Atypische Beschäftigung
Der deutsche Arbeitsmarkt wird zunehmend heterogener. Teilzeitbeschäftigung und Minijobs boomen. Ebenso haben befristete Beschäftigung und Leiharbeit an Bedeutung gewonnen und die Verbreitung von Flächentarifverträgen ist rückläufig. Diese atypischen Erwerbsformen geben Unternehmen mehr Flexibilität.
Was sind die Konsequenzen der zunehmenden Bedeutung atypischer Beschäftigungsformen für Erwerbstätige, Arbeitslose und Betriebe? Welche Bedeutung haben sie für die sozialen Sicherungssysteme, das Beschäftigungsniveau und die Durchlässigkeit des Arbeitsmarktes? Die IAB-Themendossier bietet Informationen zum Forschungsstand.
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
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Atypische Beschäftigung insgesamt
- Gesamtbetrachtungen
- Erosion des Normalarbeitsverhältnisses
- Prekäre Beschäftigung
- Politik, Arbeitslosigkeitsbekämpfung
- Arbeits- und Lebenssituation atypisch Beschäftigter
- Betriebliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Rechtliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Gesundheitliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Beschäftigungsformen
- Qualifikationsniveau
- Alter
- geographischer Bezug
- Geschlecht
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Literaturhinweis
Working for less? Women's part-time wage penalities across countries (2008)
Bardasi, Elena; Gornick, Janet C.;Zitatform
Bardasi, Elena & Janet C. Gornick (2008): Working for less? Women's part-time wage penalities across countries. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 14, H. 1, S. 37-72. DOI:10.1080/13545700701716649
Abstract
"This paper investigates wage gaps between part- and full-time women workers in six OECD countries in die mid-1990s. Using comparable micro-data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), for Canada, Germany, Italy, Sweden, the UK, and the US, die paper first assesses cross-national variation in the direction, magnitude, and composition of the part-time/full-time wage differential. Then it analyzes variations across these countries in occupational segregation between part- and full-time workers. The paper finds a part-time wage penalty among women workers in all countries, except Sweden. Other than in Sweden, occupational differences between part- and full-time workers dominate the portion of the wage gap that is explained by observed differences between die two groups of workers. Across countries, the degree of occupational segregation between female part- and full-time workers is negatively correlated with die Position of part-time workers' wages in the full-time wage distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Is part-time employment here to stay?: evidence from the Dutch labour force survey 1992-2005 (2008)
Zitatform
Bosch, Nicole, Anja Deelen & Rob Euwals (2008): Is part-time employment here to stay? Evidence from the Dutch labour force survey 1992-2005. (IZA discussion paper 3367), Bonn, 30 S.
Abstract
"To balance work and family responsibilities, the Netherlands have chosen a unique model that combines a high female employment rate with a high part-time employment rate. The model is likely to be the result of (societal) preferences as the removal of institutional barriers, like lower marginal tax rates for partners and better childcare facilities, has not led to more working hours. It is, however, an open question whether the model is here to stay or whether younger generations of women will choose full-time jobs in the near future. We investigate the development of working hours over successive generations of women using the Dutch Labour Force Survey 1992-2005. We find evidence of an increasing propensity to work part-time over the successive generations, and a decreasing propensity to work full-time for the generations born after the early 1950s. Our results are in line with results of studies on social norms and attitudes as they find a similar pattern over the successive generations. It therefore seems likely that without changes in (societal) preferences the part-time employment model is indeed here to stay for some more time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Moving down: Women's part-time work and occupational change in Britain 1991-2001 (2008)
Zitatform
Connolly, Sara & Mary Gregory (2008): Moving down: Women's part-time work and occupational change in Britain 1991-2001. In: The economic journal, Jg. 118, H. 526, S. F52-F76. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2007.02116.x
Abstract
"We give a quantitative analysis of the nature of occupational change - based on the utilisation of skills - as women make the transition between full-time and part-time work. We show that one-quarter of women moving from full- to part-time work experience downgrading. Women remaining with their current employer are less vulnerable and the availability of part-time opportunities is far more important than the presence of a pre-school child in determining whether a woman moves to a lower-skilled occupation. These findings indicate a loss of economic efficiency through the underutilisation of the skills of many of the women who work part-time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Temporary contracts and young women in Spain (2008)
Diaz, M. Angeles; Sanchez, Rosario;Zitatform
Diaz, M. Angeles & Rosario Sanchez (2008): Temporary contracts and young women in Spain. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 40, H. 11, S. 1435-1442. DOI:10.1080/00036840600771387
Abstract
"In this article we analyse the determinants of temporary employment through a balanced panel of workers from 1995 to 2000. First, we estimate a panel with 1267 individuals with ages ranging from 16 to 65 years. We obtain that the probability of having a temporary contract increases for people younger than 46 years old. Secondly, we estimate separately the sample of people younger than 46 years old and we obtain that the probability of temporality increases for young people with university level of education. More interestedly, the probability of being in a temporary contract is smaller for young women that for young men in Spain." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Prekäre Verhältnisse, erschöpfte Geschlechterarrangements: eine praxeologische Perspektive auf Strategien sozialer Kohäsion (2008)
Zitatform
Dölling, Irene & Susanne Völker (2008): Prekäre Verhältnisse, erschöpfte Geschlechterarrangements. Eine praxeologische Perspektive auf Strategien sozialer Kohäsion. In: Zeitschrift für Frauenforschung und Geschlechterstudien, Jg. 26, H. 3/4, S. 57-71.
Abstract
"Die Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung steht heute vor der Herausforderung, prekäre Verhältnisse in ihren Wirkungen auf Geschlechterarrangements nicht länger mittels fordistisch geprägter wissenschaftlicher Klassifikationen analysieren zu können. Sie sollte vielmehr eine (praxeologische) Perspektive einnehmen, die Uneindeutigkeiten und Unbestimmtheiten im Handeln der Akteurinnen sichtbar macht. Am Beispiel einer qualitativen Untersuchung der Arbeits- und Lebenssituationen von Beschäftigten des Einzelhandels in Ostdeutschland zeigt der Beitrag, dass Akteurinnen in prekären Verhältnissen in der Lage sind, neue, wenn auch fragile, Geschlechterarrangements zu finden. Die Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung kann als politische Wissenschaft dazu beitragen, diese sozialen Öffnungen in wissenschaftliche Begriffe zu fassen und damit zu stabilisieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Feature: the price of reconciliation: part-time work, families and women's satisfaction (2008)
Zitatform
Gregory, Mary & Sara Connolly (2008): Feature: the price of reconciliation: part-time work, families and women's satisfaction. In: The economic journal, Jg. 118, H. 526, S. F1-F7. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2007.02113.x
Abstract
"While the gender pay gap has been narrowing for women in full-time jobs the pay penalty for the 40 % of women who work part-time has risen, reflecting the growing polarisation of part-time jobs in low-wage occupations. A further dimension is that women often experience downgrading from higher-skill full-time into lower-skill part-time occupations. As women reorganise their working lives around the presence of children their reported hours and job satisfaction are highest in part-time work, but life-satisfaction is scarcely affected by hours of work. This Feature explores these issues and their challenge for economic efficiency as well as gender equity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Teilzeitbeschäftigung: Wachstum aus eigener Kraft (2008)
Zitatform
Klinger, Sabine & Katja Wolf (2008): Teilzeitbeschäftigung: Wachstum aus eigener Kraft. In: IAB-Forum H. 1, S. 10-15.
Abstract
Seit Beginn der 1990er Jahre stieg die Zahl der Teilzeitbeschäftigten in Deutschland um mehr als 110 Prozent. Die Zahl der Vollzeitbeschäftigten nahm in diesem Zeitraum um mehr als 20 Prozent ab. Aktuell übt jeder dritte Arbeitnehmer in Deutschland eine Teilzeitbeschäftigung aus. Der Beitrag untersucht die ökonomischen und institutionellen Faktoren, die den Anstieg der Teilzeitarbeit bedingen sowie das veränderte Erwerbsverhalten und gibt einen Überblick über die positiven und negativen Aspekte dieser Erwerbsform. Die Autorinnen kommen zu dem Schluss, dass das Teilzeitwachstum in Westdeutschland seit 1991 vor allem auf Vorteile, die in der Erwerbsform an sich liegen und nicht so sehr auf Veränderungen in der Wirtschaftsstruktur zurückzuführen sind. Ausschlaggebend sind die Faktoren, die Teilzeit- von Vollzeitbeschäftigung unterscheiden: höhere Flexibilität, geringere Kosten, niedrigere Sozialabgaben bei geringfügiger Beschäftigung und eine bessere Vereinbarung von Familie und Beruf. Zu den Nachteilen zählt nach Meinung der Autorinnen, dass Teilzeitbeschäftigte 'oft ausgebremst und einer unsicheren Zukunft überlassen' werden. Sie verdienen oft weniger pro Stunde und erwerben dadurch weniger Rentenansprüche; sie sind oft kürzer im Unternehmen und profitieren deshalb weniger von betrieblicher Weiterbildung. 'Es ist deshalb Aufgabe auch des Staates, die Flexibilitäts- und Produktivitätsvorteile um eine bessere soziale Sicherung und Teilhabe an Qualifizierung zu ergänzen.' (IAB)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Wolf, Katja; -
Literaturhinweis
The part-time pay penalty for women in Britain (2008)
Zitatform
Manning, Alan & Barbara Petrongolo (2008): The part-time pay penalty for women in Britain. In: The economic journal, Jg. 118, H. 526, S. F28-F51. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2007.02115.x
Abstract
"Women in Britain who work part-time have, on average, hourly earnings about 25% less than that of women working full-time. This gap has widened greatly over the past 30 years. This article tries to explain this part-time pay penalty. It shows that a sizeable part of the penalty can be explained by the differing characteristics of FT and PT women. Inclusion of standard demographics halves the estimate of the pay penalty. But inclusion of occupation makes the pay penalty very small, suggesting that almost the entire unexplained gap is due to occupational segregation. The rise in the pay penalty over time is partly a result of a rise in occupational segregation and partly the general rise in wage inequality. Policies to reduce the pay penalty have had little effect and it is likely that it will not change much unless better jobs can be made available on a part-time basis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Universal disadvantage? The economic well-being of female part-timers in Europe (2008)
Zitatform
Warren, Tracey (2008): Universal disadvantage? The economic well-being of female part-timers in Europe. In: European Societies, Jg. 10, H. 5, S. 737-762. DOI:10.1080/14616690701757853
Abstract
"Working fewer than full-time hours has been seen as a crucial way in which women workers can balance demands from home and paid work. But working part-time holds a range of negative repercussions for other aspects of worker's lives, in particular their economic well-being. Examining objective and subjective indicators of economic well-being, the paper uses data from the European Community Household Panel Survey to consider the ramifications of working short hours for women in Europe. The paper is concerned with the generalisability of the very weak situation of part-timers in Britain. It asks whether and how the economic problems faced by women at the bottom of the occupational hierarchy differ according to societal context. The papers shows that part-time low level workers had the lowest monthly wages relative to their compatriots in each country examined, though the intensity of wage disadvantage varied substantially across the sample. The research did not uncover a universal positive correlation between women's relative wage positions and individual level measures of economic well-being, however. The most prevalent association between working part-time in a low level occupation and facing a weak economic position occurred at the level of household economies. The paper concludes by asking how we best research economic well-being, including whether it should be approached via an individual or household level analysis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The growing problem of disconnected single mothers (2007)
Blank, Rebecca; Kovak, Brian;Zitatform
Blank, Rebecca & Brian Kovak (2007): The growing problem of disconnected single mothers. (National Poverty Center. Working Paper 07-28), Ann Arbor, 51 S.
Abstract
"While welfare reform and other recent policy changes have been associated with substantial increases in work and earnings among low-income, single-mother families, they have made assistance less available to those who find themselves out of work. This paper documents and examines an emerging phenomenon in which low-income single mothers increasingly report that they are not working and do not receive public assistance benefits; we refer to these as 'disconnected' families. As we show, this group is very poor. The majority of these families lives without other sources of household income and faces barriers to consistent employment. They appear to cycle in and out of disconnectedness, with the majority of cases beginning with job loss. Given rising numbers of disconnected single mothers, we believe it is valuable to assess possible changes in the safety net that might provide greater support to this group of women and their children. We propose and assess a number of potential policy responses aimed at strengthening the safety net for this needy and growing population." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Teilzeitarbeit zwischen Wunsch und Wirklichkeit (2007)
Buchinger, Elisabeth; Csoka, Bettina;Zitatform
Buchinger, Elisabeth & Bettina Csoka (2007): Teilzeitarbeit zwischen Wunsch und Wirklichkeit. In: Wiso. Wirtschafts- und sozialpolitische Zeitschrift des ISW, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 113-132.
Abstract
"Teilzeitarbeit nimmt bei Frauen enorm zu. In manchen Berufen ist es inzwischen fast unmöglich geworden, eine Vollzeitstelle zu finden. In anderen Branchen und Berufen, insbesondere bei höherer beruflicher Position und Qualifikation, ist es gleichzeitig Frauen und Männern noch immer kaum möglich, vorübergehend die Arbeitszeit auf Wunsch zu reduzieren. Die teilzeitbeschäftigten Frauen selber haben ein sehr nüchternes Bild von ihrer Situation: Viele sehen für sich eine bessere Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie - auf Kosten von Existenzsicherung und ausreichenden Pensionen, verbunden mit Nachteilen beim beruflichen Aufstieg und der betrieblichen Weiterbildung. Eine gewünschte Aufstockung der Arbeitszeit bis hin zur Vollzeitarbeit beurteilt die Mehrheit als nur schwer zu verwirklichen. Der Handlungsbedarf ist groß. Frauen dürfen wegen zumeist familienbedingter Teilzeitarbeit, die sie vorübergehend eingehen, nicht ins berufliche Abseits gedrängt werden. Nötig sind bessere Chancen auf eine existenzsichernde Arbeit, flexiblere Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten der Arbeitszeit je nach Lebenslagen, Schluss mit Benachteiligungen von Teilzeitkräften gegenüber Vollzeitbeschäftigten. Und dringend nötig ist der Ausbau passender und leistbarer Kinderbetreuungsangebote, damit Beruf und Familie für Väter und Mütter endlich tatsächlich vereinbar wird!" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Part-time employment can be a life-time setback for earnings: a study of British women 1975-2001 (2007)
Zitatform
Connolly, Sara & Mary Gregory (2007): Part-time employment can be a life-time setback for earnings. A study of British women 1975-2001. (IZA discussion paper 3101), Bonn, 30 S.
Abstract
"Two particular features of the position of women in the British labour market are the extensive role of part-time work and the large part-time pay penalty. Part-time work features most prominently when women are in their 30s, the peak childcare years and, particularly for more educated women, a crucial period for career building. This makes it essential to understand its impact on women's subsequent earnings trajectories. We find that the wage return to part-time experience is low - negligible in lower skill occupations. Even more important channels contributing to the pay disadvantage of women working part-time are job changing, particularly when this involves occupational downgrading. Downgrading can lead to a permanent pay disadvantage for women following a spell in part-time work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
(Not) taking account of precarious employment: workfare policies and lone mothers in Ontario and the UK (2007)
Evans, Patricia M.;Zitatform
Evans, Patricia M. (2007): (Not) taking account of precarious employment. Workfare policies and lone mothers in Ontario and the UK. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 41, H. 1, S. 29-49. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9515.2007.00537.x
Abstract
"Workfare is, at least in part, a policy response to changing labour markets and the expansion taking place in jobs that are low-paid, irregular and insecure. For lone mothers, increasingly the focus of workfare policies, precarious employment creates special challenges. However, the nature of the jobs that are available to women on social assistance has received relatively little attention in the workfare literature, which focuses more on individual characteristics, supports to employment, and programme impacts. Drawing upon both primary and secondary sources and using Ontario, the province with the most developed workfare programme in Canada, this article examines the ways in which policies support and enforce precarious employment. The article also considers the implications of precarious employment for UK policy, which has not (yet) adopted workfare for lone mothers, although incremental steps in that direction are taking place as employment is increasingly viewed as the appropriate objective of income support programmes for lone mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Fixed-term contracts - the new European inequality?: comparing men and women in West Germany and France (2007)
Zitatform
Gash, Vanessa & Frances McGinnity (2007): Fixed-term contracts - the new European inequality? Comparing men and women in West Germany and France. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 5, H. 3, S. 467-496. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwl020
Abstract
"This paper seeks to reveal whether fixed-term contracts are the new European inequality and does so in a comparative analysis of two countries typically regarded as eurosclerotic: West Germany and France. We compare the wages, wage growth and labour market outcomes of fixed-term contract workers relative to a matched sample of permanent workers with similar characteristics. Using seven waves of the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) we find evidence of wage penalties, increased exposure to unemployment and repeat spells of fixed-term employment. However, these tendencies vary significantly by country and by gender. The main finding of this paper is the extent to which fixed-term contract employment is of considerable disadvantage for French women. This is important, as previous research on female employment in the UK and in West Germany (Booth et al., 2002; Giesecke and Gross, 2003), two countries with intermittent female employment, did not find evidence of fixed-term worker disadvantage. Our findings, however, suggest that in countries where female employment tends to be full-time and continuous, the introduction of fixed-term contracts challenges the existing gender contract." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Mothers' participation in paid work: the role of 'mini-jobs' (2007)
Hales, Jon; Tipping, Sarah; Lyon, Nick;Zitatform
Hales, Jon, Sarah Tipping & Nick Lyon (2007): Mothers' participation in paid work. The role of 'mini-jobs'. (Department of Work and Pensions. Research report 467), London, 152 S.
Abstract
"In late 2005 and early 2006, there was a gap of 15 percentage points in the rate of participation in paid work by mothers, according to whether they lived in a family with a partner or were living as a lone parent. Around half of this gap is a reflection of it being more common for mothers in couple families to work in a job where their hours are between one and 15 per week, referred to as 'mini-jobs'. Previous research into 'mini-jobs' had identified a pattern of working in which mothers moved from not working at all, through a transitional period in a 'mini-job', to working 16 hours or more per week. One of the primary aims of this research was to consider how big a phenomenon is the use of 'mini-jobs' in moving into work of longer hours compared to other routes out of not working. The research was carried out by the National Centre for Social Research and involved secondary analysis of the Families and Children Study survey. The analysis used data for five waves, covering the period from 2001 to 2005. FACS is a panel survey involving annual interviews which tracks families over time. It started in 1999 and is representative of families in Britain." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Männer und Frauen in unfreiwillig befristeten Beschäftigungsverhältnissen (2007)
Hardarson, Omar;Zitatform
Hardarson, Omar (2007): Männer und Frauen in unfreiwillig befristeten Beschäftigungsverhältnissen. (Statistik kurz gefasst. Bevölkerung und soziale Bedingungen 98/2007), Brüssel, 8 S.
Abstract
"2005 hatten fast 15 % der weiblichen und etwa 14 % der männlichen Arbeitnehmer in der EU-25 einen befristeten Arbeitsvertrag. Viele dieser Beschäftigten arbeiteten nicht absichtlich, sondern unfreiwillig in befristeten Arbeitsverhältnissen - weil sie keine Daueranstellung finden konnten. Im Mittelpunkt der Ausgabe stehen diese Frauen und Männer - ihre relative Zahl, ihr Alter, ihre Verteilung auf verschiedene Wirtschaftszweige und Berufe und die typische Laufzeit ihrer Arbeitsverträge.
Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse:
- 2005 übten 7,5 % aller weiblichen und 6,7 % aller männlichen Beschäftigten unfreiwillig eine befristete Beschäftigung aus.
- Von 2000 bis 2005 stieg der Anteil sowohl der Frauen als auch der Männer in befristeten Arbeitsverhältnissen sowie der Anteil derer, die nicht freiwillig befristet beschäftigt waren.
- Beinahe ein Drittel der Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer unter 30 Jahren hatte 2005 einen befristeten Arbeitsvertrag, und rund 40 % davon waren nicht auf eigenen Wunsch befristet angestellt.
- Am höchsten war der Anteil der unfreiwillig befristet Beschäftigten in der Landwirtschaft und in privaten Haushalten.
- Hilfsarbeitskräfte sind in wesentlich größerem Umfang unfreiwillig befristet beschäftigt als Führungskräfte, Wissenschaftler und Techniker.
- Rund 43 % der Frauen und 48 % der Männer, die einer unfreiwillig befristeten Tätigkeit nachgehen, haben Arbeitsverträge mit weniger als sechs Monaten Laufzeit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku) -
Literaturhinweis
Female part-time workers' experiences of occupational mobility in the UK service industry (2007)
Zitatform
Tomlinson, Jennifer (2007): Female part-time workers' experiences of occupational mobility in the UK service industry. In: Women in management review, Jg. 22, H. 4, S. 305-318.
Abstract
"The purpose of this paper it to explore the extent to which female part-time workers experience occupational mobility in UK service sector firms, particularly promotional opportunities, since the implementation of the Part-time Workers' Directive in 2000. The research adopts a qualitative methodology. In-depth interviews were carried out with 62 women and 12 of their managers in five case study workplaces in the service industry, so as to better understand individuals' perceptions of part-time work and the processes that shape part-time working at an organisational level. The findings are not particularly encouraging in terms of female part-time workers' perceptions of their opportunities for career progression in four of the five case studies. Distinctions were found between legislation, organisational policies and informal workplace practices. It is argued in this paper that each of these levels is important in understanding patterns of change and continuity in the use and structuring of part-time work. The originality of this paper lies in its use of occupational closure to explain the stratification of part-time workers and this paper has significance and value for debates surrounding the progression and career prospects of non-standard workers and diversity management more broadly." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Experiencing part-time work: temporal tensions, social relations and the work-family interface (2007)
Zitatform
Walsh, Janet (2007): Experiencing part-time work. Temporal tensions, social relations and the work-family interface. In: British Journal of Industrial Relations, Jg. 45, H. 1, S. 155-177. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8543.2007.00606.x
Abstract
"Part-time work is commonly depicted as positive for women workers and their experience of work and home. Drawing on the qualitative commentaries of lower-level service workers, this study explores the temporal, social and interpersonal consequences of part-time work. While many employees liked part-time work, there was evidence that fragmented work schedules, mandated overtime and difficulties in taking time off work created tensions and problems for women in both the work and family domains. Inferior treatment also punctuated the work experiences of a number of part-time employees and served to underline their differential work status." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Explaining the growth of part-time employment: factors of supply and demand (2006)
Zitatform
Euwals, Rob & Maurice Hogerbrugge (2006): Explaining the growth of part-time employment. Factors of supply and demand. In: Labour, Jg. 20, H. 3, S. 533-558.
Abstract
"Using the Dutch Labour Force Survey 1991-2001, the authors investigate the incidence of part-time employment in the country with the highest part-time employment rate of the OECD countries. Women fulfil most part-time jobs, but a considerable fraction of men works part-time as well. Evidence from descriptive statistics and a macroeconometric model at the sectoral level of industry suggests that the growth of part-time employment in the 1990s relates strongly to the growth in female labour force participation. Factors of labour demand, such as the shift from manufacturing to services and the increase in the demand for flexible labour, turn out to play a significant role as well." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The part-time wage gap in Norway: how large is it really ? (2006)
Zitatform
Hardoy, Ines & Pål Schøne (2006): The part-time wage gap in Norway. How large is it really ? In: British Journal of Industrial Relations, Jg. 44, H. 2, S. 263-282. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8543.2006.00497.x
Abstract
"Norwegian working-life legislation has strict rules against discrimination between full-time and part-time work. Partly as a consequence of this, a large proportion of Norwegian women work part-time. The purpose of this paper is to establish whether there are systematic differences between part-time and fulltime workers regarding the selection process and earnings capacity. We find wage differences between part-time and full-time workers are small in Norway, and there is no evidence of systematic selection bias. The results may be explained by some features of the Norwegian labour market, including, equal rights for part-time workers, strict rules against the discrimination of parttime workers, and a generous family policy enabling women to combine work and family life." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
-
Atypische Beschäftigung insgesamt
- Gesamtbetrachtungen
- Erosion des Normalarbeitsverhältnisses
- Prekäre Beschäftigung
- Politik, Arbeitslosigkeitsbekämpfung
- Arbeits- und Lebenssituation atypisch Beschäftigter
- Betriebliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Rechtliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Gesundheitliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Beschäftigungsformen
- Qualifikationsniveau
- Alter
- geographischer Bezug
- Geschlecht