Zitatform

Möhring, Katja & Andreas Weiland (2018): Ausgleich oder Verschärfung von Einkommensrisiken? Lebensläufe und Alterseinkommen in Deutschland aus der Paarperspektive. In: Zeitschrift für Sozialreform, Jg. 64, H. 4, S. 463-493. DOI:10.1515/zsr-2018-0023

Abstract

"Wir analysieren Erwerbs- und Einkommensbiografien von Paaren mittels einer Multichannel-Sequenzmusteranalyse, um Rückschlüsse auf das Alterseinkommen von Frauen in Deutschland und Ausgleichsprozesse im Haushaltskontext abzuleiten. Datengrundlage ist eine Verknüpfung der administrativen Daten der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung mit dem 'Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe', die Biografieinformationen west- und ostdeutscher Personen der Geburtskohorten 1927 bis 1965 (N = 2.292) enthält. Wir identifizieren acht Paarverlaufsmuster, die sich in ihrer Nähe zu einem männlichen Alleinverdiener- oder einem Zweiverdienermodell unterscheiden. Während Frauen von kontinuierlicher Erwerbstätigkeit und kurzen Erziehungsunterbrechungen in Hinblick auf ihr Individual- und Haushaltseinkommen substanziell profitieren, stellen Biografien mit Erwerbsausstieg ein Armutsrisiko auf Haushaltsebene dar, das im Alter nur durch stark überdurchschnittliche Partnereinkommen ausgeglichen werden kann." (Autorenreferat, © De Gruyter)

Zitatform

Nolan, Anne & Alan Barrett (2018): Working beyond 65 in Ireland. (IZA discussion paper 11664), Bonn, 30 S.

Abstract

"Extending working lives is often proposed as one route through which the costs associated with population ageing can be managed. In that context, understanding who currently works for longer can help policymakers to design policies to facilitate longer working. In particular, it is important to know if longer working is a choice or a necessity, where necessity arises from a lack of pension income. In this paper, we use data from the first four waves of the Irish Longitudinal Study of Ageing (TILDA), covering the period 2010-2016, to examine patterns of labour force participation among men and women aged 65+. We find that a lack of pension income is an important determinant of later-life working and that this applies for both men and women. Although older women are significantly less likely to work than older men, we find few differences in the pattern of determinants of longer working among older men and women. However, while women are significantly less likely to work than men, this effect is stronger among married women compared to single women. This suggests that older women without immediate access to family-provided financial support may need to work to support themselves. This adds to the picture of later life work being a necessity as opposed to a choice. However, an alternative explanation is that older married women may also have caring responsibilities that reduce their labour force participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Reid, Erin M. (2018): Straying from breadwinning: Status and money in men's interpretations of their wives' work arrangements. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 25, H. 6, S. 718-733. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12265

Abstract

"The male breadwinner identity is culturally associated with career success for men, particularly in the professions, but today, few married men's lives easily map onto this identity. This study analyses interviews with 42 married men employed in US offices of a consulting firm to examine first, how men construct their identities as spouses in relation to their wives' work arrangements and second, how men navigate straying from the male breadwinner identity. While some men interpreted their wives' work in ways that supported personal claims on the breadwinner identity, others did so in ways that supported a more egalitarian identity, labelled here breadsharer. These groups differed in how they interpreted the social status and financial value of their wives' work, as well as in how they approached their own careers. Breadsharers were aware they strayed from the expected breadwinner identity and crafted alternative claims on status. These findings advance theory on gender, work, family and masculinity." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Richiardi, Matteo, Brian Nolan & Lane Kenworthy (2018): The US labour force participation debacle. Learning from the contrast with Britain. (ISER working paper 2018-12), Colchester, 48 S.

Abstract

"This paper uses the marked divergence in labour force participation trends between the US and the UK to probe underlying drivers and implications for recent US poor performance. Contrary to a common US narrative, our comparative perspective suggests that the relative decline in US labour force participation is not confined to the (white) male population: the divergence in female participation rate is even more pronounced. We also do not find evidence that the poor US performance is linked to some structural changes brought about by the financial crisis; instead, it is a more pervasive, longer-run phenomenon. Our multivariate analysis seeks to disentangle age, cohort, and period effects, and shows that the US is particularly ill-equipped to deal with the looming ageing of the Baby Boom generation. An Oaxaca decomposition shows that the relative decline of US participation rates with respect to the UK is roughly equally attributable to characteristics, which have become less favourable over time, and the impact of those characteristics, which have become more adverse to participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ruby, Sophie & Sylka Scholz (2018): Care, care work and the struggle for a careful world from the perspective of the sociology of masculinities. In: Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Jg. 43, H. 1, S. 73-83. DOI:10.1007/s11614-018-0284-z

Abstract

"Das Thema Fürsorge und Fürsorgearbeit wird in der feministischen Forschung sowohl theoretisch als auch empirisch oftmals mit dem weiblichen Geschlecht verbunden. In unserem Beitrag beschäftigen wir uns mit dem Aspekt, dass im Gegensatz zur feministischen Theorie in der Männlichkeitstheorie Care und Carework noch stark untertheoretisiert sind. So stellt zum Beispiel Vaterschaft und Care im Konzept der hegemonialen Männlichkeit weitgehend eine Leerstelle dar. Herausgearbeitet werden soll, in welcher Hinsicht Männer und die Konstruktion von Männlichkeiten von den aktuellen Umstrukturierungsprozessen vom Fordismus zum Postfordismus betroffen sind. Caring Masculinities gelten in der europäischen Männlichkeitspolitik als zentraler Weg zur Entwicklung nicht-dominanter Männlichkeiten. Erörtert wird, inwieweit es ein brauchbares theoretisches Konstrukt für die Forschung in diesem Feld sein kann." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

Zitatform

Sundsbø, Astrid O. (2018): Parenting support in Europe's North. How is it understood and evaluated in research? In: Social policy and society, Jg. 17, H. 3, S. 431-441. DOI:10.1017/S1474746418000027

Abstract

"Parenting support in the Nordic countries builds upon a century-long tradition of controls and services run by municipalities and county councils (Hagelund, 2008; Danielsen and Mühleisen, 2009; Lundqvist, 2015). However, with the introduction of structured parental guidance programmes from the 1990s onward (mainly based on research insights and experiences from the US and UK), new elements have been added to the former policy legacy (Lundqvist, 2015)." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Torre, Margarita (2018): Stopgappers? The occupational trajectories of men in female-dominated occupations. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 45, H. 3, S. 283-312. DOI:10.1177/0730888418780433

Abstract

"This study examines the determinants of men's exit from female-dominated occupations. Using census data and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data set, the author analyzes the job history of men employed in the United States between 1979 and 2006. Supporting the theoretical model, evidence indicates a group of stopgappers - men entering female-dominated occupations and leaving soon after their entry, thereby contributing to the perpetuation of segregation in female settings. By identifying the stopgapper occupational trajectory, this article contributes to the development of a comprehensive theory accounting for the way structural inequality is reproduced." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Tyrowicz, Joanna, Lucas van der Velde & Irene van Staveren (2018): Does age exacerbate the gender-wage gap? New method and evidence from Germany, 1984-2014. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 24, H. 4, S. 108-130. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2018.1503418

Abstract

"Given theoretical premises, the gender-wage gap adjusted for individual characteristics is likely to vary according to age. This study adapts John DiNardo, Nicole M. Fortin, and Thomas Lemieux's (1996) semi-parametric technique to disentangle year, cohort, and age effects in adjusted gender-wage gaps. The study relies on a long panel of data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) covering 1984-2015. The results indicate that, in Germany, the gender-wage gap increases over a birth cohort's lifetime, including in the post-reproductive age for some birth cohorts. The results suggest that age and gender are overlapping handicaps in the labor market and call for a policy intervention." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Töpfer, Marina (2018): The age pay gap and labor market heterogeneity. A new empirical approach using data for Italy. (Universität Erlangen, Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Arbeitsmarkt- und Regionalpolitik. Diskussionspapiere 105), Erlangen, 25 S.

Abstract

"Dieser Beitrag untersucht das Lohndifferenzial zwischenälteren (55-64) und erwachsenen (34-54) Arbeitsmarktteilnehmern entlang der Lohnverteilung anhand italienischer Mikrodaten 2005-2016. Die Lohngleichung basiert auf einem 'three-way fixed effects' Modell. Der Beitrag betrachtet die um (beobachtbare und nicht-beobachtbare) Arbeitsmarktheterogenität korrigierte Lohnlücke. Das Lohndifferenzial wird mit OLS und unbedingter Quantilsregression geschätzt. Die drei fixen Effekte (individuell, job- und industriespezifisch) werden mit Hilfe einer Partitionierungsmethode geschätzt. Die Analyse entlang der Lohnverteilung zeigt substanzielle Unterschiede in dem Lohndifferenzial an verschiedenen Quantilen. Dabei ist die Lohnlücke am oberen Ende der Lohnverteilung besonders ausgeprägt. Der Beitrag zeigt, dass individuelle Heterogenität der Hauptverursacher der Lohnlücke ist und die korrigierte Lohnlücke gegen Null geht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Wang, Jing, Morley Gunderson & David Wicks (2018): The earnings effect of sexual orientation. British evidence from worker-firm matched data. In: BJIR, Jg. 56, H. 4, S. 744-769. DOI:10.1111/bjir.12304

Abstract

"Using the British Workplace Employment Relations Study (WERS) with its preferred self-identified measure of sexual orientation as well as its organizational-level variables, we find that gay men earn about the same as heterosexual men and lesbians earn significantly more than heterosexual women. Working in an organization with a diversity and equity management (DEM) policy generally has a positive effect on the earnings of gay men and lesbians, especially if they are single. Implications for theories of diversity management, discrimination and market versus household production are discussed." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Wilkens, Mathijn, Jorge Cabrita, Jean-Marie Jungblut & Robert Anderson (2018): Striking a balance: Reconciling work and life in the EU. Working conditions. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, IV, 70 S. DOI:10.2806/560184

Abstract

"How to combine work with life is a fundamental issue for many people, an issue that policymakers, social partners, businesses and individuals are seeking to resolve. Simultaneously, new challenges and solutions are transforming the interface between work and life: an ageing population, technological change, higher employment rates and fewer weekly working hours. This report aims to examine the reciprocal relationship between work and life for people in the EU, the circumstances in which they struggle to reconcile the two domains, and what is most important for them in terms of their work - life balance. The report draws on a range of data sources, in particular the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) and the European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Wiswall, Matthew & Basit Zafar (2018): Preference for the workplace, investment in human capital, and gender. In: The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Jg. 133, H. 1, S. 457-507. DOI:10.1093/qje/qjx035

Abstract

"We use a hypothetical choice methodology to estimate preferences for workplace attributes from a sample of high-ability undergraduates attending a highly selective university. We estimate that women on average have a higher willingness to pay (WTP) for jobs with greater work flexibility and job stability, and men have a higher WTP for jobs with higher earnings growth. These job preferences relate to college major choices and to actual job choices reported in a follow-up survey four years after graduation. The gender differences in preferences explain at least a quarter of the early career gender wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2018): Vereinbarkeit von Ausbildung und Familie - Entwicklung betrieblicher Teilzeitausbildung. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion DIE LINKE (Drucksache 19/412). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 19/683 (06.02.2018)), 22 S.

Abstract

"Ausgeschriebene und unbesetzte Teilzeitausbildungsstellen, Nachfrage, Abschluss von Ausbildungsverträgen in Voll- und Teilzeit, Wirksamkeit der 11 Modellprojekte des BMBF, Förderung für Alleinerziehende, Branchen und Berufe mit den meisten Teilzeitplätzen, Angebot im öffentlichen Dienst, Alleinerziehende im SGB-II-Bezug ohne abgeschlossene Berufsausbildung, Anträge von Azubis in betrieblicher Ausbildung auf SGB II-Leistungen bzw. auf Wechsel in Teilzeit, zahlr. weitere Einzelfragen zur Teilzeitausbildung, gesetzgeberischer Handlungsbedarf betr. Rechtsanspruch, Akzeptanzförderung (insgesamt 24 Einzelfragen)" (Dokumentations- und Informationssystem Bundestag und Bundesrat - DIP)

Abstract

"While digital technologies offer leapfrog opportunities and help empower women, gender-based digital exclusion remains widespread and has many causes. The report Bridging the Digital Divide: Include, Upskill, Innovate is an effort by the OECD, working with the G20, that aims to provide policy directions for consideration by all governments. It analyses a range of drivers at the root of the digital gender divide in order to draw attention to critical areas for policy action." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2018): Report on equality between women and men in the EU 2018. (Report on equality between women and men), Brüssel, 70 S. DOI:10.2838/168837

Abstract

"The Commission is marking International Women's Day with the release of its 2018 report on equality between men and women, as well as a presentation of a report on women in tech. We are not there yet.
The Commission has acted to trigger change. It put forward a proposal to improve the work-life balance of working families, an Action plan to tackle the gender pay gap and called to put an end to violence against women through funding and awareness-raising actions.
The 2018 gender equality report shows that progress has stalled in certain areas: women still take on the majority of caring responsibilities in families, the gender pay gap has stagnated at 16% for years and violence against women remains a problem." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bičáková, Alena (2017): A note on selection and gender unemployment gaps. In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 38, H. 4, S. 428-438. DOI:10.1007/s12122-017-9257-4

Abstract

"Previous research has documented the impact of positive selection into employment on the ranking of countries by gender wage gaps. This note focuses on the impact of selection into labor force on cross-country differences in gender unemployment gaps. We construct the Manski bounds for the selection-free gender unemployment gaps in 26 EU countries and show that - without additional assumptions - the observed gender unemployment gaps carry little information about the selection-free gender differences in unemployment. Contrary to the common assumption of positive selection into labor force (similar to positive selection into employment documented in the gender wage gap research), we also point at an example of negative-selection bias. We show that labor force withdrawal of mothers on job-protected family leaves may lead to an overestimation of the selection-free gender unemployment gaps by as much as 1 p.p." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Boll, Christina, Anja Rossen & André Wolf (2017): The EU gender earnings gap. Job segregation and working time as driving factors. In: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, Jg. 237, H. 5, S. 407-452., 2017-09-16. DOI:10.1515/jbnst-2017-0100

Abstract

"In diesem Papier analysieren wir den Umfang und die Determinanten des geschlechtsspezifischen Lohngefälles in Europa. Hierzu aktualisieren wir die bestehenden Ergebnisse in der Literatur anhand des Structure of Earnings Survey 2010 (SES). Auf Basis eines umfassenden Ländervergleichs (21 EU-Länder plus Norwegen) untersuchen wir die Determinanten der erklärten und unerklärten Lohnlücke mit Hilfe der Oaxaca-Blinder-Zerlegung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass etwa ein Drittel der Lücke auf den Einfluss der verwendeten Variablen zurückzuführen ist. Humankapitalbezogene Faktoren sind eher von untergeordneter Bedeutung. Vielmehr wird die sektorale Segregation der Geschlechter als das wichtigste Hindernis für die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter bei den Löhnen identifiziert. Darüber hinaus trägt die Tatsache, dass Frauen häufiger Teilzeitstellen bekleiden, signifikant zur Lücke bei. Zudem erzielen Frauen niedrigere Sektorprämien als Männer, was auf eine weniger vorteilhafte Jobpositionierung von Frauen innerhalb von Branchen und Firmen hinweisen könnte. Wir schließen daraus, dass Strategien zur Schließung der Lohnlücke zwischen den Geschlechtern die Branchenebene stärker in den Blick nehmen sollten." (Autorenreferat, © De Gruyter)

Zitatform

Castellano, Rosalia & Rocca Antonella (2017): The dynamic of the gender gap in the European labour market in the years of economic crisis. In: Quality and Quantity. International Journal of Methodology, Jg. 51, H. 3, S. 1337-1357. DOI:10.1007/s11135-016-0334-1

Abstract

"Closing the gender gap in the labour market is one of the main goals of European Union and part of a wider effort to eliminate social inequalities. In recent decades, all developed countries have suffered a deep global economic crisis, that has increased social and economic inequalities. In Europe, the crisis involved problems of European stability and growth, but the crisis did not affect the euro-area countries to the same extent, and the consequences and recovery were correspondingly asymmetrical. In this paper, we analyse the changes that occurred in the gender gap in the European labour markets from 2007 to 2012 to understand if the recession has further increased or reduced the gender differentials. At this aim, we combine the use of two different statistical methodologies. Through the composite indicator methodology, we test how the rank of countries in relation to gender equality has changed in these years. In addition, the Dynamic Factor Analysis allows us to identify the factors that drive these changes. Moreover, the contextual analysis of the measures that were utilized to face the crisis could give policy makers some useful suggestions on the most efficacious actions to take." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Hauret, Laetitia & Donald R. Williams (2017): Cross-national analysis of gender differences in job-satisfaction. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 56, H. 2, S. 203-235. DOI:10.1111/irel.12171

Abstract

"Research over the past two decades has found significant gender differences in subjective job satisfaction, with the result that women report greater satisfaction than men in some countries. This paper examines the so-called 'gender paradox' using data from the European Social Survey for a subset of fourteen countries in the European Union. We focus on the hypothesis that women place higher values on certain work characteristics than men, which explains the observed differential. Using estimates from Probit and ordered Probit models, we conduct standard Blinder - Oaxaca decompositions to estimate the impact that differential valuations of characteristics have on the gender difference in self-reported job satisfaction. The results indicate that females continue to report higher levels of job satisfaction than do men in some countries, and the difference remains even after controlling for a wide range of personal and job characteristics and working conditions. The decompositions suggest that a relatively small share of the gender differential is attributable to gender differences in the weights placed on working conditions in most countries. Rather, gender differences in job characteristics contribute relatively more to explaining the gender - job satisfaction differential." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Krueger, Alan B. (2017): Where have all the workers gone? An inquiry into the decline of the U.S. labor force participation rate. In: Brookings Papers on Economic Activity H. Fall, S. 1-87.

Abstract

"The U.S. labor force participation rate has declined since 2007, primarily because of population aging and ongoing trends that preceded the Great Recession. The labor force participation rate has evolved differently, and for different reasons, across demographic groups. A rise in school enrollment has largely offset declining labor force participation for young workers since the 1990s. Labor force participation has been declining for prime age men for decades, and about half of prime age men who are not in the labor force may have a serious health condition that is a barrier to working. Nearly half of prime age men who are not in the labor force take pain medication on any given day; and in nearly two-thirds of these cases, they take prescription pain medication. Labor force participation has fallen more in U.S. counties where relatively more opioid pain medication is prescribed, causing the problem of depressed labor force participation and the opioid crisis to become intertwined. The labor force participation rate has stopped rising for cohorts of women born after 1960. Prime age men who are out of the labor force report that they experience notably low levels of emotional well-being throughout their days, and that they derive relatively little meaning from their daily activities. Employed women and women not in the labor force, by contrast, report similar levels of subjective well-being; but women not in the labor force who cite a reason other than 'home responsibilities' as their main reason report notably low levels of emotional well-being. During the past decade, retirements have increased by about the same amount as aggregate labor force participation has declined, and the retirement rate is expected to continue to rise. A meaningful rise in labor force participation will require a reversal in the secular trends affecting various demographic groups, and perhaps immigration reform." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))