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Halldén, Karin, Asaf Levanon & Tamar Kricheli-Katz (2016): Does the motherhood wage penalty differ by individual skill and country family policy? A longitudinal study of ten European countries. In: Social Politics, Jg. 23, H. 3, S. 363-388. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxv032

Abstract

"Previous research shows considerable variation in the strength of the motherhood wage penalty across countries, which has partially been attributed to differences in policies supporting maternal employment. Although such policies are usually understood to be complementary, their effects on workers - and especially on employees in jobs of diverse skills levels - may differ. Using longitudinal data from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) for ten countries, this article describes the associations of different maternal employment policies with the motherhood wage penalty by skill. Findings from Hausman - Taylor panel models indicate that both a high share of small children in publicly funded child care facilities and long paid maternity leave are associated with a decrease in the motherhood wage penalty regardless of skill level. The standardized total effects were larger for the latter policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Olivetti, Claudia & Barbara Petrongolo (2016): The evolution of gender gaps in industrialized countries. In: Annual review of economics, Jg. 8, S. 405-434. DOI:10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115329

Abstract

"Women in developed economies have made major advancements in labor markets throughout the past century, but remaining gender differences in pay and employment seem remarkably persistent. This article documents long-run trends in female employment, working hours, and relative wages for a wide cross section of developed economies. It reviews existing work on the factors driving gender convergence, and novel perspectives on remaining gender gaps. Finally, the article emphasizes the interplay between gender trends and the evolution of the industry structure. Based on a shift-share decomposition, it shows that the growth in the service share can explain at least half of the overall variation in female hours, both over time and across countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Olivetti, Claudia & Barbara Petrongolo (2016): The evolution of gender gaps in industrialized countries. (IZA discussion paper 9659), Bonn, 47 S.

Abstract

"Women in developed economies have made major inroads in labor markets throughout the past century, but remaining gender differences in pay and employment seem remarkably persistent. This paper documents long-run trends in female employment, working hours and relative wages for a wide cross-section of developed economies. It reviews existing work on the factors driving gender convergence, and novel perspectives on remaining gender gaps. The paper finally emphasizes the interplay between gender trends and the evolution of the industry structure. Based on a shift-share decomposition, it shows that the growth in the service share can explain at least half of the overall variation in female hours, both over time and across countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Piasna, Agnieszka & Anke C. Plagnol (2016): Arbeitsplatzqualität und weibliche Erwerbsbeteiligung in Europa. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 69, H. 4, S. 273-282. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2016-4-273

Abstract

"Zahlreiche Untersuchungen belegen, dass die Entscheidung zur beruflichen Weiterarbeit nach der Familiengründung einerseits von persönlichen Umständen abhängt, wie der Notwendigkeit, zum Haushaltseinkommen beizutragen, andererseits aber auch von institutionellen Einflussgrößen wie dem Angebot an erschwinglichen Kinderbetreuungsplätzen. Ergänzend hierzu untersuchen wir anhand von Daten des European Working Conditions Surveys, inwieweit die Qualität der Arbeitsplätze die Erwerbsbiografie von Frauen in den EU-27-Ländern beeinflusst. Unsere Analyse betrachtet drei Einzeldimensionen: Arbeitsplatzsicherheit, Arbeitszeitqualität und intrinsische Arbeitsqualität. Wir stellen fest, dass die Arbeitsplatzqualität von Müttern kleiner Kinder im Schnitt höher ist als die von Frauen ohne betreuungspflichtige Kinder, insbesondere hinsichtlich Arbeitszeit und Beschäftigungssicherheit. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse belegen für die gesamte EU-27 einen weitgehend einheitlichen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Status von Frauen als Mütter kleiner Kinder und der Arbeitsplatzqualität." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Pollmann-Schult, Matthias (2016): What mothers want: The impact of structural and cultural factors on mothers' preferred working hours in Western Europe. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 29, H. September, S. 16-25. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2015.11.002

Abstract

"This study investigates how social policies, gender norms, and the national working time regime shape mothers' preferred working hours. Using data from the European Social Survey (ESS) for 15 countries across Western Europe, the study reveals that generous public child care and cultural support for gender equality are associated with smaller gaps in the preferred working hours between mothers and childless women. High levels of financial support for families, in contrast, predict larger gaps in preferred working hours. The analysis also indicates that a low prevalence of non-standard work and high levels of work-time flexibility reduce the differences in preferred employment hours between mothers and non-mothers. Individual characteristics such as education, gender ideology, and the partners' socioeconomic status greatly impact women's preferred employment hours; however, they do not modify the effect of motherhood. This study concludes that the impact of parenthood on women's employment hours is highly contingent upon various institutional and cultural factors." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Steiber, Nadia, Caroline Berghammer & Barbara Haas (2016): Contextualizing the education effect on women's employment. A cross-national comparative analysis. In: Journal of Marriage and Family, Jg. 78, H. 1, S. 246-261. DOI:10.1111/jomf.12256

Abstract

In einem internationalen Vergleich wird untersucht, ob und in welchem Ausmaß sich Bildung auf die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen auswirkt. Nach der Vorstellung eines Modells der Bildungseffekte auf der Mikroebene bei Paaren und Vorschlägen zum Einbezug moderierender Elemente auf makroökonomischer Ebene wird das Modell auf Grundlage der Daten des 'Generations and Gender- Programms' der Vereinten Nationen empirisch überprüft. Im Ergebnis erweist sich, das Paare mit einem höheren Bildungsgrad generell eher Doppelverdiener-Arrangements suchen, das Ausmaß der Bildungseffekte sich aber nach Ländern und nach der jeweiligen Familienphase unterscheidet. Im Unterschied zu bisherigen Untersuchungen kann nicht festgestellt werden, dass die Bildungseffekte in den Ländern geringer sind, in denen Frauenerwerbstätigkeit gefördert wird. (IAB)

Abstract

"Time and time again it has been proven that more diverse organisations not only outperform those which are less diverse, but are also most likely to attract and retain the most talented professionals.
In addition, the link between women in the workplace and a country's economic growth is closely connected. Despite this, globally women are not paid or rewarded equally to their male colleagues and remain underrepresented in the workplace, as well as proportionally less represented in senior roles.
In compiling this report and recommendations, we spoke to over 11,500 women and men, asking their opinion and views on women in the world of work today.
While the findings vary by country and by sector, we have discovered common themes and sometimes surprising results about what can be done by business leaders today to ensure that women continue to advance in their careers and achieve better representation at senior levels. Our findings are also accompanied with insight from a number of successful women at the top of their professions, who share their experience from both a personal and professional perspective. Although gender diversity has improved and we have seen less of a disparity in the views and experiences between men and women, when compared to our 2015 report, our research shows that organisations can still do significantly more to narrow the gap. They hold the key to advancing women in the workplace and have an opportunity and responsibility to close the gender divide.
This report has been compiled using data gathered between November 2015 and January 2016. The findings of our gender diversity report are based on a survey of over 11,500 male and female respondents from across the world (57% female, 42% male and 1% preferring not to say).
We have used country specific data where there was a minimum of 100 responses per country: Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Allègre, Guillaume, Véronique Simonnet & Catherine Sofer (2015): Child care and labour market participation in France. Do monetary incentives matter? In: Annals of economics and statistics H. 117/118, S. 115-139. DOI:10.15609/annaeconstat2009.117-118.115

Abstract

"This paper presents a model of the child care arrangements and labour supply of mothers with young children (under three). We use French data to estimate simultaneously mothers' labour force participation and type of child care chosen. The independent variables include estimated child care costs and mothers' potential incomes obtained by simulating the benefits and taxes associated with different participation choices (working full-time, part-time or out of the labour market). Availability of free child care (from family and relatives) is also taken into account. We show that monetary incentives do play a role. Child care costs have a direct effect on mothers' labour market participation but not on the type of child care chosen. Household disposable income and potential wages explain participation and type of child care whereas the marginal tax rate was found to have a significant effect only on the full-time versus part-time decision." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Berghammer, Caroline & Roland Verwiebe (2015): Die Verbreitung des Doppelernährer- und Doppelbetreuermodells in fünf Ländern Europas. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 68, H. 2, S. 116-124. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2015-2-116

Abstract

"Ausgangspunkt unserer Analysen ist das Argument einer Reihe von Studien, dass die Gleichheit der Geschlechter am besten verwirklicht ist, wenn beide Eltern sich in gleichem Ausmaß am Arbeitsmarkt und an der Kinderbetreuung beteiligen. Der Beitrag beschreibt Trends im sogenannten Doppelernährermodell (beide Eltern arbeiten Vollzeit) in Deutschland, Frankreich, Großbritannien, Österreich und Spanien von 1998 bis 2010 und untersucht die Aufteilung der Kinderbetreuungszeit in diesen Paarhaushalten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Blossfeld, Hans-Peter, Jan Skopek, Moris Triventi & Sandra Buchholz (Hrsg.) (2015): Gender, education and employment. An international comparison of school-to-work transitions. (eduLIFE lifelong learning), Cheltenham: Elgar, 394 S.

Abstract

"For much of the twentieth century, women lagged considerably behind men in their educational attainment. However, in recent decades, young women have become an important source of human capital for labor markets in modern societies, as well as potential competitors to the male workforce. This book asks whether or not women have been able to convert their educational success into gains on the labor market.
The expert contributors address the topic on a comparative level with discussions centred on gendered school-to-work transitions and gendered labor market outcomes. Thereafter they analyze the country-specific implications of the gender redress from a wide range of countries including the USA, Russia and Australia." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cascio, Elizabeth U., Steven J. Haider & Helena Skyt Nielsen (2015): The effectiveness of policies that promote labor force participation of women with children. A collection of national studies. In: Labour economics, Jg. 36, H. October, S. 64-71. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2015.08.002

Abstract

"Numerous countries have enacted policies to promote the labor force participation of women around the years of childbearing, and unsurprisingly, many research articles have been devoted to evaluating their effectiveness. Perhaps more surprisingly, however, six such articles were submitted independently over several months to Labour Economics and subsequently made it through the normal review process. These articles are collected in the Special Section that follows. This article provides additional background to facilitate the understanding of the policies that are evaluated in the Special Section articles and, more importantly, a discussion of what can be learned from the articles as a collection. Taken together, the articles are quite informative in demonstrating how the effectiveness of policies can vary across different national contexts and how this variation itself can be usefully examined with the standard theoretical framework." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dieckhoff, Martina, Vanessa Gash & Nadia Steiber (2015): Measuring the effect of institutional change on gender inequality in the labour market. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 39, H. March, S. 59-75. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2014.12.001

Abstract

"This article examines the differential impact of labour market institutions on women and men. It carries out longitudinal analyses using repeat cross-sectional data from the EU Labour Force Survey 1992 - 2007 as well as time series data that measure institutional change over the same period. The results contribute to the literature on gendered employment, adding important insights into the impact of labour market institutions over and above family policies that have been the focus of most prior studies on the topic. We find differential effects of institutional change on male and female outcome. Our findings challenge the neo-classical literature on the topic. While our results suggest that men benefit more clearly than women from increases in employment protection, we do not find support for the neo-classical assertion that strong trade unions decrease female employment. Instead, increasing union strength is shown to have beneficial effects for both men's and women's likelihood of being employed on the standard employment contract. Furthermore, in line with other researchers, we find that rising levels of in kind state support to families improve women's employment opportunities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Duguet, Emmanuel, Loïc Du Parquet, Yannick L'Horty & Pascale Petit (2015): New evidence of ethnic and gender discriminations in the French labor market using experimental data. A ranking extension of responses from correspondence tests. In: Annals of Economics and Statistics H. 117/118, S. 21-39. DOI:10.15609/annaeconstat2009.117-118.21

Abstract

"We extend the standard hiring discrimination measure by including the cases where several candidates are invited to the same interview. The new measure considers the order in which the employer will contact the candidates as opposed to considering only whether or not a job applicant is invited to an interview - a practice common in the previous literature. We propose to apply the first order stochastic dominance (FOSD) criterion to the ranking of the candidates, which appears to be especially relevant for hiring discrimination. We show theoretically that FOSD always implies a positive value for the standard discrimination coefficient used in the literature, and that the converse is false. We apply our analysis to a correspondence test that has been conducted in the Paris region. We sent 8 fictitious candidates with a Master's degree to the same 310 job offers in computing in order to measure gender and origin discrimination. We found that out of 28 possible comparisons there were 25 cases of stochastic dominance that we interpret as strong discrimination against some candidates. Discrimination is especially strong for French women with an African origin." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Duvivier, Chloé & Mathieu Narcy (2015): The motherhood wage penalty and its determinants. A public-private comparison. In: Labour, Jg. 29, H. 4, S. 415-443. DOI:10.1111/labr.12057

Abstract

"We investigate whether public and private sector employees bear a different wage penalty for having children. According to our estimates, the total motherhood wage penalty is much larger in the private than in the public sector. Nevertheless, in both sectors, we find no unexplained penalty once we control for potential determinants of the family pay gap, namely, a reduced labour supply of mothers, child-related career interruptions, less access to management positions, and adjustments in working conditions. Finally, only child-related career interruptions play a different role in explaining the motherhood wage penalty in each sector." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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George, Roman (2015): Die geschlechterspezifische Strukturierung des Niedriglohnsektors. Eine vergleichende Perspektive auf Frankreich, Großbritannien, Schweden und Deutschland. (Arbeit - Demokratie - Geschlecht 21), Münster: Verl. Westfälisches Dampfboot, 278 S.

Abstract

"Niedriglohnarbeit findet sich besonders oft in feminisierten Segmenten des Arbeitsmarkts. Der Vergleich zwischen Frankreich, Großbritannien, Schweden und Deutschland zeigt allerdings auf, dass sich die Ausmaße und die Strukturen der Geschlechterungleichheiten deutlich unterscheiden. Roman George geht dem in seiner Studie nach und arbeitet die Länderunterschiede hinsichtlich der Arbeitsmarktinstitutionen, des Ausbildungssystems und des Sozialstaats heraus. So liefert er nicht zuletzt auch Ansatzpunkte für eine gleichstellungsorientierte Politik." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Givord, Pauline & Claire Marbot (2015): Does the cost of child care affect female labor market participation? An evaluation of a French reform of childcare subsidies. In: Labour economics, Jg. 36, H. October, S. 99-111. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2015.07.003

Abstract

"This study evaluates the short-run impact of an increase in childcare subsidies on the use of paid childcare and the participation rate of mothers of preschool children. We use a natural experiment provided by the PAJE, a French reform in family allowances introduced in 2004. This reform temporarily creates discrepancies in the childcare subsidies received by families according to the year of birth of the children. We apply a difference-in-differences strategy on exhaustive French fiscal data that provide information on gross income as well as on the use of paid childcare services between 2005 and 2008. We use the fact that the new policy results in a significant increase in the use of paid childcare services. The effect on the labor force participation of mothers is significant but of a smaller magnitude. The highest impact is observed for mothers of large families." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gobillon, Laurent, Dominique Meurs & Sébastien Roux (2015): Estimating gender differences in access to jobs. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 317-363. DOI:10.1086/678495

Abstract

"This paper proposes a new measure of gender differences in access to jobs based on a job assignment model. This measure is the probability ratio of getting a job for a female and a male at each rank of the wage ladder. We derive a nonparametric estimator of this access measure and estimate it for French full-time executives aged 40 - 45 in the private sector. Our results show that the gender difference in the probability of getting a job increases along the wage ladder from9% to 50%. Females thus have a significantly lower access to high-paid jobs than to low-paid jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Guetto, Raffaele, Ruud Luijkx & Stefani Scherer (2015): Religiosity, gender attitudes and women's labour market participation and fertility decisions in Europe. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 58, H. 2, S. 155-172. DOI:10.1177/0001699315573335

Abstract

"The Second Demographic Transition (SDT) theory underlines the importance of changing values and attitudes to explain the trend toward low fertility and raising female labour market participation. We contribute to this debate comparing religiosity and gender attitudes over several European countries using three waves of the European Values Study (1990, 1999 and 2008). By dealing with the issues of measurement invariance and endogeneity between values and behaviour, our results support some critiques of the SDT theory. The pace of the process of sociocultural change has not been the same across European countries and the forerunners of the SDT, that is, the most secularized and gender-egalitarian societies, now have the highest female labour market participation rates and the highest fertility. We provide evidence for a 'macro - micro paradox' regarding the role of values on family behaviours. Religiosity is positively correlated with fertility and housewifery, while gender attitudes are only correlated with women's labour market decisions. These correlations are stronger in more traditional countries, even if aggregate fertility is lower. We stress the necessity to integrate cultural and structural explanations, suggesting the lack of family policies and the rigidity of the family formation process as possible mechanisms to unravel this paradox." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Haasler, Simone R. & Karin Gottschall (2015): Still a perfect model? The gender impact of vocational training in Germany. In: Journal of vocational education and training, Jg. 67, H. 1, S. 78-92. DOI:10.1080/13636820.2014.922118

Abstract

"Reconstructing the parallel structure of 'dual' and 'school-based' vocational routes reveals the close connection between the German vocational training system and the segmentation of the labour market by gender. The example of jobs in childcare and pre-primary education shows that the legacy of semi-professionalism in these occupations is not just rooted in the nature of training and working conditions, but complexly interlinks with the prevalence of the male breadwinner model sustained by social policy regulations and the German taxation system. In France, by contrast, the central state takes responsibility for the provision of childcare from zero to six years of age to support female labour force participation and dual-earner couples. This has also fostered professionalisation in the respective occupations. Whilst this may not necessarily induce a degendering process at the level of horizontal segregation of vocational qualifications, it facilitates gender equality in terms of vertical mobility and the professional status of women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Koutentakis, Franciscos (2015): Gender unemployment dynamics. Evidence from ten advanced economies. In: Labour, Jg. 29, H. 1, S. 15-31. DOI:10.1111/labr.12044

Abstract

"The paper investigates gender unemployment dynamics in 10 advances economies applying a recent methodology on widely available Labour Force Surveys data. We calculate the job finding and separation rates for each gender and use them to construct the steady-state unemployment gap as well as two counterfactual gender unemployment gaps: one generated by differences only in job finding rates and the other by differences only in separation rates. We find that in all countries the gender unemployment gap attributed to differences in the job finding rate is lower than the gap attributed to differences in the separation rate, suggesting that gender differences in the separation rate are the major factor behind the gender unemployment gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2015): Familienbilder in Deutschland und Frankreich. (Monitor Familienforschung 34), Berlin, 35 S.

Abstract

"Die aktuelle Ausgabe des Monitors Familienforschung untersucht, welche Familienbilder in Deutschland und Frankreich das Familienleben prägen. Eine Vergleichsbefragung gibt Auskunft über die Einstellungen in beiden Ländern zu den Themen Kinderwunsch, Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie sowie zur partnerschaftlichen Arbeitsteilung. Der Monitor stellt diesen Ergebnissen aktuelle Daten und Informationen zu dem familienpolitischen Rahmenbedingungen gegenüber." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Abendroth, Anja-Kristin, Matt L. Huffman & Judith Treas (2014): The parity penalty in life course perspective. Motherhood and occupational status in 13 European countries. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 79, H. 5, S. 993-1014. DOI:10.1177/0003122414545986

Abstract

"Research documents a wage penalty for mothers compared to childless women. We demonstrate there is also an occupational status penalty to motherhood. Interrogating supply- and demand-side explanations of the motherhood penalty from the life course perspective, we formulate and test original hypotheses about the short-term and long-run career implications of parity-specific births. We analyze longitudinal data from the European Community and Household Panel for 13 European countries and eight time points between 1994 and 2001. Our fixed-effects models show that status losses for a first birth are not just short-term but accumulate over the career. The timing of a birth in a woman's life course matters only for older women, who experience a significant penalty to third births. Although the personal strategies that women use to minimize the career costs of motherhood (e.g., having only one child) prove ineffective, our cross-national evidence shows that public policies are linked to the motherhood penalty in occupational status." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Blazquez-Cuesta, Maite & Julian Moral Carcedo (2014): Women's part-time jobs: "Flexirisky" employment in five European countries. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 150, H. 2, S. 269-292. DOI:10.1111/j.1564-913X.2014.00204.x

Abstract

"European countries currently have segmented labour markets with flexible but insecure - 'flexirisky' - jobs, resulting in significant inequality between different categories of workers. Part-time jobs are one example: their flexibility may help workers reconcile work and family life, and increase women's labour force participation, but part-time employment can also result in new forms of inequality, thereby undermining EU equal opportunity policies. Empirically analysing labour market transitions in Denmark, France, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain, this article Shows part-timers - who are mostly women - to be at higher risk of unemployment. lt calls for strengthening equality between part-time and full-time workers in terms of employment stability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Couppié, Thomas, Arnaud Dupray & Stéphanie Moullet (2014): Education-based occupational segregation and the gender wage gap. Evidence from France. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 35, H. 3, S. 368-391. DOI:10.1108/IJM-09-2012-0143

Abstract

"Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to test whether the gender wage gap at the beginning of the working life in France varies with the gender composition of occupations (male-dominated, female-dominated or mixed) and its main determinant (educational pre-sorting or labour market sorting).
Design/methodology/approach - The first stage of the methodology is to decompose segregation indexes at occupation level into the two components of determination noted above. The occupations are then divided into five groups on the basis of their gender composition and the weight of the educational segregation. Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions are then applied to each group.
Findings - Among 54 strongly gendered occupations, the segregation in 26 stems mainly from educational pre-sorting. This context is favourable to reduction of the gender wage gap. However, a modest wage differential is not proof of convergence towards equity, as it may conceal the existence of a significant discrimination component, as in male occupations.
Research limitations/implications - The results relate to a cohort of French youth. The earnings-equalizing impact of education-based occupational segregation should be tested in other national contexts.
Social implications - Public authorities should put in place incentives to encourage women's participation in a greater range of education and training courses and to improve the matching between education and the skill content of jobs.
Originality/value - The originality lies in the suggestion that a strong connection between education and skill requirements helps to narrow the occupational gender wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Duvivier, Chloé & Mathieu Narcy (2014): The motherhood wage penalty and its determinants. A public-private comparison. (Centre d'Etudes de l'Emploi. Document de travail 172), Noisy-le-Grand, 34 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we investigate whether public and private sector employees bear a different wage penalty from having children. Using data from the Families and Employers survey, we are able to address three potential biases: self-selection into employment, self-selection into sectors, and unobserved heterogeneity. We find that mothers of two or more children suffer from a much larger penalty when they work in the private sector. In addition, in both sectors, we find no unexplained penalty once we control for all the potential determinants of the family pay gap, namely, a reduced labour supply of mothers, child-related career interruptions, less access to management positions, and adjustments in working conditions. However, these factors play different roles in explaining the motherhood penalty in each sector; most notably, child-related career interruptions are much more harmful in the private sector than in the public sector." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kulic, Nevena (2014): European women. The link between money, career, and financial satisfaction. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 287-301. DOI:10.1093/esr/jct030

Abstract

"This study goes beyond economic research on women's economic independence, which relies only on income in explaining women's economic well-being within a household, and adopts a perspective that recognizes the importance of their actual employment patterns and occupational choices (Gerson, 1993, Hakim, 2000). Using the data on financial satisfaction from the European Community Household Panel from 1994 - 2001, this article compares married and cohabiting women from five industrialized European countries. Analyses indicate that it is not relative income or pure employment that matters the most for a woman's financial satisfaction but, more likely, the choice of continuous and full-time labour market involvement. The data also offer other interesting findings: a homemaking career may be as beneficial for a woman's financial satisfaction as continuous employment, while a discontinuous employment path seems to be detrimental for a woman's financial satisfaction. Cross-country comparison shows that institutions alter women's economic well-being independently of their individual achievements, suggesting that more research is needed to disentangle the institutional components that most influence the relation between women's paid and unpaid employment, and their economic well-being." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mendolicchio, Concetta & Thomas Rhein (2014): The gender gap of returns on education across West European countries. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 35, H. 3, S. 219-249., 2013-08-18.

Abstract

"We study the gender specific private returns on education (RE) in Europe in a comparative perspective. We extend the model of de la Fuente (2003) by estimating the parameters by gender and introducing maternity leaves and benefits. We analyse the impact of the public policy variables evaluating the elasticities with respect to unemployment benefits, marginal and average tax rates, maternity leave and childcare benefits.
We estimate the Mincerian coefficients, with the Heckman selection model, for 12 West European countries using the EU-SILC data (2007). We then use them as input to calibrate the decision model.
The RE of females tend to be higher than those of males in all the Europeans countries but Germany, Netherlands and Sweden. The gender gap can be explained mainly by the wage premia and labour income taxes which more than compensate the negative effects on females' returns triggered by higher unemployment rates and maternity-related benefits.
The tax system has the most pronounced effect on RE. An increase in the marginal tax rates has a negative impact. An increase in the average tax rates can have a negative or positive impact, depending on the progressivity of the tax system. An increase in unemployment benefits and maternity or child-care benefits has a negative but fairly small impact.
We compute the RE using a model which allows us to take into account and assess the significance of relevant variables: wage premium, income tax, some public transfers and benefits, costs of the investments. Moreover, we estimate the wage premia using relatively recent EU-SILC data. Finally, we compare 12 EU countries spanning quite different labour market conditions and institutions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Breunig, Robert & Sandrine Rospabe (2013): Distribution of French gender wage gap. In: Australian Journal of Labour Economics, Jg. 16, H. 1, S. 155-199.

Abstract

"We use a semi-parametric method to decompose the difference in male and female wage densities into two parts - one explained by characteristics and one which is attributable to differences in returns to characteristics. We demonstrate that one learns substantially more about the gender wage gap in France through this analysis than through standard parametric techniques. In particular, we find that there are no unexplained differences in male and female earnings distributions in the bottom fifth of the data. Occupation and part-time status are the most important determinants of the wage gap for all workers. In the semi-parametric estimates we find that education plays no role in the wage gap once we account for occupation and part-time status." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Broughton, Andrea (2013): EU employers take family-friendly working seriously. Dublin, 12 S.

Abstract

"A survey investigating family-friendly working policies in companies in six European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Sweden, UK) finds that employers take family-friendly working seriously and have put in place a range of policies to support this, especially in areas such as flexible working and parental support. The main driver for this in most countries was compliance with legislation or collective agreements. The economic crisis has had little impact on the provision of family-friendly working policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Chaintreuil, Lydie & Dominique Epiphane (2013): 'Men tend to be go-getting but women are better organised'. What recruiters say about job applicants and gender. (Training and Employment 107), 4 S.

Abstract

"Discrimination when hiring new staff is punishable by law. And yet gender is seldom a neutral criterion during the recruitment process. The assumption that women are less flexible in respect of their working hours is not the only issue at stake. A whole set of personality traits that are still regarded as 'innate' to men and women can bias the selection process. The statements made by recruiters, both men and women, show that the stereotypes die hard..." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cooke, Lynn Prince, Jani Erola, Marie Evertsson, Michael Gähler, Juho Härkönen, Belinda Hewitt, Marika Jalovaara, Man-Yee Kan, Torkild Hovde Lyngstad, Letizia Mencarini, Jean-Francois Mignot, Dimitri Mortelmans, Anne-Rigt Poortman, Christian Schmitt & Heike Trappe (2013): Labor and love. Wives' employment and divorce risk in its socio-political context. In: Social Politics, Jg. 20, H. 4, S. 482-509. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxt016

Abstract

"We theorize how social policy affects marital stability vis-a-vis macro and micro effects of wives' employment on divorce risk in 11 Western countries. Correlations among 1990s aggregate data on marriage, divorce, and wives' employment rates, along with attitudinal and social policy information, seem to support specialization hypotheses that divorce rates are higher where more wives are employed and where policies support that employment. This is an ecological fallacy, however, because of the nature of the changes in specific countries. At the micro level, we harmonize national longitudinal data on the most recent cohort of wives marrying for the first time and find that the stabilizing effects of a gendered division of labor have ebbed. In the United States with its lack of policy support, a wife's employment still significantly increases the risk of divorce. A wife's employment has no significant effect on divorce risk in Australia, Flanders, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. In Finland, Norway, and Sweden, wives' employment predicts a significantly lower risk of divorce when compared with wives who are out of the labor force. The results indicate that greater policy support for equality reduces and may even reverse the relative divorce risk associated with a wife's employment." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gerecke, Megan (2013): A policy mix for gender equality? Lessons from high-income countries. (International Institute for Labour Studies. Discussion paper 215), Genf, 74 S.

Abstract

"Over the past 15 years, important gains have been made in gender equality. Gender gaps in educational attainment have shrunk substantially. In fact, in many high-income countries, young women's educational attainment now exceeds that of young men. At the same time, most countries have seen a significant increase in female employment rates - a trend which slowed only with the recent financial crisis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Heimeshoff, Lisa-Marie & Helen Schwenken (2013): "Das bisschen Haushalt ... sagt mein Mann" - Die politische Regulierung von Hausarbeit und Implikationen für die geschlechtliche Arbeitsteilung. In: Arbeit. Zeitschrift für Arbeitsforschung, Arbeitsgestaltung und Arbeitspolitik, Jg. 22, H. 3, S. 199-211. DOI:10.1515/arbeit-2013-0305

Abstract

"Die ungleiche geschlechtliche Arbeitsteilung von Betreuungs- und Haushaltstätigkeiten ist persistent und wird, wie Zeitnutzungsstudien zeigen, auch nicht verändert durch eine partielle Auslagerung an Hausangestellte oder externe Dienstleister. In der EU wird der Sektor als Wachstumsmarkt begriffen. Der Beitrag analysiert Ansätze der politischen Regulierung von Haushalts- und Betreuungsarbeit in Bezug auf die sich daraus ergebenden Implikationen für die geschlechtliche und internationale Arbeitsteilung. Es wird die These vertreten, dass eine geschlechtergerechtere Arbeitsteilung kein Anliegen der Regulierungsanstrengungen ist und diese sogar eher restaurative Effekte zeigt, die auf die Externalisierung und weitere Kommodifizierung dieser Arbeiten deuten und einen Klassenbias in sich tragen. Der Beitrag nimmt die politischen Regulierungen in Deutschland sowie französische und belgische Haushaltsscheckmodelle in den Blick. Letztere gelten als gesellschaftlich breit akzeptierte Maßnahme zur Formalisierung des Sektors. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer Problematisierung der in die Regulierungen eingelassenen Trennung von Produktions- und Reproduktionssphäre, die mit Ursache für die fortgesetzte geschlechterhierarchische Arbeitsteilung ist. Daher lohnt sich das Wiederaufgreifen von Vorschlägen zu integrierenderen Perspektiven, in denen die Kommodifizierung nicht weiter "banalisiert" (Jany-Catrice), sondern thematisiert wird." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Joseph, Olivier, Ariane Pailhe, Isabelle Recotillet & Anne Solaz (2013): The economic impact of taking short parental leave. Evaluation of a French reform. In: Labour economics, Jg. 25, H. December, S. 63-75. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2013.04.012

Abstract

"There is a growing debate in Europe about whether parental leave should be short or long. The paper evaluates the impact of short parental leave on mothers' employment status and subsequent wages, with a special focus on the part-time parental leave option. It exploits a policy reform that took place in 2004 in France and increased the incentive to prolong the maternity leave after the first birth by six months paid parental leave. Data from the fourth round of the 'Generation 98 survey' (CEREQ) and both difference-in-differences and propensity score matching approaches are used to estimate the effect of the reform. The results show that full-time short paid parental leave had almost no effect on labour market participation and wages of first mothers at the global level. However, for part-time paid leave takers, the reform increases the employment rate but decreases the subsequent wages. The wages remain lower two years after child birth, especially for the most educated, who mainly choose the part-time option." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Triventi, Moris (2013): The gender wage gap and its institutional context. A comparative analysis of European graduates. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 27, H. 4, S. 563-580. DOI:10.1177/0950017012460322

Abstract

"This article examines whether there is a gender gap in monthly wages among recent graduates in 11 European countries, and which variables account for it. We extend previous works considering a broader range of variables including perceived skills, responsibility at work, family obligations and attitudes to family and work. Regression analyses applied to data from the 'Research into Employment and professional FLEXibility' (REFLEX) survey (2005) show that in all countries there is a significant 'raw wage gap', but with noticeable cross-country variation. Decomposition analyses show that the 'residual wage gap' (discrimination) is lower in Nordic countries and higher in the Czech Republic, with the United Kingdom, continental and southern European countries placed in between them. Employment characteristics and working hours are the most important factors accounting for the gender gap. Wage discrimination is lower in countries with high trade union density, centralized collective bargaining, family-friendly policies, and high level of women's empowerment in society." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bothfeld, Silke (2012): Kindererziehung und Pflegezeiten: Wie anpassungsfähig sind die Sozialversicherungssysteme? Deutschland im internationalen Vergleich. (ZeS-Arbeitspapier 2012/03), Bremen, 59 S.

Abstract

"Idealtypisch basieren Sozialversicherungssysteme Bismarck'scher Prägung auf dem Beitrags- und Äquivalenzprinzip, sie haben die Erwerbsarbeit zum Ausgangspunkt und die Lebensstandardsicherung der Beitragszahlenden (und deren Familien) zum Ziel. In Ländern wie Deutschland, Belgien, Österreich und Frankreich ist eine kontinuierliche, vollzeitige bzw. durchschnittlich entlohnte Erwerbsarbeit daher eine notwendige Voraussetzung für eine hinreichende Absicherung bei Arbeitslosigkeit oder im Alter. Für die Absicherung der 'neuen sozialen Risken' Kinderbetreuung und Pflege bieten sie somit tendenziell ungünstige Ausgangsbedingungen; betreuende und pflegende Personen sind durch das Konstrukt der 'Versorgerehe' auf den familiären Haushalt verwiesen.
Die vergleichende Wohlfahrtsstaatsforschung hat in den vergangenen Jahren ein wachsendes Interesse am Wandel des Bismarck'schen Wohlfahrtsstaates entwickelt, dem lange Zeit ein starkes Beharrungsvermögen bei gleichzeitig anwachsender Dysfunktionalität unterstellt wurde. Während über den Rückbau der Systeme umfassende Erkenntnisse vorliegen, ist relativ wenig bekannt über Expansionstendenzen, die dem Äquivalenzprinzip, aber auch der allgemeinen Tendenz des Rückbaus sozialer Sicherungssysteme entgegenlaufen. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Policies, die in den vier typischen Sozialversicherungsstaaten für die Absicherung von Pflegenden und Kinder Betreuenden in der Arbeitslosen- und Rentenversicherung in den vergangenen 20 Jahren institutionalisiert wurden.
Die mehrfach vergleichende Analyse macht Folgendes deutlich. Erstens, kommt der Versorgerehe trotz ihrer teilweisen 'Modernisierung' eine nach wie vor große Bedeutung zu - vor allem bei der Alterssicherung von Eltern und Pflegepersonen. Damit bleibt ein zentrales Strukturmotiv konservativ-korporatistischer Sozialstaaten weitgehend erhalten. Zweitens wird jedoch durch die arbeitsrechtliche Institutionalisierung von Freistellungsphasen und deren sozialrechtlicher Sicherung in allen vier Ländern der Verweis auf den ehelichen Kontext 'entschärft'. Allerdings gilt dies in vollem Maße nur für Kinder betreuende Personen, die sowohl in der Arbeitslosen- als auch der Rentenversicherung während der gesetzlichen Freistellungsphasen Erwerbstätigen vergleichbar gut abgesichert sind, während für Pflegepersonen nach wie vor wichtige Sicherungslücken entstehen können. Drittens lassen sich im internationalen Vergleich idiosynkratische Entwicklungen erkennen, so dass eine im Hinblick auf ein großzügiges Sicherungsniveau von Erziehenden und Pflegenden gerichtete Policy 'gute Praktiken' aus allen vier Ländern zusammenführen würde. Grundsätzlich gleichen spezifische Ausgleichsregeln jedoch immer nur die akute Unterbrechung an Beitragszahlungen aus, nicht aber die reduzierten Einkommens- und Aufstiegschancen, Senioritätsgewinne oder Arbeitsmarktrisiken, die durch Erwerbsunterbrechungen oder Teilzeitphasen entstehen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Mandel, Hadas (2012): Winners and losers: the consequences of welfare state policies for gender wage inequality. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 28, H. 2, S. 241-262. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcq061

Abstract

"Cross-national studies of the impact of welfare states on gender inequality tend to overlook socio-economic divisions among women. This article challenges the implicit assumption that welfare states have uniform effects on the economic attainments of women, arguing that the impact of state intervention is necessarily conditioned by women's relative advantage or disadvantage in the labour market. Based on Luxembourg Income Study microdata for 21 advanced countries, the paper analyses gender wage gaps among highly skilled and low skilled men and women. The findings suggest that welfare state policies interact with socio-economic position: they limit the economic rewards of highly skilled women, but do not adversely affect, and by some measures actually benefit, those who are less skilled. Highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of social policies for different groups of women, the article concludes that more research is needed to explore differentiated approaches to reconciling work and family, rather than addressing universal work - family tensions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pailhe, Ariane & Anne Solaz (2012): The influence of employment uncertainty on childbearing in France. A tempo or quantum effect? In: Demographic Research, Jg. 26, S. 1-40. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2012.26.1

Abstract

"This paper investigates whether unemployment and insecure employment periods merely delay fertility or also impact on completed fertility in France. It analyses both the timing of first childbearing and the fertility reached at age 40. Different indicators of declining employment security are used, i.e. current individual employment characteristics, the accumulation of unstable jobs, and aggregate-level indicators of employment uncertainty. Male unemployment has a negative influence on the timing of first childbearing, while periods of insecure employment delay fertility for women. Completed fertility is impacted by unemployment spells only for men who have faced long-term unemployment. Employment uncertainty thus tends to delay first parenthood but has a relatively weak effect on lifetime fertility in France. Generous state support to families associated with a generous unemployment insurance system, and the strong French two-child family norm may explain why economic uncertainty affects fertility less than elsewhere." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Anghel, Brindusa, Sara de la Rica & Juan J. Dolado (2011): The effect of public sector employment on women's labour market outcomes. (IZA discussion paper 5825), Bonn, 62 S.

Abstract

"This paper addresses the role played by Public Sector (PS) employment across different OECD labour markets in explaining: (i) gender differences regarding choices to work in either PS or private sector, and (ii) subsequent changes in female labour market outcomes. To do so, we provide some empirical evidence about cross-country gender differences in choice of employment in the PS vs. the private sector, using the European Community Household Panel (ECHP), in the light of different theories on gender behaviour in the labour market. We also analyze the main determinants of the hourly wage gaps across these two sectors for males and females separately. Finally, we document the main stylized facts about labour market transitions by male and female workers among inactivity, unemployment, working in the PS and working in the private sector." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Anxo, Dominique, Letizia Mencarini, Ariane Pailhé, Anne Solaz, Maria Letizia Tanturri & Lennart Flood (2011): Gender differences in time use over the life course in France, Italy, Sweden, and the US. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 17, H. 3, S. 159-195. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2011.582822

Abstract

"This contribution analyzes how men and women in France, Italy, Sweden, and the United States use their time over the life cycle and the extent to which societal and institutional contexts influence the gender division of labor. In order to test the hypothesis that contextual factors play a crucial role in shaping time allocation, this study considers countries that diverge considerably in terms of welfare state regime, employment and paid working time systems, family policies, and social norms. Using national time-use surveys for the late 1990s and early 2000s and regression techniques, the study not only finds large gender discrepancies in time use in each country at all stages of life but also determines that institutional contexts, in particular the design of family policies and employment regimes, do shape gender roles in different ways, and that Sweden displays the lowest gender gap in time allocation across the life course." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Berton, Fabienne, Jean-Pierre Huiban & Frédérique Nortier (2011): Les carrières salariales des hommes et des femmes. Quelle convergence sur longue période? In: Travail et Emploi H. 125, S. 9-25.

Abstract

"The authors test the assumption of a convergence between the wage careers of men and women. To do this, they examine a large panel of French employees from the private sector, by using a new and rich dataset : the EIC (Échantillon Inter-régimes de Cotisants) 2001 panel. Two generations are observed, the first one composed of individuals born in 1946 and the second one of individuals born in 1962. In the former case, men wage careers appear to be very different of women ones. When considering the latter a convergence may be observed toward a new form, different of the men previous model. The careers may be long now but are frequently interrupted, such interruptions being more frequent both for men and women. There is still a wage gap between men and women but also a significant increasing of heterogeneity within each population." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Craig, Lyn & Killian Mullan (2011): How mothers and fathers share childcare. A cross-national time-use comparison. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 76, H. 6, S. 834-861. DOI:10.1177/0003122411427673

Abstract

"In most families today, childcare remains divided unequally between fathers and mothers. Scholars argue that persistence of the gendered division of childcare is due to multiple causes, including values about gender and family, disparities in paid work, class, and social context. It is likely that all of these factors interact, but to date researchers have not explored such interactions. To address this gap, we analyze nationally representative time-use data from Australia, Denmark, France, and Italy. These countries have different employment patterns, social and family policies, and cultural attitudes toward parenting and gender equality. Using data from matched married couples, we conduct a cross-national study of mothers' and fathers' relative time in childcare, divided along dimensions of task (i.e., routine versus non-routine activities) and co-presence (i.e., caring for children together as a couple versus caring solo). Results show that mothers' and fathers' work arrangements and education relate modestly to shares of childcare, and this relationship differs across countries. We find cross-national variation in whether more equal shares result from the behavior of mothers, fathers, or both spouses. Results illustrate the relevance of social context in accentuating or minimizing the impact of individual- and household-level characteristics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Luci, Angela (2011): Frauen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt in Deutschland und Frankreich. Warum es Französinnen besser gelingt, Familie und Beruf zu vereinbaren. Berlin, 32 S.

Abstract

"Die Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen ist in den letzten Jahrzehnten sowohl in Deutschland als auch in Frankreich gestiegen. Aber es bestehen erhebliche Unterschiede im Beschäftigungsmuster: Während in Frankreich viele Frauen auch mit kleinen Kindern einer Vollzeit-Beschäftigung nachgehen, arbeitet in Deutschland ein großer Anteil in Teilzeit sowie in geringfügigen Beschäftigungsverhältnissen.
Gleichzeitig liegen die Geburtenraten in Deutschland und Frankreich weit auseinander. Zwar ist in beiden Ländern die durchschnittliche Anzahl Kinder pro Frau gesunken, doch der Geburtenrückgang ist in Deutschland viel dramatischer als in Frankreich.
Der Grund dafür scheint auf der Hand zu liegen: In Frankreich lassen sich Familie und Beruf besser miteinander vereinbaren als in Deutschland. Und es ist nicht allein das Betreuungsangebot für Kinder, das dafür den Ausschlag gibt. In Frankreich wird die Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern gezielt gefördert. Ein stimmiges Gesamtkonzept zieht sich durch verschiedene Politikbereiche wie Arbeitsmarkt- und Sozialpolitik, Bildungspolitik und die finanzielle Unterstützung von Familien. In Frankreich ist Gleichstellung Querschnittsaufgabe. Da kann Deutschland von seinem französischen Nachbarn lernen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Michaud, Pierre-Carl & Konstantinos Tatsiramos (2011): Fertility and female employment dynamics in Europe. The effect of using alternative econometric modeling assumptions. In: Journal of Applied Econometrics, Jg. 26, H. 4, S. 641-668. DOI:10.1002/jae.1133

Abstract

We investigate the direct and long-run effects of fertility on employment in Europe, estimating dynamic models of labor supply under different assumptions regarding the exogeneity of fertility and modelling assumptions related to initial conditions, unobserved heterogeneity and serial correlation in the error terms. We find overall large direct and long-run effects of giving birth on employment probabilities, and these effects differ considerably across countries. We find that within countries the results are sensitive to the statistical assumption made on initial conditions, the inclusion of serial correlation and the assumption of strict exogeneity of children. However, the pattern across countries is robust to these assumptions. We show that such patterns are largely consistent with prevailing institutional differences related to the flexibility of the labor markets and family policies.

Zitatform

Olivetti, Claudia & Barbara Petrongolo (2011): Gender gaps across countries and skills. Supply, demand and the industry structure. (CEP discussion paper 1093), London, 42 S.

Abstract

"The gender wage gap varies widely across countries and across skill groups within countries. Interestingly, there is a positive cross-country correlation between the unskilled-to-skilled gender wage gap and the corresponding gap in hours worked. Based on a canonical supply and demand framework, this positive correlation would reveal the presence of net demand forces shaping gender differences in labor market outcomes across skills and countries. We use a simple multi-sector framework to illustrate how differences in labor demand for different inputs can be driven by both within-industry and between-industry factors. The main idea is that, if the service sector is more developed in the US than in continental Europe, and unskilled women tend to be over-represented in this sector, we expect unskilled women to suffer a relatively large wage and/or employment penalty in the latter than in the former. We find that, overall, the between-industry component of labor demand explains more than half of the total variation in labor demand between the US and the majority of countries in our sample, as well as one-third of the correlation between wage and hours gaps. The between-industry component is relatively more important in countries where the relative demand for unskilled females is lowest." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brugiavini, Agar, Giacomo Pasini & Elisabetta Trevisan (2010): Maternity and labour market outcome. Short and long term effects. (Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging. Discussion paper 222), Mannheim, 12 S.

Abstract

"The aim of this paper is to till this gap by analyzing the long term effects of childbearing, i.e. the effect of motherhood on pension income at retirement, given the labour market participation of women at childbirth. Since labour market attachment is higher for younger generations, it is relevant for policy makers to Look at the behaviour of women who want to work excluding those who plan a 'family-life' (see also Lyberaki et al. in chapter 12 of this volume). SHARELIFE is particularly suitable for this analysis since it contains complete life time histories, including all the employment and maternity episodes experienced by European women currently aged 50 and over. Moreover, details on maternity leave provisions and other institutional features of the SHARE countries are collected and provided together with the survey data. These institutional features allow us to investigate if and how the presence of maternity benefits affects the labour market participation decisions of women after childbirth and, consequently, the impact of pension income at retirement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Etienne, Jean Michel & Mathieu Narcy (2010): Gender wage differentials in the French nonprofit and for-profit sectors. Evidence from quantile regression. In: Annals of Economics and Statistics H. 99/100, S. 67-90. DOI:10.2307/41219160

Abstract

"Using the French Labor Force Survey from 1994-2001, this paper investigates the gender wage gap in the nonprofit and for-profit sectors throughout the wage distribution. Following Leete [2000], if nonprofit employers are more likely than for-profit employers to rely an intrinsically motivated employees, one should expect nonprofit organizations to exhibit a lower gender wage gap than for-profit organizations as a means of maintaining and enhancing employees' intrinsic motivation. We use the quantile regression decomposition technique proposed by Machado and Mata [2005]. Because individuals may self-select into sectors, we have extended this technique to account for selection effects. Our main results show that the unexplained gender wage gap is larger in the for-profit sector than in the nonprofit sector throughout the wage distribution. These results seem to be primarily attributed to lower levels of occupational segregation in the French nonprofit sector." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fuchs, Gesine (2010): Strategische Prozessführung, Tarifverhandlungen und Antidiskriminierungsbehörden. Verschiedene Wege zur Lohngleichheit? In: Femina politica. Zeitschrift für feministische Politik-Wissenschaft, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 102-111.

Abstract

Die Autorin analysiert in einem Ländervergleich von Deutschland, Schweiz und Frankreich politische Maßnahmen, die einen Erfolg gegen die Entgeltungleichheit versprechen. In Deutschland stehen gerade die Tarifparteien stark in der Verantwortung für das Lohngefüge, was einen Teil der Handlungsstarre bezüglich des Equal Pay erklären mag. Der Blick auf andere Staaten, die beispielsweise in ihren nationalen politischen Traditionen Antidiskriminierungsbehörden favorisieren, zeigt, dass in Deutschland rechtlichen Maßnahmen ein größeres Gewicht zukommen könnte bei der Herstellung von Lohngleichheit. (IAB)

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Halwachs, Inga (2010): Frauenerwerbstätigkeit in Geschlechterregimen. Großbritannien, Frankreich und Schweden im Vergleich. Wiesbaden: VS, Verl. für Sozialwissenschaften, 266 S.

Abstract

"Obwohl die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter gesetzlich verankert ist, sind Frauen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt sowie in anderen Bereichen des öffentlichen und privaten Lebens nach wie vor mit Benachteiligungen aufgrund ihres Geschlechts konfrontiert. Dies zeigt sich bspw. in der Unterrepräsentativität von Frauen in Führungspositionen, geschlechtsspezifischen Einkommensdifferenzen sowie weiteren hier untersuchten Aspekten. Wie also wird die weibliche Erwerbstätigkeit in den hier untersuchten Ländern Großbritannien, Frankreich und Schweden gefördert, um Benachteiligungen zu kompensieren und den Ursachen entgegenzuwirken? Die Autorin analysiert und vergleicht zur Beantwortung dieser Frage die Arbeitsmarktpolitik sowie weitere politische und gesellschaftliche Bereiche der Wohlfahrtsstaatsregime sowie den darin eingebetteten Geschlechterregimen und stellt hierzu die These auf, dass die Quantität und Qualität der Strategien zur Frauenförderung vom jeweiligen Typus des Geschlechterregimes abhängen und sich die Wohlfahrtsstaaten in ihrer Politik hinsichtlich sozialer Sicherung sowie in ihren arbeitsmarktpolitischen Instrumenten einander annähern, da auf EU-Ebene vereinheitlichte Regelungen in Bezug auf Geschlechtergleichstellung vorgegeben werden, die Einfluss auf die Frauenerwerbstätigkeit nehmen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Lyberaki, Antigone, Platon Tinios & George Papadoudis (2010): A-typical work patterns of women in Europe. What can we learn from SHARELIFE? (Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging. Discussion paper 221), Mannheim, 16 S.

Abstract

"The second half of the twentieth century was a time of rapid social transformation. Nowhere were the changes more radical than in women's participation in society and work. Women increasingly claimed a fuller and more active position in all societal functions. Though all parts of Europe and all social strata were affected, this process was unevenly distributed over time and space and driven by a variety of influences. Such influences could have been structural changes in production, transformations in the function of the family and last, but not least, attitudes in what woman's position ought to be, as reflected in shifts of policy priorities. This period of rapid change corresponds to the lifetime of individuals in the SHARE survey. When today's 50+ population were young girls, the world they were entering was very difficult from today. The long term social changes correspond to lived experience of women in the SHARE sample. The women in SHARE were witnesses to the foundation, flowering and restructuring of the Welfare State. Social policy stances towards maternity and family polices as well as labour market institutions were defining fissures between certain forms of the so-called 'European Social Model'. This paper begins exploring how these factors - labour and social policy transformation - were reflected in the lives of women in the SHARELIFE sample." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Scott, Jacqueline, Rosemary Crompton & Clare Lyonette (Hrsg.) (2010): Gender inequalities in the 21st century. New barriers and continuing constraints. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 297 S.

Abstract

"Both women and men strive to achieve a work and family balance, but does this imply more or less equality? Does the persistence of gender and class inequalities refute the notion that lives are becoming more individualised? Leading international authorities document how gender inequalities are changing and how many inequalities of earlier eras are being eradicated. However, this book shows there are new barriers and constraints that are slowing progress in attaining a more egalitarian society. Taking the new global economy into account, the expert contributors to this book examine the conflicts between different types of feminisms, revise old debates about 'equality' and 'difference' in the gendered nature of work and care, and propose new and innovative policy solutions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en));
Content:
Jacqueline Scott, Rosemary Crompton,Clare Lyonette: Introduction: what's new about gender inequalities in the 21st century? (1-16);
PART I FAMILY AND LABOUR MARKET CHANGE;
Ingrid Schoon: Becoming adult: the persisting importance of dass and gender (19-39);
Fiona Devine: Class reproduction, occupational inheritance and occupational choices (40-58);
Angela Dale, Sameera Ahmed: Ethnic differences in women's economic activity: a focus an Pakistani and Bangladeshi women (59-81);
PART II OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURES AND WELFARE REGIMES;
Janette Webb: Gender and the post-industrial shift (85-108);
Tracey Warren: Penalties of part-time work across Europe (109-125);
Nicky Le Feuvre: Feminising professions in Britain and France: how countries differ (126-149);
PART III THE CHALLENGE OF INTEGRATING FAMILY AND WORK;
Man Yee Kan, Jonathan Gershuny: Gender segregation and bargaining in domestic labour: evidence from longitudinal time-use data (153-173);
Rosemary Crompton, Clare Lyonette: Family, dass and gender 'strategies' in mothers' employment and childcare (174-192);
Jacqueline Scott, Anke C. Plagnol, Jane Nolan: Perceptions of quality of life: gender differences across the life course (193-212);
PART IV UNDERSTANDING INEQUALITIES;
Fran Bennett, Jerome De Henau, Sirin Sung: Within-household inequalities across classes? Management and control of money (215-241);
Gunn Elisabeth Birkelund and Arne Mastekaasa: Restructuring gender relations: women's labour market participation and earnings inequality among households ( 242-254);
PART V CONFRONTING COMPLEXITY;
Anne Lise Ellingsceter: Feminist policies and feminist conflicts: daddy's care or mother's (257-274);
Mary Evans: A mysterious commodity: capitalism and femininity ( 275-289).

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Briard, Karine, Cindy Duc, Najat El Mekkaoui de Freitas, Bérangère Legendre & Sabine Mage (2009): Aléas de carrières des seniors et impact sur les retraites. (Centre d'Etudes de l'Emploi. Document de travail 112), Noisy-le-Grand, 31 S.

Abstract

"The diversity of working life has an impact on retirement age and the pension benefits. Employment breaks like unemployment or parental leave will reduce earnings and pension benefits in the future. This paper provides empirical evidence on the trajectories between men and women for generations 1938-1944 and anlyses how the timing of employment breaks affects pension benefits in France. By using a data set from French survey (Patrimoine 2003-2004), the paper examines, firstly, the employment histories of generations 1938-1948. Secondly, it focuses on the impact of these interruptions on the pension rights by considering the methodology of type's cases." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Damme, Maike van, Matthijs Kalmijn & Wilfred Uunk (2009): The employment of separated women in Europe. Individual and institutional determinants. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 25, H. 2, S. 183-197. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcn042

Abstract

"Studies on the economic consequences of divorce for women have paid little attention to changes in employment. In this article, we investigate changes in employment for separating women and the impact of individual and institutional factors on these changes using data on 13 countries from the European Community Household Panel (1994-2001). Our dynamic analyses of the odds of employment entry and exit, and changes in working hours demonstrate that European women only modestly increase employment after separation, although in some countries this change is larger than in others. Important individual-level determinants of employment changes are education and labour market experience (positive effects), health (positive effect), and the presence of young children (negative effect). Institutional factors have opposing influences: more generous public childcare provisions encourage the employment of separated women, whereas more generous allowances for single parents discourage employment. The results underline the importance of distinguishing between income- and employment-related institutions in studying outcomes of union dissolution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dieckhoff, Martina & Nadia Steiber (2009): In search of gender differences in access to continuing training. Is there a gender training gap and if yes, why? (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. Discussion papers SP 1 2009-504), Berlin, 35 S.

Abstract

"Geschlechterunterschiede im Zugang zu beruflicher Weiterbildung gelten weiterhin als wichtige Ursache weiter bestehender Ungleichheiten zwischen den Geschlechtern in Bezug auf deren Chancen am Arbeitsmarkt und deren beruflichen Erfolg. Allerdings schaffen empirische Studien bis dato keine Klarheit darüber, ob bzw. welche Geschlechterunterschiede im Weiterbildungsverhalten tatsächlich bestehen. Die vorliegende Analyse untersucht, auf Basis harmonisierter Survey-Daten des European Social Survey 2004, berufsbezogene Weiterbildungsaktivitäten in Europa und testet eine Reihe von mikroökonomischen und soziologischen Theorien (z.B. Humankapitaltheorie, Geschlechtersegregation am Arbeitsmarkt, Diskriminierung durch den Arbeitgeber etc.), die häufig zur Erklärung von Geschlechterunterschieden in der Teilnahme an Weiterbildung herangezogen werden. Der Beitrag untersucht die Mechanismen, die einem potenziell geschlechtsspezifischen Teilnahmeverhalten an beruflicher Weiterbildung zugrunde liegen. Die Ergebnisse der Analyse zeigen, dass männliche Arbeitnehmer, ceteris paribus, häufiger an berufsbezogener Weiterbildung teilnehmen als weibliche Arbeitnehmer. Als Fazit kann festgestellt werden, dass die vorherrschenden theoretischen Ansätze mehr Erklärungskraft für das Weiterbildungsverhalten von Männern als für jenes von Frauen haben. Vor allem in Bezug auf weibliches Weiterbildungsverhalten bei Präsenz von Betreuungspflichten für kleine Kinder zeigen sich vorherrschende Erklärungsmodelle als wenig valid." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

MacGinnity, Frances, Philip J. O'Connell, Kate Hunt, Elin Kvande, Carol Emslie, Tracey Warren, Cecile Guillaume, Jacqueline H. Watts, Gillian Pascall, Sigtona Halrynjo, Sophie Pochic, Elizabeth Fox & Helen Russell (sonst. bet. Pers.) (2009): Work-life Balance. A matter of choice? In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 16, H. 1, S. 1-172. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2008.00429.x

Abstract

"Existing literature casts the work-life interface in terms of three issues: time management; inter-role conflict (role overload and interference) and care arrangements for dependents. This special issue looks through a gender lens at the ways in which both men and women negotiate the relationship between work and home life, particularly when they have caring responsibilities at home. It explores the relationship between formal policies and their impact on men and women's ability to effect a choice in shaping their careers and their day-to-day commitments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Lohmann, Henning, Frauke H. Peter, Tine Rostgaard & Stephen P. Jenkins (2009): Towards a framework for assessing family policies in the EU. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 88), Paris, 94 S. DOI:10.1787/223883627348

Abstract

"This report presents the results of a first attempt to create a framework for assessing the performance of national family policies. The report is part of a joint EU and OECD project, which aims to help the EU Government Expert Group on Demographic Issues in evaluating national family policies. The idea behind the framework is that it allows individual countries to compare their overall performance in the area of family policies with the performance of other countries. The main focus of the report is policies for families with smaller children. The framework provides a set of cross-nationally comparable indicators on contexts, policy measures, and outcomes, organised on a systematic basis. The policy measure indicators presented in the report cover leave schemes, early childhood education and care, family benefits and workplace policies. The indicators build upon, interalia, previous work by the OECD in various studies on family-friendly policies that were carried out on a cross-national basis using different sets of indicators. Most of these indicators are today available in the OECD Family Database. Wherever the OECD Family Database contains indicators for the majority of EU member states and OECD countries, these data have been used in the present study. Otherwise, data from other cross-national databases have been included. Each indicator in the framework is presented as a single-standing indicator in the general absence of scientific consensus on different aggregation weights. In the report no explicit ranking of countries has been attempted, instead the relative position of countries has been illustrated with the help of standard deviation scores. In the last part of the report the linkages between policy aims and the various context, outcome and policy measures are indicated, which help construct 'score cards'. This 'score card-approach' is illustrated for three countries: Denmark, Germany and the United Kingdom. The report offers tools for assessment that may be developed further, and should offer an approach to using the OECD Family Database, acknowledging this unique data source for cross-country comparisons in the field of family policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Moschion, Julie (2009): Arbeitsangebot der Mütter in Frankreich: Auswirkungen der Geburt des dritten Kinds. In: Economie et Statistique H. 422, S. 51-78.

Abstract

"Zwischen 1962 und 2005 nahm die Erwerbsquote der Frauen in Frankreich (von 45,8 % auf 63,8 %) zu, steht aber weiterhin in negativem Verhältnis zur Anzahl der Kinder. Inwiefern schränkt die Geburt eines zusätzlichen Kinds die Teilnahme der Mütter am Arbeitsmarkt ein? Die Relation zwischen Kinderzahl und Erwerbstätigkeit ist komplex, da die Entscheidungen zugunsten einer Geburt und einer Erwerbstätigkeit gemeinsame Determinanten haben und sich gegenseitig beeinflussen. Somit ist es schwierig, a priori zu sagen, ob die Entscheidung, zu arbeiten oder nicht zu arbeiten, der Grund oder die Folge einer bestimmten Anzahl von Kindern ist. Um das Vorhandensein eines negativen kausalen Zusammenhangs zwischen Kinderzahl und Arbeitsangebot der Mütter zu testen, greifen wir auf instrumentale Variablen zurück, d. h. Variablen, die sich auf die Erwerbstätigkeit der Frauen nur indirekt, d. h. durch ihren Einfluss auf die Kinderzahl auswirken. Das Geschlecht der beiden älteren Kinder und die Tatsache, dass eine Frau bei der Erstgeburt Zwillinge bekommt, sind zwei aleatorische Quellen für die exogene Schwankung der Fruchtbarkeit. Zwei ältere Kinder gleichen Geschlechts oder Zwillinge bei der zweiten Geburt erhöhen die Wahrscheinlichkeit, mehr als zwei Kinder zu haben; in diesem Fall schränken die Mütter ihre Erwerbstätigkeit ein. Anhand dieser beiden Variablen lässt sich der kausale Einfluss des Vorhandenseins von mehr als zwei Kindern auf die Erwerbstätigkeit der Mütter schätzen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass bei mehr als zwei Kindern die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Erwerbstätigkeit der Mütter um ca. 20 Prozentpunkte und im Fall einer Erwerbstätigkeit die Anzahl der gearbeiteten Wochenstunden um zwei Stunden abnimmt. Die negative Auswirkung auf die Erwerbstätigkeit der Mütter könnte umso größer sein, je geringer die Beschäftigungs- und Entlohnungsperspektiven der Mütter am Arbeitsmarkt sind oder je mehr sie ihre Kinder betreuen lassen müssen. Dieser Effekt ist bei den gering qualifizierten Müttern besonders ausgeprägt; er dauert an, wenn die Kinder größer werden, und schwankt nicht entsprechend der Größe des Wohnorts." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Mühlböck, Vanessa (2009): Geschlechtergerechtigkeit des Einkommensteuersystems. Mythos oder Wahrheit? In: Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Jg. 35, H. 1, S. 45-64.

Abstract

"Anhand eines Vergleichs des österreichischen Einkommensbesteuerungssystems der Individualbesteuerung und des französischen Familiensplittingsystems kann gezeigt werden, dass ein Familiensplittingmodell nicht frauen- und familienfreundlich ist, sondern vielmehr Alleinverdienende mit hohen Einkommen steuerlich begünstigt. Weiters ist festzustellen, dass Alleinverdienende vorwiegend männlich und im oberen Einkommensbereich vorzufinden sind. Dies und die Tatsache, dass von derartigen Besteuerungsmodellen negative Arbeitsanreize auf Zuverdienerinnen ausgehen, lässt darauf schließen, dass solche Modelle keine Förderung der Geschlechtergerechtigkeit bewirken. Doch auch das österreichische Einkommensteuersystem, obschon ein System der Individualbesteuerung, ist keineswegs gendergerecht. Aufgrund von Analysen diverser Steuerstatistiken offenbart sich, dass steuerfreie Einkommensbestandteile bei Frauen ein geringeres Ausmaß annehmen als bei Männern. Frauen beziehen weiters im Durchschnitt nur 61,3% des Einkommens des durchschnittlichen Männereinkommens, wodurch für sie die Zugänglichkeit gewisser Steuerbegünstigungen erschwert wird und die daraus resultierende steuerliche Wirkung für sie geringer ist. Von Gendergerechtigkeit kann somit wegen der spezifischen Ausgestaltung des Einkommensteuersystems selbst in Österreich nicht gesprochen werden. Um eine solche zu verwirklichen, wären Maßnahmen von Nöten, die die wirtschaftliche Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern im Erwerbsleben induzieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Narcy, Mathieu, Joseph Lanfranchi & Dominique Meurs (2009): Do women choose to work in the public and nonprofit sectors? Empirical evidence from a French national survey. (Centre d'Etudes de l'Emploi. Document de travail 111-2), Noisy-le-Grand, 31 S.

Abstract

"Women are over-represented in public and nonprofit sector jobs. This article aims to bring to light the reasons behind that phenomenon. In particular, do women choose these sectors because they offer female employees specific advantages that are absent from the private sector? The feminization of the public sector can be explained by the fact that women obtain a higher wage gain from choosing this sector than men do. However, this is not true for the nonprofit sector. Working hours - in the form of part-time work in the nonprofit sector and total hours worked in the public sector - appear to play an important role in the over-representation of women in these two sectors. On the other hand, the idea that women are more attracted to the social objectives pursued by public and nonprofit organizations does not appear to play any part. 'Family-friendly' measures - aiming to reconcile the demands of family life and professional life - appear to attract women to the public sector, but it is difficult to interpret their influence, because it is impossible to distinguish between the attractiveness of these measures and the result of professional segregation in the public sectorKey words." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Nicodemo, Catia & Robert Waldmann (2009): Child-care and participation in the labor market for married women in Mediterranean countries. (IZA discussion paper 3983), Bonn, 37 S.

Abstract

"Parents in the labor force have balance their work and home life, including the choice of the type of care to provide for their children while they work. In this paper we study the connection between the married women's labor force participation, child care arrangements and the time that husbands and wives spent to take care of children in Mediterranean countries. As more women now are in the labor force the interest in the use child care and housework of husband have grown. We use the new database from the EU-SILC (European Survey on Income and Living Conditions) in 2006 and data from the ECHP (European Community Household Panel)in 2001, because these two data-set give us different information about child care and housework. The traditional role of mothers in child care activities is highly valued by many families, especially in Southern European countries. The results show that while Mediterranean countries have advanced in the incorporation of women into the labor market, most of them still have to assume total responsibility for housework and the care of the children. Child care arrangements is an important instrument for women to enter in paid employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Nicodemo, Catia (2009): Gender pay gap and quantile regression in European families. (IZA discussion paper 3978), Bonn, 37 S.

Abstract

"In this paper we analyze the trend of the gender gap between wives and husbands for Mediterranean countries with a strong family tradition, using data from the European Household Panel (ECHP) of 2001 and the European Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) of 2006. In general, wives and husbands, when married, have the same characteristics but wives suffer from two types of discrimination with respect to husbands: a lower wage for the same work and a primary responsibility for children. This paper uses quantile regression and counterfactual decomposition methods to investigate whether a glass ceiling exists or if instead a sticky floor is more prevalent among European families over time (2001 and 2006). We correct for selectivity the unconditional wage distribution of married women and we show that the wage gap decomposition is different if we ignore self-selection. We find that the wage gap is positive in each country, and the greater part of it is composed of a discrimination effect, while the characteristics effect is small. In Mediterranean countries, wives suffer from the sticky floor effect, i.e. the gender gap is bigger at the bottom of distribution, while we can observe that the glass ceiling effect decreased in most countries in 2006." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bloemen, Hans & Elena Stancanelli (2008): Modelling the employment and wage outcomes of spouses. Is she outearning him? (IZA discussion paper 3455), Bonn, 33 S.

Abstract

"This paper is focused on couple households where the wife is the main earner. The economic literature on this subject is particularly scant. According to our estimates, the wife was the main earner in one of every six couple households in France in 2002, including wife-sole-earner households. The proportion of wives outearning their husbands was 18% for dual-earners. About 24% of American women in dual-earner households earned more than their husband in 2004. Using a model of household labour supply behaviour, we show that households where the wife is the main earner may come about either because the husband has a weaker preference for work than his wife, due possibly to her high wage, or because he is hit by adverse circumstances, such as, for example, a decline in the demand for men with his particular qualifications. Positive assortative mating may also come into play. Our empirical model specifies spouse labour-market participation equations within each household, endogenizing wages and allowing for random effects and correlations in spouses' unobservables. We conclude that the determinants of wife-sole-earner households are quite distinct from those for dual-earner households where she outearns him. The probability of observing the first seems to be more related to labour market difficulties of the husband, while the latter is not. Dual-earners where she outearns him are more likely to be found among higher educated couples, and especially, among couple where the wife's education level is high." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Casarico, Alessandra & Alessandro Sommacal (2008): Labor income taxation, human capital and growth. The role of child care. (CESifo working paper 2363), München, 32 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies the implications of introducing child care in the human capital production function when assessing the effects of labor income taxation on growth. We develop an OLG model where formal schooling and child care enter the human capital production function as complements and we compare it with a model where only formal schooling matters for skill formation. Using a numerical analysis we find that, depending on the quality of child care services relative to parental care, the omission of child care from the technology of skills' formation can significantly bias the results related to the effects of labor income taxation on growth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Del Boca, Daniela, Silvia Pasqua & Chiara Pronzato (2008): Market work and motherhood decisions in contexts. (IZA discussion paper 3303), Bonn, 28 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we explore the impact of social policies and labour market characteristics on women's decisions regarding work and childbearing, using data from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP). We estimate the two decisions jointly and, in addition to personal characteristics, include variables related to the childcare system, parental leave arrangements, family allowances, and labour market flexibility. Our empirical results show that a non-negligible portion of the differences in participation and fertility rates for women from different European countries can be attributed to the characteristics of these institutions, and that the environmental effects vary by educational level. While labour market arrangements, such as part-time opportunities (when well-paid and protected), have a larger impact on the outcomes of women with higher educational levels, childcare and optional parental leaves have a larger impact on the fertility and participation decisions of women at lower educational levels." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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González, Libertad (2008): Single mothers, welfare, and incentives to work. In: Labour, Jg. 22, H. 3, S. 447-468. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.2008.00417.x

Abstract

"This paper analyses the effect of a reform in the French single parents allowance on the labor supply of single mothers with very young children. The reform aimed at encouraging participation by allowing eligible single parents to accumulate welfare benefits and labor earnings for a limited period of time. The analysis shows that eligible single mothers were significantly more likely to work after the reform. During the same period, the employment rate of married mothers with young children did not experience a significant change, suggesting that at least part of the increase among single mothers was a consequence of the reform." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lesnard, Laurent (2008): Off-scheduling within dual-earner couples. An unequal and negative externality for family time. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 114, H. 2, S. 447-490. DOI:10.1086/590648

Abstract

"Using couples' time-diary data from two French time-use surveys (1986, 1999), this article explores the extent to which off-scheduling within dual-earner couples is an unequal and negative externality for family time. An empirical typology of family workdays is built using a variant of optimal matching, and three kinds of family time are taken into account: conjugal time, father- and mother-child time, and parents-child time. The results indicate that off-scheduling is an unintentional by-product of employers' economic interests and that, since it reduces conjugal and parents-child time but fails to foster temporal complementarity between parents, it is a negative factor for family solidarity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Moss, Peter & Marta Korintus (Hrsg.) (2008): International review of leave policies and related research 2008. (Employment relations research series 100), London, 383 S.

Abstract

"This report is about leave entitlements, mainly for workers with dependant children. As the report shows, working parents today in most countries are entitled to a range of different types of leave, going under a variety of different names. Moreover, in a number of countries the distinction between types of leave is increasingly blurred. This report is produced by an international network on leave policy and research, consisting of over 40 experts from 24 countries, mostly in Europe. The network covers policies for parents and others with care responsibilities, including for adult relatives, as well as policies available to the whole population such as life course career breaks and time accounts. But initially, priority is being given to leave policies focused on the care of children. Among the purposes of this network are: the exchange of information about policies, both in individual countries and by international organisations, and research on leave policies; the provision of a forum for the cross-national discussion of issues and trends in policy and research; and providing a source of regularly updated information on policies and research, including:
- the three-year leave period: too long or not?
- employers' perspectives and involvement and
- policies to increase fathers' use of leave." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schmitt, Christian (2008): Gender-specific effects of unemployment on family formation. A cross-national perspective. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 841), Berlin, 75 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates the impact of unemployment on the propensity to start a family. Unemployment is accompanied by bad occupational prospects and impending economic deprivation, placing the well-being of a future family at risk. I analyze unemployment at the intersection of state-dependence and the reduced opportunity costs of parenthood, distinguishing between men and women across a set of welfare states. Using micro-data from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP), I apply event history methods to analyze longitudinal samples of first-birth transitions in France, Finland, Germany, and the UK (1994-2001). The results highlight spurious negative effects of unemployment on family formation among men, which can be attributed to the lack of breadwinner capabilities in the inability to financially support a family. Women, in contrast, show positive effects of unemployment on the propensity to have a first child in all countries except France. These effects prevail even after ontrolling for labour market and income-related factors. The findings are pronounced in Germany and the UK where work-family conflicts are the cause of high opportunity costs of motherhood, and the gender-specific division of labour is still highly traditional. Particularly among women with a moderate and low level of education, unemployment clearly increases the likelihood to have a first child." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Afsa Essafi, Cedric & Sophie Buffeteau (2007): L'activite feminine en France. Quelles evolutions recentes, quelles tendances pour l'avenir? In: Economie et Statistique H. 398/399, S. 85-97.

Abstract

"At the start of the 1970s, half of the women aged between 25 and 59 years old were economically active; today this figure has risen to three quarters. However, their employment rate has fallen: in 35 years, the female unemployment rate has risen from 3% to 12%, and the proportion of women in part-time work has risen from 13% to 30%. In order to evaluate these phenomena and to predict their future evolution we used Emploi. INSEE's series of annual employment surveys for the period 1982-2002. We estimated the number of years a woman spends economically active and in employment during her lifetime (more precisely between the ages of 25 and 59) for all the generations between 1935 and 1970. lf recent trends continue, female economic activity will continue to rise steadily. Women born during the 1970s will be more present in the labour market during their lifetime than previous generations. They will also be in employment more often, although this trend is gradually decreasing, starting with women born in the early 1960s. On the other hand, when part-time employment is taken into account - i.e. periods spent in part-time employment are converted into periods spent in fulltime employment - women from the 1970 generation should an average experience the saure career development as those women born in the mid-1950s. Women of all levels of education are affected by this stagnation, although it has occurred more recently for the most qualified women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Duguet, Emmanuel & Veronique Simonnet (2007): Labor market participation in France. An asymptotic least squares analysis of couples' decisions. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 5, H. 2, S. 159-179. DOI:10.1007/s11150-007-9008-z

Abstract

"This paper examines the interactions between spouses' decisions to join the labor force. We use the asymptotic least squares method in order to estimate a system of equations with limited dependent variables. We find that when spouse's decision-making is modelled as simultaneous, this affects primarily the man's participation equation who appears to be positively influenced by whether the woman works or not, by the number of children and by the birth of a child. The woman's decision to participate is not affected by whether the man participates or not and depends negatively of the number of children and the birth of a child. This implies that there is a female leadership in decisions to participate in the labor market and that the added-worker effect should be reinterpreted as a function of demography rather than unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Figari, Francesco, Herwig Immervoll, Horacio Levy & Holly Sutherland (2007): Inequalities within couples. Market incomes and the role of taxes and benefits in Europe. (IZA discussion paper 3201), Bonn, 41 S.

Abstract

"In spite of there being few elements of tax or cash benefit systems in developed countries that are any longer explicitly gender-biased in a discriminatory sense, it is well recognised that they have significant gender effects. To the extent that women earn less than men on average under tax-benefit systems that are progressive, there is some redistribution from men to women overall. However, an aggregate perspective is insufficient for understanding how earning opportunities and public policies affect living arrangements at the family level in general and the circumstances of men and women in particular. Arguably, it is within the household that a gendered division of labour is most relevant. It is difficult to observe how income and other resources get allocated within households. We can, however, observe the incomes brought into the household and to what extent taxes and benefits mitigate (or indeed exacerbate) any inequality of income between men and women. We explore the effects of tax and benefit systems on differences in income and in incentives to earn income between men and women within couples in a selection of the member countries of the European Union (EU) using EUROMOD, the EU tax-benefit microsimulation model. This comparative perspective allows us to establish the relative effects of different policy regimes, given the underlying characteristics of each national population, using a consistent approach and set of incidence assumptions across countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gash, Vanessa & Frances McGinnity (2007): Fixed-term contracts - the new European inequality? Comparing men and women in West Germany and France. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 5, H. 3, S. 467-496. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwl020

Abstract

"This paper seeks to reveal whether fixed-term contracts are the new European inequality and does so in a comparative analysis of two countries typically regarded as eurosclerotic: West Germany and France. We compare the wages, wage growth and labour market outcomes of fixed-term contract workers relative to a matched sample of permanent workers with similar characteristics. Using seven waves of the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) we find evidence of wage penalties, increased exposure to unemployment and repeat spells of fixed-term employment. However, these tendencies vary significantly by country and by gender. The main finding of this paper is the extent to which fixed-term contract employment is of considerable disadvantage for French women. This is important, as previous research on female employment in the UK and in West Germany (Booth et al., 2002; Giesecke and Gross, 2003), two countries with intermittent female employment, did not find evidence of fixed-term worker disadvantage. Our findings, however, suggest that in countries where female employment tends to be full-time and continuous, the introduction of fixed-term contracts challenges the existing gender contract." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Meurs, Dominique & Sophie Ponthieux (2007): L'ecart des salaires entre les femmes et les hommes peut-il encore baisser? In: Economie et Statistique H. 398/399, S. 99-129.

Abstract

"2002 lag die Differenz zwischen dem durchschnittlichen Monatslohn von Frauen und Männern bei 25,3 %, das heißt nur knapp ein Prozentpunkt weniger als im Jahre 1990. Zudem sind die Merkmale dieses Gefälles äußerst stabil geblieben, seien sie struktureller Art - das Ergebnis unterschiedlicher Produktions- und Beschäftigungsmerkmale - oder auf die Rentabilitätsunterschiede dieser Merkmale zurückzuführen : Unabhängig von dem untersuchten Jahr dieses Zeitraums resultieren 75 % des Lohngefälles aus den Unterschieden hinsichtlich der Struktur der Beschäftigungen, wobei der wichtigste Faktor die Arbeitszeit darstellt. Festzustellen ist schließlich auch eine große Stabilität der Streuung der Löhne innerhalb des Zeitraums im Kontext eines geringen Lohnanstiegs. Die Stabilität der Differenz der Monatslöhne zwischen Frauen und Männern und der Merkmale dieses Gefälles mag erstaunen ; denn das durchschnittliche Bildungsniveau der Frauen liegt nunmehr über demjenigen der Männer und nimmt weiter zu und die Rechtsvorschriften verbieten jede Art von Diskriminierung und fördern die berufliche Gleichstellung. Im untersuchten Zeitraum hätten einerseits die Reform des Erziehungsgelds im Jahre 1994 und andererseits die Einführung der 35-Stundenwoche möglicherweise Auswirkungen auf die Lohnunterschiede gehabt. Allerdings scheinen die Konsequenzen dieser Trends wie auch dieser Schocks für die Aufteilung der Frauen und Männer zwischen den Berufen, Funktionen, Sektoren und Arbeitszeiten überaus moderat zu sein. Dies ist die Hauptursache für die ungleiche Entlohnung von Frauen und Männern und der wichtigste Faktor ihres Fortbestands. Das Lohngefälle zwischen Frauen und Männern könnte weiter zurückgehen, wenn die Hebel gefunden werden, die eine Änderung der Verhaltensweisen und der Berufswahl bewirken." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Misra, Joya, Michelle J. Budig & Stephanie Moller (2007): Reconciliation policies and the effects of motherhood on employment, earnings and poverty. In: Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, Jg. 9, H. 2, S. 135-155. DOI:10.1080/13876980701311588

Abstract

"We examine the consequences of welfare state strategies on women's economic outcomes in ten countries. These strategies are 1) the primary caregiver strategy, focused on valuing women's care work; 2) the primary earner strategy, focused on encouraging women's employment; 3) the choice strategy, which provides support for women's employment or caregiving for young children; and 4) the earner-carer strategy, focused on helping men and women balance both care and employment. We analyze the effects of motherhood and marital status on employment rates, annual earnings, and poverty rates. Our study suggests that the strategy taken by the earner-carer strategy may be most effective at increasing equality for both married and single mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ravel, Claire (2007): La polarisation de l'emploi au sein des menages de 1975 a 2002. In: Economie et Statistique H. 402, S. 3-23.

Abstract

"Zwischen 1975 und 2002 stieg der Anteil der 15- bis 59-jährigen erwerbstätigen Personen, die weder Studenten noch Rentner sind, um 2,4 Prozentpunkte auf 78,6%. Dieser Prozess verlief unregelmäßig und folgte der Entwicklung der Arbeitslosigkeit, aber auch der stetigen Zunahme der Frauenerwerbstätigkeit. Während dieses Zeitraums polarisierte sich zudem die Beschäftigung in den Haushalten: Es gibt immer mehr Haushalte, in denen entweder niemand oder jeder arbeitet, während die Zahl der Haushalte, in denen nur bestimmte Personen einer Beschäftigung nachgehen, rückläufig ist. Eine erste Erklärung liefert die Entwicklung der Zusammensetzung der Haushalte; denn innerhalb eines Vierteljahrhunderts nahm der Anteil der Haushalte, in denen lediglich eine einzige Person erwerbsfähig ist, um 13 Prozentpunkte zu. Diese Polarisierung ist aber unabhängig von der Zusammensetzung der Haushalte festzustellen. Unter den Paaren mit Kind(ern) nahm beispielsweise die Zahl der Eltern, die beide berufstätig sind, gegenüber 1975 zu, was auf die größere Präsenz der Frauen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt zurückzuführen ist. Zur Beschreibung dieser Entwicklung schlagen Gregg und Wadsworth (1996, 2001. 2004) die Erstellung eines Polarisierungsindikators vor, der die Abweichung zwischen einer aleatorischen Verteilung der Beschäftigung innerhalb der Haushalte und der tatsächlichen Beschäftigung misst. In diesem Artikel wird ihre Methode auf französische Daten angewandt. Man stellt fest, dass die Beschäftigungspolarisierung in den Haushalten seit 1975 ständig zunahm, unabhängig von der Beschäftigungslage. Auch bei Rückgang der Quote der individuellen Nichterwerbstätigkeit (etwa in der zweiten Hälfte der 1980er Jahre oder zwischen 1997 und 2001) nimmt die Polarisierung zu. Als erstes finden somit Personen wieder eine Beschäftigung, die in einem Haushalt mit einer bereits berufstätigen Person leben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Stern, Nadine (2007): Familienpolitische Konzepte im Ländervergleich. Sprungbrett oder Stolperstein für erwerbstätige Mütter? Marburg: Tectum Verlag, 153 S.

Abstract

"Die bürgerliche Rollenverteilung zwischen dem arbeitenden Mann und der haushaltenden Ehefrau entspricht seit Jahrzehnten nicht mehr dem Selbstverständnis fortschrittlicher Industriegesellschaften. Es besteht weitgehend Konsens, dass auch der Wohlfahrtsstaat mit seinen Segnungen die gleichberechtigte Belastung in Beruf und Familie fördern soll. Aber obwohl neben politikwissenschaftlichen auch volkswirtschaftliche und demografische Gesichtspunkte gegen das Ernährermodell sprechen, wird es weiterhin vielerorts durch politische Regulierungen verfestigt. Die Autorin untersucht die geschlechterpolitische Wirkung der deutschen, der französischen und der schwedischen Familienpolitik. Dazu stellt sie zentrale familienpolitische Regulierungen gegenüber. Ergebnis sind nicht nur länderspezifische Erkenntnisse. Die Autorin geht vielmehr der Frage nach, wie finanzielle Regulierungen, Kinderbetreuungs- und Erziehungsfreistellungsregelungen die Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie für Männer und Frauen gezielt fördern können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"The Global Employment Trends for Women Brief 2007 focuses on whether the tendency toward increased participation has continued more recently and whether women have found enough decent and productive jobs to really enable them to use their potential in the labour market and achieve economic independence. The approach is based on updates and analysis of a number of major labour market indicators. These include: labour force participation; unemployment; sector and status of employment; wages/earnings; and education and skills. Taken together, they show whether women who want to work actually do so, whether women find it harder to get a job than men, differences in the type of work done by women and men and equality of treatment in areas ranging from pay to education and training." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"90 Prozent aller Mitgliedsstaaten der Internationalen Arbeitsorganisation (ILO) haben inzwischen die Kernarbeitsnormen gegen Diskriminierung ratifiziert und sich damit zur Verabschiedung entsprechender Gesetze verpflichtet. Doch Gesetze allein reichen nicht aus, um Diskriminierung wirksam zu bekämpfen. Der Bericht lenkt die Aufmerksamkeit von Regierungen und Sozialpartnern auch auf neue Formen der Diskriminierung, die noch zu wenig Beachtung finden - beispielsweise aufgrund von Alter, HIV/AIDS, eines ungesunden Lebensstils oder der Wahrscheinlichkeit bestimmter genetischer Krankheiten. Die meisten Fälle von Diskriminierung aber betreffen nach wie vor Frauen. Die ILO betont in ihrem Bericht daher die herausragende Bedeutung von Maßnahmen zur besseren Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. So sollten familienfreundliche Maßnahmen nicht nur Frauen, sondern auch Männern offen stehen. In einigen Ländern, wie Island und Dänemark, wurden bestimmte Maßnahmen gezielt für Männer vorgesehen, beispielsweise ein besonderer Kinderbetreuungsurlaub nur für Männer. Nur wenn deutlich gemacht werde, dass die Wahrnehmung von Familienpflichten durch Männer sozial gewollt und akzeptiert wird, könne ein notwendiger Umdenkprozess stattfinden. Auch die Sozialpartner könnten durch entsprechende Ausgestaltung von Tarifverträgen einen Beitrag leisten, etwa indem Erziehungspausen nicht zu einer niedrigeren Einstufung führen. In Deutschland werden Frauen immer noch weniger eingestellt, rücken seltener in Führungspositionen und verdienen deutlich weniger als Männer. So beträgt das Lohngefälle zwischen Frauen und Männern laut dem Gleichstellungsbericht der EU-Kommission 22 Prozent, womit Deutschland in der EU auf dem viertletzten Platz landet. Auch die EU nennt die schlechte Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf als zentrales Hindernis auf dem Weg zu mehr Gleichberechtigung.
Weitere Empfehlungen der ILO zur Bekämpfung der Diskriminierung weltweit:
- Gesetzgebung, die nicht nur Diskriminierung verbietet, sondern aktiv Ziele zur Förderung der Gleichberechtigung setzt;
- Unterstützung der Sozialpartner, um Gleichstellungsfragen in der Tarifpolitik zu verankern;
- gezielte Arbeitsmarktpolitik zur Förderung und Einbindung benachteiligter Gruppen;
- Bindung der öffentlichen Auftragsvergabe an die Einhaltung des Diskriminierungsverbots;
- Einrichtung von Antidiskriminierungskommissionen beziehungsweise Kommissionen für Lohngleichheit;
- Förderung der Lohngerechtigkeit auf betrieblicher Ebene durch 'Kartierung' der Lohnstruktur, um Lohndiskrepanzen sichtbar zu machen und abzubauen;
- Einbindung von Gleichstellungsmaßnahmen in die Länderprogramme der ILO für menschenwürdige Arbeit ebenso wie in die Entwicklungszusammenarbeit, die staatliche Kreditvergabe und Investitionsförderpolitik." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Couppié, Thomas, Arnaud Dupray & Stephanie Moullet (2006): Les salaires des hommes et des femmes en debut de vie active. Des sources des disparite variables selon les professions. In: Formation Emploi H. 93, S. 29-47.

Abstract

"In diesem Beitrag werden die Einkommensunterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern drei Jahre nach ihrem Eintritt ins Berufsleben je nach Berufsgruppe sowie nach Grad und Ursache der Vergeschlechtlichung - geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bei der allgemeinen und beruflichen Bildung und/oder berufliche Segregation - bestimmter Berufsbereiche untersucht, um somit Lohndiskriminierungen festzumachen. Frauen, die in typischen Männerberufen tätig sind, verdienen fast genauso viel wie ihre männlichen Kollegen. Doch der minimale Verdienstunterschied kann nicht darüber hinwegtäuschen, dass hier unterschiedliche individuelle und somit diskriminierende Kriterien zu Grunde gelegt werden (gleiche Arbeit, ungleicher Lohn). In den übrigen Berufen führen die für Männer tendenziell besseren Arbeitsbedingungen zu Lohnunterschieden zwischen den Geschlechtern. In Berufen mit geschlechtsspezifisch geprägten Ausbildungsfeldern werden Frauen am besten bezahlt. In allen Berufssparten hängt die Lohndiskriminierung von Frauen letztlich nicht von Produktivitätsunterschieden wie (Aus)Bildung, Berufserfahrung, Betriebszugehörigkeit usw., sondern von der individuellen beruflichen Situation ab." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Daly, Anne, Akira Kawaguchi, Xin Meng & Karen A. Mumford (2006): The gender wage gap in four countries. (IZA discussion paper 1921), Bonn, 22 S.

Abstract

"In a series of studies written during the 1980s Bob Gregory and his co-authors compared the gender wage gap in Australia with that found in other countries. They found it was not the difference in human capital endowments that explained different gender wage gaps but rather the rewards for these endowments. They concluded that country-specific factors, especially the institutional environment, were important in explaining the gender wage gap. This study updates Gregory's work by comparing the gender wage gap across four countries, Australia, France, Japan and Britain. Our results concord with those of Gregory: institutions are still important in explaining the relative size of the gender wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Del Boca, Daniela, Silvia Pasqua & Chiara Pronzato (2006): The impact of institutions on motherhood and work. (ISER working paper 2006-55), Colchester, 22 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we aim to explore the impact of social policies and labour market characteristics on the woman's joint decisions of working and having children, using data from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP). We include in the analysis, beyond personal characteristics, variables related to the childcare system, parental leave arrangements, and labour market flexibility. Results show that a non negligible portion of the differences in participation and fertility rates across women from different European countries can be attributed to the characteristics of these institutions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dimova, Ralitza & François-Charles Wolff (2006): Do downward private transfers enhance maternal labor supply? Evidence from around Europe. (IZA discussion paper 2469), Bonn, 32 S.

Abstract

"With the use of a theoretical model of downward private transfers with endogenous labor supply and recursive econometric models based on 2317 mother-daughter pairs from the 2003 SHARE data on 10 European countries, we investigate the impact of private transfers on the career choices of transfer-receiving young mothers. For Europe as a whole, we find a strong positive impact of grandchild care on the labor force participation decision of the mother, but no clear impact of either grandchild care or monetary transfers on the mother's degree of labor market involvement. However, the link between family transfers and labor supply exhibits an interesting pattern across institutional settings. Finally, while both recipients and donors with better endowments are more likely to participate in a monetary transaction, time transfers are such that mothers with lower level of human capital tend to assist the professional development of their better endowed daughters." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Mandel, Hadas & Moshe Semyonov (2006): A welfare state paradox. State interventions and women's employment opportunities in 22 countries. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 111, H. 6, S. 1910-1949.

Abstract

"This study explores the role played by the welfare state in affecting women's labor force participation and occupational achievement. Using data from 22 industrialized countries, the authors examine the consequences of state interventions for both women's employment patterns and gender inequality in occupational attainment. The findings reveal a twofold effect: developed welfare states facilitate women's access into the labor force but not into powerful and desirable positions. Specifically, nations characterized by progressive and developed welfare policies and by a large public service sector tend to have high levels of female labor force participation, along with a high concentration of women in female-typed occupations and low female representation in managerial occupations. The findings provide insights into the social mechanisms underlying the relations between welfare states' benefits to working mothers and women's participation and achievements in the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Moulin, Stephane (2006): Modes of entrance by gender and wage differential in the French labour market. In: Labour, Jg. 20, H. 4, S. 581-599. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.2006.00354.x

Abstract

"This paper explores the gender wage differential after the exit from school in France. Using survey longitudinal data on young men and women leaving the French school system in 1998, we show that the residual entrance-level wage differential by gender may be explained by the expected gender differential of access to job opportunities. A hierarchical classification is used to estimate the probability to obtain easy access to non-subsidized jobs. After control for hours worked and hierarchical levels, and for the predicted values of this previous estimation, we find no significant impact of gender on entrance-level wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cazenave, Marie-Cecile (2005): Making work pay in Continental Europe. The example of the French tax credit. (TLM.NET working paper 2005-22), Amsterdam, 22 S.

Abstract

Im Jahre 2001 hat Frankreich ein neues System von negativer Einkommensteuer, das sog. 'Prime pour l'emploi' (PPE) eingeführt. PPE soll den Weg aus der Arbeitslosigkeit und der Inaktivität heraus in ein Arbeitsverhältnis unterstützen, indem es zur Erhöhung der Einkommen im Niedriglohnsektor beiträgt. Damit wurde erstmals in Frankreich ein Instrument, das sich an die Angebotsseite des Arbeitsmarktes und nicht an die Arbeitgeber richtet, angewendet. Die Implementierung dieses Systems ist im europäischen Kontext des von der OECD entwickelten Mottos 'Making work pay' zu sehen, das eine Strategie beschreibt, nach der es attraktiver ist zu arbeiten, als arbeitslos oder inaktiv zu sein. Derartige Strategien sind bisher in den angelsächsischen Ländern und in Europa vor allem in Großbritannien angewendet worden und der Beitrag untersucht, ob sich PPE auf dem französischen Arbeitsmarkt bewährt hat und ob die Strategie des 'Making work pay' noch ausgebaut werden sollte. Im Vergleich mit steuerlichen Maßnahmen, die charakteristisch für das angelsächsische System sind, wird gezeigt, dass PPE durchaus in den Bezugsrahmen Strategie des 'Making work pay' passt. Abschließend wird die Frage behandelt, ob angesichts der Erfahrungen, die andere kontinentale bzw. korporatistische europäische Länder mit ähnlichen politischen Instrumenten gemacht haben, die Strategie des 'Making work pay' für Frankreich das beste Instrument zur Lösung der sozialen Probleme und der Probleme auf dem Arbeitsmarkt darstellt. Insgesamt wird die arbeitsmarktpolitische Strategie für Frankreich unter anderem aufgrund der institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen als wenig erfolgreich eingeschätzt. (IAB)

Zitatform

Donni, Olivier (2005): Collective female labour supply. Theory and application. (IZA discussion paper 1506), Bonn, 38 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we deal with female labour supply in the collective framework. We study married couples and start from the empirical observation that the husband's labour supply is generally fixed at full-time. We then show that, in this case, structural elements of the decision process, such as individual preferences or the rule that determines the intra-household distribution of welfare, can be identified if household demand for at least one commodity, together with the wife's labour supply, is observed. These theoretical considerations are followed by an empirical application using French data." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Michaud, Pierre-Carl & Konstantinos Tatsiramos (2005): Employment dynamics of married women in Europe. (IZA discussion paper 1706), Bonn, 35 S.

Abstract

"We use eight waves from the European Community Household Panel (1994-2001) to analyze the intertemporal labor supply behavior of married women in six European countries (Netherlands, France, Spain, Italy, Germany and United Kingdom) using dynamic binary choice models with different initial condition solutions and non parametric distributions of unobserved heterogeneity. Results are used to relate cross-country differences in the employment rate to the estimated dynamic regimes. We find that cross-country differences in the employment rate and the persistence of employment transitions of married women are mostly due to composition effects related to education and unobserved characteristics rather than state-dependence effects or the dynamic effect of fertility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Plantenga, Janneke & Chantal Remery (2005): Reconciliation of work and private life. A comparative review of thirty European countries. Brüssel, 96 S.

Abstract

Der Bericht gibt einen Überblick über die verschiedenen politischen Ansätze zur Vereinbarkeit von Arbeit und Familie in 30 europäischen Ländern. Er informiert über die aktuelle Politik bezüglich Kinderbetreuung, Urlaubsregelungen, flexible Arbeitsarrangements und andere auf die Vereinbarkeit abzielende Ansätze, wie etwa die finanzielle Unterstützung berufstätiger Eltern. Nationale, öffentliche Strategien werden ebenso betrachtet wie Regelungen auf Branchen- oder Firmenebene. Neben den 25 EU-Mitgliedstaaten werden drei EWR-Länder (Island, Norwegen und Liechtenstein) sowie zwei Beitrittskandidaten (Bulgarien und Rumänien) in den internationalen Vergleich einbezogen. Es zeigt sich, dass es innerhalb Europas erhebliche Unterschiede zwischen Art und Umfang der politischen Maßnahmen zur Förderung der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie gibt. Jedes Land hat seine eigene, einzigartige Kombination aus Kinderbetreuung, Urlaubsregelungen, flexiblen Arbeitszeiten und finanzieller Förderung. Insbesondere bei der Kinderbetreuung für die jüngsten Kinder scheint es Engpässe zu geben, wobei dieser Bedarf jedoch hier und da durch Elternurlaub bzw. informelle Arrangements gedeckt wird. Elternurlaub wirkt sich jedoch nicht immer zugunsten der Geschlechtergleichstellung aus. Zur Förderung der gleichmäßigeren Inanspruchnahme der Urlaubsansprüche oder anderer flexible Arbeitszeitregelungen spielt die Gestaltung dieser Regelungen eine zenrale Rolle. Diesbezüglich wird es als wichtig betrachtet, eine Segmentierung der Arbeitsmärkte zu vermeiden, indem auch bei Teilzeitarbeitsverhältnissen oder flexibler Beschäftigung für volle soziale Absicherung, Training und Beförderung gesorgt wird. Es wird für ein stärkeres Engagement der Arbeitgeber in Sachen Geschlechtergleichstellung plädiert. Die optimale Aufteilung der Zuständigkeiten zwischen Staat, Arbeitnehmer und Arbeitgeber ist jedoch schwierig, da die tatsächlichen Kosten der zur Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie getroffenen Maßnahmen unter Umständen - durch Lohnkürzungen und/oder geringere Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten - auf die Arbeitnehmer abgewälzt werden können. Wahrscheinlich werden die negativen Auswirkungen auf die Arbeitnehmer minimal gehalten, wenn die Arbeitgeber nur eine geringe Rolle spielen und die meisten Kosten kollektiv getragen werden. (IAB)

Zitatform

Spiess, Katharina & A. Ulrike Schneider (2003): Interactions between care-giving and paid work hours among European midlife women, 1994 to 1996. In: Ageing and society, Jg. 23, H. 1, S. 41-68. DOI:10.1017/S0144686X02001010

Abstract

"This paper uses data from the European Community Household Panel surveys of 1994 and 1996 to study the association between changes in care-giving and changes in weekly work hours. Our sample comprises women aged 45 - 59 years who participated in the labour force in at least one of the two years studied. Controlling for country variation, we find significant relationships between starting or increasing informal care-giving and changes in weekly work hours. No such association is found however among women terminating a care-giving commitment or reducing their care hours. Starting care-giving significantly reduces work hours for women in northern European countries (except Ireland). By contrast, women in southern Europe and Ireland respond to an increase in care-giving hours by a smaller increase or a higher decrease in work hours than non care-givers. In summary, our results show that the impact of care-giving on adjustments of weekly work hours is asymmetrical and that it differs in southern and northern Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gustafsson, Siv S. & Daniele E. Meulders (Hrsg.) (2000): Gender and the labour market. Econometric evidence of obstacles to achieving gender equality. (Applied econometrics association), Basingstoke: Macmillan, 336 S.

Abstract

"The purpose of Gender and the Labour Market is to analyze the remaining obstacles in achieving gender equality. The first chapters present different aspects of the gender earnings gap. Different counteries are studied and special emphasis is made on particular sectors and occupations. The next chapters deal with the postponement of first birth by educated women, the non-cooperative behavior in time use, gender differences in job and working mobility, transitions between employment status, discriminations contained in tax systems and poverty rates of single parent households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))