Niedriglohnarbeitsmarkt
Der Ausbau des Niedriglohnsektors sollte Ende der 1990er Jahre die hohe Arbeitslosigkeit reduzieren. Als Niedriglohn gilt ein Arbeitsentgelt, das trotz Vollzeitbeschäftigung keine angemessene Existenzsicherung gewährleistet – die OECD definiert den ihn als einen Bruttolohn, der unterhalb von zwei Dritteln des nationalen Medianbruttolohns aller Vollzeitbeschäftigten liegt. Betroffen von Niedriglöhnen sind überdurchschnittlich häufig Personen ohne beruflichen Abschluss, jüngere Erwerbstätige und Frauen.
Bietet der Niedriglohnsektor eine Chance zum Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt oder ist er eine Sackgasse? Das IAB-Themendossier erschließt Informationen zum Forschungsstand.
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- Theorie
- Politik und Maßnahmen
- Arbeitsmarkt- und Lohnentwicklung
- Arbeitswelt, Personalpolitik
- Personengruppen
- Wirtschaftszweige
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
- Alter
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Literaturhinweis
Is the minimum wage a pull factor for immigrants? (2010)
Zitatform
Giulietti, Corrado (2010): Is the minimum wage a pull factor for immigrants? (IZA discussion paper 5410), Bonn, 25 S.
Abstract
"This paper studies the impact of the minimum wage on immigration. A framework is presented in which inflows of immigrants are a function of the expected wage growth induced by the minimum wage. The analysis focuses on the US minimum wage increase of 1996 and 1997, using data from the Current Population Survey and the census. The estimation strategy consists of using the fraction of affected workers as the instrumental variable for the growth of expected wages. The findings show that States in which the growth of expected wages was relatively large (around 20%) exhibit inflow rate increases that are four to five times larger than States in which average wages grew 10% less. Placebo tests confirm that the policy did not affect the immigration of high wage earners." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen in: ILR Review, -
Literaturhinweis
Understanding the wage patterns of Canadian less skilled workers: the role of implicit contracts (2010)
Zitatform
Green, David A. & James Townsend (2010): Understanding the wage patterns of Canadian less skilled workers: the role of implicit contracts. In: Canadian Journal of Economics, Jg. 43, H. 1, S. 373-403. DOI:10.1111/j.1540-5982.2009.01576.x
Abstract
"We examine the wage patterns of Canadian less skilled male workers over the last quarter-century by organizing workers into job entry cohorts. We find entry wages for successive cohorts declined until 1997 and then began to recover. Wage profiles steepened for cohorts entering after 1997, but not for cohorts entering in the 1980s - a period when start wages were relatively high. We argue that these patterns are consistent with a model of implicit contracts with recontracting in which a worker's current wage is determined by the best labour market conditions experienced during the current job spell." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement?: final impacts for twelve models. The Employment Retention and Advancement Project (2010)
Hendra, Richard; Williams, Sonya; Martinson, Karin; Lundquist, Erika; Dillman, Keri-Nicole; Hill, Aaron; Hamilton, Gayle; Wavelet, Melissa;Zitatform
Hendra, Richard, Keri-Nicole Dillman, Gayle Hamilton, Erika Lundquist, Karin Martinson & Melissa Wavelet (2010): How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. The Employment Retention and Advancement Project. Washington, D.C., 540 S.
Abstract
"Research completed since the 1980s has yielded substantial knowledge about how to help welfare recipients and other low-income individuals prepare for and find jobs. Many participants in these successful job preparation and placement programs, however, ended up in unstable, low-paying jobs, and little was known about how to effectively help them keep employment and advance in their jobs. The national Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project sought to fill this knowledge gap, by examining over a dozen innovative and diverse employment retention and advancement models developed by states and localities for different target groups, to determine whether effective strategies could be identified.
Using a random assignment research design, the ERA project tested the effectiveness of programs that attempted to promote steady work and career advancement for current and former welfare recipients and other low-wage workers, most of whom were single mothers. The programs -- generally supported by existing public funding, not special demonstration grants -- reflected state and local choices regarding target populations, goals, ways of providing services, and staffing. The ERA project is being conducted by MDRC, under contract to the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, with additional funding from the U.S. Department of Labor. This report presents the final effectiveness findings, or impacts, for 12 of the 16 ERA programs, and it also summarizes how the 12 programs were implemented and individuals' levels of participation in program services." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
The impact of immigration on four low-wage industries in the 1990s (2010)
Zitatform
Howland, Marie & Doan Nguyen (2010): The impact of immigration on four low-wage industries in the 1990s. In: Economic Development Quarterly, Jg. 24, H. 2, S. 99-109. DOI:10.1177/0891242409355705
Abstract
"In a previous study, Howland and Nguyen showed that cities that attracted Asian immigrants experienced slower declines in computer employment than did cities without immigration. This article continues this exploration of the role that immigrants play in labor supply and regional growth by applying a similar framework to four additional low-wage manufacturing industries. Results show that job retention and creation in three low-skilled industries - fruit and vegetable processing, apparel manufacturing, and leather and leather products manufacturing - respond to the influx of Hispanic immigrants in metropolitan areas. Asian immigration had no impact on these three industries, and neither Hispanic nor Asian immigrants affected metropolitan employment growth in the meat-processing industry." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum wage (2010)
Langevin, Manon;Zitatform
Langevin, Manon (2010): Minimum wage. In: Perspectives on Labour and Income, Jg. 11, H. 3, S. 14-22.
Abstract
"All provinces and territories set minimum wages in their employment standards legislation. This update uses the Labour Force Survey to examine the characteristics of those who work at or below the minimum wage for experienced adults in each jurisdiction. The incidence of working for minimum wage has increased each year since 2006 but remains concentrated among youth, particularly young women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Who benefits from the Earned Income Tax Credit?: incidence among recipients, coworkers and firms (2010)
Zitatform
Leigh, Andrew (2010): Who benefits from the Earned Income Tax Credit? Incidence among recipients, coworkers and firms. (IZA discussion paper 4960), Bonn, 45 S.
Abstract
"How are hourly wages affected by the Earned Income Tax Credit? Using variation in state EITC supplements, I find that a 10 percent increase in the generosity of the EITC is associated with a 5 percent fall in the wages of high school dropouts and a 2 percent fall in the wages of those with only a high school diploma, while having no effect on the wages of college graduates. Given the large increase in labor supply induced by the EITC, this is consistent with most reasonable estimates of the elasticity of labor demand. Although workers with children receive a much larger EITC than childless workers, and the effect of the credit on labor force participation is larger for those with children, the hourly wages of both groups are similarly affected by an EITC increase. As a check on this strategy, I also use federal variation in the EITC across gender-age-education groups, and find that those demographic groups that received the largest EITC increases also experienced a drop in their hourly wages, relative to other groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Paths to advancement for single parents: the Employment Retention and Advancement Project (2010)
Miller, Cynthia; Deitch, Victoria; Hill, Aaron;Zitatform
Miller, Cynthia, Victoria Deitch & Aaron Hill (2010): Paths to advancement for single parents. The Employment Retention and Advancement Project. New York, NY, 84 S.
Abstract
"Between 2000 and 2003, the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project identified and implemented a diverse set of innovative models designed to promote employment stability and wage or earnings progression among low-income individuals, mostly current or former welfare recipients. While the main objective of ERA was to test a range of program approaches, the data collected as part of the evaluation provide an important opportunity to look in depth at the work experiences over a three-year period of the more than 27,000 single parents targeted by the programs. As single parents - most of whom were current or former welfare recipients - many of them faced considerable barriers to work and advancement.
This report augments the ERA project's experimental findings by examining the work, education, and training experiences of single parents targeted by the programs studied. Specifically, these analyses identify the single parents in the study who advanced, and it compares their experiences with the experiences of parents who did not advance. Although the analyses are descriptive only and cannot be used to identify the exact causes of advancement, examining the characteristics of single parents who advance and the pathways by which they do so can inform the design of the next generation of retention and advancement programs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Immigration, offshoring and American jobs (2010)
Zitatform
Ottaviano, Gianmarco I. P., Giovanni Peri & Greg C. Wright (2010): Immigration, offshoring and American jobs. (NBER working paper 16439), Cambridge, Mass., 49 S. DOI:10.3386/w16439
Abstract
"How many 'American jobs' have U.S.-born workers lost due to immigration and offshoring? Or, alternatively, is it possible that immigration and offshoring, by promoting cost-savings and enhanced efficiency in firms, have spurred the creation of jobs for U.S. natives? We consider a multi-sector version of the Grossman and Rossi-Hansberg (2008) model with a continuum of tasks in each sector and we augment it to include immigrants with heterogeneous productivity in tasks. We use this model to jointly analyze the impact of a reduction in the costs of offshoring and of the costs of immigrating to the U.S. The model predicts that while cheaper offshoring reduces the share of natives among less skilled workers, cheaper immigration does not, but rather reduces the share of offshored jobs instead. Moreover, since both phenomena have a positive 'cost-savings' effect they may leave unaffected, or even increase, total native employment of less skilled workers. Our model also predicts that offshoring will push natives toward jobs that are more intensive in communication-interactive skills and away from those that are manual and routine intensive. We test the predictions of the model on data for 58 U.S. manufacturing industries over the period 2000-2007 and find evidence in favor of a positive productivity effect such that immigration has a positive net effect on native employment while offshoring has no effect on it. We also find some evidence that offshoring has pushed natives toward more communication-intensive tasks while it has pushed immigrants away from them." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum wages and poverty: will a $9.50 federal minimum wage really help the working poor? (2010)
Zitatform
Sabia, Joseph J. & Richard V. Burkhauser (2010): Minimum wages and poverty: will a $9.50 federal minimum wage really help the working poor? In: Southern Economic Journal, Jg. 76, H. 3, S. 592-623.
Abstract
"Using data drawn from the March Current Population Survey, we find that state and federal minimum wage increases between 2003 and 2007 had no effect on state poverty rates. When we then simulate the effects of a proposed federal minimum wage increase from $7.25 to $9.50 per hour, we find that such an increase will be even more poorly targeted to the working poor than was the last federal increase from $5.15 to $7.25 per hour. Assuming no negative employment effects, only 11.3% of workers who will gain live in poor households, compared to 15.8% from the last increase. When we allow for negative employment effects, we find that the working poor face a disproportionate share of the job losses. Our results suggest that raising the federal minimum wage continues to be an inadequate way to help the working poor." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
WSI-Mindestlohnbericht 2010: unterschiedliche Strategien in der Krise (2010)
Schulten, Thorsten;Zitatform
Schulten, Thorsten (2010): WSI-Mindestlohnbericht 2010. Unterschiedliche Strategien in der Krise. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 63, H. 3, S. 152-160. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2010-3-152
Abstract
"Der WSI Mindestlohnbericht 2010 gibt einen Überblick über die aktuelle Mindestlohnpolitik in Europa und ausgewählten außereuropäischen Staaten. Unter Auswertung der WSI-Mindestlohndatenbank werden aktuelle Daten zur Höhe und Entwicklung gesetzlicher Mindestlöhne präsentiert. Es zeigt sich, dass unter den Bedingungen der Krise die einzelnen Staaten sehr unterschiedliche Strategien verfolgen. Während in vielen Ländern die Mindestlöhne eingefroren wurden, kam es in anderen Ländern zu kräftigen Mindestlohnzuwächsen. Als Instrument zur Bekämpfung der Krise können Mindestlöhne einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Stabilisierung der privaten Nachfrage und zur Vermeidung deflationärer Tendenzen leisten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Employed rural, low-income, single mothers' family and work over time (2010)
Zitatform
Son, Seohee & Jean W. Bauer (2010): Employed rural, low-income, single mothers' family and work over time. In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Jg. 31, H. 1, S. 107-120. DOI:10.1007/s10834-009-9173-8
Abstract
"The purpose of this qualitative research study was to examine how low-income, single mothers manage their family and work lives. Analysis was based on longitudinal data collected from 28 rural, low-income, single mothers across 11 states who were continuously employed over three waves. Four main themes were identified: demands from family and work, resources the mothers used to maintain employment, work-family conflict, and strategies to retain employment. This study concludes that despite all the difficulties, mothers try to utilize their limited resources and adopt strategies for combining family and work life even though their demands and resources vary over time. Mothers employed in the same jobs receive consistent support from families. Implications for child care and leave policies are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Human capital externalities and growth of high- and low-skilled jobs (2010)
Südekum, Jens;Zitatform
Südekum, Jens (2010): Human capital externalities and growth of high- and low-skilled jobs. In: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, Jg. 230, H. 1, S. 92-114. DOI:10.1515/jbnst-2010-0107
Abstract
"Human capital is unequally distributed across cities or regions within a country. The way how the spatial distribution of human capital evolves over time sheds light on the strength of concentration forces for high-skilled workers, such as localised increasing returns to human capital. In this paper I analyse the impact of human capital on local employment growth for Western German regions (1977-2006). Two main empirical facts are established: 'Skilled cities' in Western Germany grow faster. At the same time there is convergence of human capital shares across cities, i.e., high-skilled workers do not increasingly concentrate in space. Whereas the first fact (the 'smart city hypothesis') similarly holds in Germany and in the US, there is a striking difference when it comes to the second fact. Some researchers have found an opposite trend of human capital divergence across US metropolitan areas. My findings suggest that human capital exhibits a different spatial trend in different countries. I present a theoretical model which shows that the spatial convergence trend does not imply that concentration forces for high-skilled workers are absent in Western Germany, but only that they are relatively weak compared to countervailing dispersion forces. I further discuss some reasons that may explain the differences between Western Germany and the US. I emphasise the role of the tax system and the impact of pro-dispersive regional policy in Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Do minimum wages raise employment?: evidence from the U.S. retail-trade sector (2009)
Zitatform
Addison, John T., McKinley L. Blackburn & Chad D. Cotti (2009): Do minimum wages raise employment? Evidence from the U.S. retail-trade sector. In: Labour economics, Jg. 16, H. 4, S. 397-408. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2008.12.007
Abstract
"This paper examines the impact of minimum wages on earnings and employment in selected branches of the retail-trade sector, 1990-2005, using county-level data on employment and a panel regression framework that allows for county-specific trends in sectoral outcomes. We focus on specific subsectors within retail trade that are identified as particularly low-wage. We find little evidence of disemployment effects once we allow for geographic-specific trends. Indeed, in many sectors the evidence points to modest (but robust) positive employment effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Inequality and specialization: The growth of low-skill service jobs in the United States (2009)
Zitatform
Autor, David & David Dorn (2009): Inequality and specialization: The growth of low-skill service jobs in the United States. (IZA discussion paper 4290), Bonn, 57 S.
Abstract
"After a decade in which wages and employment fell precipitously in low-skill occupations and expanded in high-skill occupations, the shape of U.S. earnings and job growth sharply polarized in the 1990s. Employment shares and relative earnings rose in both low and highskill jobs, leading to a distinct U-shaped relationship between skill levels and employment and wage growth. This paper analyzes the sources of the changing shape of the lower-tail of the U.S. wage and employment distributions. A first contribution is to document a hitherto unknown fact: the twisting of the lower tail is substantially accounted for by a single proximate cause - rising employment and wages in low-education, in-person service occupations. We study the determinants of this rise at the level of local labor markets over the period of 1950 through 2005. Our approach is rooted in a model of changing task specialization in which 'routine' clerical and production tasks are displaced by automation. We find that in labor markets that were initially specialized in routine-intensive occupations, employment and wages polarized after 1980, with growing employment and earnings in both high-skill occupations and low-skill service jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: NBER working paper , 15150 -
Literaturhinweis
Low-wage work in five European countries and the United States (2009)
Bosch, Gerhard;Zitatform
Bosch, Gerhard (2009): Low-wage work in five European countries and the United States. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 148, H. 4, S. 337-356.
Abstract
"Analysing research findings on Denmark, Germany, France, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States, the author shows that the incidence and conditions of low-paid employment in each country are determined by a set of institutions, including minimum wage and active labour market policies, tax and social security systems, and collective bargaining. The widely assumed trade-off between employment and wages, he argues, is not inescapable: active labour market policies for individual empowerment and institutions imposing 'beneficial constraints' can prevent improved conditions at the bottom of the earnings distribution from translating into higher unemployment, while also helping to narrow inequalities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The dynamic effects of an earnings subsidy for long-term welfare recipients: evidence from the Self Sufficiency Project Applicant Experiment (2009)
Zitatform
Card, David & Dean R. Hyslop (2009): The dynamic effects of an earnings subsidy for long-term welfare recipients. Evidence from the Self Sufficiency Project Applicant Experiment. In: Journal of econometrics, Jg. 153, H. 1, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1016/j.jeconom.2009.03.013
Abstract
"In the Self Sufficiency Project Applicant Experiment, new welfare entrants were informed that if they remained on public assistance for a year they would become eligible to receive a generous earnings subsidy offer. Those who satisfied the waiting period, and then left welfare and began working full time within the following year, were entitled to receive payments for up to 36 months whenever they were off welfare and working full time. A simple optimizing model suggests that the program rules created an unusual sequence of incentives: (1) to prolong the initial spell on welfare for at least 12 months to become eligible for the subsidy offer; (2) to lock in subsidy entitlement by finding full time work and leaving welfare in the 12 - 24 month period after initial entry; and (3) to choose work over welfare during the three years that subsidies were available. Consistent with these implications, comparisons between the experimental treatment group and a randomly assigned control group show that the program increased welfare participation in the first year after initial entry and lowered it over the following 5 years. We develop an econometric model of welfare participation and program eligibility status that allows us to separately identify the behavioral effects associated with the program rules. We find important responses to all three incentives, and that the program impact persisted after subsidy payments ended, although the effect decayed over time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum wages in January 2009 (2009)
Czech, Beate;Zitatform
Czech, Beate (2009): Minimum wages in January 2009. (Statistics in focus 2009/29), Luxemburg, 8 S.
Abstract
"In 20 (Belgien, Bulgarien, Spanien, Estland, Griechenland, Frankreich, Ungarn, Irland, Lettland, Litauen, Luxemburg, Malta, den Niederlanden, Polen, Portugal, Rumänien, der Slowakei, Slowenien, der Tschechischen Republik und dem Vereinigten Königreich) der 27 EU-Mitgliedsstaaten, sowie im Kandidatenland Türkei und in den Vereinigten Staaten existieren gesetzliche Mindestlöhne. Bezogen auf die absolute Höhe des nationalen Mindestlohns verzeichnete man beträchtliche Unterschiede zwischen den Mitgliedstaaten: Die Spanne reicht von monatlich 123 Euro in Bulgarien bis hin zu monatlich 1 642 Euro in Luxemburg, was einem Verhältnis (in Euro) von eins zu dreizehn entspricht. Nachdem die Auswirkungen von Preisniveauunterschieden durch die Anwendung von Kaufkraftparitäten (KKP) für die Konsumausgaben der privaten Haushalte herausgerechnet wurden, verringern sich die Unterschiede deutlich auf ein Verhältnis von eins zu sechs (in KKP) mit Werten von 240 für Bulgarien und 1 413 für Luxemburg." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Stepping stone or dead end? The effect of the EITC on earnings growth (2009)
Dahl, Molly; Schwabish, Jonathan; DeLeire, Thomas;Zitatform
Dahl, Molly, Thomas DeLeire & Jonathan Schwabish (2009): Stepping stone or dead end? The effect of the EITC on earnings growth. (IZA discussion paper 4146), Bonn, 33 S.
Abstract
"While many studies have found that the EITC increases the employment rates of single mothers, no study to date has examined whether the jobs taken by single mothers as a result of the EITC incentives are 'dead-end' jobs or jobs that have the potential for earnings growth. Using a panel of administrative earnings data linked to nationally representative survey data, we find no evidence that the EITC expansions between 1994 and 1996 induced single mothers to take 'dead-end' jobs. If anything, the increase in earnings growth during the mid-to-late 1990s for single mothers who were particularly affected by the EITC expansion was higher than it was for other similar women. The EITC encourages work among single mothers, and that work continues to pay off through future increases in earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Stepping off the wage escalator: the effects of wage growth on equilibrium employment (2009)
Zitatform
Elsby, Michael W. L. & Matthew D. Shapiro (2009): Stepping off the wage escalator. The effects of wage growth on equilibrium employment. (NBER working paper 15117), Cambridge, Mass., 58 S. DOI:10.3386/w15117
Abstract
"This paper emphasizes the role of wage growth in shaping work incentives. It provides an analytical framework for labor supply in the presence of a return to labor market experience and aggregate productivity growth. A key finding of the theory is that there is an interaction between these two forms of wage growth that explains why aggregate productivity growth can affect employment rates in steady state. The model thus speaks to an enduring puzzle in macroeconomics by uncovering a channel from the declines in trend aggregate wage growth that accompanied the productivity slowdown of the 1970s to persistent declines in employment. The paper also shows that the return to experience for high school dropouts has fallen substantially since the 1970s, which further contributes to the secular decline in employment rates. Taken together, the mechanisms identified in the paper can account for all of the increase in nonemployment among white male high school dropouts from 1968 to 2006. For all white males, it accounts for approximately one half of the increase in the aggregate nonemployment rate over the same period." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Lone mothers, workfare and precarious employment: time for a Canadian basic income? (2009)
Evans, Patricia M.;Zitatform
Evans, Patricia M. (2009): Lone mothers, workfare and precarious employment. Time for a Canadian basic income? In: International social security review, Jg. 62, H. 1, S. 45-64. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.2008.01321.x
Abstract
"The growth of precarious employment poses significant challenges to current social assistance income support policies yet it remains largely neglected in policy-making arenas. Drawing upon qualitative data from a study in Ontario, Canada, this paper examines the particular implications of these challenges for lone mothers, who figure prominently both in non-standard employment and as targets for workfare policies. In the context of changing labour markets, the article considers the potential strengths and limitations of Basic Income approaches to achieving economic security for lone mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
High-touch and here-to-stay: Future skills demands in US low wage service occupations (2009)
Gatta, Mary; Boushey, Heather; Appelbaum, Eileen;Zitatform
Gatta, Mary, Heather Boushey & Eileen Appelbaum (2009): High-touch and here-to-stay: Future skills demands in US low wage service occupations. In: Sociology, Jg. 43, H. 5, S. 968-989. DOI:10.1177/0038038509340735
Abstract
"Interactive service occupations, requiring face-to-face contact, are rapidly growing in the US as they are typically not susceptible to larger trends of off-shoring and computerization. Yet conventional paradigms of understanding the nature of that work, and in particular the skill demands, are often ill equipped to deal with the 'interactive' aspects of these gendered and racialized occupations. As a result, discussions of lower-end service occupations have typically grouped together a variety of jobs that require little or no higher education, without examining the actual skill content and job requirements of these occupations. In this article we delve more deeply into the rapidly growing non-professional service occupations in the US and the level of skills these jobs require, with the intention of creating a framework that will reorient future sociological research in this area." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Emerging contexts of second-generation labour markets in the United States (2009)
Goodwin-White, Jamie;Zitatform
Goodwin-White, Jamie (2009): Emerging contexts of second-generation labour markets in the United States. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 35, H. 7, S. 1105-1128. DOI:10.1080/13691830903006135
Abstract
"In this paper I examine how local labour market contexts matter for the Hispanic adult children of immigrants in the United States. Specifically, I consider how these workers fit into ethnic divisions of labour in five metropolitan areas: the traditional immigrant cities of Los Angeles, New York and Chicago, and the newer immigrant gateways of Atlanta and Phoenix. I focus on the changing economies of these cities in the 1990s, and how industrial changes affect the jobs and relative wages available to immigrants and their adult children. I also examine the extent to which the adult children of immigrants are occupationally clustered in 'immigrant jobs'. Intergenerational occupational shifts vary by metropolitan area, but are heavily gendered across all of them. I also discuss the interactions of other scales of context, since state and national-level legislation, local organising efforts and internal migration all shape the settings within which the children of immigrants come of age." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Lessons from the policy world: How the economy, work supports, and education matter for low-income workers (2009)
Zitatform
Lambert, Susan J. (2009): Lessons from the policy world: How the economy, work supports, and education matter for low-income workers. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 56-65. DOI:10.1177/0730888408329637
Abstract
"Work and employment scholars interested in jobs and workers at the lower end of the labor market have much to learn from a recent set of volumes authored by policy scholars. These volumes focus on how shifts in the macroeconomy, work supports, and postsecondary education affect the well-being of workers both on and off the job. This essay identifies some of the more subtle contributions of these volumes to knowledge on the nature of employment. It explains how many of the analyses could benefit, however, from additional consideration of the jobs low-earners perform. The essay concludes by offering specific suggestions for incorporating additional measures of job conditions into policy-relevant research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does self-employment increase the economic well-being of low-skilled workers? (2009)
Lofstrom, Magnus;Zitatform
Lofstrom, Magnus (2009): Does self-employment increase the economic well-being of low-skilled workers? (IZA discussion paper 4539), Bonn, 46 S.
Abstract
"Low-skilled workers do not fare well in today's skill intensive economy and their opportunities continue to diminish. Given that individuals in this challenging skill segment of the workforce are more likely to have poor experiences in the labor market, and hence incur greater public expenses, it is particularly important to seek and evaluate their labor market options. Utilizing data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the economic returns to business ownership among low-skilled workers and addresses the essential question of whether self-employment is a good option for low-skilled individuals that policymakers might consider encouraging. The analysis reveal substantial differences in the role of self-employment among low-skilled workers across gender and nativity - women and immigrants are shown to be of particular importance both from the perspectives of trends and policy relevance. We find that although the returns to low-skilled self-employment among men are relatively high we find that wage/salary employment is a substantially more financially rewarding option for most women. These findings raise the question of why low-skilled women enter self-employment. Our business start-up results are consistent, but not conclusive, with lack of affordable child care options and limited labor market opportunities in the wage/salary sector as motivating native born women to enter self-employment. We do not find empirical evidence of similar constraints among immigrant women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
RSA - peut-on apprendre des expériences étrangères?: un bilan des travaux sur l'EITC e le WFTC (2009)
Mikol, Fanny; Remy, Veronique;Zitatform
Mikol, Fanny & Veronique Remy (2009): RSA - peut-on apprendre des expériences étrangères? Un bilan des travaux sur l'EITC e le WFTC. In: Travail et emploi H. 120, S. 63-75.
Abstract
"Earned income tax credit have been implemented in the United States and the United Kingdom since decades with two main objectives: income redistribution and giving incentives to get back to work. The Earned Income Tax Credit in the US and the Working Family Tax Credit in the UK have been largely studied: they both had effects on recipients' labour market participation differing according to their family situation. Although these credits aim at increasing household income, they may exert downward pressure on wages of both entitled and not entitled workers. These studies' results can be useful to anticipate the consequences of the 'tax credit' part of the RSA on labour market participation and on wages. Received by low-income workers, this new tax credit is closer to American and British ones than Employment Allowance ('prime pour l'emploi ')." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Discrimination in a low-wage labor market: a field experiment (2009)
Zitatform
Pager, Devah, Bruce Western & Bart Bonikowski (2009): Discrimination in a low-wage labor market. A field experiment. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 74, H. 5, S. 777-799.
Abstract
"Decades of racial progress have led some researchers and policymakers to doubt that discrimination remains an important cause of economic inequality. To study contemporary discrimination, we conducted a field experiment in the low-wage labor market of New York City, recruiting white, black, and Latino job applicants who were matched on demographic characteristics and interpersonal skills. These applicants were given equivalent résumés and sent to apply in tandem for hundreds of entry-level jobs. Our results show that black applicants were half as likely as equally qualified whites to receive a callback or job offer. In fact, black and Latino applicants with clean backgrounds fared no better than white applicants just released from prison. Additional qualitative evidence from our applicants' experiences further illustrates the multiple points at which employment trajectories can be deflected by various forms of racial bias. These results point to the subtle yet systematic forms of discrimination that continue to shape employment opportunities for low-wage workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Discrimination in a low-wage labor market: a field experiment (2009)
Zitatform
Pager, Devah, Bruce Western & Bart Bonikowski (2009): Discrimination in a low-wage labor market. A field experiment. (IZA discussion paper 4469), Bonn, 49 S.
Abstract
"Decades of racial progress have led some researchers and policymakers to doubt that discrimination remains an important cause of economic inequality. To study contemporary discrimination we conducted a field experiment in the low-wage labor market of New York City. The experiment recruited white, black, and Latino job applicants, called testers, who were matched on demographic characteristics and interpersonal skills. The testers were given equivalent resumes and sent to apply in tandem for hundreds of entry-level jobs. Our results show that black applicants were half as likely to receive a call-back or job offer relative to equally qualified whites. In fact, black and Latino applicants with clean backgrounds fared no better than a white applicant just released from prison. Additional qualitative evidence from our testers' experiences further illustrates the multiple points at which employment trajectories can be deflected by various forms of racial bias. Together these results point to the subtle but systematic forms of discrimination that continue to shape employment opportunities for low-wage workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Identifying minimum wage effects: new evidence from monthly CPS data (2009)
Zitatform
Sabia, Joseph J. (2009): Identifying minimum wage effects. New evidence from monthly CPS data. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 48, H. 2, S. 311-328. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-232X.2009.00559.x
Abstract
"The appropriateness of including year effects in employment models has been a contentious issue in the minimum wage literature. Using monthly data from the 1979-2004 Current Population Surveys, I find consistent evidence of adverse labor demand effects for teenagers across specifications preferred by those on each side of this debate. Estimated employment elasticities range from -0.2 to -0.3 and unconditional hours elasticities from -0.4 to -0.5." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effects of minimum wage increases on retail employment and hours: new evidence from monthly CPS data (2009)
Zitatform
Sabia, Joseph J. (2009): The effects of minimum wage increases on retail employment and hours. New evidence from monthly CPS data. In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 30, H. 1, S. 75-97. DOI:10.1007/s12122-008-9054-1
Abstract
"Proponents of state and federal minimum wage increases argue that past minimum wage hikes have not adversely affected retail employment. However, the existing empirical evidence is mixed. This study uses monthly data from the 1979-2004 Current Population Survey to provide new estimates of the effect of minimum wage increases on retail employment and hours worked. The findings suggest evidence of modest adverse effects. A 10% increase in the minimum wage is associated with a 1% decline in retail trade employment and usual weekly hours worked. Larger negative employment and hours effects are observed for the least experienced workers in the retail sector. These results are robust across a number of specifications, but are sensitive to controls for state time trends." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Using local labor market data to re-examine the employment effects of the minimum wage (2009)
Thompson, Jeffrey P.;Zitatform
Thompson, Jeffrey P. (2009): Using local labor market data to re-examine the employment effects of the minimum wage. In: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Jg. 62, H. 3, S. 343-366.
Abstract
"Using quarterly Census data for 1996-2000, the author evaluates how minimum wages affected teenage employment at the county level. An analysis that includes all counties yields small and statistically insignificant effects, consistent with previous research using state panels. However, in counties where the minimum wage was likely binding (above the market-clearing wage for teens), the negative impact on employment was considerably larger. The effect was strongest in small counties, was restricted to 'transitory' jobs and new hires, and apparently was not experienced by young adults ages 19-22. The small employment effects found in much of the literature, the author argues, at least partly reflect the estimates' inclusion of local labor markets where the minimum wage is not binding. By averaging the effects across all areas, with no disaggregation based on where the minimum wage is binding and where it is not, these studies overlook important regional variation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Rethinking the regulation of vulnerable work in the USA: a sector-based approach (2009)
Zitatform
Weil, David (2009): Rethinking the regulation of vulnerable work in the USA. A sector-based approach. In: Journal of Industrial Relations, Jg. 51, H. 3, S. 411-430. DOI:10.1177/0022185609104842
Abstract
"This article discusses one of the major challenges of US workplace policy: protecting roughly 35m workers who are vulnerable to a variety of major risks in the workplace. After laying out the dimensions of this problem, I show that the vulnerable workforce is concentrated in a subset of sectors with distinctive industry characteristics. Examining how employer organizations relate to one another in these sectors provides insight into some of the causes as well as possible solutions for redressing workforce vulnerability in the US as well as other countries facing similar problems." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effect of minimum wages on wages and employment: county-level estimates for the United States (2008)
Zitatform
Addison, John T., McKinley L. Blackburn & Chad D. Cotti (2008): The effect of minimum wages on wages and employment. County-level estimates for the United States. (IZA discussion paper 3300), Bonn, 50 S.
Abstract
"We use county-level data on employment and earnings in the restaurant-and-bar sector to evaluate the impact of minimum wage changes on low-wage labor markets. Our empirical approach is similar to the literature that has used state-level panel data to estimate minimum-wage impacts, with the difference that we focus on a particular sector rather than demographic group. Our estimated models are consistent with a simple competitive model of the restaurant-and-bar labor market in which supply-and-demand factors affect both the equilibrium outcome and the probability that a minimum wage will be binding in any given time period. Our evidence does not suggest that minimum wages reduce employment in the overall restaurant-and-bar sector, after controls for trends in sector employment at the county level are incorporated in the model. Employment in this sector appears to exhibit a downward long-term trend in states that have increased their minimum wages relative to states that have not, thereby predisposing fixed-effects estimates towards finding negative employment effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Can policy interact with culture? Minimum wage and the quality of labor relations (2008)
Zitatform
Aghion, Philippe, Yann Algan & Pierre Cahuc (2008): Can policy interact with culture? Minimum wage and the quality of labor relations. (IZA discussion paper 3680), Bonn, 69 S.
Abstract
"Can public policy interfere with culture, such as beliefs and norms of cooperation? We investigate his question by evaluating the interactions between the State and the Civil Society, focusing on the labor market. International data shows a negative correlation between union density and the quality of labor relations on one hand, and state regulation of the minimum wage on the other hand. To explain this relation, we develop a model of learning of the quality of labor relations. State regulation crowds out the possibility for workers to experiment negotiation and learn about the true cooperative nature of participants in the labor market. This crowding out effect can give rise to multiple equilibria: a 'good' equilibrium characterized by strong beliefs in cooperation, leading to high union density and low state regulation; and a 'bad' equilibrium, characterized by distrustful labor relations, low union density and strong state regulation of the minimum wage. We then use surveys on social attitudes and unionization behavior to document the relation between minimum wage legislation and the beliefs about the scope of cooperation in the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: NBER working paper , 14327 -
Literaturhinweis
Trends in U.S. wage inequality: revising the revisionists (2008)
Zitatform
Autor, David, Lawrence F. Katz & Melissa S. Kearney (2008): Trends in U.S. wage inequality. Revising the revisionists. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 90, H. 2, S. 300-323. DOI:10.1162/rest.90.2.290
Abstract
"A recent 'revisionist' literature characterizes the pronounced rise in U.S. wage inequality since 1980 as an 'episodic' event of the first half of the 1980s driven by nonmarket factors (particularly a falling real minimum wage) and concludes that continued increases in wage inequality since the late 1980s substantially reflect the mechanical confounding effects of changes in labor force composition. Analyzing data from the Current Population Survey for 1963 to 2005, we find limited support for these claims. The slowing of the growth of overall wage inequality in the 1990s hides a divergence in the paths of upper-tail (90/50) inequality - which has increased steadily since 1980, even adjusting for changes in labor force composition - and lower-tail (50/10) inequality, which rose sharply in the first half of the 1980s and plateaued or contracted thereafter. Fluctuations in the real minimum wage are not a plausible explanation for these trends since the bulk of inequality growth occurs above the median of the wage distribution. Models emphasizing rapid secular growth in the relative demand for skills - attributable to skill-biased technical change - and a sharp deceleration in the relative supply of college workers in the 1980s do an excellent job of capturing the evolution of the college/high school wage premium over four decades. But these models also imply a puzzling deceleration in relative demand growth for college workers in the early 1990s, also visible in a recent 'polarization' of skill demands in which employment has expanded in high-wage and low-wage work at the expense of middle-wage jobs. These patterns are potentially reconciled by a modified version of the skill-biased technical change hypothesis that emphasizes the role of information technology in complementing abstract (high-education) tasks and substituting for routine (middle-education) tasks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The nature of occupational unemployment rates in the United States: hysteresis or structural? (2008)
Zitatform
Candelon, Bertrand, Arnaud Dupuy & Luis A. Gil-Alana (2008): The nature of occupational unemployment rates in the United States. Hysteresis or structural? (IZA discussion paper 3571), Bonn, 26 S.
Abstract
"This paper provides new evidence on the nature of occupational differences in unemployment dynamics, which is relevant for the debate between the structural or hysteresis hypotheses. We develop a procedure that permits us to test for the presence of a structural break at unknown date. Our approach allows the investigation of a broader range of persistence than the 0/1 paradigm about the order of integration, usually implemented for testing the hypothesis of hysteresis in occupational unemployment. In almost all occupations, we find support for both the structuralist and the hysteresis hypotheses, but stress the importance of estimating the degree of persistence of seasonal shocks along with the degree of long-run persistence on raw data without applying seasonal filters. Indeed hysteresis appears to be underestimated when data are initially adjusted using traditional seasonal filters." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A comparative review of workfare programmes in the United States, Canada and Australia (2008)
Zitatform
Crisp, Richard & Del Roy Fletcher (2008): A comparative review of workfare programmes in the United States, Canada and Australia. (Department of Work and Pensions. Research report 533), London, 24 S.
Abstract
"Hallam University were commissioned to undertake a literature review of international evidence of workfare programmes. Three countries were chosen as offering interesting and relevant examples of workfare type programmes: the US, Canada and Australia. It was clear from the outset that it would not be possible to import wholesale programmes from other countries into the UK, but that there would be key lessons. The report refers to key features that help participants on workfare programmes into employment. Insisting on some job search for participants during the programme is vital to ensure that they do not become dependent on this form of employment and actually move into the open labour market. The second key feature is treating participants' barriers to work and not just their lack of work experience. Additional support for those with drink and drug problems and basic employability skills helps improve participants' chances of finding work. The report points to evidence that full-time activity in such programmes leads to improved job outcomes: between a half and two-thirds of leavers found unsubsidised work at some point in the three years after leaving the Wisconsin programme. Australia's 'Work for the Dole' had a 7 per cent net increase in participants going into jobs compared to nonparticipants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Older and out of work: jobs and social insurance for a changing economy (2008)
Eberts, Randall W. ; Reville, Robert T.; Hobbie, Richard A.; Ridley, Neil; Davis, Karen; Rodgers III., William M.; Horn, Carl van; Schoen, Cathey; Kriss, Jennifer L.; Schoeni, Robert F. ; O'Leary, Christopher J. ; Smith, Ralph E.; Doty, Michelle M.; Water, Paul N. van de; Lahey, Joanna N.; White, Joseph; Krepcio, Kathy; Collins, Sara R.;Zitatform
Eberts, Randall W. & Richard A. Hobbie (Hrsg.) (2008): Older and out of work. Jobs and social insurance for a changing economy. Kalamazoo: Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 237 S.
Abstract
"The chapters in this volume, originally presented at a conference organized by the National Academy of Social Insurance, come from a group of policy experts who advance our understanding of the labor market experiences of older workers while pointing out that current workforce programs often leave this growing population underserved." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Umsetzung des Workfare-Ansatzes im BMWi-Modell für eine existenzsichernde Beschäftigung: Projekt 53/07 des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Technologie. Abschlussbericht (2008)
Eichhorst, Werner; Schneider, Hilmar;Zitatform
Eichhorst, Werner & Hilmar Schneider (2008): Umsetzung des Workfare-Ansatzes im BMWi-Modell für eine existenzsichernde Beschäftigung. Projekt 53/07 des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Technologie. Abschlussbericht. (IZA research report 18), Bonn, 94 S.
Abstract
Workfare bedeutet die Umsetzung des Prinzips von Leistung und Gegenleistung im Falle des Transferbezugs in der sozialen Grundsicherung. In dem Bericht wird die praktische Umsetzung von Workfare als Element des BMWi-Modells für eine existenzsichernde Beschäftigung untersucht. US-amerikanische, britische und niederländische Workfare-Modelle werden vorgestellt, sowie das Projekt Bürgerarbeit in Sachsen-Anhalt und Thüringen. Aus diesen Beispielen werden grundsätzliche Aspekt der Gestaltung von Workfare abgeleitet. Der Bericht zeigt insbesondere auf, welche Tätigkeitsfelder und Organisationsstrukturen geeignet sind, um eine möglichst hohe Wirksamkeit und Kosteneffizienz von Workfare zu erreichen. In Bezug auf mögliche Tätigkeitsfelder werden die Vor- und Nachteile marktferner abschreckender Tätigkeiten und marktnaher qualifizierende Tätigkeiten abgewogen. Da Workfare als Gegenleistung für den Transferbezug zu verstehen ist, wird eine Entlohnung auf dem Niveau der Grundsicherung zuzüglich einer Mehraufwandspauschale empfohlen. Für die Träger von Workfare-Projekten wird eine erfolgsabhängige Vergütung vorgeschlagen sowie eine Budgetierung, die Wettbewerbsverzerrungen vermeidet. Mögliche Verdrängungseffekte von Workfare lassen sich minimieren, indem die Aufnahmefähigkeit des regulären Arbeitsmarktes vergrößert wird, sowie durch sorgfältige Teilnehmerauswahl und Definition der Tätigkeitsfelder. Die Studie zeigt, dass eine wirksame Umsetzung von Workfare als Teil einer umfassenden Vermittlungs- und Aktivierungsstrategie von der Funktionsfähigkeit des regulären Arbeitsmarktes abhängt. Die einzelnen Fallstudien belegen darüber hinaus die Notwendigkeit einer sorgfältigen Zielgruppenorientierung. Bei der Umsetzung von Workfare bietet sich eine abgestufte Einführung nach Zielgruppen oder Regionen an. Für die politische Vermittlung und Akzeptanz von Workfare ist es wichtig, auf die positiven Aspekte des Programms hinzuweisen. Grundsätzlich belegen die vorliegenden Erfahrungen und Simulationsrechnungen positive Effekte von Workfare auf öffentliche Haushalte und Gesamtwirtschaft, da diese Strategie zu einer Entlastung der öffentlichen Haushalte durch Abgänge aus dem Transferbezug führt. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Redistribution and tax expenditures: The Earned Income Tax Credit (2008)
Eissa, Nada; Hoynes, Hilary;Zitatform
Eissa, Nada & Hilary Hoynes (2008): Redistribution and tax expenditures: The Earned Income Tax Credit. (NBER working paper 14307), Cambridge, Mass., 52 S. DOI:10.3386/w14307
Abstract
"This paper examines the distributional and behavioral effects of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). We chart the growth of the program over time, and argue several expansions show that real responses to taxes are important. We use tax data to show the distribution of benefits by income and family size, and examine the impacts of hypothetical reforms (expansions and contractions) to the credit. Finally, we calculate the efficiency effects of marginal changes to EITC parameters. Targeting the EITC to lower-income families by raising the phase-out rate generates a welfare loss for single mothers, primarily because of the disincentive to enter the labor market and not the traditional hours-of-work distortion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Workfare in den USA: das Elend der US-amerikanischen Sozialhilfepolitik (2008)
Grell, Britta;Zitatform
Grell, Britta (2008): Workfare in den USA. Das Elend der US-amerikanischen Sozialhilfepolitik. (Sozialtheorie), Bielefeld: Transcript, 470 S.
Abstract
"Das 'Sozialhilfeproblem' scheint in den USA - anders als in Europa - gelöst, worauf anhaltend hohe Beschäftigungsquoten verweisen. Die Studie stellt diesen Konsens in Frage. Sie untersucht die bislang nur unzureichend verstandenen Hintergründe und Konsequenzen der US-Sozialhilfereform von 1996, die einen radikalen Arbeitszwang für alle Bedürftigen einführte. Es wird erklärt, warum sich mit dieser 'Workfare-Politik' die Armut noch verschärft hat. Zudem wird gezeigt, wie Gewerkschaften und soziale Bewegungen auf diese Politik reagiert haben und vor welchen sozialpolitischen Herausforderungen Städte wie New York und Los Angeles zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts stehen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Does human capital raise earnings for immigrants in the low-skill labor market? (2008)
Zitatform
Hall, Matthew & George Farkas (2008): Does human capital raise earnings for immigrants in the low-skill labor market? In: Demography, Jg. 45, H. 3, S. 619-639. DOI:10.1353/dem.0.0018
Abstract
"We use monthly Survey of Income and Program Participation data from 1996-1999 and 2001-2003 to estimate the determinants of differentiation in intercepts and slopes for age/earnings profiles of low-skill immigrant and native male workers. Our findings provide further depth of understanding to the 'mixed' picture of earnings determination in the low-skill labor market that has been reported by others. On the positive side, many immigrants are employed in similar occupations and industries as natives. Both groups show substantial wage gains over time and generally receive similar returns to years of schooling completed. Immigrants also receive substantial returns to acculturation, measured as age at arrival and English language skill. These results cast doubt on the strong version of segmented labor market theory, in which low-skill immigrants are permanently consigned to dead-end jobs with no wage appreciation. On the negative side, immigrants earn approximately 24% less than natives and are less likely to occupy supervisory and managerial jobs. Latino immigrants receive lower returns to education than do white immigrants. Furthermore, age at arrival and language ability do not explain the lower returns to education experienced by Latino immigrants. These results suggest that Latino immigrants in particular may suffer from barriers to mobility and/or wage discrimination. Whether these negative labor market experiences occur primarily for illegal immigrants remains unknown." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Living wage laws: how much do (can) they matter? (2008)
Zitatform
Holzer, Harry J. (2008): Living wage laws: how much do (can) they matter? (IZA discussion paper 3781), Bonn, 40 S.
Abstract
"In this paper I review what we have learned about living wage laws and their impacts on the wages, employment and poverty rates of low-wage workers. I review the characteristics of these laws and where they have been implemented to date, and what economic theory tells us about their likely effects in more and less competitive labor markets. I then review two bodies of empirical evidence: 1) Studies across cities or metropolitan areas that have and have not implemented these laws, using data from the Current Population Survey pooled over many years; and 2) Studies within particular cities, based on comparisons of covered and uncovered workers before and after the laws are passed. I conclude that living wage laws have modestly raised wage levels of low wage workers and have reduced their employment at covered firms, but that the magnitudes of both effects are likely quite small, given how few workers are usually covered by these ordinances." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Workforce development as an antipoverty strategy: what do we know? What should we do? (2008)
Zitatform
Holzer, Harry J. (2008): Workforce development as an antipoverty strategy. What do we know? What should we do? (IZA discussion paper 3776), Bonn, 42 S.
Abstract
"In this paper I note the basic paradox of workforce development policy: that, in an era in which skills are more important than ever as determinants of labor market earnings, we spend fewer and fewer public (federal) dollars on workforce development over time. I present trends in funding and how the major federal programs at the Department of Labor and other agencies have evolved over time, noting the dramatic declines in funding (with the exception of Pell grants). I then review what we know about the cost-effectiveness of programs for adults and youth from the evaluation literature. I consider some other possible reasons for funding declines, such as the notion that other approaches (like supplementing the low earnings of workers with tax credits or early childhood programs) are more effective and address more serious problems. I review some newer developments in workforce policy, mostly at the state and local levels, and then conclude with some policy recommendations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Effects of minimum wages on youth employment: the importance of accounting for spatial correlation (2008)
Zitatform
Kalenkoski, Charlene M. & Donald J. Lacombe (2008): Effects of minimum wages on youth employment. The importance of accounting for spatial correlation. In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 29, H. 4, S. 303-317. DOI:10.1007/s12122-007-9038-6
Abstract
"The relationship between minimum wage increases and youth employment is investigated using county-level data and spatial econometric techniques. Results that account for spatial correlation indicate that a 10% increase in the effective minimum wage is associated with a 3.2% decrease in youth employment, a result that is 28% higher than the corresponding estimate that does not control for spatial correlation. Thus, estimates that do not take into account spatial correlation may significantly underestimate the negative effect of the minimum wage on teenage employment. Improperly controlling for factors that vary systematically over space can lead to incorrect inferences and misinform policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Hilfereformen und Aktivierungsstrategien im internationalen Vergleich (2008)
Zitatform
Konle-Seidl, Regina (2008): Hilfereformen und Aktivierungsstrategien im internationalen Vergleich. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 07/2008), Nürnberg, 114 S.
Abstract
"Seit Ende der 1990er Jahre steht die Weiterentwicklung von Fürsorgesystemen als letztem Netz nationaler Sicherungssysteme zu einer 'aktivierenden' Grundsicherung auf der Reformagenda in vielen Ländern. Die gemeinsame Zielsetzung von Hilfereformen ist es, die soziale Treffsicherheit von Transfers durch die nachhaltige Verringerung der Armut mittels Reintegration ins Erwerbsleben zu erhöhen. Dies bedeutet, dass Grundsicherungssysteme sowohl armutsfest als auch beschäftigungsfreundlich ausgestaltet werden müssen.
Mit Hartz IV wurde in Deutschland - im Vergleich zu andern Ländern - relativ spät aber umfassend reformiert. Im internationalen Vergleich ist die SGB II-Reform insofern singulär, als dass mit der Einführung der 'Grundsicherung für Arbeitssuchende' nicht nur der von bedürftigkeitsgeprüften Transferleistungen betroffene Personenkreis erheblich ausgeweitet wurde, sondern auch ein 'Systemwechsel' in Richtung angelsächsisches Sozialmodell verbunden ist. Stärker als in andern Ländern ist mit der Schaffung eines einheitlichen Systems bedürftigkeitsgeprüfter und steuerfinanzierter Grundsicherungsleistungen auch die Erwartung verbunden, einen nachhaltigen Abbau von (Langzeit-)Arbeitslosigkeit zu erreichen.
Gemeinsamkeiten mit Reformen in anderen Ländern können aber sowohl hinsichtlich der Umsetzung von Aktivierungsstrategien (Fördern und Fordern) als auch in Bezug auf eine Neuordnung der Organisationsstrukturen in 'Last-resort'-Systemen beobachtet werden. In allen Vergleichsländern ist eine stärkere Verknüpfung von Fürsorgeleistungen mit dem Beschäftigungssystem auch mit einer Neuordnung von finanziellen und organisatorischen Zuständigkeiten und Veränderungen in den Betreuungsstrukturen verbunden.
Wie im SGB II wurden auch in den USA, Großbritannien, den Niederlanden, Dänemark und Schweden die Gewährung von Hilfeleistungen stärker an die Aufnahme einer Erwerbsarbeit geknüpft. Zu diesem Zweck wurden finanzielle Arbeitsanreize und aktive Eingliederungshilfen ausgebaut, Zumutbarkeits- und Sanktionskriterien verschärft und verpflichtende Maßnahmen für Hilfebezieher eingeführt.
Durch den Ländervergleich soll geklärt werden,
- wie Hilfesysteme ausgestaltet werden müssen, damit sie gleichzeitig armutsfest und beschäftigungsfreundlich sind,
- welche Aktivierungsstrategien ('Fördern und Fordern', Workfare, Work First) dazu beitragen, die Integration von erwerbsfähigen Hilfebedürftigen in den Arbeitsmarkt zu befördern?" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku) -
Literaturhinweis
Erwerbslosigkeit, Aktivierung und soziale Ausgrenzung: Deutschland im internationalen Vergleich (2008)
Zitatform
Konle-Seidl, Regina & Werner Eichhorst (2008): Erwerbslosigkeit, Aktivierung und soziale Ausgrenzung. Deutschland im internationalen Vergleich. (WISO Diskurs), Bonn, 76 S.
Abstract
"Vier Fragen stehen im Mittelpunkt dieser Analyse:
1) Ist das Risiko sozialer Ausgrenzung in Deutschland gewachsen, und wie stellt es sich im Vergleich mit anderen Ländern dar?
2) Wird soziale Inklusion über eine kompensatorische oder eher über eine arbeitsmarktorientierte und beschäftigungsfördernde Sozialpolitik befördert?
3) Können politische Maßnahmen, insbesondere die 'aktivierende' Ausgestaltung von sozialen Sicherungssystemen und das 'Fördern und Fordern' von Erwerbslosen soziale Ausgrenzung vermindern?
4) Gibt es hierzu vorbildliche Praktiken in anderen Ländern?
Einerseits soll geklärt werden, ob die in der Wissenschaft und in der beschäftigungspolitischen Diskussion etablierten Einschätzungen von beschäftigungspolitisch erfolgreichen Ländern zutreffend sind. Treffen sie auch noch zu, wenn es nicht allein um den Abbau von Arbeitslosigkeit, sondern um die Integration von Langzeiterwerbslosen und Inaktiven geht? Oder werden hier bei relativ ähnlichem Niveau der Ausgrenzung aus dem Erwerbsleben lediglich unterschiedliche Verteilungen auf die Transfersysteme erreicht? Welche Rolle kommt dabei der konkreten Ausgestaltung sozialer Sicherungssysteme zu? Annahmen über die Stärken und Schwächen der einzelnen Länder bzw. Wohlfahrtsstaatstypen werden in Bezug auf Inklusion einer empirischen Bewertung unterzogen.
Andererseits soll untersucht werden, ob es Erfolg versprechende Ansätze zur Integration von nichterwerbstätigen Transferbeziehern mit geringer Beschäftigungsfähigkeit gibt, von denen die Politik in Deutschland lernen kann. Insbesondere soll es um die Identifikation von Reformansätzen gehen, die in der gegenwärtigen Situation zu Einstiegen in den Arbeitsmarkt von Inaktiven und Erwerbslosen sowie zu einer verbesserten Chance auf Aufwärtsmobilität führen können.
Die Studie umfasst zehn Länder mit unterschiedlichen Beschäftigungs- und Sozialstaatsmodellen:
1. Deutschland, Frankreich und Niederlande, die nach den gängigen Wohlfahrtstypologien dem kontinentalen Typ zugeordnet werden,
2. Spanien und Italien als Vertreter einer mediterranen Variante des kontinentaleuropäischkonservativ geprägten Sozialmodells,
3. Großbritannien und die USA, welche für das angelsächsisch-liberale Modell stehen,
4. die skandinavischen Wohlfahrtsstaaten Dänemark und Schweden,
5. sowie Polen als neues EU-Mitgliedsland und Vertreter post-kommunistischer Transitionsländer." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku) -
Literaturhinweis
The effect of labor market institutions on salaried and self-employed less-educated men in the 1980s (2008)
Zitatform
Krashinsky, Harry (2008): The effect of labor market institutions on salaried and self-employed less-educated men in the 1980s. In: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Jg. 62, H. 1, S. 73-91. DOI:10.1177/001979390806200104
Abstract
"Less-educated workers exhibited negative real wage growth from the late 1970s to the early 1990s. Frequently cited to explain this pattern are such labor market trends as union decline and the falling real value of the minimum wage, but also of concern is the possible contribution of decreased demand, caused by factors such as skill-biased technological change. To investigate the relative importance of these determinants, the author, using CPS data, compares the experiences of wage-and-salary workers with those of the self-employed. Wages apparently declined little for less-educated self-employed workers, but greatly for similar wage-and-salary workers. Because self-employed workers are affected by the same demand shocks as wage-and-salary workers but are not subject to labor market institutions such as the minimum wage or labor unions, the author concludes that the main source of the observed negative real wage growth was the decline of labor market institutions, not skill-biased technological change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
It's more than wages: analysis of the impact of internal labour markets on the quality of jobs (2008)
Zitatform
McPhail, Ruth & Ron Fisher (2008): It's more than wages. Analysis of the impact of internal labour markets on the quality of jobs. In: The international journal of human resource management, Jg. 19, H. 3, S. 461-472. DOI:10.1080/09585190801895536
Abstract
"This article reports on a study of how internal labour markets, operating in a multi-national hotel chain, may impact on workers in traditionally low paid jobs. The quality of jobs has been linked to pay, with lower paid jobs tending to be regarded as being of lower quality. The study examines the effect of three main dimensions of internal labour markets: job security; training; and opportunities for advancement; on the key organizational outcomes of job satisfaction, organizational commitment and intention to leave. A range of human resource management actions in the operation of the hotel's internal labour market is discussed. Data from a world-wide organizational survey are analysed in order to examine the links between the internal labour market variables and the key organizational outcomes. The article concludes that the operation of an internal labour market, underpinned by effective human resource policies and actions, leads to improved quality of jobs as measured by increased job satisfaction and organizational commitment, together with reduced intention to leave." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The US Earned Income Tax Credit, its effects, and possible reforms (2008)
Meyer, Bruce D.;Zitatform
Meyer, Bruce D. (2008): The US Earned Income Tax Credit, its effects, and possible reforms. (Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation. Working paper 2008,14), Uppsala, 34 S.
Abstract
"In this paper, I first summarize how the US Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) operates and describe the characteristics of recipients. I then discuss empirical work on the effects of the EITC on poverty and income distribution, and its effects on labor supply. Next, I discuss a few policy concerns about the EITC: possible negative effects on hours of work and marriage, and problems of compliance with the tax system. I then briefly discuss some possible reforms to the structure of the current EITC." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wage dispersion in Germany and the US: is there compression from below? (2008)
Möller, Joachim;Zitatform
Möller, Joachim (2008): Wage dispersion in Germany and the US. Is there compression from below? In: International economics and economic policy, Jg. 5, H. 4, S. 345-361. DOI:10.1007/s10368-008-0122-z
Abstract
Seit den 1970er Jahren zeigen sich tiefgreifende Unterschiede auf den Arbeitsmärkten der USA und der kontinentaleuropäischen Länder. Die im Vergleich zu den USA geringere europäische Beschäftigungsquote wird in der Regel auf eine zu starke Regulierung des Arbeitsmarktes in Europa zurückgeführt. Die USA gelten dabei als leuchtendes Beispiel für Flexibilität und Marktfreiheit, während Deutschland und Frankreich als Bollwerke institutioneller Regulierung, gewerkschaftlichen Einflusses und komfortabler sozialstaatlicher Leistungen gesehen werden. Bezogen auf die Lohn- und Einkommensstruktur wird angenommen, dass diese im Vergleich zu den USA sehr viel undifferenzierter ist. Der Beitrag vergleicht die Lohn- und Einkommensstruktur in den USA und Europa. Im Fokus steht dabei die Frage, ob es insbesondere in Deutschland einen Lohndruck von unten gibt, der dazu führt, dass trotz eines fehlenden Mindestlohns das Tariflohnniveau und das Lohnniveau insgesamt zu hoch ist, so dass man von einer Deformation der Lohn- und Einkommensstruktur sprechen kann. Die Analyse kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Einkommensstruktur nicht entscheidend für die unbefriedigende Situation niedrigqualifizierter Arbeitnehmer auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt ist. Es müssen weitere Komponenten wie Ausbildungsstand, berufliche Erfahrung und Wirtschaftszweig mit einbezogen werden. (IAB)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Möller, Joachim; -
Literaturhinweis
Alternative labor market policies to increase economic self-sufficiency: mandating higher wages, subsidizing employment, and raising productivity (2008)
Zitatform
Neumark, David (2008): Alternative labor market policies to increase economic self-sufficiency. Mandating higher wages, subsidizing employment, and raising productivity. (IZA discussion paper 3355), Bonn, 71 S.
Abstract
"The principal means by which individuals and families achieve economic self-sufficiency is through labor market earnings. As a consequence, it is natural for policy makers to look to interventions that increase the ability of individuals and families to achieve an adequate standard of living from participating in the labor market - a goal that has become even more prominent in the post-welfare reform era in the United States. This paper discusses some key policies that are used or can be used to increase economic self-sufficiency by increasing earnings, including mandating higher wages, subsidizing work, and increasing skill formation. Specifically, it reviews evidence on some of the main policies currently in place in the United States, including minimum and living wages, the Earned Income Tax Credit, wage subsidies, and school-to-work programs. Finally, it considers alternative policies that have recently been proposed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: NBER working paper , 14807 -
Literaturhinweis
Minimum wages (2008)
Zitatform
Neumark, David & William L. Wascher (2008): Minimum wages. Cambridge u.a.: MIT Press, 377 S.
Abstract
"Minimum wages exist in more than one hundred countries, both industrialized and developing. The United States passed a federal minimum wage law in 1938 and has increased the minimum wage and its coverage at irregular intervals ever since; in addition, as of the beginning of 2008, thirty-two states and the District of Columbia had established a minimum wage higher than the federal level, and numerous other local jurisdictions had in place 'living wage' laws. Over the years, the minimum wage has been popular with the public, controversial in the political arena, and the subject of vigorous debate among economists over its costs and benefits. In this book, David Neumark and William Wascher offer a comprehensive overview of the evidence on the economic effects of minimum wages. Synthesizing nearly two decades of their own research and reviewing other research that touches on the same questions, Neumark and Wascher discuss the effects of minimum wages on employment and hours, the acquisition of skills, the wage and income distributions, longer-term labor market outcomes, prices, and the aggregate economy. Arguing that the usual focus on employment effects is too limiting, they present a broader, empirically based inquiry that will better inform policymakers about the costs and benefits of the minimum wage. Based on their comprehensive reading of the evidence, Neumark and Wascher argue that minimum wages do not achieve the main goals set forth by their supporters. They reduce employment opportunities for less-skilled workers and tend to reduce their earnings; they are not an effective means of reducing poverty; and they appear to have adverse longer-term effects on wages and earnings, in part by reducing the acquisition of human capital. The authors argue that policymakers should instead look for other tools to raise the wages of low-skill workers and to provide poor families with an acceptable standard of living." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effect of minimum wages on immigrants' employment and earnings (2008)
Zitatform
Orrenius, Pia M. & Madeline Zavodny (2008): The effect of minimum wages on immigrants' employment and earnings. (IZA discussion paper 3499), Bonn, 43 S.
Abstract
"This study examines how minimum wage laws affect the employment and earnings of low-skilled immigrants and natives in the U.S. Minimum wage increases might have larger effects among low-skilled immigrants than among natives because, on average, immigrants earn less than natives due to lower levels of education, limited English skills, and less social capital. Results based on data from the Current Population Survey for the years 1994-2005 do not indicate that minimum wages have adverse employment effects among adult immigrants or natives who did not complete high school. However, low-skilled immigrants may have been discouraged from settling in states that set wage floors substantially above the federal minimum." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Improving the quality of low-wage work: the current American experience (2008)
Ostermann, Paul;Zitatform
Ostermann, Paul (2008): Improving the quality of low-wage work. The current American experience. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 147, H. 2/3, S. 115-134.
Abstract
"Despite the recent strength of the United States job market, about one fifth of the private-sector workforce is in poor-quality employment, earning poverty-level wages or less, with scant prospects for improvement. Against this background, the article focuses an demand-side policies, aimed at influencing firms' decision-making in the direction of better quality employment. Describing and evaluating a variety of programmes pursued to that end, the author argues for more policy coherence and a balanced approach combining training and economic development programmes working directly with employers, on the one hand, and increased unionization and better wage and working-time Standards, on the other." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Transatlantic differences in labour markets: changes in wage and non-employment structures in the 1980s and the 1990s (2008)
Zitatform
Puhani, Patrick A. (2008): Transatlantic differences in labour markets. Changes in wage and non-employment structures in the 1980s and the 1990s. In: German economic review, Jg. 9, H. 3, S. 312-338. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0475.2008.00435.x
Abstract
"Rising wage inequality in the United States and Britain and rising continental European unemployment have led to a popular view in the economics profession that these two phenomena are related to negative relative demand shocks against the unskilled, combined with flexible wages in the Anglo-Saxon countries, but wage rigidities in continental Europe ('Krugman hypothesis'). This paper tests this hypothesis based on seven large person-level data sets for the 1980s and the 1990s. I use a more sophisticated categorization of low-skilled workers than previous studies, which exhibits differences between German workers with and without apprenticeship training, particularly in the 1980s. I find evidence for the Krugman hypothesis when Germany is compared with the United States. However, supply changes differ considerably between countries, with Britain experiencing enormous increases in skill supply explaining the relatively constant British skill premium in the 1990s." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The union wage advantage for low-wage workers (2008)
Schmitt, John;Zitatform
Schmitt, John (2008): The union wage advantage for low-wage workers. Washington, 10 S.
Abstract
"This report uses national data from 2003 to 2007 to show that unionization raises the wages of the typical low-wage worker (one in the 10th percentile) by 20.6 percent compared to 13.7 percent for the typical medium wage worker (one in the 50th percentile), 6.1 percent for the typical high-wage worker (one in the 90th percentile). The paper also produces results for the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Throughout the states, a similar pattern holds, with unionization raising the wages of the lowest-wage workers the most." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Two steps forward, one step back: The uneven economic progress of TANF recipients (2008)
Zitatform
Wood, Robert G., Quinn Moore & Anu Rangarajan (2008): Two steps forward, one step back: The uneven economic progress of TANF recipients. In: Social Service Review, Jg. 82, H. 1, S. 3-28. DOI:10.1086/525035
Abstract
"This study investigates the long-term economic gains of current and former TANF recipients and explores the extent to which these recipients experience steady economic progress. Results suggest that recipients generally show economic progress but that there is considerable instability and heterogeneity of experience. Employment insecurity and poverty cycling are common even among the least disadvantaged TANF recipients and are particularly prevalent among those with low education levels, little work experience, and poor health." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Skill specific unemployment with imperfect substitution of skills (2008)
Xie, Runli;Zitatform
Xie, Runli (2008): Skill specific unemployment with imperfect substitution of skills. (Sonderforschungsbereich Ökonomisches Risiko. Discussion paper 2008-024), Berlin, 24 S. DOI:10.18452/4116
Abstract
"A large body of literature explains the inferior position of unskilled workers by imposing a structural shift in the labor force skill composition. This paper takes a different approach by emphasizing the connection between cyclical variations in skilled and unskilled labor markets. Using a stylized business cycle model with search frictions in the respective sub-markets, I find that imperfect substitution between skilled and unskilled labor creates a channel for the variations in the sub-markets. Together with a general labor augmenting technology shock, it can generate downward sloping Beveridge curves. Calibrating the model to US data yields higher volatilities in the unskilled labor markets and reproduces stylized business cycle facts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Should we subsidize work?: welfare reform, the earned income tax credit and optimal transfers (2007)
Acs, Gregory; Toder, Eric;Zitatform
Acs, Gregory & Eric Toder (2007): Should we subsidize work? Welfare reform, the earned income tax credit and optimal transfers. In: International Tax and Public Finance, Jg. 14, H. 3, S. 327-343. DOI:10.1007/s10797-006-9010-z
Abstract
"During the 1990s, US income transfer and tax policies shifted towards trying to encourage work among low-income families. Optimal tax theory, however, suggests that work subsidies are usually an inefficient way to raise the incomes of poor families unless the work effort of recipients has external benefits and/or tax payer/voters prefer redistributing income to the working poor rather than the idle poor. This paper discusses the conditions under which work subsidies may be economically efficient and assesses empirical evidence that suggests that welfare reform and expansions of the EITC have increased work effort among low income families, but is inconclusive about whether the policy shift has enabled them to advance beyond entry-level jobs or benefited their children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Temporary help agencies and the advancement prospects of low earners (2007)
Zitatform
Andersson, Frederik, Harry J. Holzer & Julia Lane (2007): Temporary help agencies and the advancement prospects of low earners. (NBER working paper 13434), Cambridge, Mass., 42 S. DOI:10.3386/w13434
Abstract
"In this paper we use a very large matched database on firms and employees to analyze the use of temporary agencies by low earners, and to estimate the impact of temp employment on subsequent employment outcomes for these workers. Our results show that, while temp workers have lower earnings than others while working at these agencies, their subsequent earnings are often higher - but only if they manage to gain stable work with other employers. Furthermore, the positive effects seem mostly to occur because those working for temp agencies subsequently gain access to higher-wage firms than do comparable low earners who do not work for temps. The positive effects we find seem to persist for up to six years beyond the period during which the temp employment occurred." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of minimum wages on the distribution of earnings and employment in the USA (2007)
Bazen, Stephen;Zitatform
Bazen, Stephen (2007): The impact of minimum wages on the distribution of earnings and employment in the USA. In: S. P. Jenkins & J. Micklewright (Hrsg.) (2007): Inequality and poverty re-examined, S. 232-249.
Abstract
Effektive Mindestlöhne haben notwendigerweise auch Auswirkungen auf die Einkommensverteilung. Die Einführung von Mindestlöhnen führt zu einer Abschwächung der Einkommensungleichheit, unabhängig davon, ob damit auch eine Reduzierung von Beschäftigung verbunden ist oder nicht. Der Beitrag untersucht in zwei Schritten zunächst die Auswirkungen von Mindestlöhnen auf die Einkommensverteilung und danach auf die Beschäftigung in den USA auf der Basis vorliegender Forschungsarbeiten aus den 1980er und 1990er Jahren. Er kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Auswirkungen von Mindestlöhnen auf die Einkommensverteilung im Sinne statistischer Signifikanz empirisch relevanter sind als mögliche Auswirkungen auf die Beschäftigung. Ein Verteilungseffekt zeigt sich sowohl bei Mindestlöhnen auf Staats- als auch auf Bundesebene, wohingegen Beschäftigungseffekte sich nur sporadisch und in messbarem Umfang nur bei Mindestlöhnen auf Bundesebene ablesen lassen. Darüber treten diese Effekte nur in geringem Umfang und in Verbindung mit der Beschäftigung Jugendlicher auf. Auch im internationalen Vergleich (Großbritannien, Frankreich) zeigt sich, dass die Einführung von Mindestlöhnen in erster Linie zu einer Verringerung der Ungleichheit in der Einkommensverteilung beiträgt und kaum Auswirkungen auf die Beschäftigung hat. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Understanding low-wage work in the United States (2007)
Boushey, Heather; Waller, Margy; Fremstad, Shawn; Gragg, Rachel;Zitatform
Boushey, Heather, Shawn Fremstad, Rachel Gragg & Margy Waller (2007): Understanding low-wage work in the United States. Washington, 24 S.
Abstract
"Over 40 million jobs in the United States-about one in three-pay low wages. Unlike good jobs, most low-wage jobs do not offer employment benefits such as health insurance or retirement accounts, tend to have inflexible or unpredictable scheduling requirements, and provide little opportunity for career advancement. Globalization, automation, outsourcing, and other economic forces have all contributed to a changing domestic labor market. All too often low-wage jobs are replacing jobs that have traditionally supported a broad middle class. While there is considerable public concern about the erosion of the middle class, national policy-makers have done little in the last decade to improve the pay and conditions of low-wage work. The next decade could be one of considerable progress for improving low-wage jobs. In November 2006, voters in six states boosted state minimum wages, and voters in even more states elected candidates who pledged to increase the federal minimum wage and take steps to improve the economy for everyone. Yet relatively little agreement exists about the policies (beyond raising the minimum wage) that can improve these jobs, even among experts studying low-wage work. The Mobility Agenda staff is developing a menu of new ideas and strategies for improving lowwage work, a set of options that goes beyond minimum wage to strengthen the labor market and build an economy that works for everyone. Our focus is on improving wages, benefits, and other conditions of low-wage work. We seek to encourage further public debate about the significance of low-wage work and to promote discussion among stakeholders-workers, employers, policymakers, academics, community organizers, and others-about the extent to which a more direct focus on the labor market and economic policy is necessary to reduce poverty and improve the well-being of low-income families.1 In this report, we define low-wage work and provide a description of the low-wage labor market. We also examine the extent to which opportunity exists for workers to move out of the low-wage labor market and into better-paying jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Kombilöhne in den USA und in Großbritannien: der gleiche Ansatz, aber verschiedene Effekte (2007)
Zitatform
Brücker, Herbert & Regina Konle-Seidl (2007): Kombilöhne in den USA und in Großbritannien: der gleiche Ansatz, aber verschiedene Effekte. In: IAB-Forum H. 1, S. 62-67.
Abstract
Der Beitrag untersucht Praxis und Auswirkungen von Kombilöhnen in den USA und Großbritannien unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Übertragbarkeit der Erfahrungen auf die aktuelle bundesdeutsche Diskussion. Sowohl die Clinton- als auch die Blair-Regierung wollten mit Einkommenssubventionen in Form von Steuergutschriften Arbeit für Transferempfänger attraktiver machen. Ein verändertes System der Leistungsgewährung und schärfere Auflagen für nichterwerbstätige Leistungsempfänger flankierten die Einkommenssubvention. Die Auswirkungen waren in beiden Ländern unterschiedlich. Während in den USA die Erwerbsbeteiligung seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre stark anstieg und die Armut unter Arbeitenden insbesondere in Haushalten mit Kindern deutlich zurückgegangen ist, führten in Großbritannien die Einkommenssubventionen zu deutlich geringeren Effekten. Die Autoren führen dies auf ein 'grundlegendes Dilemma' zurück, dem die europäischen Sozialstaaten ausgesetzt sind. Orientiert man sich am Prinzip einer bedarfsdeckenden Grundsicherung, fallen die Erwerbsanreize aufgrund eines geringen Lohnabstandes deutlich schwächer aus als in einem System ohne garantiertes Existenzminimum wie in den USA. Auch für Deutschland gilt danach, dass Kombilohnmodelle, die dem Grundprinzip einer negativen Einkommensteuer folgen, nur relativ geringe Beschäftigungseffekte haben werden, wenn die Belastung für die öffentlichen Haushalte in Grenzen gehalten werden soll. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
The effectiveness of minimum-wage increases in reducing poverty: past, present, and future (2007)
Zitatform
Burkhauser, Richard V. & Joseph J. Sabia (2007): The effectiveness of minimum-wage increases in reducing poverty. Past, present, and future. In: Contemporary Economic Policy, Jg. 25, H. 2, S. 262-281. DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.2006.00045.x
Abstract
"Extending the work of Card and Krueger, we find minimum-wage increases (1988-2003) did not affect poverty rates overall, or among the working poor or among single mothers. Despite employment growth among single mothers, most gainers lived in nonpoor families and most working poor already had wages above the proposed minimums. Simulating a new federal minimum wage of 7.25 Dollar per hour, we find 87 % of workers who benefit live in nonpoor families. Poor single mothers receive 3.8 % of all benefits. Expanding the Earned Income Tax Credit would far more effectively reduce poverty, especially for single mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Child care subsidies, low-wage work and economic development (2007)
Davis, Elizabeth E.; Jefferys, Marcie;Zitatform
Davis, Elizabeth E. & Marcie Jefferys (2007): Child care subsidies, low-wage work and economic development. In: International Journal of Economic Development, Jg. 9, H. 3, S. 122-158.
Abstract
"Public spending for work supports like child care subsidies has been greatly increased in recent years to 'make work pay' and to encourage the labor force participation of low-income parents. This study tracked changes in earnings and employment sectors over three years for parents receiving child care subsidies in Minnesota. Employment of these parents was more concentrated in a few sectors of the economy than for the workforce as a whole. The overall pattern of concentration of employment did not change over the three years, but parents who moved into or stayed in the health care sector received higher average wages and experienced greater wage growth. Given the importance of the health care sector for community development and projected future shortages of healthcare workers, opportunities for linking work supports like child care subsidies with training and employment in these fields could improve outcomes for both families and communities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
(Not) taking account of precarious employment: workfare policies and lone mothers in Ontario and the UK (2007)
Evans, Patricia M.;Zitatform
Evans, Patricia M. (2007): (Not) taking account of precarious employment. Workfare policies and lone mothers in Ontario and the UK. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 41, H. 1, S. 29-49. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9515.2007.00537.x
Abstract
"Workfare is, at least in part, a policy response to changing labour markets and the expansion taking place in jobs that are low-paid, irregular and insecure. For lone mothers, increasingly the focus of workfare policies, precarious employment creates special challenges. However, the nature of the jobs that are available to women on social assistance has received relatively little attention in the workfare literature, which focuses more on individual characteristics, supports to employment, and programme impacts. Drawing upon both primary and secondary sources and using Ontario, the province with the most developed workfare programme in Canada, this article examines the ways in which policies support and enforce precarious employment. The article also considers the implications of precarious employment for UK policy, which has not (yet) adopted workfare for lone mothers, although incremental steps in that direction are taking place as employment is increasingly viewed as the appropriate objective of income support programmes for lone mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Perspectives of workers with low qualifications in Germany under the pressures of globalization and technical progress (2007)
Hagemann, Harald; Rukwid, Ralf;Zitatform
Hagemann, Harald & Ralf Rukwid (2007): Perspectives of workers with low qualifications in Germany under the pressures of globalization and technical progress. (Hohenheimer Diskussionsbeiträge 291/2007), Stuttgart, 31 S.
Abstract
"This paper gives a detailed analysis of the perspectives of workers with low qualifications in Germany under the twofold pressures of globalization and technological change. First, alternative explanations for the skill-bias in the development of labour demand are discussed, with particular emphasis on the 'trade versus technology' debate. The consequences of the demand shift away from low-skilled labour in Germany are examined in a detailed empirical analysis of the development of (un)employment problems differentiated for qualification groups. Compared to other advanced economies, Germany shows a higher unemployment rate among less-qualified workers which is generally associated with a lack of flexibility in the German wage structure. However, an analysis of German, U.S. and British wage data based on the Cross National Equivalent File (CNEF) does not confirm the assumption of a simple monocausal relationship between wage disparity and the intensity of group-specific unemployment. Finally, some political approaches for an improvement of the job prospects of less-qualified persons in Germany are outlined briefly and evaluated against the background of the empirical results." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The role of temporary help employment in low-wage worker advancement (2007)
Heinrich, Caroly J.; Troske, Kenneth R.; Mueser, Peter R.;Zitatform
Heinrich, Caroly J., Peter R. Mueser & Kenneth R. Troske (2007): The role of temporary help employment in low-wage worker advancement. (NBER working paper 13520), Cambridge, Mass., 48 S. DOI:10.3386/w13520
Abstract
"We examine the effects of temporary help service employment on later earnings and employment for individuals participating in three federal programs providing supportive services to those facing employment difficulties. The programs include Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, whose participants are seriously disadvantaged; a job training program with a highly heterogeneous population of participants; and employment exchange services, whose participants consist of Unemployment Insurance claimants and individuals seeking assistant in obtaining employment. We undertake our analyses for two periods: the late 1990s, a time of very strong economic growth, and shortly after 2000, a time of relative stagnation. Our results suggest that temporary help service firms may facilitate quicker access to jobs for those seeking employment assistance and impart substantial benefits as transitional employment, especially for individuals whose alternatives are severely limited. Those who do not move out of temporary help jobs, however, face substantially poorer prospects, and we observe that nonwhites are more likely than whites to remain in THS positions in the two years following program participation. Our results are robust to program and time period." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Inequality and poverty re-examined (2007)
Jenkins, Stephen P. ; Bazen, Stephen; Nolan, Brian ; Micklewright, John; Phipps, Shelley; Booth, Alison L. ; Ravallion, Martin ; Bryan, Mark L. ; Sahn, David; Cappellari, Lorenzo ; Schnepf, Sylke V. ; Harding, Ann; Süssmuth, Bernd ; Levy, Horacio; Sutherland, Holly ; Lloyd, Rachel; von Weizsäcker, Robert K.; Micklewright, John; Younger, Stephen D.; Brandolini, Andrea ; Duclos, Jean-Yves; Warren, Neil; Lietz, Christine; Weizsäcker, Robert K. von; Jenkins, Stephen P. ; Whelan, Christopher T. ; Burton, Peter; Woolley, Frances;Zitatform
Jenkins, Stephen P. & John Micklewright (Hrsg.) (2007): Inequality and poverty re-examined. Cambridge u.a.: Oxford University Press, 306 S.
Abstract
"This book seeks to provide a guide to some of the new approaches that have been developed in the light of international initiatives to reduce poverty and the notable increases in income inequality and poverty that have occurred across many western countries in recent years. These new approaches have to some degree been facilitated by the emergence of new techniques and a growing availability of data that enables cross national comparisons not only of income variables but also of measures of welfare such as education achievement, nutritional status in developing countries and wealth and deprivation indicators in the developed world. Including specially commissioned research from a distinguished list of international authors, this volume makes a real contribution to the public debate surrounding inequality and poverty as well as providing new empirical information about them from around the world." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does the minimum wage cause inefficient rationing? (2007)
Luttmer, Erzo F.P.;Zitatform
Luttmer, Erzo F.P. (2007): Does the minimum wage cause inefficient rationing? In: The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, Jg. 7, H. 1, S. 1-42. DOI:10.2202/1935-1682.1768
Abstract
"By not allowing wages to clear the labor market, the minimum wage could cause workers with low reservation wages to be rationed out while equally skilled workers with higher reservation wages are employed. This paper exploits overlapping CPS panels to more precisely identify those most affected by the minimum wage, a group I refer to as the 'unskilled.' I test for inefficient rationing by examining whether the reservation wages of employed unskilled workers in states where the 1990-1991 federal minimum wage increase had the largest impact rose relative to reservation wages of unskilled workers in other states. I find that proxies for reservation wages of unskilled workers in high-impact states did not rise relative to reservation wages in other states, suggesting that the increase in the minimum wage did not cause jobs to be allocated less efficiently. However, even if rationing is efficient, the minimum wage can still entail other efficiency costs (e.g., from employment reductions)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum wage effects in the post-welfare reform era (2007)
Zitatform
Neumark, David (2007): Minimum wage effects in the post-welfare reform era. Washington, 38 S.
Abstract
Gesetzliche Regelungen zum Mindestlohn sind immer noch ein wichtiges Thema der politischen Diskussion, trotz jahrelanger Forschungen zu Kosten und Nutzen von Mindestlöhnen. Dies gilt auch für die USA. Sowohl auf der Ebene des Bundes als auch auf der der Einzelstaaten gibt es Überlegungen und Initiativen zur Erhöhung der geltenden Mindestlöhne. Die Untersuchung konzentriert sich auf die Auswirkungen der von den Einzelstaaten in den USA erlassenen Mindestlöhne für den Zeitraum 1997-2005, d.h. nach den durchgeführten wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Reformen. Untersucht werden die Auswirkungen von Mindestlöhnen auf Beschäftigung, Einkommen und Verdienstmöglichkeiten von Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen (im Alter von 16 bis 24 Jahren), auf Gruppen mit den unterschiedlichsten demographischen Voraussetzungen und beruflichen Qualifikationen. Die Studie kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass sich negative Beschäftigungseffekte von Mindestlöhnen in erster Linie bei gering qualifizierten männlichen Jugendlichen, die einer Minderheit angehören, zeigen. Positive Auswirkungen hingegen ergeben sich für junge Frauen im Alter von 20-24 Jahren, die Minderheiten angehören. Dies geht jedoch zu Kosten anderer Gruppen, in erster Linie Schulabbrecherinnen und Schulabbrechern aus den gleichen Minderheitengruppen. Gerade männliche Schulabbrecher sind von Arbeitslosigkeit und sinkenden Verdienstmöglichkeiten als Folge von Mindestlöhnen betroffen und auf staatliche Unterstützung angewiesen. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum wages and employment: a review of evidence from the new minimum wage research (2007)
Zitatform
Neumark, David & William Wascher (2007): Minimum wages and employment. A review of evidence from the new minimum wage research. (IZA discussion paper 2570), Bonn, 156 S.
Abstract
"We review the burgeoning literature on the employment effects of minimum wages - in the United States and other countries - that was spurred by the 'new minimum wage research' beginning in the early 1990's. The wide range of existing estimates makes it difficult for us to draw broad generalizations about the implications of the new minimum wage research. Clearly, no consensus now exists about the overall effects on low-skilled employment of an increase in the minimum wage. However, the oft-stated assertion that this recent research fails to support the traditional view that the minimum wage reduces the employment of low-skilled workers is clearly incorrect. The overwhelming majority of the studies surveyed in this paper give a relatively consistent (although not always statistically significant) indication of negative employment effects of minimum wages. In addition, among the papers we view as providing the most credible evidence, almost all point to negative employment effects. Moreover, the evidence tends to point to disemployment effects of minimum wages in the United States as well as many other countries. Two potentially more important conclusions emerge from our review. First, we see very few - if any - cases where a study provides convincing evidence of positive employment effects of minimum wages, especially from studies that focus on broader groups (rather than a narrow industry) for which the competitive model predicts disemployment effects. Second, when researchers focus on the least-skilled groups most likely to be adversely affected by minimum wages, we regard the evidence as relatively overwhelming that there are stronger disemployment effects for these groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: NBER working paper , 12663 -
Literaturhinweis
Minimum wage effects in the longer run (2007)
Zitatform
Neumark, David & Olena Nizalova (2007): Minimum wage effects in the longer run. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 42, H. 2, S. 435-452.
Abstract
"Exposure to minimum wages at young ages could lead to adverse longer-run effects via decreased labor market experience and tenure, and diminished education and training, while beneficial longer-run effects could arise if minimum wages increase skill acquisition. Evidence suggests that as individuals reach their late 20s, they earn less the longer they were exposed to a higher minimum wage at younger ages, and the adverse longer-run effects are stronger for blacks. If there are such longer-run effects of minimum wages, they are likely more significant than the contemporaneous effects on youths that are the focus of research and policy debate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum wages, the Earned Income Tax Credit, and employment: evidence from the post-welfare reform era (2007)
Zitatform
Neumark, David & William Wascher (2007): Minimum wages, the Earned Income Tax Credit, and employment. Evidence from the post-welfare reform era. (IZA discussion paper 2610), Bonn, 38 S.
Abstract
"We study the effects of minimum wages and the EITC in the post-welfare reform era. For the minimum wage, the evidence points to disemployment effects that are concentrated among young minority men. For young women, there is little evidence that minimum wages reduce employment, with the exception of high school dropouts. In contrast, evidence strongly suggests that the EITC boosts employment of young women (although not teenagers). We also explore how minimum wages and the EITC interact, and the evidence reveals policy effects that vary substantially across different groups. For example, higher minimum wages appear to reduce earnings of minority men, and more so when the EITC is high. In contrast, our results indicate that the EITC boosts employment and earnings for minority women, and coupling the EITC with a higher minimum wage appears to enhance this positive effect. Thus, whether or not the policy combination of a high EITC and a high minimum wage is viewed as favorable or unfavorable depends in part on whose incomes policymakers are trying to increase." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: NBER working paper , 12915 -
Literaturhinweis
Flexible recession: The temporary staffing industry and mediated work in the United States (2007)
Zitatform
Peck, Jamie & Nik Theodore (2007): Flexible recession: The temporary staffing industry and mediated work in the United States. In: Cambridge Journal of Economics, Jg. 31, H. 2, S. 171-192. DOI:10.1093/cje/bel011
Abstract
"The evolution of the temporary staffing industry (TSI) in the US is examined, with particular reference to the structural functions of temporary work during the boom of the 1990s, the 'flexible' recession of 2001, and the subsequent 'jobless' recovery. It is argued that the TSI is increasingly playing a systemic, macro regulatory role in the US labour market, where it now accounts for a disproportionate share of the costs of labour-market adjustment. The development path of the TSI is closely intertwined with the wider restructuring of the US economy, where it has assumed a significant presence as a purveyor of low-cost, flexibly mediated labour." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeitslosigkeit und Lohnspreizung: Empirische Befunde zur Arbeitsmarktsituation gering Qualifizierter in Deutschland (2007)
Rukwid, Ralf;Zitatform
Rukwid, Ralf (2007): Arbeitslosigkeit und Lohnspreizung: Empirische Befunde zur Arbeitsmarktsituation gering Qualifizierter in Deutschland. In: Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 391-420.
Abstract
"In den Industriestaaten stehen die weniger qualifizierten Arbeitskräfte derzeit unter einem erheblichen Anpassungsdruck. Die Nachfragestruktur auf dem Arbeitsmarkt hat sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten zuungunsten der formal Ungelernten verschoben, wobei als die Hauptursachen dieser Entwicklung die Globalisierung sowie ein qualifikationsverzerrter technischer Fortschritt gelten. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist eine detaillierte Analyse der Arbeitsmarktsituation gering Qualifizierter in Deutschland. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich die Beschäftigungschancen für Erwerbspersonen ohne abgeschlossene Berufsausbildung seit Mitte der 1970er Jahre systematisch und gegenüber den höher Qualifizierten überproportional verschlechtert haben. Dabei übertrifft die aktuelle gruppenspezifische Arbeitslosenquote der Ungelernten in Deutschland diejenige fast aller anderen OECD-Staaten. Dies wird häufig als Beleg für eine im Ländervergleich außerordentliche Problemlage gewertet und mit inflexiblen Lohnstrukturen in direkten Zusammenhang gebracht. Dieser Beitrag soll mit Hilfe einer empirischen Analyse von deutschen, amerikanischen und britischen Lohndaten auf Basis des Cross National Equivalent File (CNEF) Aufschlüsse über den tatsächlichen Grad der Flexibilität der deutschen Lohnstruktur geben. Hierbei werden landesspezifische Entwicklungstendenzen bei der Lohnverteilung beschrieben und der jeweilige Umfang an Lohnspreizung geschätzt. Zudem wird mittels Berechnung von Subgruppendisparitäten und der Durchführung von Dekompositionsverfahren der Zusammenhang zwischen Lohnungleichheit und formaler Qualifikation untersucht. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Analyseergebnisse sowie alternativer Studien erfolgt schließlich eine Einordnung der verschiedenen Politikansätze zur Verbesserung der Beschäftigungssituation gering Qualifizierter. Im Mittelpunkt der wirtschaftspolitischen Diskussion in Deutschland stehen neben Qualifizierungsstrategien vor allem Vorschläge einer stärkeren Lohndifferenzierung speziell im unteren Einkommensbereich. Eine simple monokausale Beziehung zwischen Lohnspreizung und der Intensität der Beschäftigungsprobleme gering qualifizierter Arbeitskräfte lässt sich anhand der in diesem Beitrag präsentierten empirischen Befunde allerdings nicht nachweisen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeitslosigkeit und Lohnspreizung: Empirische Befunde zur Arbeitsmarktsituation gering Qualifizierter in Deutschland (2007)
Rukwid, Ralf;Zitatform
Rukwid, Ralf (2007): Arbeitslosigkeit und Lohnspreizung: Empirische Befunde zur Arbeitsmarktsituation gering Qualifizierter in Deutschland. (Schriftenreihe des Promotionsschwerpunkts Globalisierung und Beschäftigung 24), Hohenheim, 52 S.
Abstract
"In den Industriestaaten stehen die weniger qualifizierten Arbeitskräfte derzeit unter einem erheblichen Anpassungsdruck. Die Nachfragestruktur auf dem Arbeitsmarkt hat sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten zuungunsten der formal Ungelernten verschoben, wobei als die Hauptursachen dieser Entwicklung die Globalisierung sowie ein qualifikationsverzerrter technischer Fortschritt gelten. Ziel des Diskussionspapiers ist eine detaillierte Analyse der Arbeitsmarktsituation gering Qualifizierter in Deutschland. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich die Beschäftigungschancen für Erwerbspersonen ohne abgeschlossene Berufsausbildung seit Mitte der 1970er Jahre systematisch und gegenüber den höher Qualifizierten überproportional verschlechtert haben. Dabei übertrifft die aktuelle gruppenspezifische Arbeitslosenquote der Ungelernten in Deutschland diejenige fast aller anderen OECD-Staaten. Dies wird häufig als Beleg für eine im Ländervergleich außerordentliche Problemlage gewertet und mit inflexiblen Lohnstrukturen in direkten Zusammenhang gebracht. Der Beitrag soll mit Hilfe einer empirischen Analyse von deutschen, amerikanischen und britischen Lohndaten auf Basis des Cross National Equivalent File (CNEF) Aufschlüsse über den tatsächlichen Grad der Flexibilität der deutschen Lohnstruktur geben. Hierbei werden landesspezifische Entwicklungstendenzen bei der Lohnverteilung beschrieben und der jeweilige Umfang an Lohnspreizung geschätzt. Zudem wird mittels Berechnung von Subgruppendisparitäten und der Durchführung von Dekompositionsverfahren der Zusammenhang zwischen Lohnungleichheit und formaler Qualifikation untersucht. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Analyseergebnisse sowie alternativer Studien erfolgt schließlich eine Einordnung der verschiedenen Politikansätze zur Verbesserung der Beschäftigungssituation gering Qualifizierter. Im Mittelpunkt der wirtschaftspolitischen Diskussion in Deutschland stehen neben Qualifizierungsstrategien vor allem Vorschläge einer stärkeren Lohndifferenzierung speziell im unteren Einkommensbereich. Eine simple monokausale Beziehung zwischen Lohnspreizung und der Intensität der Beschäftigungsprobleme gering qualifizierter Arbeitskräfte lässt sich anhand der in dem Beitrag präsentierten empirischen Befunde allerdings nicht nachweisen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Die Kombilohndiskussion 2006/2007 in Deutschland (2007)
Spermann, Alexander;Zitatform
Spermann, Alexander (2007): Die Kombilohndiskussion 2006/2007 in Deutschland. Regensburg, 35 S.
Abstract
"Kombilohn ist nicht gleich Kombilohn! Hinter diesem schillernden Begriff verbergen sich ganz unterschiedliche Konzepte: Staatliche Zuschüsse an Arbeitnehmer (im Rahmen oder außerhalb des Grundsicherungssystems Arbeitslosengeld II), aber auch staatliche Zuschüsse an Arbeitgeber (zeitlich unbefristet oder befristet). Interessierte Leser sind gezwungen, genau hinzusehen und zu fragen: Welcher Kombilohn ist gemeint? Hierzu liefert dieser Beitrag wichtige Orientierung. Zunächst werden die zentralen Fallen aufgezeigt, die bei der Implementierung eines Kombilohnes zu beachten sind. Hierzu zählen die Arbeitslosenfalle, die Minijob- und Teilzeitjobfalle, die Working Poor Falle, die bad job Falle sowie die Erwerbsunfähigkeitsfalle. Weiterhin werden die wichtigsten sechs Reformvorschläge der deutschen Kombilohn-Diskussion dargestellt und kritisch diskutiert. Es zeigt sich, dass nicht alle Wirkungen der verschiedenen Kombilohnvarianten empirisch abgeschätzt werden können - eine Restunsicherheit verbleibt für die Politik. Am wirkungsvollsten dürfte eine Kombination an positiv evaluierten Workfare- und Kombilohnelementen sein, wenn das bestehende Grundsicherungsniveau nicht abgesenkt werden soll. Anders formuliert: Die staatliche Grundsicherung wird eng mit der Arbeitspflicht verknüpft, Einkommenszuschüsse für Grundsicherungsbezieher werden zeitlich befristet an Arbeitnehmer und/oder Arbeitgeber gezahlt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Childcare subsidies, wages, and employment of single mothers (2007)
Zitatform
Tekin, Erdal (2007): Childcare subsidies, wages, and employment of single mothers. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 42, H. 2, S. 453-487.
Abstract
"This paper develops and estimates a model for the choice of part-time and full-time employment and the decision to pay for childcare among single mothers. The results indicate that a lower childcare price and a higher full-time wage rate both lead to an increase in overall employment and the use of paid childcare. The part-time wage effects are found to be too small to have significant behavioral implications. An analysis of cost-effectiveness indicates that the additional hours of work generated per dollar of government expenditure is larger for a childcare subsidy than a wage subsidy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A reexamination of Card and Krueger's state-level study of the minimum wage (2007)
Wessels, Walters;Zitatform
Wessels, Walters (2007): A reexamination of Card and Krueger's state-level study of the minimum wage. In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 28, H. 1, S. 135-146.
Abstract
"Card and Krueger's (1995) difference-in-difference study of the 1990-1991 federal minimum wage hikes compared states by the proportion of workers directly affected by the minimum wage. They found 'no evidence that the increase in the minimum wage significantly lowered teenage employment rates more in highly affected states' and they concluded the minimum wage did not reduce employment. Their paper was highly influential and convinced many that the minimum wage did not reduce employment. However, when I apply their model to the 1996-1997 federal minimum wage hike, I find that increases in the minimum wage significantly lowered teenage employment rates more in highly affected states. Using Card and Krueger's interpretation, this implies the minimum wage did reduce teenage employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gesetzliche Mindestlöhne und wissenschaftliche Politikberatung in den USA (2007)
Wockenfuß, Christof;Zitatform
Wockenfuß, Christof (2007): Gesetzliche Mindestlöhne und wissenschaftliche Politikberatung in den USA. In: List-Forum für Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik, Jg. 33, H. 4, S. 379-387.
Abstract
"Der Beitrag fasst den Sachstand nach der bereits in Kraft getretenen Erhöhung des bundesweiten, gesetzlichen Mindestlohns in den USA zusammen und beschreibt die Debatte, die das Gesetzgebungsverfahren begleitet hat. Darüber hinaus wird auf empirische Untersuchungen verwiesen, welche nahelegen, dass es heute kaum mehr möglich sein dürfte, negative Beschäftigungswirkungen gesetzlicher Mindestlöhne nicht erwarten zu wollen. Deshalb kann von einem Versagen der wissenschaftlichen Politikberatung in den USA gesprochen werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Technischer Fortschritt - Ursache der Arbeitslosigkeit gering qualifizierter Arbeitskräfte in Deutschland?: eine Anwendung der Theorie des "skill-biased technical change" auf den deutschen und angelsächsischen Arbeitsmarkt mit Evaluierung wirtschafts- und arbeitsmarktpolitischer Handlungsmöglichkeiten (2006)
Albers, Maike;Zitatform
Albers, Maike (2006): Technischer Fortschritt - Ursache der Arbeitslosigkeit gering qualifizierter Arbeitskräfte in Deutschland? Eine Anwendung der Theorie des "skill-biased technical change" auf den deutschen und angelsächsischen Arbeitsmarkt mit Evaluierung wirtschafts- und arbeitsmarktpolitischer Handlungsmöglichkeiten. (Volkswirtschaftliche Forschungsergebnisse 110), Hamburg: Kovac, 239 S.
Abstract
"Den Ausgangspunkt der Studie bildet die empirisch belegbare Beobachtung grundlegender Unterschiede bei der Entwicklung der Arbeitsmärkte - insbesondere der Arbeitslosigkeit - in den USA im Vergleich zu Deutschland. Zur Erklärung dieser Diskrepanz liegt eine kaum überschaubare Fülle von Analysen und Konzepten vor. Lange Jahre stand die unterschiedliche gesamtwirtschaftliche Konstellation und die darauf bezogene Finanz- und Geldpolitik im Vordergrund. Dagegen gibt es inzwischen fundierte Untersuchungen, die bei der Erklärung der Arbeitslosigkeit gleichsam unterhalb der makroökonomischen Aggregate die Struktur der Nachfrage nach und des Angebots an Arbeitskräften zusammen mit Unterschieden bei der Einkommensverteilung im Vergleich zwischen den USA und Deutschland in den Mittelpunkt rücken. Die wachsende Nachfrage nach qualifizierten Arbeitskräften wiederum wird auf die bestimmte Art des technischen Fortschritts zurückgeführt. Bei der Erklärung der unterschiedlichen Entwicklung in den USA gegenüber Deutschland steht die Struktur der Erwerbstätigen nach dem Grad der Qualifikation einerseits und der für die Beschäftigung relevanten Einkommensdifferenzierung andererseits im Vordergrund. Während in Deutschland wie in den USA die Zahl der hoch qualifizierten Arbeitskräfte zugenommen hat, ist die Arbeitslosigkeit gering qualifizierter Arbeitskräfte in Deutschland im Vergleich zu den USA signifikant höher. Neben anderen Ursachen wird die Art des technischen Fortschritts als die entscheidende Triebkraft identifiziert. In diesem Kontext wird die These vom 'skill-biased technical change' (SBTC), d.h. die durch den technologischen Wandel bedingte qualifikationsverzerrende Struktur der Nachfrage nach Arbeitskräften umfangreich untersucht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Exploring gender differences in employment and wage trends among less-skilled workers (2006)
Blank, Rebecca M.; Shierholz, Heidi;Zitatform
Blank, Rebecca M. & Heidi Shierholz (2006): Exploring gender differences in employment and wage trends among less-skilled workers. (NBER working paper 12494), Cambridge, Mass., 46 S. DOI:10.3386/w12494
Abstract
"In contrast to less-skilled men, less-skilled women have experienced growing labor force involvement and moderate wage increases. Compared to more-skilled women, less-skilled women have fallen behind. We investigated the reasons behind these trends in labor force participation and wages for male and female workers of different skill levels over the past 25 years, from 1979-2004. We find that less-skilled women have found themselves in an 'intermediate' place in the labor market. Like less-skilled men, they experienced deteriorating returns to education but, unlike the men, they benefited from a growing positive impact of accumulated experience on labor market outcomes. More-skilled women experienced both growing returns to education and greater accumulation of experience, leading to faster wage growth. In addition, at the same time that experience levels have grown, the returns to experience on wages and labor force participation have also risen among less-skilled women, while the returns to experience have declined among less-skilled men. The negative effect of children and marital status on wages and labor force participation has also declined markedly among women of all skill levels." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working and poor: how economic and policy changes are affecting low-wage workers (2006)
Blank, Rebecca M.; Hasset, Kevin A.; Fairlie, Robert W. ; French, Eric ; Haider, Steven J.; Taber, Christopher; Levy, Helen ; Hall, Robert E. ; Danziger, Sheldon H.; Autor, David; Stephens, Melvin Jr.; Levine, Phillip B. ; Shierholz, Heidi; Card, David ; Moore, Anne; DiNardo, John; Meyer, Daniel R. ; Schoeni, Robert F. ; Merriman, David F.; Cancian, Maria ; McGuire, Therese J.; Houseman, Susan; Mazumder, Bhashkar ; Charles, Kerwin Kofi; MaGarry, Kathleen; Borjas, George J. ; London, Rebecca A.;Zitatform
Blank, Rebecca M., Sheldon H. Danziger & Robert F. Schoeni (Hrsg.) (2006): Working and poor. How economic and policy changes are affecting low-wage workers. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 436 S.
Abstract
"Over the last three decades, large-scale economic developments, such as technological change, the decline in unionization, and changing skill requirements, have exacted their biggest toll on low-wage workers. These workers often possess few marketable skills and few resources with which to support themselves during periods of economic transition. The book examines every facet of the economic well-being of less-skilled workers, from employment and earnings opportunities to consumption behavior and social assistance policies. Rebecca Blank and Heidi Schierholz document the different trends in work and wages among less-skilled women and men. Between 1979 and 2003, labor force participation rose rapidly for these women, along with more modest increases in wages, while among the men both employment and wages fell. David Card and John DiNardo review the evidence on how technological changes have affected less-skilled workers and conclude that the effect has been smaller than many observers claim. Philip Levine examines the effectiveness of the Unemployment Insurance program during recessions. He finds that the program's eligibility rules, which deny benefits to workers who have not met minimum earnings requirements, exclude the very people who require help most and should be adjusted to provide for those with the highest need. On the other hand, Therese J. McGuire and David F. Merriman show that government help remains a valuable source of support during economic downturns. They find that during the most recent recession in 2001, when state budgets were stretched thin, legislatures resisted political pressure to cut spending for the poor." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Earned Income Tax Credit policies: Impact and optimality: the Adam Smith Lecture, 2005 (2006)
Zitatform
Blundell, Richard (2006): Earned Income Tax Credit policies: Impact and optimality. The Adam Smith Lecture, 2005. In: Labour economics, Jg. 13, H. 4, S. 423-443. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2006.04.001
Abstract
"In this lecture the author considers the impact and optimality of Earned Income Tax Policies. The policy issue addressed is the low labour market attachment and high incidence of poverty among certain groups. These policies have taken a central position in EU labour market policy debate and he focusses on reforms over the last decade in the UK." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Kombilöhne im internationalen Vergleich: Nicht jede Therapie schlägt überall an (2006)
Zitatform
Brücker, Herbert & Regina Konle-Seidl (2006): Kombilöhne im internationalen Vergleich: Nicht jede Therapie schlägt überall an. (IAB-Kurzbericht 10/2006), Nürnberg, 8 S.
Abstract
"Ein Blick über die Grenzen kann helfen, weit reichende politische Entscheidungen - wie im Falle des Kombilohns - mit internationalen Erfahrungen zu stützen. Die Erfahrungen in den USA und Großbritannien zeigen, dass großzügige Einkommenssubventionen unter den Bedingungen eines Sozialstaates, der niedrige Leistungen für Nichterwerbstätige mit Auflagen zur Arbeitssuche verbindet, nennenswerte Beschäftigungseffekte haben. Allerdings existiert in den USA keine bedarfsdeckende Mindestsicherung. Zudem wurde dort der Leistungsbezug für Nichterwerbstätige zeitlich befristet. Dies kann auf Deutschland, das eine soziokulturelle Mindestsicherung gesetzlich garantiert, nicht übertragen werden. Aus den angelsächsischen Erfahrungen kann jedoch gelernt werden, dass Kombilöhne nur wirken, wenn das Steuer- und Transfer-System die Arbeitsanreize systematisch stärkt. Kombilöhne müssten deshalb in Deutschland in ein konsistentes Steuer- und Transfersystem eingebunden werden. Gerade in Ländern, die ein hohes Grundsicherungsniveau garantieren, ist eine konsequente Aktivierungspolitik notwendig, die monetäre Erwerbsanreize mit Auflagen für Leistungsempfänger verbindet. In Deutschland können zudem verstärkte Erwerbsanreize nur wirken, wenn dem zusätzlichen Arbeitsangebot auch eine entsprechende Nachfrage im Niedriglohnbereich gegenüber steht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Transfersysteme im Vergleich -
Literaturhinweis
Arbeitsanreize im Kontext des Steuer-Transfer-Systems: ein ausgewählter internationaler Vergleich (2006)
Düll, Herbert;Zitatform
Düll, Herbert (2006): Arbeitsanreize im Kontext des Steuer-Transfer-Systems. Ein ausgewählter internationaler Vergleich. In: Bundesarbeitsblatt H. 4, S. 4-16.
Abstract
"Die Bundesregierung will die Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten von gering Qualifizierten und Langzeitarbeitslosen verbessern. Im bestehenden Niedriglohnsektor soll möglicherweise ein Kombilohn-Modell eingeführt und dabei die bestehenden staatlichen Lohnergänzungen besser aufeinander abgestimmt werden. Vor der Herausforderung, einen eventuellen Kombilohn möglichst in das bestehende Steuer-Transfer-System einzupassen, standen und stehen auch andere Industrieländer. Der Beitrag wirft einen Blick auf die Erfahrungen dieser Länder mit Arbeitsanreizen im Niedriglohnbereich." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Kombilöhne und Mindestlöhne als Instrumente der Beschäftigungspolitik: Erfahrungen und Handlungsoptionen (2006)
Eichhorst, Werner;Zitatform
Eichhorst, Werner (2006): Kombilöhne und Mindestlöhne als Instrumente der Beschäftigungspolitik. Erfahrungen und Handlungsoptionen. (IZA discussion paper 2120), Bonn, 36 S.
Abstract
"Das Papier vergleicht die Wirkung unterschiedlicher Kombinationen von Mindest- und Kombilöhnen auf die Beschäftigung von Geringqualifizierten und Langzeitarbeitslosen in ausgewählten Ländern. Bezogen auf die gegenwärtige Diskussion in Deutschland plädiert es für Zurückhaltung bei der Festlegung zusätzlicher Mindestlohnbestimmungen und gegen eine Ausweitung von Kombilöhnen bei gegebenem Sicherungsniveau. Besser wäre eine konsequente Aktivierung nach der Grundkonzeption von Hartz IV." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Der Mindestlohn in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika (2006)
Hegewisch, Ariane;Zitatform
Hegewisch, Ariane (2006): Der Mindestlohn in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. (Focus America 01/2006), Washington, 5 S.
Abstract
"Der gesetzliche Mindestlohn wurde das letzte Mal unter der Clinton-Regierung 1997 erhöht und beträgt US Dollar 5.15 pro Stunde. Seitdem gab es verschiedene Gesetzesinitiativen im Kongress, den Mindestlohn zu erhöhen, die aber alle gescheitert sind. Schätzungsweise die Hälfte aller Arbeiter, die den Mindestlohn verdienen, sind illegale Einwanderer. In der Öffentlichkeit wird zur Zeit über die Zukunft der in den USA lebenden illegalen Einwanderer kontrovers diskutiert. Den illegalen Arbeitern den Weg in die Legalität zu ebnen, würde sie unter anderem vor illegalen Praktiken seitens der Arbeitgeber schützen und Unternehmen die Möglichkeit nehmen, die Rechte der Arbeiter zu untergraben. Da sich im amerikanischen Kongress, im Gegensatz zu einer Zustimmung in der Öffentlichkeit von 70 bis 80 %, keine Mehrheit für eine Erhöhung des Mindestlohns findet, haben eine Reihe von Bundesstaaten in den letzten drei Jahren eigene Gesetze verabschiedet, um den Mindestlohn anzuheben. Während es im Kongress nur wenige Republikaner gibt, die die Erhöhung des Mindestlohns unterstützten, so ist dies auf bundesstaatlicher Ebene anders, da die republikanische Partei dieses Feld nicht den Demokraten zur Mobilisierung ihrer Wählerschaft - im Vorfeld der mid-term Wahlen im November - überlassen will." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Employers in the boom: How did the hiring of less-skilled workers change during the 1990s (2006)
Zitatform
Holzer, Harry J., Steven Raphael & Michael A. Stoll (2006): Employers in the boom: How did the hiring of less-skilled workers change during the 1990s. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 88, H. 2, S. 283-299.
Abstract
"Employers became more willing to hire a range of disadvantaged workers during the 1990s boom - including minorities, workers with certain stigmas (such as welfare recipients), and those without recent experience or high school diplomas. The wages paid to newly hired less-skilled workers also increased. On the other hand, employers' demand for specific skill certification rose over time, as did their use of certain screens. The results suggest that the tight labor markets of the Tate 1990s, in conjunction with other secular changes, raised hiring costs and induced employers to shift toward screens that seemed more cost-effective." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeitsanreize im Niedriglohnbereich - ein ausgewählter internationaler Vergleich. Gutachten (2006)
Kaltenborn, Bruno; Böttcher, Carina; Knerr, Petra; Heller, Dominik; Gabrielli, Bianca; Maier, Anne;Zitatform
Kaltenborn, Bruno & Petra Knerr (2006): Arbeitsanreize im Niedriglohnbereich - ein ausgewählter internationaler Vergleich. Gutachten. (Beiträge zur Wirtschaftsforschung und Politikberatung 30), Berlin, 232 S.
Abstract
"In Deutschland werden ebenso wie in anderen westlichen Industrieländern Strategien zur Ausweitung der als unzureichend erachteten Beschäftigung von Personen mit geringem Verdienstpotenzial diskutiert. Eine Beschäftigung setzt insbesondere ein entsprechendes Arbeitsangebot eines Arbeitnehmers, eine dazu passende Arbeitsnachfrage eines Unternehmens und die Kenntnis beider voneinander voraus. Entsprechend gibt es mehrere Ansatzpunkte für Strategien zur Ausweitung der Beschäftigung. Derartige Strategien werden unter anderem für den Niedriglohnbereich diskutiert und auch bereits verfolgt. Die Strategien lassen sich einerseits nach ihrem Ansatzpunkt (Arbeitsangebot von Arbeitnehmern, Arbeitsnachfrage von Unternehmen sowie Matching von Arbeitsangebot und -nachfrage) und andererseits nach der Leistungsart (Geldleistungen, Sach- und Dienstleistungen, Rahmenbedingungen) klassifizieren.
Die nähere Betrachtung erfolgt unter zwei Gesichtspunkten:
- Einerseits erfolgt eine detaillierte Betrachtung einzelner ausländischer Steuer-Transfer- Systeme, um Gestaltungsoptionen aufzuzeigen (Kapitel 2). Dies ist angesichts des Aufwandes nur für einzelne Länder möglich. Für die notwendigen Details der jeweiligen Steuer-Transfer-Systeme am aktuellen Rand ist in der Regel eine Auswertung nationaler Quellen in der jeweiligen Landessprache erforderlich. Insgesamt wurden hierfür fünf Staaten ausgewählt (Italien, Frankreich, Großbritannien, Irland und die USA).
- Andererseits ist das Resultat des komplexen Zusammenspiels der Steuer-Transfer- Systeme unterschiedlicher Länder hinsichtlich der Anreize im Niedriglohnbereich von Interesse (Kapitel 3). Für eine derartige Betrachtung ist ebenfalls eine detaillierte Auswertung der jeweiligen Steuer-Transfer-Systeme erforderlich. Da hier auf Vorarbeiten der OECD zurückgegriffen werden kann, können über die fünf bereits in Kapitel 2 betrachteten Staaten hinaus weitere in die Analyse einbezogen werden. Insgesamt werden 15 westliche Industrieländer berücksichtigt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku) -
Literaturhinweis
Arbeitsanreize im Niedriglohnbereich: ein internationaler empirischer Überblick. Expertise (2006)
Kaltenborn, Bruno; Schiwarov, Juliana; Wielage, Nina;Zitatform
Kaltenborn, Bruno, Juliana Schiwarov & Nina Wielage (2006): Arbeitsanreize im Niedriglohnbereich. Ein internationaler empirischer Überblick. Expertise. (Beiträge zur Wirtschaftsforschung und Politikberatung 31), Berlin, 40 S.
Abstract
Der Effekt von Steuer-Transfer-Systemen auf das Arbeitsangebot lässt sich weder aus Beschreibungen des Steuer-Transfer-Systems noch aus theoretischen Überlegungen eindeutig ableiten. "Hierfür sind vielmehr empirische Untersuchungen erforderlich. Die Kenntnis der tatsächlichen Effekte ist essenziell für den Erfolg von Strategien zur Ausweitung des Arbeitsangebots von Personen mit geringem Verdienstpotenzial. Entsprechende empirische Studien sind nicht nur aufwändig, sondern kommen teilweise zu uneinheitlichen Ergebnissen. Daher liegt es nahe, die Ergebnisse vorliegender Untersuchungen vergleichend auszuwerten. Derartige Studien liegen vor allem für die USA, in eingeschränktem Maße aber auch für Großbritannien und Frankreich vor. Für Italien und Irland können keine empirischen Untersuchungen zu den Wirkungen einzelner Elemente des Steuer-Transfer-Systems ermittelt werden. Deshalb werden hilfsweise Ergebnisse von Studien zu den Reaktionen des Arbeitsangebots auf Lohnvariationen referiert. Diese können als Indiz für die Sensitivität des Arbeitsangebots gegenüber Änderungen des Steuer-Transfer-Systems herangezogen werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The working life: The labor market for workers in low-skilled jobs (2006)
Zitatform
Maxwell, Nan L. (2006): The working life: The labor market for workers in low-skilled jobs. Kalamazoo: Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 193 S.
Abstract
"Over the past few decades, the economic prospects for workers possessing relatively few skills have worsened as the demand for skills in the labor market has increased. Even in jobs that might be categorized as low-skilled, workers require a diverse set of skills to succeed. Many of these skills can only be obtained through schooling or job training. This is why workers lacking skills find it difficult to attain a foothold in the labor market and why employers have difficulty filling low-skilled jobs. While it was previously assumed that the supply of workers able to fill low-skilled jobs exceeded the demand, this book reveals that the labor market for low-skilled workers actually operates quite differently. The author presents the results of her groundbreaking survey of 405 employers, which queried them about jobs requiring no more than a high school education and no more than one year of work experience. These data allow her to establish the link between skills and low-skilled jobs and to reveal the current state of the labor market facing low-skilled workers. The data also highlights the knowledge and skills that employers require in low-skilled jobs and the abilities that individuals who apply for those jobs bring to the table. Overall, the employers' responses allow to make the following five key points:
Low-skilled jobs require skills. Low-skilled jobs are not no-skilled jobs. While individuals do not have to have a high level of credentials to apply for low-skilled jobs, once they are hired, employers emphasize that they must possess the requisite skills to succeed in their jobs. Among them are the so-called new basic skills - English, math, problem-solving, and communication skills. In addition, appropriate workplace behavior and the ability to follow instructions are important, and physical abilities and mechanical skills are also required, often at levels more intense than at other jobs.
Shortages of appropriately skilled workers in low-skilled jobs exist, even when labor markets are slack. Close to 60 percent of firms in this study report great difficulty - one-fourth of them had extreme difficulty - finding qualified workers for low-skilled jobs even when unemployment rates exceed 7.0 percent.
Skills are rewarded in the labor market for workers in low-skilled jobs. Low-skilled jobs requiring skills with a high relative demand in the local labor market (i.e., skills in short supply) carry increased occupational wages. Low skilled jobs offer promotional opportunities. Firms report that over 90 percent of entry-level low-skilled jobs have promotional opportunities, as long as workers are willing and able to expand their skill sets. Firms also construct pipelines of appropriately skilled workers by hiring entry-level workers with skills needed in the position above entry level.
Hiring requirements in low-skilled jobs are relaxed in tight labor markets. Firms match recruiting and screening methods to the skills needed in the low-skilled jobs. As labor markets loosen, these firms use less extensive recruiting methods but adopt more intensive screening methods. This suggests that, during loose labor markets, firms sort through a greater number of applicants in order to uncover workers with the skill sets needed in the job.
The author also defines low-skilled jobs, identifies the populations who fill these jobs and the economic realities facing them, and offers policy solutions aimed at facilitating the career development of low-skilled individuals. Theses solutions include building skills while attending public schools and while attending publicly-funded employment and training programs. They also include increasing the demand for low-skilled workers and refining the nation's workforce development programs to better steer individuals into jobs providing economic self-sufficiency." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Mindestlöhne in Europa (2006)
Schulten, Thorsten; Kohl, Heribert; Lismoen, Havard; Hermann, Christoph; Schmid, Bernard; Schäfer, Claus; Bispinck, Reinhard; Burgess, Pete; Oesch, Daniel ; Erne, Roland ; Platzer, Hans-Wolfgang; Bispinck, Reinhard; Recio, Albert; Schulten, Thorsten; Rieger, Andreas; Burmeister, Kai; Schäfer, Claus;Zitatform
Schulten, Thorsten, Reinhard Bispinck & Claus Schäfer (Hrsg.) (2006): Mindestlöhne in Europa. Hamburg: VSA-Verlag, 306 S.
Abstract
"Was kann man hierzulande (wo kein gesetzlicher Mindestlohn, stattdessen eine sinkende Tarifbindung aufgrund der Blockadepolitik von Arbeitgeberverbänden existiert) von der Mindestlohnpolitik in den europäischen Nachbarländern lernen? Wie werden Mindestlöhne festgelegt, auf welchen Niveaus verglichen mit den Durchschnittseinkommen? Gibt es einen - wie die herrschende Wirtschaftsdoktrin immer wieder behauptet - negativen Zusammenhang zwischen Mindestlohnhöhe und Beschäftigung oder gar Hinweise auf eine positive Korrelation? Das sind nur einige Fragen, die in diesem Buch beantwortet werden." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum wages in Europe (2006)
Schulten, Thorsten; Lismoen, Havard; Kohl, Heribert; Schulten, Thorsten; Bispinck, Reinhard; Bispinck, Reinhard; Oesch, Daniel ; Burmeister, Kai; Platzer, Hans-Wolfgang; Hermann, Christoph; Recio, Albert; Burgess, Pete; Rieger, Andreas; Schäfer, Claus; Schäfer, Claus; Erne, Roland ; Schmid, Bernard;Zitatform
Schulten, Thorsten, Reinhard Bispinck & Claus Schäfer (Hrsg.) (2006): Minimum wages in Europe. Brüssel: ETUI-REHS, 375 S.
Abstract
"This volume presents, for the first time, a comprehensive analysis of national minimum wage systems in Europe and the USA. The study, coordinated by the Economic and Social Sciences Institute (WSI) in the Hans Böckler Foundation, contains studies of countries such as Great Britain, Ireland, the Benelux countries, France, Spain, the states of central and eastern Europe and the USA, all of which have minimum wage provisions. In other countries covered by the study - the Scandinavian countries, Denmark, Sweden and Norway as well as Germany, Austria and Switzerland - the provision of a minimum wage is achieved by and large by means of collective agreements. The volume concludes with a paper entitled 'Theses for a European minimum wage policy' which sets out concrete proposals for a European coordination of minimum wage policy." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Subventionierung von Beschäftigung im Niedriglohnbereich: ein Ausweg aus der Beschäftigungskrise? (2006)
Steiner, Viktor;Zitatform
Steiner, Viktor (2006): Subventionierung von Beschäftigung im Niedriglohnbereich. Ein Ausweg aus der Beschäftigungskrise? In: Wirtschaftspolitische Blätter, Jg. 53, H. 2, S. 213-228.
Abstract
"Die Beschäftigung im Niedriglohnbereich wird in den USA und in Großbritannien schon seit längerem in Form so genannter 'Kombilohn'-Modelle ('in-work credits'), in Deutschland und in Österreich durch die Freistellung geringfügiger Beschäftigung von den Sozialbeiträgen subventioniert. Die Subventionierung geringfügiger Beschäftigung wurde jüngst durch die 'Mini Jobs'-Reform in Deutschland und die Einführung eines 'Dienstleistungsschecks' in Österreich ausgeweitet. Der Beitrag zeigt, dass (a) die Kombilohn-Modelle in den USA und Großbritannien zwar mit einer Zunahme der Beschäftigung von Alleinerziehenden verbunden waren, die Beschäftigung insgesamt aber nur in geringem Umfang erhöht haben; (b) die Übertragung dieser Kombilohn-Modelle auf Deutschland oder Österreich ohne grundlegende Reform der Steuer- und sozialen Sicherungssysteme nicht erfolgversprechend ist; (c) die 'Mini Jobs'-Reform in Deutschland kein effektives arbeitsmarktpolitisches Instrument ist und (d) durch die Einführung des 'Dienstleistungsschecks' in Österreich keine größeren Beschäftigungseffekte zu erwarten sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Earnings mobility and low-wage workers in the United States (2006)
Theodos, Brett; Bednarzik, Robert;Zitatform
Theodos, Brett & Robert Bednarzik (2006): Earnings mobility and low-wage workers in the United States. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 129, H. 7, S. 34-47.
Abstract
"Data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics indicate that persons initially with low income, but who work full time, remain in good health, and receive more education, exhibit upward earnings mobility. The picture is quite the opposite, however, for those who do not work or who start out at the lowest end of the income scale. In this article, annual employment and earnings figures for a low-income cohort of individuals from 1995 until 2001 are examined. Tracking the employment and earnings experience of the same individuals over time contributes to our understanding of the debate, showing that mobility varies across groups in important ways." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Low-wage employment in America: results from a set of recent industry case studies (2005)
Zitatform
Appelbaum, Eileen, Annette Bernhardt, Richard J. Murnane & Jeremy A. Weinberg (2005): Low-wage employment in America. Results from a set of recent industry case studies. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 3, H. 2, S. 293-310. DOI:10.1093/SER/mwi012
Abstract
"Data from national surveys show the dramatic changes that have taken place in the US wage structure over the past three decades. However, these data provide only very limited information about the complex reasons why those changes have occurred and why there is significant variation in the wages of workers with similar education levels employed in similar industries. Industry case studies, on the other hand, document how firms' responses to economic pressures have affected working conditions, work rules, productivity pressures, skill requirements, and opportunities for training and advancement for workers with less than a 4-year college education. This paper reviews a series of recent case studies on low-wage employment in America funded by the Russell Sage and Rockefeller Foundations, and examines how pressures to cut costs have affected firms' treatment of frontline workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
An overview of welfare-to-work efforts (2005)
Blank, Rebecca M.;Zitatform
Blank, Rebecca M. (2005): An overview of welfare-to-work efforts. In: CESifo DICE report, Jg. 3, H. 2, S. 3-7.
Abstract
Hauptzielsetzung US-amerikanischer Sozialpolitik ist es, Sozialhilfeempfänger wieder in Arbeit zu bringen. Die Sammelbezeichnung 'Welfare-to-Work' beschreibt eine Vielzahl von Programmen auf bundes- und einzelstaatlicher sowie auf regionaler und kommunaler Ebene. Da Adressaten von Sozialhilfeleistungen in den USA in erster Linie ledige Mütter sind, zielen die 'Welfare-to-Work'-Programme in der Hauptsache darauf ab, vor allem gering qualifizierte allein erziehende Frauen in Arbeitsverhältnisse zu bringen. Der Übergang von der Sozialhilfe in ein Arbeitsverhältnis wird dabei nicht als ein Mittel zur Armutsbekämpfung verstanden, sondern Arbeit stellt einen Wert an sich dar. Der Beitrag gibt einen umfassenden Überblick über die verschiedenen Förderungsprogramme und Einzelmaßnahmen (von Lohnkostenzuschüssen über Kinderbetreuungskosten bis hin zu Sanktionen wie zeitlicher Begrenzung oder Kürzung der Leistungen) und untersucht, inwieweit die Programme auf andere, insbesondere europäische Staaten zu übertragen sind. Die US-Erfahrungen zeigen, dass eine verhältnismäßig hohe Zahl gering qualifizierter allein erziehender Mütter auf Dauer in Arbeitsverhältnisse vermittelt werden kann, vorausgesetzt derartige Jobs existieren und es gibt entsprechende Anreize, sie zu übernehmen. Gleichzeitig ist die Zahl derer, die Arbeit haben und dennoch in Armut leben, gewachsen. Bei der Frage nach der Übertragbarkeit von 'Welfare-to-Work'-Maßnahmen auf europäische Staaten müssen die Unterschiede der wirtschaftlichen und institutionellen Strukturen und sozialen Normen berücksichtigt werden. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Labor supply effects of the Earned Income Tax Credit: evidence from Wisconsin supplemental benefit for families with three children (2005)
Zitatform
Cancian, Maria & Arik Levinson (2005): Labor supply effects of the Earned Income Tax Credit. Evidence from Wisconsin supplemental benefit for families with three children. (NBER working paper 11454), Cambridge, Mass., 35 S. DOI:10.3386/w11454
Abstract
"We examine the labor market consequences of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), comparing labor market behavior of eligible parents in Wisconsin, which supplements the federal EITC for families with three children, to that of similar parents in states that do not supplement the federal EITC. Data come from the 2000 Census of Population. Most previous studies have relied on changes in the EITC over time, or EITC eligibility differences for families with and without children, or have extrapolated from measured labor supply responses to other tax and benefit programs, and find significant effects of the EITC on employment. In contrast, our cross-state comparison examines a larger difference in EITC subsidy rates, uses more similar treatment and control groups, relies on a policy that has been in place for 5 years, and finds no effect of the EITC on employment or hours worked." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Theorie
- Politik und Maßnahmen
- Arbeitsmarkt- und Lohnentwicklung
- Arbeitswelt, Personalpolitik
- Personengruppen
- Wirtschaftszweige
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
- Alter