers with young children are particularly susceptible to peer behavior at the workplace due to preferences for conformity with peer group behavior as well as the career-related uncertainty that mothers face. Our results suggest that maternal decisions regarding the length of parental leave are significantly influenced by coworker decisions, in particular in situations with high uncertainty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Wippermann, Carsten (2016): Mitten im Leben. Wünsche und Lebenswirklichkeiten von Frauen zwischen 30 und 50 Jahren. Kurzfassung. Berlin, 23 S.

Abstract

"Eine neue Studie gibt Rückenwind für das Vorhaben der Bundesregierung, mehr Lohngerechtigkeit zu schaffen. Demnach fordern über 90 Prozent der Frauen, gleichen Lohn für gleiche oder gleichwertige Arbeit. Für die repräsentative Studie im Auftrag des Bundesfamilienministeriums wurden mehr als 3000 Interviews mit Männern und Frauen geführt. Ziel war es, die Einstellung der deutschen Bevölkerung zu Einkommensgerechtigkeit zu untersuchen.
Frauen zwischen 30 und 50 Jahren haben heute mehr Möglichkeiten als frühere Generationen. Sie wollen erwerbstätig sein, weil dadurch ihr Selbstwertgefühl und ihre wirtschaftlich Unabhängigkeit gestärkt werden. Ihre berufliche Qualifikation ist heute genauso gut wie die der Männer. Dennoch sind nach wie vor tradierte Rollenbilder, Verhaltensmuster und Fehlanreize wirksam, welche die bestehende Entgeltungleichheit befördern. So arbeiten Frauen viel häufiger in Teilzeit: Trotz guter Qualifikation sind nur 39 Prozent der Frauen im Alter von 30 bis 50 Jahren Vollzeit erwerbstätig - aber 88 Prozent der Männer. Gerade in der Mitte des Lebens werden weichenstellende Entscheidungen getroffen, die viele Frauen zunehmend vom Einkommen ihres Partners oder staatlichen Transferleistungen abhängig machen. Die praktische Lebenswirklichkeit der Frauen bleibt so weit hinter ihren Potenzialen und Wünschen zurück. Nur 14 Prozent der Frauen leben in einer gleichgestellten Partnerschaft, in der sich beide die Aufgaben für Haushalt und Kinder teilen und das Haushaltseinkommen erwirtschaften. Für den Zusammenhalt der Gesellschaft ist Gleichberechtigung nach Auffassung von 83 Prozent der Frauen ein notwendiges Basiselement - nur 12 Prozent sind der Ansicht, dass Gleichstellung zwischen Frauen und Männern bereits voll und ganz realisiert ist. Über 90 Prozent der Frauen fordern gleichen Lohn für gleiche oder gleichwertige Arbeit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

(2016): 3. Atlas zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland. (Atlas zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland 03), Berlin, 89 S.

Abstract

"Das Bundesfrauenministerium hat den '3. Atlas zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland' veröffentlicht. Basierend auf Daten der Statistischen Landesämter und des Statistischen Bundesamtes liefert der auf Deutsch und Englisch vorliegende Atlas einen umfassenden Überblick über die regionalen Unterschiede bei der Umsetzung gleichstellungspolitischer Ziele und Rahmenbedingungen auf Landes- und Kreisebene in Deutschland.
Untersucht wurden 38 Gleichstellungsindikatoren zu den thematischen Schwerpunkten 'Partizipation', 'Bildung, Ausbildung, Berufswahl', 'Arbeit und Einkommen' sowie 'Lebenswelt' in ihrer zeitlichen Entwicklung seit 2008, dem Erscheinen des 1. Atlas zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland. Dabei wurde die Zahl der untersuchten Indikatoren gegenüber den vorherigen Ausgaben erweitert. So werden erstmals die Indikatoren 'Frauen in Führungspositionen in der Justiz' sowie 'eigenes Alterssicherungseinkommen' (Gender Pension Gap) dargestellt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

(2016): The global gender gap report 2016. Insight report. (The global gender gap report), Cologny/Geneva, 382 S.

Abstract

"The world is facing an acute misuse of talent by not acting faster to tackle gender inequality, which could put economic growth at risk and deprive economies of the opportunity to develop, according to the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report 2016, which is published today.
The report is an annual benchmarking exercise that measures progress towards parity between men and women in four areas: Educational Attainment, Health and Survival, Economic Opportunity and Political Empowerment. In this latest edition, the report finds that progress towards parity in the key economic pillar has slowed dramatically with the gap - which stands at 59% - now larger than at any point since 2008.
Behind this decline are a number of factors. One is salary, with women around the world on average earning just over half of what men earn despite, on average, working longer hours taking paid and unpaid work into account. Another persistent challenge is stagnant labour-force participation, with the global average for women standing at 54%, compared with 81% for men. The number of women in senior positions also remains stubbornly low, with only four countries in the world having equal numbers of male and female legislators, senior officials and managers, despite the fact that 95 countries now have as many - if not more - women educated at university level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Die Studie 'Renditepotenziale der NEUEN Vereinbarkeit' stellt die betriebswirtschaftlichen Vorteile einer modernen familienbewussten Personalpolitik für die Unternehmen dar und liefert Daten zur Abschätzung einer 'Vereinbarkeitsrendite': der Rendite auf familienfreundliche Maßnahmen der Unternehmen. Die Studie zeigt, dass bereits heute mit etablierten Angeboten wie Teilzeitmodellen, Home-Office oder Kinderbetreuungsangeboten positive Renditen bis zu 25 Prozent erzielt werden können. Effekte ergeben sich zum Beispiel durch die Reduktion von Fehlzeiten sowie durch schnellere Rückkehr in den Beruf nach einer familienbedingten Auszeit. Setzen Unternehmen die NEUE Vereinbarkeit in ihrer Personalpolitik um und beziehen neue Zielgruppen wie Väter und Beschäftigte mit Pflegeaufgaben mit ein, ergibt sich ein noch deutlich höheres Renditepotenzial." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)