Niedriglohnarbeitsmarkt
Der Ausbau des Niedriglohnsektors sollte Ende der 1990er Jahre die hohe Arbeitslosigkeit reduzieren. Als Niedriglohn gilt ein Arbeitsentgelt, das trotz Vollzeitbeschäftigung keine angemessene Existenzsicherung gewährleistet – die OECD definiert den ihn als einen Bruttolohn, der unterhalb von zwei Dritteln des nationalen Medianbruttolohns aller Vollzeitbeschäftigten liegt. Betroffen von Niedriglöhnen sind überdurchschnittlich häufig Personen ohne beruflichen Abschluss, jüngere Erwerbstätige und Frauen.
Bietet der Niedriglohnsektor eine Chance zum Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt oder ist er eine Sackgasse? Das IAB-Themendossier erschließt Informationen zum Forschungsstand.
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- Theorie
- Politik und Maßnahmen
- Arbeitsmarkt- und Lohnentwicklung
- Arbeitswelt, Personalpolitik
- Personengruppen
- Wirtschaftszweige
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
- Alter
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum wages in January 2009 (2009)
Czech, Beate;Zitatform
Czech, Beate (2009): Minimum wages in January 2009. (Statistics in focus 2009/29), Luxemburg, 8 S.
Abstract
"In 20 (Belgien, Bulgarien, Spanien, Estland, Griechenland, Frankreich, Ungarn, Irland, Lettland, Litauen, Luxemburg, Malta, den Niederlanden, Polen, Portugal, Rumänien, der Slowakei, Slowenien, der Tschechischen Republik und dem Vereinigten Königreich) der 27 EU-Mitgliedsstaaten, sowie im Kandidatenland Türkei und in den Vereinigten Staaten existieren gesetzliche Mindestlöhne. Bezogen auf die absolute Höhe des nationalen Mindestlohns verzeichnete man beträchtliche Unterschiede zwischen den Mitgliedstaaten: Die Spanne reicht von monatlich 123 Euro in Bulgarien bis hin zu monatlich 1 642 Euro in Luxemburg, was einem Verhältnis (in Euro) von eins zu dreizehn entspricht. Nachdem die Auswirkungen von Preisniveauunterschieden durch die Anwendung von Kaufkraftparitäten (KKP) für die Konsumausgaben der privaten Haushalte herausgerechnet wurden, verringern sich die Unterschiede deutlich auf ein Verhältnis von eins zu sechs (in KKP) mit Werten von 240 für Bulgarien und 1 413 für Luxemburg." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Stepping stone or dead end? The effect of the EITC on earnings growth (2009)
Dahl, Molly; Schwabish, Jonathan; DeLeire, Thomas;Zitatform
Dahl, Molly, Thomas DeLeire & Jonathan Schwabish (2009): Stepping stone or dead end? The effect of the EITC on earnings growth. (IZA discussion paper 4146), Bonn, 33 S.
Abstract
"While many studies have found that the EITC increases the employment rates of single mothers, no study to date has examined whether the jobs taken by single mothers as a result of the EITC incentives are 'dead-end' jobs or jobs that have the potential for earnings growth. Using a panel of administrative earnings data linked to nationally representative survey data, we find no evidence that the EITC expansions between 1994 and 1996 induced single mothers to take 'dead-end' jobs. If anything, the increase in earnings growth during the mid-to-late 1990s for single mothers who were particularly affected by the EITC expansion was higher than it was for other similar women. The EITC encourages work among single mothers, and that work continues to pay off through future increases in earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Stepping off the wage escalator: the effects of wage growth on equilibrium employment (2009)
Zitatform
Elsby, Michael W. L. & Matthew D. Shapiro (2009): Stepping off the wage escalator. The effects of wage growth on equilibrium employment. (NBER working paper 15117), Cambridge, Mass., 58 S. DOI:10.3386/w15117
Abstract
"This paper emphasizes the role of wage growth in shaping work incentives. It provides an analytical framework for labor supply in the presence of a return to labor market experience and aggregate productivity growth. A key finding of the theory is that there is an interaction between these two forms of wage growth that explains why aggregate productivity growth can affect employment rates in steady state. The model thus speaks to an enduring puzzle in macroeconomics by uncovering a channel from the declines in trend aggregate wage growth that accompanied the productivity slowdown of the 1970s to persistent declines in employment. The paper also shows that the return to experience for high school dropouts has fallen substantially since the 1970s, which further contributes to the secular decline in employment rates. Taken together, the mechanisms identified in the paper can account for all of the increase in nonemployment among white male high school dropouts from 1968 to 2006. For all white males, it accounts for approximately one half of the increase in the aggregate nonemployment rate over the same period." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
High-touch and here-to-stay: Future skills demands in US low wage service occupations (2009)
Gatta, Mary; Boushey, Heather; Appelbaum, Eileen;Zitatform
Gatta, Mary, Heather Boushey & Eileen Appelbaum (2009): High-touch and here-to-stay: Future skills demands in US low wage service occupations. In: Sociology, Jg. 43, H. 5, S. 968-989. DOI:10.1177/0038038509340735
Abstract
"Interactive service occupations, requiring face-to-face contact, are rapidly growing in the US as they are typically not susceptible to larger trends of off-shoring and computerization. Yet conventional paradigms of understanding the nature of that work, and in particular the skill demands, are often ill equipped to deal with the 'interactive' aspects of these gendered and racialized occupations. As a result, discussions of lower-end service occupations have typically grouped together a variety of jobs that require little or no higher education, without examining the actual skill content and job requirements of these occupations. In this article we delve more deeply into the rapidly growing non-professional service occupations in the US and the level of skills these jobs require, with the intention of creating a framework that will reorient future sociological research in this area." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Emerging contexts of second-generation labour markets in the United States (2009)
Goodwin-White, Jamie;Zitatform
Goodwin-White, Jamie (2009): Emerging contexts of second-generation labour markets in the United States. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 35, H. 7, S. 1105-1128. DOI:10.1080/13691830903006135
Abstract
"In this paper I examine how local labour market contexts matter for the Hispanic adult children of immigrants in the United States. Specifically, I consider how these workers fit into ethnic divisions of labour in five metropolitan areas: the traditional immigrant cities of Los Angeles, New York and Chicago, and the newer immigrant gateways of Atlanta and Phoenix. I focus on the changing economies of these cities in the 1990s, and how industrial changes affect the jobs and relative wages available to immigrants and their adult children. I also examine the extent to which the adult children of immigrants are occupationally clustered in 'immigrant jobs'. Intergenerational occupational shifts vary by metropolitan area, but are heavily gendered across all of them. I also discuss the interactions of other scales of context, since state and national-level legislation, local organising efforts and internal migration all shape the settings within which the children of immigrants come of age." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Lessons from the policy world: How the economy, work supports, and education matter for low-income workers (2009)
Zitatform
Lambert, Susan J. (2009): Lessons from the policy world: How the economy, work supports, and education matter for low-income workers. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 56-65. DOI:10.1177/0730888408329637
Abstract
"Work and employment scholars interested in jobs and workers at the lower end of the labor market have much to learn from a recent set of volumes authored by policy scholars. These volumes focus on how shifts in the macroeconomy, work supports, and postsecondary education affect the well-being of workers both on and off the job. This essay identifies some of the more subtle contributions of these volumes to knowledge on the nature of employment. It explains how many of the analyses could benefit, however, from additional consideration of the jobs low-earners perform. The essay concludes by offering specific suggestions for incorporating additional measures of job conditions into policy-relevant research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does self-employment increase the economic well-being of low-skilled workers? (2009)
Lofstrom, Magnus;Zitatform
Lofstrom, Magnus (2009): Does self-employment increase the economic well-being of low-skilled workers? (IZA discussion paper 4539), Bonn, 46 S.
Abstract
"Low-skilled workers do not fare well in today's skill intensive economy and their opportunities continue to diminish. Given that individuals in this challenging skill segment of the workforce are more likely to have poor experiences in the labor market, and hence incur greater public expenses, it is particularly important to seek and evaluate their labor market options. Utilizing data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the economic returns to business ownership among low-skilled workers and addresses the essential question of whether self-employment is a good option for low-skilled individuals that policymakers might consider encouraging. The analysis reveal substantial differences in the role of self-employment among low-skilled workers across gender and nativity - women and immigrants are shown to be of particular importance both from the perspectives of trends and policy relevance. We find that although the returns to low-skilled self-employment among men are relatively high we find that wage/salary employment is a substantially more financially rewarding option for most women. These findings raise the question of why low-skilled women enter self-employment. Our business start-up results are consistent, but not conclusive, with lack of affordable child care options and limited labor market opportunities in the wage/salary sector as motivating native born women to enter self-employment. We do not find empirical evidence of similar constraints among immigrant women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
RSA - peut-on apprendre des expériences étrangères?: un bilan des travaux sur l'EITC e le WFTC (2009)
Mikol, Fanny; Remy, Veronique;Zitatform
Mikol, Fanny & Veronique Remy (2009): RSA - peut-on apprendre des expériences étrangères? Un bilan des travaux sur l'EITC e le WFTC. In: Travail et emploi H. 120, S. 63-75.
Abstract
"Earned income tax credit have been implemented in the United States and the United Kingdom since decades with two main objectives: income redistribution and giving incentives to get back to work. The Earned Income Tax Credit in the US and the Working Family Tax Credit in the UK have been largely studied: they both had effects on recipients' labour market participation differing according to their family situation. Although these credits aim at increasing household income, they may exert downward pressure on wages of both entitled and not entitled workers. These studies' results can be useful to anticipate the consequences of the 'tax credit' part of the RSA on labour market participation and on wages. Received by low-income workers, this new tax credit is closer to American and British ones than Employment Allowance ('prime pour l'emploi ')." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Discrimination in a low-wage labor market: a field experiment (2009)
Zitatform
Pager, Devah, Bruce Western & Bart Bonikowski (2009): Discrimination in a low-wage labor market. A field experiment. (IZA discussion paper 4469), Bonn, 49 S.
Abstract
"Decades of racial progress have led some researchers and policymakers to doubt that discrimination remains an important cause of economic inequality. To study contemporary discrimination we conducted a field experiment in the low-wage labor market of New York City. The experiment recruited white, black, and Latino job applicants, called testers, who were matched on demographic characteristics and interpersonal skills. The testers were given equivalent resumes and sent to apply in tandem for hundreds of entry-level jobs. Our results show that black applicants were half as likely to receive a call-back or job offer relative to equally qualified whites. In fact, black and Latino applicants with clean backgrounds fared no better than a white applicant just released from prison. Additional qualitative evidence from our testers' experiences further illustrates the multiple points at which employment trajectories can be deflected by various forms of racial bias. Together these results point to the subtle but systematic forms of discrimination that continue to shape employment opportunities for low-wage workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Discrimination in a low-wage labor market: a field experiment (2009)
Zitatform
Pager, Devah, Bruce Western & Bart Bonikowski (2009): Discrimination in a low-wage labor market. A field experiment. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 74, H. 5, S. 777-799.
Abstract
"Decades of racial progress have led some researchers and policymakers to doubt that discrimination remains an important cause of economic inequality. To study contemporary discrimination, we conducted a field experiment in the low-wage labor market of New York City, recruiting white, black, and Latino job applicants who were matched on demographic characteristics and interpersonal skills. These applicants were given equivalent résumés and sent to apply in tandem for hundreds of entry-level jobs. Our results show that black applicants were half as likely as equally qualified whites to receive a callback or job offer. In fact, black and Latino applicants with clean backgrounds fared no better than white applicants just released from prison. Additional qualitative evidence from our applicants' experiences further illustrates the multiple points at which employment trajectories can be deflected by various forms of racial bias. These results point to the subtle yet systematic forms of discrimination that continue to shape employment opportunities for low-wage workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effects of minimum wage increases on retail employment and hours: new evidence from monthly CPS data (2009)
Zitatform
Sabia, Joseph J. (2009): The effects of minimum wage increases on retail employment and hours. New evidence from monthly CPS data. In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 30, H. 1, S. 75-97. DOI:10.1007/s12122-008-9054-1
Abstract
"Proponents of state and federal minimum wage increases argue that past minimum wage hikes have not adversely affected retail employment. However, the existing empirical evidence is mixed. This study uses monthly data from the 1979-2004 Current Population Survey to provide new estimates of the effect of minimum wage increases on retail employment and hours worked. The findings suggest evidence of modest adverse effects. A 10% increase in the minimum wage is associated with a 1% decline in retail trade employment and usual weekly hours worked. Larger negative employment and hours effects are observed for the least experienced workers in the retail sector. These results are robust across a number of specifications, but are sensitive to controls for state time trends." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Identifying minimum wage effects: new evidence from monthly CPS data (2009)
Zitatform
Sabia, Joseph J. (2009): Identifying minimum wage effects. New evidence from monthly CPS data. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 48, H. 2, S. 311-328. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-232X.2009.00559.x
Abstract
"The appropriateness of including year effects in employment models has been a contentious issue in the minimum wage literature. Using monthly data from the 1979-2004 Current Population Surveys, I find consistent evidence of adverse labor demand effects for teenagers across specifications preferred by those on each side of this debate. Estimated employment elasticities range from -0.2 to -0.3 and unconditional hours elasticities from -0.4 to -0.5." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Using local labor market data to re-examine the employment effects of the minimum wage (2009)
Thompson, Jeffrey P.;Zitatform
Thompson, Jeffrey P. (2009): Using local labor market data to re-examine the employment effects of the minimum wage. In: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Jg. 62, H. 3, S. 343-366.
Abstract
"Using quarterly Census data for 1996-2000, the author evaluates how minimum wages affected teenage employment at the county level. An analysis that includes all counties yields small and statistically insignificant effects, consistent with previous research using state panels. However, in counties where the minimum wage was likely binding (above the market-clearing wage for teens), the negative impact on employment was considerably larger. The effect was strongest in small counties, was restricted to 'transitory' jobs and new hires, and apparently was not experienced by young adults ages 19-22. The small employment effects found in much of the literature, the author argues, at least partly reflect the estimates' inclusion of local labor markets where the minimum wage is not binding. By averaging the effects across all areas, with no disaggregation based on where the minimum wage is binding and where it is not, these studies overlook important regional variation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Rethinking the regulation of vulnerable work in the USA: a sector-based approach (2009)
Zitatform
Weil, David (2009): Rethinking the regulation of vulnerable work in the USA. A sector-based approach. In: Journal of Industrial Relations, Jg. 51, H. 3, S. 411-430. DOI:10.1177/0022185609104842
Abstract
"This article discusses one of the major challenges of US workplace policy: protecting roughly 35m workers who are vulnerable to a variety of major risks in the workplace. After laying out the dimensions of this problem, I show that the vulnerable workforce is concentrated in a subset of sectors with distinctive industry characteristics. Examining how employer organizations relate to one another in these sectors provides insight into some of the causes as well as possible solutions for redressing workforce vulnerability in the US as well as other countries facing similar problems." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effect of minimum wages on wages and employment: county-level estimates for the United States (2008)
Zitatform
Addison, John T., McKinley L. Blackburn & Chad D. Cotti (2008): The effect of minimum wages on wages and employment. County-level estimates for the United States. (IZA discussion paper 3300), Bonn, 50 S.
Abstract
"We use county-level data on employment and earnings in the restaurant-and-bar sector to evaluate the impact of minimum wage changes on low-wage labor markets. Our empirical approach is similar to the literature that has used state-level panel data to estimate minimum-wage impacts, with the difference that we focus on a particular sector rather than demographic group. Our estimated models are consistent with a simple competitive model of the restaurant-and-bar labor market in which supply-and-demand factors affect both the equilibrium outcome and the probability that a minimum wage will be binding in any given time period. Our evidence does not suggest that minimum wages reduce employment in the overall restaurant-and-bar sector, after controls for trends in sector employment at the county level are incorporated in the model. Employment in this sector appears to exhibit a downward long-term trend in states that have increased their minimum wages relative to states that have not, thereby predisposing fixed-effects estimates towards finding negative employment effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Can policy interact with culture? Minimum wage and the quality of labor relations (2008)
Zitatform
Aghion, Philippe, Yann Algan & Pierre Cahuc (2008): Can policy interact with culture? Minimum wage and the quality of labor relations. (IZA discussion paper 3680), Bonn, 69 S.
Abstract
"Can public policy interfere with culture, such as beliefs and norms of cooperation? We investigate his question by evaluating the interactions between the State and the Civil Society, focusing on the labor market. International data shows a negative correlation between union density and the quality of labor relations on one hand, and state regulation of the minimum wage on the other hand. To explain this relation, we develop a model of learning of the quality of labor relations. State regulation crowds out the possibility for workers to experiment negotiation and learn about the true cooperative nature of participants in the labor market. This crowding out effect can give rise to multiple equilibria: a 'good' equilibrium characterized by strong beliefs in cooperation, leading to high union density and low state regulation; and a 'bad' equilibrium, characterized by distrustful labor relations, low union density and strong state regulation of the minimum wage. We then use surveys on social attitudes and unionization behavior to document the relation between minimum wage legislation and the beliefs about the scope of cooperation in the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: NBER working paper , 14327 -
Literaturhinweis
Trends in U.S. wage inequality: revising the revisionists (2008)
Zitatform
Autor, David, Lawrence F. Katz & Melissa S. Kearney (2008): Trends in U.S. wage inequality. Revising the revisionists. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 90, H. 2, S. 300-323. DOI:10.1162/rest.90.2.290
Abstract
"A recent 'revisionist' literature characterizes the pronounced rise in U.S. wage inequality since 1980 as an 'episodic' event of the first half of the 1980s driven by nonmarket factors (particularly a falling real minimum wage) and concludes that continued increases in wage inequality since the late 1980s substantially reflect the mechanical confounding effects of changes in labor force composition. Analyzing data from the Current Population Survey for 1963 to 2005, we find limited support for these claims. The slowing of the growth of overall wage inequality in the 1990s hides a divergence in the paths of upper-tail (90/50) inequality - which has increased steadily since 1980, even adjusting for changes in labor force composition - and lower-tail (50/10) inequality, which rose sharply in the first half of the 1980s and plateaued or contracted thereafter. Fluctuations in the real minimum wage are not a plausible explanation for these trends since the bulk of inequality growth occurs above the median of the wage distribution. Models emphasizing rapid secular growth in the relative demand for skills - attributable to skill-biased technical change - and a sharp deceleration in the relative supply of college workers in the 1980s do an excellent job of capturing the evolution of the college/high school wage premium over four decades. But these models also imply a puzzling deceleration in relative demand growth for college workers in the early 1990s, also visible in a recent 'polarization' of skill demands in which employment has expanded in high-wage and low-wage work at the expense of middle-wage jobs. These patterns are potentially reconciled by a modified version of the skill-biased technical change hypothesis that emphasizes the role of information technology in complementing abstract (high-education) tasks and substituting for routine (middle-education) tasks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The nature of occupational unemployment rates in the United States: hysteresis or structural? (2008)
Zitatform
Candelon, Bertrand, Arnaud Dupuy & Luis A. Gil-Alana (2008): The nature of occupational unemployment rates in the United States. Hysteresis or structural? (IZA discussion paper 3571), Bonn, 26 S.
Abstract
"This paper provides new evidence on the nature of occupational differences in unemployment dynamics, which is relevant for the debate between the structural or hysteresis hypotheses. We develop a procedure that permits us to test for the presence of a structural break at unknown date. Our approach allows the investigation of a broader range of persistence than the 0/1 paradigm about the order of integration, usually implemented for testing the hypothesis of hysteresis in occupational unemployment. In almost all occupations, we find support for both the structuralist and the hysteresis hypotheses, but stress the importance of estimating the degree of persistence of seasonal shocks along with the degree of long-run persistence on raw data without applying seasonal filters. Indeed hysteresis appears to be underestimated when data are initially adjusted using traditional seasonal filters." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A comparative review of workfare programmes in the United States, Canada and Australia (2008)
Zitatform
Crisp, Richard & Del Roy Fletcher (2008): A comparative review of workfare programmes in the United States, Canada and Australia. (Department of Work and Pensions. Research report 533), London, 24 S.
Abstract
"Hallam University were commissioned to undertake a literature review of international evidence of workfare programmes. Three countries were chosen as offering interesting and relevant examples of workfare type programmes: the US, Canada and Australia. It was clear from the outset that it would not be possible to import wholesale programmes from other countries into the UK, but that there would be key lessons. The report refers to key features that help participants on workfare programmes into employment. Insisting on some job search for participants during the programme is vital to ensure that they do not become dependent on this form of employment and actually move into the open labour market. The second key feature is treating participants' barriers to work and not just their lack of work experience. Additional support for those with drink and drug problems and basic employability skills helps improve participants' chances of finding work. The report points to evidence that full-time activity in such programmes leads to improved job outcomes: between a half and two-thirds of leavers found unsubsidised work at some point in the three years after leaving the Wisconsin programme. Australia's 'Work for the Dole' had a 7 per cent net increase in participants going into jobs compared to nonparticipants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Older and out of work: jobs and social insurance for a changing economy (2008)
Eberts, Randall W. ; Reville, Robert T.; Hobbie, Richard A.; Ridley, Neil; Davis, Karen; Rodgers III., William M.; Horn, Carl van; Schoen, Cathey; Kriss, Jennifer L.; Schoeni, Robert F. ; O'Leary, Christopher J. ; Smith, Ralph E.; Doty, Michelle M.; Water, Paul N. van de; Lahey, Joanna N.; White, Joseph; Krepcio, Kathy; Collins, Sara R.;Zitatform
Eberts, Randall W. & Richard A. Hobbie (Hrsg.) (2008): Older and out of work. Jobs and social insurance for a changing economy. Kalamazoo: Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 237 S.
Abstract
"The chapters in this volume, originally presented at a conference organized by the National Academy of Social Insurance, come from a group of policy experts who advance our understanding of the labor market experiences of older workers while pointing out that current workforce programs often leave this growing population underserved." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Umsetzung des Workfare-Ansatzes im BMWi-Modell für eine existenzsichernde Beschäftigung: Projekt 53/07 des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Technologie. Abschlussbericht (2008)
Eichhorst, Werner; Schneider, Hilmar;Zitatform
Eichhorst, Werner & Hilmar Schneider (2008): Umsetzung des Workfare-Ansatzes im BMWi-Modell für eine existenzsichernde Beschäftigung. Projekt 53/07 des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Technologie. Abschlussbericht. (IZA research report 18), Bonn, 94 S.
Abstract
Workfare bedeutet die Umsetzung des Prinzips von Leistung und Gegenleistung im Falle des Transferbezugs in der sozialen Grundsicherung. In dem Bericht wird die praktische Umsetzung von Workfare als Element des BMWi-Modells für eine existenzsichernde Beschäftigung untersucht. US-amerikanische, britische und niederländische Workfare-Modelle werden vorgestellt, sowie das Projekt Bürgerarbeit in Sachsen-Anhalt und Thüringen. Aus diesen Beispielen werden grundsätzliche Aspekt der Gestaltung von Workfare abgeleitet. Der Bericht zeigt insbesondere auf, welche Tätigkeitsfelder und Organisationsstrukturen geeignet sind, um eine möglichst hohe Wirksamkeit und Kosteneffizienz von Workfare zu erreichen. In Bezug auf mögliche Tätigkeitsfelder werden die Vor- und Nachteile marktferner abschreckender Tätigkeiten und marktnaher qualifizierende Tätigkeiten abgewogen. Da Workfare als Gegenleistung für den Transferbezug zu verstehen ist, wird eine Entlohnung auf dem Niveau der Grundsicherung zuzüglich einer Mehraufwandspauschale empfohlen. Für die Träger von Workfare-Projekten wird eine erfolgsabhängige Vergütung vorgeschlagen sowie eine Budgetierung, die Wettbewerbsverzerrungen vermeidet. Mögliche Verdrängungseffekte von Workfare lassen sich minimieren, indem die Aufnahmefähigkeit des regulären Arbeitsmarktes vergrößert wird, sowie durch sorgfältige Teilnehmerauswahl und Definition der Tätigkeitsfelder. Die Studie zeigt, dass eine wirksame Umsetzung von Workfare als Teil einer umfassenden Vermittlungs- und Aktivierungsstrategie von der Funktionsfähigkeit des regulären Arbeitsmarktes abhängt. Die einzelnen Fallstudien belegen darüber hinaus die Notwendigkeit einer sorgfältigen Zielgruppenorientierung. Bei der Umsetzung von Workfare bietet sich eine abgestufte Einführung nach Zielgruppen oder Regionen an. Für die politische Vermittlung und Akzeptanz von Workfare ist es wichtig, auf die positiven Aspekte des Programms hinzuweisen. Grundsätzlich belegen die vorliegenden Erfahrungen und Simulationsrechnungen positive Effekte von Workfare auf öffentliche Haushalte und Gesamtwirtschaft, da diese Strategie zu einer Entlastung der öffentlichen Haushalte durch Abgänge aus dem Transferbezug führt. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Redistribution and tax expenditures: The Earned Income Tax Credit (2008)
Eissa, Nada; Hoynes, Hilary;Zitatform
Eissa, Nada & Hilary Hoynes (2008): Redistribution and tax expenditures: The Earned Income Tax Credit. (NBER working paper 14307), Cambridge, Mass., 52 S. DOI:10.3386/w14307
Abstract
"This paper examines the distributional and behavioral effects of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). We chart the growth of the program over time, and argue several expansions show that real responses to taxes are important. We use tax data to show the distribution of benefits by income and family size, and examine the impacts of hypothetical reforms (expansions and contractions) to the credit. Finally, we calculate the efficiency effects of marginal changes to EITC parameters. Targeting the EITC to lower-income families by raising the phase-out rate generates a welfare loss for single mothers, primarily because of the disincentive to enter the labor market and not the traditional hours-of-work distortion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Workfare in den USA: das Elend der US-amerikanischen Sozialhilfepolitik (2008)
Grell, Britta;Zitatform
Grell, Britta (2008): Workfare in den USA. Das Elend der US-amerikanischen Sozialhilfepolitik. (Sozialtheorie), Bielefeld: Transcript, 470 S.
Abstract
"Das 'Sozialhilfeproblem' scheint in den USA - anders als in Europa - gelöst, worauf anhaltend hohe Beschäftigungsquoten verweisen. Die Studie stellt diesen Konsens in Frage. Sie untersucht die bislang nur unzureichend verstandenen Hintergründe und Konsequenzen der US-Sozialhilfereform von 1996, die einen radikalen Arbeitszwang für alle Bedürftigen einführte. Es wird erklärt, warum sich mit dieser 'Workfare-Politik' die Armut noch verschärft hat. Zudem wird gezeigt, wie Gewerkschaften und soziale Bewegungen auf diese Politik reagiert haben und vor welchen sozialpolitischen Herausforderungen Städte wie New York und Los Angeles zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts stehen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Does human capital raise earnings for immigrants in the low-skill labor market? (2008)
Zitatform
Hall, Matthew & George Farkas (2008): Does human capital raise earnings for immigrants in the low-skill labor market? In: Demography, Jg. 45, H. 3, S. 619-639. DOI:10.1353/dem.0.0018
Abstract
"We use monthly Survey of Income and Program Participation data from 1996-1999 and 2001-2003 to estimate the determinants of differentiation in intercepts and slopes for age/earnings profiles of low-skill immigrant and native male workers. Our findings provide further depth of understanding to the 'mixed' picture of earnings determination in the low-skill labor market that has been reported by others. On the positive side, many immigrants are employed in similar occupations and industries as natives. Both groups show substantial wage gains over time and generally receive similar returns to years of schooling completed. Immigrants also receive substantial returns to acculturation, measured as age at arrival and English language skill. These results cast doubt on the strong version of segmented labor market theory, in which low-skill immigrants are permanently consigned to dead-end jobs with no wage appreciation. On the negative side, immigrants earn approximately 24% less than natives and are less likely to occupy supervisory and managerial jobs. Latino immigrants receive lower returns to education than do white immigrants. Furthermore, age at arrival and language ability do not explain the lower returns to education experienced by Latino immigrants. These results suggest that Latino immigrants in particular may suffer from barriers to mobility and/or wage discrimination. Whether these negative labor market experiences occur primarily for illegal immigrants remains unknown." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Living wage laws: how much do (can) they matter? (2008)
Zitatform
Holzer, Harry J. (2008): Living wage laws: how much do (can) they matter? (IZA discussion paper 3781), Bonn, 40 S.
Abstract
"In this paper I review what we have learned about living wage laws and their impacts on the wages, employment and poverty rates of low-wage workers. I review the characteristics of these laws and where they have been implemented to date, and what economic theory tells us about their likely effects in more and less competitive labor markets. I then review two bodies of empirical evidence: 1) Studies across cities or metropolitan areas that have and have not implemented these laws, using data from the Current Population Survey pooled over many years; and 2) Studies within particular cities, based on comparisons of covered and uncovered workers before and after the laws are passed. I conclude that living wage laws have modestly raised wage levels of low wage workers and have reduced their employment at covered firms, but that the magnitudes of both effects are likely quite small, given how few workers are usually covered by these ordinances." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Workforce development as an antipoverty strategy: what do we know? What should we do? (2008)
Zitatform
Holzer, Harry J. (2008): Workforce development as an antipoverty strategy. What do we know? What should we do? (IZA discussion paper 3776), Bonn, 42 S.
Abstract
"In this paper I note the basic paradox of workforce development policy: that, in an era in which skills are more important than ever as determinants of labor market earnings, we spend fewer and fewer public (federal) dollars on workforce development over time. I present trends in funding and how the major federal programs at the Department of Labor and other agencies have evolved over time, noting the dramatic declines in funding (with the exception of Pell grants). I then review what we know about the cost-effectiveness of programs for adults and youth from the evaluation literature. I consider some other possible reasons for funding declines, such as the notion that other approaches (like supplementing the low earnings of workers with tax credits or early childhood programs) are more effective and address more serious problems. I review some newer developments in workforce policy, mostly at the state and local levels, and then conclude with some policy recommendations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Effects of minimum wages on youth employment: the importance of accounting for spatial correlation (2008)
Zitatform
Kalenkoski, Charlene M. & Donald J. Lacombe (2008): Effects of minimum wages on youth employment. The importance of accounting for spatial correlation. In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 29, H. 4, S. 303-317. DOI:10.1007/s12122-007-9038-6
Abstract
"The relationship between minimum wage increases and youth employment is investigated using county-level data and spatial econometric techniques. Results that account for spatial correlation indicate that a 10% increase in the effective minimum wage is associated with a 3.2% decrease in youth employment, a result that is 28% higher than the corresponding estimate that does not control for spatial correlation. Thus, estimates that do not take into account spatial correlation may significantly underestimate the negative effect of the minimum wage on teenage employment. Improperly controlling for factors that vary systematically over space can lead to incorrect inferences and misinform policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Hilfereformen und Aktivierungsstrategien im internationalen Vergleich (2008)
Zitatform
Konle-Seidl, Regina (2008): Hilfereformen und Aktivierungsstrategien im internationalen Vergleich. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 07/2008), Nürnberg, 114 S.
Abstract
"Seit Ende der 1990er Jahre steht die Weiterentwicklung von Fürsorgesystemen als letztem Netz nationaler Sicherungssysteme zu einer 'aktivierenden' Grundsicherung auf der Reformagenda in vielen Ländern. Die gemeinsame Zielsetzung von Hilfereformen ist es, die soziale Treffsicherheit von Transfers durch die nachhaltige Verringerung der Armut mittels Reintegration ins Erwerbsleben zu erhöhen. Dies bedeutet, dass Grundsicherungssysteme sowohl armutsfest als auch beschäftigungsfreundlich ausgestaltet werden müssen.
Mit Hartz IV wurde in Deutschland - im Vergleich zu andern Ländern - relativ spät aber umfassend reformiert. Im internationalen Vergleich ist die SGB II-Reform insofern singulär, als dass mit der Einführung der 'Grundsicherung für Arbeitssuchende' nicht nur der von bedürftigkeitsgeprüften Transferleistungen betroffene Personenkreis erheblich ausgeweitet wurde, sondern auch ein 'Systemwechsel' in Richtung angelsächsisches Sozialmodell verbunden ist. Stärker als in andern Ländern ist mit der Schaffung eines einheitlichen Systems bedürftigkeitsgeprüfter und steuerfinanzierter Grundsicherungsleistungen auch die Erwartung verbunden, einen nachhaltigen Abbau von (Langzeit-)Arbeitslosigkeit zu erreichen.
Gemeinsamkeiten mit Reformen in anderen Ländern können aber sowohl hinsichtlich der Umsetzung von Aktivierungsstrategien (Fördern und Fordern) als auch in Bezug auf eine Neuordnung der Organisationsstrukturen in 'Last-resort'-Systemen beobachtet werden. In allen Vergleichsländern ist eine stärkere Verknüpfung von Fürsorgeleistungen mit dem Beschäftigungssystem auch mit einer Neuordnung von finanziellen und organisatorischen Zuständigkeiten und Veränderungen in den Betreuungsstrukturen verbunden.
Wie im SGB II wurden auch in den USA, Großbritannien, den Niederlanden, Dänemark und Schweden die Gewährung von Hilfeleistungen stärker an die Aufnahme einer Erwerbsarbeit geknüpft. Zu diesem Zweck wurden finanzielle Arbeitsanreize und aktive Eingliederungshilfen ausgebaut, Zumutbarkeits- und Sanktionskriterien verschärft und verpflichtende Maßnahmen für Hilfebezieher eingeführt.
Durch den Ländervergleich soll geklärt werden,
- wie Hilfesysteme ausgestaltet werden müssen, damit sie gleichzeitig armutsfest und beschäftigungsfreundlich sind,
- welche Aktivierungsstrategien ('Fördern und Fordern', Workfare, Work First) dazu beitragen, die Integration von erwerbsfähigen Hilfebedürftigen in den Arbeitsmarkt zu befördern?" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku) -
Literaturhinweis
Erwerbslosigkeit, Aktivierung und soziale Ausgrenzung: Deutschland im internationalen Vergleich (2008)
Zitatform
Konle-Seidl, Regina & Werner Eichhorst (2008): Erwerbslosigkeit, Aktivierung und soziale Ausgrenzung. Deutschland im internationalen Vergleich. (WISO Diskurs), Bonn, 76 S.
Abstract
"Vier Fragen stehen im Mittelpunkt dieser Analyse:
1) Ist das Risiko sozialer Ausgrenzung in Deutschland gewachsen, und wie stellt es sich im Vergleich mit anderen Ländern dar?
2) Wird soziale Inklusion über eine kompensatorische oder eher über eine arbeitsmarktorientierte und beschäftigungsfördernde Sozialpolitik befördert?
3) Können politische Maßnahmen, insbesondere die 'aktivierende' Ausgestaltung von sozialen Sicherungssystemen und das 'Fördern und Fordern' von Erwerbslosen soziale Ausgrenzung vermindern?
4) Gibt es hierzu vorbildliche Praktiken in anderen Ländern?
Einerseits soll geklärt werden, ob die in der Wissenschaft und in der beschäftigungspolitischen Diskussion etablierten Einschätzungen von beschäftigungspolitisch erfolgreichen Ländern zutreffend sind. Treffen sie auch noch zu, wenn es nicht allein um den Abbau von Arbeitslosigkeit, sondern um die Integration von Langzeiterwerbslosen und Inaktiven geht? Oder werden hier bei relativ ähnlichem Niveau der Ausgrenzung aus dem Erwerbsleben lediglich unterschiedliche Verteilungen auf die Transfersysteme erreicht? Welche Rolle kommt dabei der konkreten Ausgestaltung sozialer Sicherungssysteme zu? Annahmen über die Stärken und Schwächen der einzelnen Länder bzw. Wohlfahrtsstaatstypen werden in Bezug auf Inklusion einer empirischen Bewertung unterzogen.
Andererseits soll untersucht werden, ob es Erfolg versprechende Ansätze zur Integration von nichterwerbstätigen Transferbeziehern mit geringer Beschäftigungsfähigkeit gibt, von denen die Politik in Deutschland lernen kann. Insbesondere soll es um die Identifikation von Reformansätzen gehen, die in der gegenwärtigen Situation zu Einstiegen in den Arbeitsmarkt von Inaktiven und Erwerbslosen sowie zu einer verbesserten Chance auf Aufwärtsmobilität führen können.
Die Studie umfasst zehn Länder mit unterschiedlichen Beschäftigungs- und Sozialstaatsmodellen:
1. Deutschland, Frankreich und Niederlande, die nach den gängigen Wohlfahrtstypologien dem kontinentalen Typ zugeordnet werden,
2. Spanien und Italien als Vertreter einer mediterranen Variante des kontinentaleuropäischkonservativ geprägten Sozialmodells,
3. Großbritannien und die USA, welche für das angelsächsisch-liberale Modell stehen,
4. die skandinavischen Wohlfahrtsstaaten Dänemark und Schweden,
5. sowie Polen als neues EU-Mitgliedsland und Vertreter post-kommunistischer Transitionsländer." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku) -
Literaturhinweis
The effect of labor market institutions on salaried and self-employed less-educated men in the 1980s (2008)
Zitatform
Krashinsky, Harry (2008): The effect of labor market institutions on salaried and self-employed less-educated men in the 1980s. In: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Jg. 62, H. 1, S. 73-91. DOI:10.1177/001979390806200104
Abstract
"Less-educated workers exhibited negative real wage growth from the late 1970s to the early 1990s. Frequently cited to explain this pattern are such labor market trends as union decline and the falling real value of the minimum wage, but also of concern is the possible contribution of decreased demand, caused by factors such as skill-biased technological change. To investigate the relative importance of these determinants, the author, using CPS data, compares the experiences of wage-and-salary workers with those of the self-employed. Wages apparently declined little for less-educated self-employed workers, but greatly for similar wage-and-salary workers. Because self-employed workers are affected by the same demand shocks as wage-and-salary workers but are not subject to labor market institutions such as the minimum wage or labor unions, the author concludes that the main source of the observed negative real wage growth was the decline of labor market institutions, not skill-biased technological change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
It's more than wages: analysis of the impact of internal labour markets on the quality of jobs (2008)
Zitatform
McPhail, Ruth & Ron Fisher (2008): It's more than wages. Analysis of the impact of internal labour markets on the quality of jobs. In: The international journal of human resource management, Jg. 19, H. 3, S. 461-472. DOI:10.1080/09585190801895536
Abstract
"This article reports on a study of how internal labour markets, operating in a multi-national hotel chain, may impact on workers in traditionally low paid jobs. The quality of jobs has been linked to pay, with lower paid jobs tending to be regarded as being of lower quality. The study examines the effect of three main dimensions of internal labour markets: job security; training; and opportunities for advancement; on the key organizational outcomes of job satisfaction, organizational commitment and intention to leave. A range of human resource management actions in the operation of the hotel's internal labour market is discussed. Data from a world-wide organizational survey are analysed in order to examine the links between the internal labour market variables and the key organizational outcomes. The article concludes that the operation of an internal labour market, underpinned by effective human resource policies and actions, leads to improved quality of jobs as measured by increased job satisfaction and organizational commitment, together with reduced intention to leave." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The US Earned Income Tax Credit, its effects, and possible reforms (2008)
Meyer, Bruce D.;Zitatform
Meyer, Bruce D. (2008): The US Earned Income Tax Credit, its effects, and possible reforms. (Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation. Working paper 2008,14), Uppsala, 34 S.
Abstract
"In this paper, I first summarize how the US Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) operates and describe the characteristics of recipients. I then discuss empirical work on the effects of the EITC on poverty and income distribution, and its effects on labor supply. Next, I discuss a few policy concerns about the EITC: possible negative effects on hours of work and marriage, and problems of compliance with the tax system. I then briefly discuss some possible reforms to the structure of the current EITC." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wage dispersion in Germany and the US: is there compression from below? (2008)
Möller, Joachim;Zitatform
Möller, Joachim (2008): Wage dispersion in Germany and the US. Is there compression from below? In: International economics and economic policy, Jg. 5, H. 4, S. 345-361. DOI:10.1007/s10368-008-0122-z
Abstract
Seit den 1970er Jahren zeigen sich tiefgreifende Unterschiede auf den Arbeitsmärkten der USA und der kontinentaleuropäischen Länder. Die im Vergleich zu den USA geringere europäische Beschäftigungsquote wird in der Regel auf eine zu starke Regulierung des Arbeitsmarktes in Europa zurückgeführt. Die USA gelten dabei als leuchtendes Beispiel für Flexibilität und Marktfreiheit, während Deutschland und Frankreich als Bollwerke institutioneller Regulierung, gewerkschaftlichen Einflusses und komfortabler sozialstaatlicher Leistungen gesehen werden. Bezogen auf die Lohn- und Einkommensstruktur wird angenommen, dass diese im Vergleich zu den USA sehr viel undifferenzierter ist. Der Beitrag vergleicht die Lohn- und Einkommensstruktur in den USA und Europa. Im Fokus steht dabei die Frage, ob es insbesondere in Deutschland einen Lohndruck von unten gibt, der dazu führt, dass trotz eines fehlenden Mindestlohns das Tariflohnniveau und das Lohnniveau insgesamt zu hoch ist, so dass man von einer Deformation der Lohn- und Einkommensstruktur sprechen kann. Die Analyse kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Einkommensstruktur nicht entscheidend für die unbefriedigende Situation niedrigqualifizierter Arbeitnehmer auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt ist. Es müssen weitere Komponenten wie Ausbildungsstand, berufliche Erfahrung und Wirtschaftszweig mit einbezogen werden. (IAB)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Möller, Joachim; -
Literaturhinweis
Alternative labor market policies to increase economic self-sufficiency: mandating higher wages, subsidizing employment, and raising productivity (2008)
Zitatform
Neumark, David (2008): Alternative labor market policies to increase economic self-sufficiency. Mandating higher wages, subsidizing employment, and raising productivity. (IZA discussion paper 3355), Bonn, 71 S.
Abstract
"The principal means by which individuals and families achieve economic self-sufficiency is through labor market earnings. As a consequence, it is natural for policy makers to look to interventions that increase the ability of individuals and families to achieve an adequate standard of living from participating in the labor market - a goal that has become even more prominent in the post-welfare reform era in the United States. This paper discusses some key policies that are used or can be used to increase economic self-sufficiency by increasing earnings, including mandating higher wages, subsidizing work, and increasing skill formation. Specifically, it reviews evidence on some of the main policies currently in place in the United States, including minimum and living wages, the Earned Income Tax Credit, wage subsidies, and school-to-work programs. Finally, it considers alternative policies that have recently been proposed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: NBER working paper , 14807 -
Literaturhinweis
Minimum wages (2008)
Zitatform
Neumark, David & William L. Wascher (2008): Minimum wages. Cambridge u.a.: MIT Press, 377 S.
Abstract
"Minimum wages exist in more than one hundred countries, both industrialized and developing. The United States passed a federal minimum wage law in 1938 and has increased the minimum wage and its coverage at irregular intervals ever since; in addition, as of the beginning of 2008, thirty-two states and the District of Columbia had established a minimum wage higher than the federal level, and numerous other local jurisdictions had in place 'living wage' laws. Over the years, the minimum wage has been popular with the public, controversial in the political arena, and the subject of vigorous debate among economists over its costs and benefits. In this book, David Neumark and William Wascher offer a comprehensive overview of the evidence on the economic effects of minimum wages. Synthesizing nearly two decades of their own research and reviewing other research that touches on the same questions, Neumark and Wascher discuss the effects of minimum wages on employment and hours, the acquisition of skills, the wage and income distributions, longer-term labor market outcomes, prices, and the aggregate economy. Arguing that the usual focus on employment effects is too limiting, they present a broader, empirically based inquiry that will better inform policymakers about the costs and benefits of the minimum wage. Based on their comprehensive reading of the evidence, Neumark and Wascher argue that minimum wages do not achieve the main goals set forth by their supporters. They reduce employment opportunities for less-skilled workers and tend to reduce their earnings; they are not an effective means of reducing poverty; and they appear to have adverse longer-term effects on wages and earnings, in part by reducing the acquisition of human capital. The authors argue that policymakers should instead look for other tools to raise the wages of low-skill workers and to provide poor families with an acceptable standard of living." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effect of minimum wages on immigrants' employment and earnings (2008)
Zitatform
Orrenius, Pia M. & Madeline Zavodny (2008): The effect of minimum wages on immigrants' employment and earnings. (IZA discussion paper 3499), Bonn, 43 S.
Abstract
"This study examines how minimum wage laws affect the employment and earnings of low-skilled immigrants and natives in the U.S. Minimum wage increases might have larger effects among low-skilled immigrants than among natives because, on average, immigrants earn less than natives due to lower levels of education, limited English skills, and less social capital. Results based on data from the Current Population Survey for the years 1994-2005 do not indicate that minimum wages have adverse employment effects among adult immigrants or natives who did not complete high school. However, low-skilled immigrants may have been discouraged from settling in states that set wage floors substantially above the federal minimum." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Improving the quality of low-wage work: the current American experience (2008)
Ostermann, Paul;Zitatform
Ostermann, Paul (2008): Improving the quality of low-wage work. The current American experience. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 147, H. 2/3, S. 115-134.
Abstract
"Despite the recent strength of the United States job market, about one fifth of the private-sector workforce is in poor-quality employment, earning poverty-level wages or less, with scant prospects for improvement. Against this background, the article focuses an demand-side policies, aimed at influencing firms' decision-making in the direction of better quality employment. Describing and evaluating a variety of programmes pursued to that end, the author argues for more policy coherence and a balanced approach combining training and economic development programmes working directly with employers, on the one hand, and increased unionization and better wage and working-time Standards, on the other." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Transatlantic differences in labour markets: changes in wage and non-employment structures in the 1980s and the 1990s (2008)
Zitatform
Puhani, Patrick A. (2008): Transatlantic differences in labour markets. Changes in wage and non-employment structures in the 1980s and the 1990s. In: German economic review, Jg. 9, H. 3, S. 312-338. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0475.2008.00435.x
Abstract
"Rising wage inequality in the United States and Britain and rising continental European unemployment have led to a popular view in the economics profession that these two phenomena are related to negative relative demand shocks against the unskilled, combined with flexible wages in the Anglo-Saxon countries, but wage rigidities in continental Europe ('Krugman hypothesis'). This paper tests this hypothesis based on seven large person-level data sets for the 1980s and the 1990s. I use a more sophisticated categorization of low-skilled workers than previous studies, which exhibits differences between German workers with and without apprenticeship training, particularly in the 1980s. I find evidence for the Krugman hypothesis when Germany is compared with the United States. However, supply changes differ considerably between countries, with Britain experiencing enormous increases in skill supply explaining the relatively constant British skill premium in the 1990s." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The union wage advantage for low-wage workers (2008)
Schmitt, John;Zitatform
Schmitt, John (2008): The union wage advantage for low-wage workers. Washington, 10 S.
Abstract
"This report uses national data from 2003 to 2007 to show that unionization raises the wages of the typical low-wage worker (one in the 10th percentile) by 20.6 percent compared to 13.7 percent for the typical medium wage worker (one in the 50th percentile), 6.1 percent for the typical high-wage worker (one in the 90th percentile). The paper also produces results for the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Throughout the states, a similar pattern holds, with unionization raising the wages of the lowest-wage workers the most." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Two steps forward, one step back: The uneven economic progress of TANF recipients (2008)
Zitatform
Wood, Robert G., Quinn Moore & Anu Rangarajan (2008): Two steps forward, one step back: The uneven economic progress of TANF recipients. In: Social Service Review, Jg. 82, H. 1, S. 3-28. DOI:10.1086/525035
Abstract
"This study investigates the long-term economic gains of current and former TANF recipients and explores the extent to which these recipients experience steady economic progress. Results suggest that recipients generally show economic progress but that there is considerable instability and heterogeneity of experience. Employment insecurity and poverty cycling are common even among the least disadvantaged TANF recipients and are particularly prevalent among those with low education levels, little work experience, and poor health." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Skill specific unemployment with imperfect substitution of skills (2008)
Xie, Runli;Zitatform
Xie, Runli (2008): Skill specific unemployment with imperfect substitution of skills. (Sonderforschungsbereich Ökonomisches Risiko. Discussion paper 2008-024), Berlin, 24 S. DOI:10.18452/4116
Abstract
"A large body of literature explains the inferior position of unskilled workers by imposing a structural shift in the labor force skill composition. This paper takes a different approach by emphasizing the connection between cyclical variations in skilled and unskilled labor markets. Using a stylized business cycle model with search frictions in the respective sub-markets, I find that imperfect substitution between skilled and unskilled labor creates a channel for the variations in the sub-markets. Together with a general labor augmenting technology shock, it can generate downward sloping Beveridge curves. Calibrating the model to US data yields higher volatilities in the unskilled labor markets and reproduces stylized business cycle facts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Should we subsidize work?: welfare reform, the earned income tax credit and optimal transfers (2007)
Acs, Gregory; Toder, Eric;Zitatform
Acs, Gregory & Eric Toder (2007): Should we subsidize work? Welfare reform, the earned income tax credit and optimal transfers. In: International Tax and Public Finance, Jg. 14, H. 3, S. 327-343. DOI:10.1007/s10797-006-9010-z
Abstract
"During the 1990s, US income transfer and tax policies shifted towards trying to encourage work among low-income families. Optimal tax theory, however, suggests that work subsidies are usually an inefficient way to raise the incomes of poor families unless the work effort of recipients has external benefits and/or tax payer/voters prefer redistributing income to the working poor rather than the idle poor. This paper discusses the conditions under which work subsidies may be economically efficient and assesses empirical evidence that suggests that welfare reform and expansions of the EITC have increased work effort among low income families, but is inconclusive about whether the policy shift has enabled them to advance beyond entry-level jobs or benefited their children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Temporary help agencies and the advancement prospects of low earners (2007)
Zitatform
Andersson, Frederik, Harry J. Holzer & Julia Lane (2007): Temporary help agencies and the advancement prospects of low earners. (NBER working paper 13434), Cambridge, Mass., 42 S. DOI:10.3386/w13434
Abstract
"In this paper we use a very large matched database on firms and employees to analyze the use of temporary agencies by low earners, and to estimate the impact of temp employment on subsequent employment outcomes for these workers. Our results show that, while temp workers have lower earnings than others while working at these agencies, their subsequent earnings are often higher - but only if they manage to gain stable work with other employers. Furthermore, the positive effects seem mostly to occur because those working for temp agencies subsequently gain access to higher-wage firms than do comparable low earners who do not work for temps. The positive effects we find seem to persist for up to six years beyond the period during which the temp employment occurred." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of minimum wages on the distribution of earnings and employment in the USA (2007)
Bazen, Stephen;Zitatform
Bazen, Stephen (2007): The impact of minimum wages on the distribution of earnings and employment in the USA. In: S. P. Jenkins & J. Micklewright (Hrsg.) (2007): Inequality and poverty re-examined, S. 232-249.
Abstract
Effektive Mindestlöhne haben notwendigerweise auch Auswirkungen auf die Einkommensverteilung. Die Einführung von Mindestlöhnen führt zu einer Abschwächung der Einkommensungleichheit, unabhängig davon, ob damit auch eine Reduzierung von Beschäftigung verbunden ist oder nicht. Der Beitrag untersucht in zwei Schritten zunächst die Auswirkungen von Mindestlöhnen auf die Einkommensverteilung und danach auf die Beschäftigung in den USA auf der Basis vorliegender Forschungsarbeiten aus den 1980er und 1990er Jahren. Er kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Auswirkungen von Mindestlöhnen auf die Einkommensverteilung im Sinne statistischer Signifikanz empirisch relevanter sind als mögliche Auswirkungen auf die Beschäftigung. Ein Verteilungseffekt zeigt sich sowohl bei Mindestlöhnen auf Staats- als auch auf Bundesebene, wohingegen Beschäftigungseffekte sich nur sporadisch und in messbarem Umfang nur bei Mindestlöhnen auf Bundesebene ablesen lassen. Darüber treten diese Effekte nur in geringem Umfang und in Verbindung mit der Beschäftigung Jugendlicher auf. Auch im internationalen Vergleich (Großbritannien, Frankreich) zeigt sich, dass die Einführung von Mindestlöhnen in erster Linie zu einer Verringerung der Ungleichheit in der Einkommensverteilung beiträgt und kaum Auswirkungen auf die Beschäftigung hat. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Understanding low-wage work in the United States (2007)
Boushey, Heather; Waller, Margy; Fremstad, Shawn; Gragg, Rachel;Zitatform
Boushey, Heather, Shawn Fremstad, Rachel Gragg & Margy Waller (2007): Understanding low-wage work in the United States. Washington, 24 S.
Abstract
"Over 40 million jobs in the United States-about one in three-pay low wages. Unlike good jobs, most low-wage jobs do not offer employment benefits such as health insurance or retirement accounts, tend to have inflexible or unpredictable scheduling requirements, and provide little opportunity for career advancement. Globalization, automation, outsourcing, and other economic forces have all contributed to a changing domestic labor market. All too often low-wage jobs are replacing jobs that have traditionally supported a broad middle class. While there is considerable public concern about the erosion of the middle class, national policy-makers have done little in the last decade to improve the pay and conditions of low-wage work. The next decade could be one of considerable progress for improving low-wage jobs. In November 2006, voters in six states boosted state minimum wages, and voters in even more states elected candidates who pledged to increase the federal minimum wage and take steps to improve the economy for everyone. Yet relatively little agreement exists about the policies (beyond raising the minimum wage) that can improve these jobs, even among experts studying low-wage work. The Mobility Agenda staff is developing a menu of new ideas and strategies for improving lowwage work, a set of options that goes beyond minimum wage to strengthen the labor market and build an economy that works for everyone. Our focus is on improving wages, benefits, and other conditions of low-wage work. We seek to encourage further public debate about the significance of low-wage work and to promote discussion among stakeholders-workers, employers, policymakers, academics, community organizers, and others-about the extent to which a more direct focus on the labor market and economic policy is necessary to reduce poverty and improve the well-being of low-income families.1 In this report, we define low-wage work and provide a description of the low-wage labor market. We also examine the extent to which opportunity exists for workers to move out of the low-wage labor market and into better-paying jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Kombilöhne in den USA und in Großbritannien: der gleiche Ansatz, aber verschiedene Effekte (2007)
Zitatform
Brücker, Herbert & Regina Konle-Seidl (2007): Kombilöhne in den USA und in Großbritannien: der gleiche Ansatz, aber verschiedene Effekte. In: IAB-Forum H. 1, S. 62-67.
Abstract
Der Beitrag untersucht Praxis und Auswirkungen von Kombilöhnen in den USA und Großbritannien unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Übertragbarkeit der Erfahrungen auf die aktuelle bundesdeutsche Diskussion. Sowohl die Clinton- als auch die Blair-Regierung wollten mit Einkommenssubventionen in Form von Steuergutschriften Arbeit für Transferempfänger attraktiver machen. Ein verändertes System der Leistungsgewährung und schärfere Auflagen für nichterwerbstätige Leistungsempfänger flankierten die Einkommenssubvention. Die Auswirkungen waren in beiden Ländern unterschiedlich. Während in den USA die Erwerbsbeteiligung seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre stark anstieg und die Armut unter Arbeitenden insbesondere in Haushalten mit Kindern deutlich zurückgegangen ist, führten in Großbritannien die Einkommenssubventionen zu deutlich geringeren Effekten. Die Autoren führen dies auf ein 'grundlegendes Dilemma' zurück, dem die europäischen Sozialstaaten ausgesetzt sind. Orientiert man sich am Prinzip einer bedarfsdeckenden Grundsicherung, fallen die Erwerbsanreize aufgrund eines geringen Lohnabstandes deutlich schwächer aus als in einem System ohne garantiertes Existenzminimum wie in den USA. Auch für Deutschland gilt danach, dass Kombilohnmodelle, die dem Grundprinzip einer negativen Einkommensteuer folgen, nur relativ geringe Beschäftigungseffekte haben werden, wenn die Belastung für die öffentlichen Haushalte in Grenzen gehalten werden soll. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
The effectiveness of minimum-wage increases in reducing poverty: past, present, and future (2007)
Zitatform
Burkhauser, Richard V. & Joseph J. Sabia (2007): The effectiveness of minimum-wage increases in reducing poverty. Past, present, and future. In: Contemporary Economic Policy, Jg. 25, H. 2, S. 262-281. DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.2006.00045.x
Abstract
"Extending the work of Card and Krueger, we find minimum-wage increases (1988-2003) did not affect poverty rates overall, or among the working poor or among single mothers. Despite employment growth among single mothers, most gainers lived in nonpoor families and most working poor already had wages above the proposed minimums. Simulating a new federal minimum wage of 7.25 Dollar per hour, we find 87 % of workers who benefit live in nonpoor families. Poor single mothers receive 3.8 % of all benefits. Expanding the Earned Income Tax Credit would far more effectively reduce poverty, especially for single mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Child care subsidies, low-wage work and economic development (2007)
Davis, Elizabeth E.; Jefferys, Marcie;Zitatform
Davis, Elizabeth E. & Marcie Jefferys (2007): Child care subsidies, low-wage work and economic development. In: International Journal of Economic Development, Jg. 9, H. 3, S. 122-158.
Abstract
"Public spending for work supports like child care subsidies has been greatly increased in recent years to 'make work pay' and to encourage the labor force participation of low-income parents. This study tracked changes in earnings and employment sectors over three years for parents receiving child care subsidies in Minnesota. Employment of these parents was more concentrated in a few sectors of the economy than for the workforce as a whole. The overall pattern of concentration of employment did not change over the three years, but parents who moved into or stayed in the health care sector received higher average wages and experienced greater wage growth. Given the importance of the health care sector for community development and projected future shortages of healthcare workers, opportunities for linking work supports like child care subsidies with training and employment in these fields could improve outcomes for both families and communities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Perspectives of workers with low qualifications in Germany under the pressures of globalization and technical progress (2007)
Hagemann, Harald; Rukwid, Ralf;Zitatform
Hagemann, Harald & Ralf Rukwid (2007): Perspectives of workers with low qualifications in Germany under the pressures of globalization and technical progress. (Hohenheimer Diskussionsbeiträge 291/2007), Stuttgart, 31 S.
Abstract
"This paper gives a detailed analysis of the perspectives of workers with low qualifications in Germany under the twofold pressures of globalization and technological change. First, alternative explanations for the skill-bias in the development of labour demand are discussed, with particular emphasis on the 'trade versus technology' debate. The consequences of the demand shift away from low-skilled labour in Germany are examined in a detailed empirical analysis of the development of (un)employment problems differentiated for qualification groups. Compared to other advanced economies, Germany shows a higher unemployment rate among less-qualified workers which is generally associated with a lack of flexibility in the German wage structure. However, an analysis of German, U.S. and British wage data based on the Cross National Equivalent File (CNEF) does not confirm the assumption of a simple monocausal relationship between wage disparity and the intensity of group-specific unemployment. Finally, some political approaches for an improvement of the job prospects of less-qualified persons in Germany are outlined briefly and evaluated against the background of the empirical results." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The role of temporary help employment in low-wage worker advancement (2007)
Heinrich, Caroly J.; Troske, Kenneth R.; Mueser, Peter R.;Zitatform
Heinrich, Caroly J., Peter R. Mueser & Kenneth R. Troske (2007): The role of temporary help employment in low-wage worker advancement. (NBER working paper 13520), Cambridge, Mass., 48 S. DOI:10.3386/w13520
Abstract
"We examine the effects of temporary help service employment on later earnings and employment for individuals participating in three federal programs providing supportive services to those facing employment difficulties. The programs include Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, whose participants are seriously disadvantaged; a job training program with a highly heterogeneous population of participants; and employment exchange services, whose participants consist of Unemployment Insurance claimants and individuals seeking assistant in obtaining employment. We undertake our analyses for two periods: the late 1990s, a time of very strong economic growth, and shortly after 2000, a time of relative stagnation. Our results suggest that temporary help service firms may facilitate quicker access to jobs for those seeking employment assistance and impart substantial benefits as transitional employment, especially for individuals whose alternatives are severely limited. Those who do not move out of temporary help jobs, however, face substantially poorer prospects, and we observe that nonwhites are more likely than whites to remain in THS positions in the two years following program participation. Our results are robust to program and time period." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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- Theorie
- Politik und Maßnahmen
- Arbeitsmarkt- und Lohnentwicklung
- Arbeitswelt, Personalpolitik
- Personengruppen
- Wirtschaftszweige
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
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