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Gürtzgen, Nicole, Alexander Kubis & Martin Popp (2024): Befristungen bei Neueinstellungen 2023. Stand: 10. Mai 2024. (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. Aktuelle Daten und Indikatoren), Nürnberg, 8 S.

Abstract

"Im Rahmen der IAB-Stellenerhebung gaben die Betriebe an, im Jahr 2023 in Deutschland rund 4,7 Mio. sozialversicherungspflichtige Neueinstellungen (ohne Auszubildende und ohne MiniJobs) vorgenommen zu haben. Hiervon waren 26 Prozent, also rund 1,2 Mio. Stellen (zunächst) befristet (Tabelle 1). Die Befristung von Neueinstellungen ermöglicht den Betrieben, die Fähigkeiten von Bewerberinnen und Bewerbern zu überprüfen, bevor ein unbefristetes Arbeitsverhältnis eingegangen wird. Durch den Abschluss von befristeten Arbeitsverträgen können Betriebe ohne langfristige Mittelbindung häufig auch Jobs anbieten, die sonst vielleicht nicht finanzierbar gewesen wären. Darüber hinaus haben Befristungen für Betriebe zudem den Vorteil, dass sie (Entlassungs-)Kosten vermeiden können, die gegebenenfalls im Rahmen des allgemeinen oder tarifvertraglich erweiterten Kündigungsschutzes entstehen können (Bossler et al. 2017). Als weiteres wichtiges betriebliches Motiv für befristete Neueinstellungen ist zudem ein vorübergehender Mehrbedarf an Arbeitskräften etwa infolge temporärer Auftragsspitzen zu nennen (siehe hierzu z.B. Gürtzgen und Küfner 2023). Die Tatsache, dass Betriebe befristete Neueinstellungen vornehmen können, kann u.a. darin begründet sein, dass Betriebe über Marktmacht verfügen, die den Abschluss von befristeten Verträgen erleichtert (Bassanini et al. 2024). Zu beachten ist, dass die Befristungsquoten bei Neueinstellungen deutlich oberhalb des Anteils befristeter Beschäftigung an der Gesamtbeschäftigung liegen. Rund 2,6 Millionen Beschäftigte in Deutschland hatten laut IAB-Betriebspanel im Jahr 2022 einen befristeten Arbeitsvertrag. Das entspricht einem Anteil an allen Beschäftigten (ohne Auszubildende) von 6,6 Prozent (Hohendanner / IAB 2023). Die Diskrepanz zwischen dem Anteil befristeter Neueinstellungen und dem Befristungsanteil aller Beschäftigter zeigt, dass befristete Beschäftigungsverhältnisse in nennenswertem Ausmaß in unbefristete Arbeitsverträge umgewandelt werden (Müller et al. 2017)." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Helgøy, Anna (2024): What sustains feminized part-time work at the gender equality frontier? Evidence from a vignette experiment. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 34, H. 5, S. 542-555. DOI:10.1177/09589287241290751

Abstract

"Feminized part-time work has been deemed a family policy conundrum yet to be solved by any welfare regime. To identify ways forward, this article examines structural drivers of part-time work decisions through a vignette experiment fielded in the gender-egalitarian context of Norway (N = 3500). Six theory-grounded factors are tested in this multidimensional, causal framework: partner income level, physical and cognitive household labor burdens, the presence of a part-time culture at the workplace, and consequences of part-time work for career advancement and future pensions. Results show that overall, factors that regulate individuals’ material self-interest (partner income, career and pension consequences) have the largest impact on working-time decisions. Additionally, a priming treatment is given with a split sample concerning the factor of cognitive household labor – the organizational dimension of household work. Results from sub-group analyzes show that non-primed respondents prefer significantly higher working hours when their cognitive labor burden is lower. Respondents who received experimental priming, however, portray the opposite behavior (lower working-hour preference when cognitive labor burden is low). The pattern is driven by women, whereas men are left largely unaffected by both the priming and vignette treatment of cognitive labor. Thus, robust findings imply that gender inequality in material circumstances sustains feminized part-time work patterns. Suggestive evidence further indicates that gender inequality in cognitive labor loads may also contribute to sustaining feminized part-time work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hennrich, Jonas & Daria Schaller (2024): Teilzeitbeschäftigung aus Unternehmenssicht. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 77, H. 10, S. 44-48.

Abstract

"Das ifo Institut befragt im Auftrag von Randstad Deutschland quartalsweise deutsche HR-Abteilungen zu personalpolitisch relevanten Themen. In jedem Quartal werden in wechselnden Sonderfragen aktuelle arbeitsmarktrelevante Fragestellungen untersucht. Das aktuelle Thema befasst sich mit der Entwicklung der Teilzeitbeschäftigung. Aus verschiedenen Gründen entscheiden sich immer mehr Beschäftigte dazu, ihre Arbeitsstunden zu reduzieren. Neben den Arbeitnehmenden, die freiwillig weniger arbeiten möchten, gibt es auch diejenigen, die ihre Arbeitszeit aufgrund der Pflege eines Angehörigen oder der Kinderbetreuung verringern müssen. Oftmals wird diese auch mit dem Arbeits- und Fachkräftemangel in Verbindung gebracht und als eine der Problemursachen genannt. Damit einhergehend wird häufig die Frage gestellt, wie Mitarbeitende in die Vollzeit zurückgeholt werden können." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Ilsøe, Anna, Trine Pernille Larsen, Sissel Trygstad, Lorraine Ryan, Kristine Nergaard & Juliette McMahon (2024): Permanently marginalized? Securing living hours among part-time workers in hotels and restaurants in Northern Europe. In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 30, H. 4, S. 421-439. DOI:10.1177/09596801241264643

Abstract

"This paper offers a comparative perspective on the wage and working conditions of marginal part-time workers (less than 15 hours per week) in the Danish, Irish and Norwegian hotel and restaurant sector. Each of the three countries belongs to distinct industrial relations models with different sectoral traditions of multi-employer bargaining, political intervention and union strength. We focus on social partner initiatives, over time, covering trade unions, employers and national governments’ unilateral, bipartite or tripartite measures to secure ‘living hours’ for workers with contracts of few hours. Analytically, we seek inspiration from the work on industrial relations regimes by Visser (2009) and combine it with the concept of living hours. We find that social partners have introduced a series of initiatives to secure living hours, notably to protect and increase hourly wages and secure guaranteed weekly working hours. However, while securing minimum wages and income through either bipartite, tripartite or unilateral measures seem relatively successful in all three countries, the attempts to guarantee minimum weekly working hours and thus secure living hours prove more difficult and mainly has had an impact in Denmark." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jacqueson, Catherine (2024): An Effective protection against unemployment for self-employed and platform workers? The intriguing case of Denmark. In: European Journal of Social Security, Jg. 26, H. 2, S. 140-154. DOI:10.1177/13882627241270473

Abstract

"This article discusses whether self-employed and platform workers in Denmark have effective access to the unemployment insurance scheme. The Danish case is intriguing in a comparative context. Unlike other European States, it has been possible in Denmark for the self-employed to formally access the unemployment scheme since 1976. The system is also interesting as it is rather flexible, and was recently adapted to meet the challenges of changing work patterns and an increase in atypical forms of work, such as platform work. Yet, it is argued that important barriers to effective coverage remain. Some barriers, such as the voluntary character of the insurance and its eligibility criteria, are common to all persons with low and irregular work. Other barriers are specific to the self-employed and relate to the conditions for proving the closing down of business, and to waiting periods." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jankowski, Krzysztof Z. (2024): Positioning precarity: The contingent nature of precarious work in structure and practice. In: The British journal of sociology, Jg. 75, H. 5, S. 715-730. DOI:10.1111/1468-4446.13125

Abstract

"Conceptualizing precarity has come to rest on the multi-dimensional and differentiated insecurities of job and worker, this however belies the relationship between structure and experience where precarity originates. To bridge that relationship, I employ the landscape concept to position workers relative to the structural contingency of precarious work. To study this landscape, I conducted an ethnography involving job searching, working, and interviewing workers. While certainly insecure, these jobs displayed parallel characteristics of streamlined hiring and short-notice starts which workers took advantage of. I explore three ideal-typical ‘jobs’—the first, only, and best job—to examine how vulnerability is balanced with contingency to produce precarity. This analysis and the landscape approach locate the political-economic transformation of work in the context of workers' lives and their labor market position. Taking precarious work is an act of balancing one's vulnerabilities in a way that constructs and thus naturalizes precarity. Overall, the article contributes an image of an economy where workers have to be opportunistic in a continual struggle for work while stratified by their personal circumstances and position in this labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Larsen, Trine Pernille & Anna Ilsøe (2024): Workers with few hours – who secures their social rights? – The role of social dialogue and collective bargaining. In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 30, H. 4, S. 349-361. DOI:10.1177/09596801241293249

Abstract

"This special issue looks at the contributions of social dialogue and collective bargaining to creating, maintaining or reducing the risks associated with employment contracts of few hours, such as marginal part-time work, temporary agency work and zero-hour contracts. It additionally considers changes in welfare institutions with regard to the protection of these groups of workers. In this paper, we introduce the arguments on why and how working in marginal part-time jobs involves vulnerability, and on the differential roles collective bargaining and social protection may have on these jobs, depending in particular on which status (employees, workers or self-employed) they are associated to." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Latner, Jonathan P. (2024): The effect of transitioning into temporary employment on wages is not negative: A comparative study in eight countries. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 92, 2024-07-22. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100957

Abstract

"There remains a lack of clarity about the effect of temporary employment on wages. Using asymmetric fixed effects models with a dummy impact function, we study the wage effects of four distinct transitions: (1) from unemployment into a temporary relative to (2) a permanent contracts; and (3) from temporary into permanent contracts relative to (4) from permanent into temporary contracts. We use panel data from eight countries to examine the effect of these distinct transitions, over time after the transition occurs, and in a cross-national, comparative context. The main finding explains the wage penalty of temporary employment identified by previous research. The negative effect is more accurately understood as the difference between two types of transitions, neither of which are negative, even if transitions from temporary into permanent contracts more positive than transitions from permanent into temporary contracts. There is little difference in the wage effect of transitions from unemployment into temporary relative to permanent contracts. The findings may be counter intuitive, but they are consistent with the theory of equalizing differences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))

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Lehner, Lukas, Paul Ramskogler & Aleksandra Riedl (2024): Beggaring Thy Co-Worker: Labor Market Dualization and the Wage Growth Slowdown in Europe. In: ILR review, Jg. 77, H. 5, S. 659-684. DOI:10.1177/00197939241248162

Abstract

"As temporary employment has become a pervasive feature of modern labor markets, reasons for wage growth have become less well understood. To determine whether these two phenomena are related, the authors investigate whether the dualized structure of labor markets affects macroeconomic developments. Specifically, they incorporate involuntary temporary workers into the standard wage Phillips curve to examine wage growth in 30 European countries for the period 2004–2017. Relying on individual-level data to adjust for a changing employment composition, their findings show, for the first time, that the incidence of involuntary temporary workers has strong negative effects on permanent workers’ wage growth, thereby dampening aggregate wage growth. This effect, which the authors name the competition effect, is particularly pronounced in countries where wage bargaining institutions are weak. The findings shed further light on the reasons for the secular slowdown of wage growth after the global financial crisis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lewandowski, Piotr & Wojciech Szymczak (2024): Automation, Trade Unions and Involuntary Atypical Employment. (IBS working paper / Instytut Badań Strukturalnych 2024,02), Warszawa, 32 S.

Abstract

"We study the effect of the adoption of automation technologies - industrial robots, and software and databases - on the incidence of atypical employment in 13 E.U. countries between 2006 and 2018. We combine survey microdata with sectoral information on technology use and exploit the variation at the demographic group level. Using instrumental variables estimation, we find that industrial robots significantly increase atypical employment share, mostly through involuntary part-time and involuntary fixed-term work. We find no robust effect of software and databases. We also show that the higher trade union coverage mitigates the robots ’ impact on atypical employment, while employment protection legislation appears to play no role. Using historical decompositions, we attribute about 1-2 percentage points of atypical employment shares to rising robot exposure, especially in Central and Eastern European countries with low unionisation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Magoga-Sabatier, Sabrine (2024): Coverage for platform workers and the self-employed in case of unemployment in Switzerland: Access to protection and ways of improvement. In: European Journal of Social Security, Jg. 26, H. 2, S. 198-213. DOI:10.1177/13882627241256003

Abstract

"Whether they are self-employed, atypical employees, or self-employed using an umbrella company, there is still almost no social protection against unemployment or partial loss of activity in Switzerland for platform workers. The same can be said for the self-employed in general. This contribution shows that platform workers, irrespective of their exact legal status, and the self-employed in general, risk sanctions for taking on unsuitable work, for being insufficiently available for decent work or unable to prove a loss of income. However hard they try, they cannot even contribute to a voluntary unemployment insurance scheme. We show that the Swiss social protection scheme, a product of years of federal direct democracy, is hardly able to adapt to the fast-moving platform work environment, thus increasing the risks of precariousness and the burden on the cantons' social assistance for the next generation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Manning, Alan & Graham Mazeine (2024): Subjective Job Insecurity and the Rise of the Precariat: Evidence from the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 106, H. 3, S. 748-761. DOI:10.1162/rest_a_01196

Abstract

"There is a widespread belief that work is less secure than in the past, that an increasing share of workers are part of the “precariat.” It is hard to find much evidence for this in objective measures of job security, but perhaps subjective measures show different trends. This paper shows that in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany, workers feel as secure as they ever have in the past 30 years. This is partly because job insecurity is very cyclical and (pre-COVID) unemployment rates very low, but there is also no clear underlying trend towards increased subjective measures of job insecurity. This conclusion seems robust to controlling for the changing mix of the labor force, and it is true for specific subsets of workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © MIT Press Journals) ((en))

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Martinez Dy, Angela, Dilani Jayawarna & Susan Marlow (2024): Racial Capitalism and Entrepreneurship: An Intersectional Feminist Labour Market Perspective on UK Self-Employment. In: Sociology, Jg. 58, H. 5, S. 1038-1060. DOI:10.1177/00380385241228444

Abstract

"This article explains entrepreneurial activity patterns in the United Kingdom labour market using theories of racial capitalism and intersectional feminism. Using UK Office for National Statistics Labour Force Survey data 2018–2019 and employing probit modelling techniques on employment modes, self-employment types and work arrangements among differing groups, we investigate inequality in self-employment within and between socio-structural groupings of race, class and gender. We find that those belonging to non-dominant gender, race and socio-economic class groupings experience an intersecting set of entrepreneurial penalties, enhancing understanding of the ways multiple social hierarchies interact in self-employment patterns. This robust quantitative evidence challenges contemporary debates, policy and practice regarding the potential for entrepreneurship to offer viable income generation opportunities by those on the socio-economic margins." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mizobata, Hirokazu (2024): Japan's dual labor market and its macroeconomic characteristics. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 67, H. 1, S. 165-196. DOI:10.1007/s00181-024-02555-6

Abstract

"This study examines the characteristics of Japan's dual labor market, which consists of standard and non-standard employment. I conduct labor stock and flow analyses using Japanese Labour Force Survey data from 2002 to 2022. The stock analysis suggests that, in the long run, non-standard employment improves labor market conditions, such as employment and unemployment rates. Changes in the composition of standard and non-standard employment reduce the average hours per worker in the long run but play a limited role over the business cycles. The flow analysis reveals that inflows and outflows involving non-standard employment have relatively significant effects on changes in employment and unemployment rates. This feature of non-standard employment is more pronounced for females and young individuals. The flow analysis also shows that within-employment reallocation, that is, transitions between standard and non-standard employment, primarily determines the changes in the share of non-standard employment. The sluggish movement between these two types of contracts leads to a persistently high level of non-standard employment in Japan." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Mišič, Luka & Grega Strban (2024): Atypical work and residence in cross-border situations: The coordination of unemployment benefits. In: European Journal of Social Security, Jg. 26, H. 2, S. 266-283. DOI:10.1177/13882627241255023

Abstract

"This article analyses the potential challenges related to the coordination of unemployment benefits under European Union law for persons whose employment or other economic activities and living arrangements are, in one way or another, dispersed across the territories of several EU Member States. Starting from the traditional cases of frontier workers and other cross-border (or mobile) workers, on the one hand, and remote work or telework, on the other, the article looks at the potential future of free movement in the EU under Regulation (EC) No. 883/2004 and its implementing regulation, Regulation (EC) No. 987/2009. New forms of work and work organisation, alongside new mobility and residency patterns, challenge the basic rules of lex loci laboris (the country of employment is competent) and lex loci domicilii (the country of residence is competent), especially when they collide in a single case. At the same time, unemployment benefits, which are at the heart of this debate, still remain subject to specific coordination (e.g. competence) rules that depart from the general legislation, possibly making effective provision in such cases even more difficult. The article gives a diverse collection of theoretical examples in which cross-border situations are either in themselves atypical and complex, or accompanied and made possible by new forms of work or work organisation, causing specific problems for the adequate and appropriate provision of unemployment benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Müller-Rehm, Rebekka (2024): Essays on institutions in health care and labor markets. (Untersuchungen zur Wirtschaftspolitik 145), Köln, 145 S.

Abstract

"Dieser Band der Untersuchungen zur Wirtschaftspolitik ist institutionellen Besonderheiten des Gesundheitswesens und von Arbeitsmärkten gewidmet. Gesundheits- und Arbeitsmärkte unterliegen aus guten Gründen einer stärkeren Regulierung als andere Märkte: Der Schutz von Patient*innen und Arbeitnehmer*innen genießt in unserer Gesellschaft hohe Priorität. Die Wirkung der Regulierung auf diesen Märkten zu verstehen, ist nicht zuletzt deshalb wichtig, weil sie in besonderem Maße von Entwicklungen betroffen sind, die sich der Kontrolle der politischen Entscheidungsträger*innen weitegehend entziehen, z.B. dem demografischen Wandel, dem technologischen Fortschritt und dem damit verbundenen Wandel hin zu einer Dienstleistungsökonomie. Im ersten Teil geht es um Plattformarbeit, das heißt um Arbeitsaufträge, die ortsunabhängig über digitale Plattformen abgewickelt werden. Da häufig die Befürchtung geäußert wird, dass Arbeitgeber Plattformarbeit nutzen, um Arbeitsmarktregulierung zu umgehen, liegt der Fokus auf dem Zusammenhang zwischen der Nachfrage nach Plattformarbeit und der Stärke des Kündigungsschutzes in OECD-Staaten. Im zweiten Teil werden die Niederlassungsentscheidungen von Hausärzt*innen in unterversorgten Gebieten in Deutschland untersucht, wobei nach Geschlecht und zwischen Einzel- und Gemeinschaftspraxen differenziert wird. Auf dieser Grundlage werden zwei Regulierungsszenarien simuliert: eine Angleichung der Vergütung von für die Behandlung von gesetzlich- und privatversicherten Patient*innen und eine striktere Begrenzung der Zulassung in überversorgten Gebieten. Der dritte Teil ist unfreiwilliger Teilzeitarbeit gewidmet. In Zeiten konjunkturellen Abschwungs reduzieren viele Arbeitgeber in eher liberalen Arbeitsmärkten, wie in den USA und in Großbritannien, die Arbeitszeit ihrer Beschäftigten, was zu einem Anstieg unfreiwilliger Teilzeitarbeit führt. Das wirft die Fragen auf, ob die striktere Regulierung in Deutschland, die eine einseitige Reduzierung der Arbeitszeit durch den Arbeitgeber untersagt, einen solchen Anstieg unfreiwilliger Teilzeitbeschäftigung in konjunkturellen Abschwungphasen verhindert und wie die Regulierung die Marktanpassungsmechanismen verändert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Neumann, Uwe (2024): Temporary agency employment: A supplement to regular jobs – under certain circumstances. In: Competition and Change, Jg. 28, H. 2, S. 359-378. DOI:10.1177/10245294231221884

Abstract

"In countries with strict employment protection legislation, firms may seek to replace regular by atypical jobs in order to cut wages or to become more flexible. In Germany, the number of unprotected temporary jobs is comparatively low. During the past decades, temporary agency employment, however, has increased considerably and the share of agency workers is now above the EU average. Using German establishment data, the analysis draws on longitudinal (generalized method of moments) and cross-sectional (matching and difference in differences) methods to evaluate whether agency workers replaced or supplemented regular workers during and after the Great Recession of 2008/2009. The study finds that hiring (more) agency workers made it possible for user firms among Germany’s core manufacturing industries to employ a larger number of regular workers at the same time. In specific sectors and regions, temp agencies therefore provided an alternative to government-sponsored instruments such as short-time work schemes. Obviously, from the view of workers, many disadvantages remain, even more so as it is rare for temp spells to offer a stepping stone into regular employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Nguyen, Ngoc Hân, Wendy Smits & Mark Vancauteren (2024): Fixed-term contracts and firm productivity: Do workers’ skills and firm conversion rates from fixed-term to permanent contracts matter? In: International Journal of Manpower, Jg. 45, H. 10, S. 144-161. DOI:10.1108/ijm-03-2024-0194

Abstract

"Purpose: We aim to elucidate the relationship between fixed-term employment and firm productivity by examining workers’ skills and considering how firm-level conversion rates influence this relationship. Design/methodology/Approach: We use longitudinal employer-employee data between 2011 and 2017 in the Netherlands to estimate a nonlinear regression derived from a production function proposed by Addessi (2014) and Castellani et al . (2020). Findings: The contribution of fixed-term contracts to firm-level productivity is less than that of permanent contracts. However, this contribution is greater when firms exhibit a high conversion rate from fixed-term to permanent positions. The effect of the conversion rate is more substantial for high-skilled fixed-term workers than for low-skilled ones. Originality/value: Our results suggest the extent to which firms benefit from fixed-term contracts when these are used for screening high-skilled workers for permanent employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Noffz, Annette (2024): Verbot der Leiharbeit in der Pflege. In: Nachrichtendienst des Deutschen Vereins für öffentliche und private Fürsorge, Jg. 103, H. 8, S. 342-346.

Abstract

"Zwar sagt man der Pflegebranche Zukunftssicherheit nach, denn solange es Menschen gibt, wird es auch kranke und pflegebedürftige Menschen geben. Um diese Menschen aber entsprechend pflegen zu können, braucht es geeignetes Personal. Dieses fehlt aus vielen Gründen in zunehmendem Maße." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Oteng, Samuel Ampadu, Padmore Adusei Amoah & Genghua Huang (2024): Deconstructing ageism among older informal workers: a systematic review. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 44, H. 9/10, S. 918-939. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-03-2024-0117

Abstract

"Purpose: This study aims to conduct a systematic review of existing literature on ageism among older informal workers, as most studies have focused on formal work settings. Specifically, it seeks to identify the scope and characteristics of ageism that older informal workers encounter and its influence on their work and well-being. Design/methodology/approach This paper follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) framework to conduct a systematic review. Eleven studies from six databases were included and thematically analysed. Findings The findings revealed four main themes: the contextual nature of ageism, dimensions of work-related ageism, navigating work-related challenges, and effects on well-being. These themes highlight that, despite being perceived as experienced and reliable, older informal workers face exclusion from work opportunities as they are perceived as unproductive and less capable of acquiring new skills. These negative perceptions significantly impacted their willingness to continue working and overall well-being. Practical implications The findings offer an overview of extant research and the direction for future research and policy interventions to address ageism among older informal workers. The findings are crucial for enhancing older workers' quality of life, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, where population ageing is the fastest. Originality/value This study is one of the few to systematically explore and evaluate empirical evidence on ageism in the informal work sector. It thus expands existing knowledge and understanding of the phenomenon of ageism in a least explored context." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Però, Davide & John Downey (2024): Advancing Workers' Rights in the Gig Economy through Discursive Power: The Communicative Strategies of Indie Unions. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 38, H. 1, S. 140-160. DOI:10.1177/09500170221103160

Abstract

"Finding limited representation in established unions, a growing number of precarious and migrant workers of the gig economy have been turning to self-organization. Yet little is known about how these workers can compensate for their lack of material resources and institutional support and negotiate effectively with employers. Drawing on interviews, frame, and content analysis grounded in ethnographic research with the precarious and migrant workers of British ‘indie’ unions, we examine the significance of self-mediation practices in facilitating effective negotiations. We find that the effectiveness of campaigns can be enhanced by strategically integrating vibrant direct action of workers and allies with self-mediated messages, which are framed to resonate with the general public and mainstream media – a practice that we call communicative unionism. These findings extend labour movement scholarship by showing the analytical importance of considering workers’ discursive power-building practices. They also contribute to addressing social movement studies’ historical neglect of workers’ collective engagements with employers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Plenter, Johanna (2024): Ein Teil der Arbeiter:innenklasse? Analyse des Klassenbewusstseins prekär und atypisch Beschäftigter in Deutschland. (FES diskurs), Bonn, 14 S.

Abstract

"„Klasse“ ist nicht nur in sozialwissenschaftlichen Theorien, sondern auch in Medien und Politik eines der beliebtesten Konstrukte, um Gesellschaften zu beschreiben und Gruppen von Menschen einzuteilen und zu unterscheiden. Gerade in Anbetracht immer komplexer, ausdifferenzierter und diverser werdender Gesellschaften erlebt der Klassenbegriff seit einigen Jahren eine Renaissance. Der Arbeiter:innenklasse kommt dabei auch politisch ein besonderer Stellenwert zu, denn keine andere Klasse war lange Zeit so direkt mit einem (partei-)politischen Lager verbunden wie sie. Möglicherweise erklärt der elektorale Bedeutungsverlust der politischen Linken in nahezu allen westlichen Ländern diesen Rekurs des Klassenbegriffs und die Nostalgie um die Arbeiter:innenklasse" (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Reynolds, Jeremy, Julieta Aguilar & Reilly Kincaid (2024): More than a side-hustle: Satisfaction with conventional and microtask work and the association with life satisfaction. In: Social science research, Jg. 122. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103055

Abstract

"Gig platforms promise attractive, flexible ways to earn supplemental income. Academics, however, often describe gig work as low-quality work, suggesting that it is less satisfying than conventional work. In this paper, we present a novel comparison of satisfaction with gig microtask work and conventional work among MTurk workers doing both. We also examine how satisfaction with gig and conventional work relate to life satisfaction. On average, respondents report less satisfaction with microtasks than with conventional work. Nevertheless, roughly one-third of respondents are more satisfied with microtask work. Furthermore, microtask work lowers overall life satisfaction, but only among “platformdependent” respondents (those who rely on platform income). Specifically, structural equation modeling reveals a case of moderated mediation: “platform dependence” reduces life satisfaction by lowering satisfaction with microtask work while also strengthening the latter's connection to life satisfaction. Taken together, our findings support and extend the theory of platform dependence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))

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Riphahn, Regina T. (2024): Subventionen für „kleine Jobs“. Die Auswirkungen von Mini- und Midijobs in Deutschland. In: Wirtschafts- und Sozialstatistisches Archiv, Jg. 18, H. 1, S. 5-14. DOI:10.1007/s11943-024-00335-3

Abstract

"Die Grohmann-Vorlesung des Jahres 2023 beschäftigt sich mit dem Phänomen der „kleinen Jobs“ in Deutschland. Zunächst wird der institutionelle und historische Hintergrund von Minijobs erläutert und die Intensität ihrer Nutzung beschrieben. Anschließend fasst der Text die Inhalte von drei empirischen Studien zusammen. Diese setzen sich mit der Frage auseinander ob (i) Arbeitgeber reguläre Beschäftigung durch Minijobs ersetzen, (ii) Minijobs zur „motherhood penalty“ in Deutschland beitragen und (iii) ob Midijobs Übergänge aus Minijobs in reguläre sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung erleichtert haben. Die Vorlesung schließt mit einer Betrachtung möglicher Regelungsalternativen für „kleine Jobs“ in Deutschland." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)

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Risius, Paula, Franziska Arndt & Philip Herzer (2024): Anreize setzen: Wie Unternehmen Teilzeitkräfte für mehr Stunden gewinnen. (KOFA kompakt / Kompetenzzentrum Fachkräftesicherung 2024,11), Köln, 5 S.

Abstract

"Fast jede:r dritte sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigte in Deutschland arbeitet in Teilzeit – mit steigender Tendenz. Teilzeit bietet vielen Beschäftigten erst die Möglichkeit, trotz weiterer Verpflichtungen oder Einschränkungen, erwerbstätig zu sein. Gerade unter Frauen ist der Teilzeitanteil sehr hoch, da sie häufig mehr Sorgearbeit leisten. Gleichzeitig ist die Wirtschaft angesichts der angespannten Fachkräftesituation darauf angewiesen, das Arbeitsvolumen zu erhöhen. Die Ausweitung der Arbeitszeit der erwerbstätigen Teilzeitkräfte bietet Unternehmen große Potenziale für die Fachkräftesicherung. Viele Teilzeitbeschäftigte sind grundsätzlich bereit, ihre Arbeitsstunden auszuweiten. Entscheidend sind die Umstände und Rahmenbedingungen, die auch Unternehmen für eine Stundenausweitung bieten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Rubery, Jill, Damian Grimshaw, Philippe Mehaut & Claudia Weinkopf (2024): Dualisation and part-time work in France, Germany and the UK: Accounting for within and between country differences in precarious work. In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 30, H. 4, S. 363-381. DOI:10.1177/09596801221120468

Abstract

"By comparing protections for part-time work in France, Germany and the UK, this article contributes to the comparative debate over whether industrial relations actors are mitigating or creating labour market dualisation. Significant variations in incidence and form of part-time work (a ‘spectrum of precariousness’), between and within the three countries, are explained through a theoretical frame that layers the actions of industrial relations actors against a backdrop of welfare and labour market rules and gender relations. This reveals important path dependent differences in part-time work patterns, including in the lines by which part-time work is segmented. The findings call for a more nuanced approach to dualisation that recognises that trade union responses to precarious work, albeit conditioned by their own path dependencies, have involved active efforts to extend protections to part-timers through twin strategies of support for legislative instruments and new forms of organising, albeit with only partial success." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Seils, Eric & Helge Baumann (2024): Befristete Einstellungen: In der Stagnation. (WSI Policy Brief / Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut 85), Düsseldorf, 13 S., Appendix.

Abstract

"Seit der wirtschaftlichen Boomphase in der zweiten Hälfte des letzten Jahrzehnts geht der Anteil befristet begonnener Beschäftigungsverhältnisse zurück. Nach den Turbulenzen der Corona-Krise hat sich dieser Sinkflug zwar fortgesetzt, dennoch blieben die Befristungsquoten bei den sozialversicherungspflichtigen Einstellungen in vielen Bereichen unerfreulich hoch. Zudem stagniert die deutsche Volkswirtschaft seit geraumer Zeit. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden im vorliegenden Policy Brief die folgenden Fragen behandelt: - Wie entwickeln sich die befristeten Einstellungen unter diesen Bedingungen? - Wer wird weiterhin befristet eingestellt? - Wo wird befristet eingestellt?" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Singer, Kirsten & Nicole Fleischer (2024): Entwicklungen in der Zeitarbeit. (Berichte: Blickpunkt Arbeitsmarkt / Bundesagentur für Arbeit), Nürnberg, 27 S.

Abstract

"Die Arbeitnehmerüberlassung reagiert frühzeitig auf Änderungen der konjunkturellen Rahmenbedingungen und kann daher ein Frühindikator für die Entwicklung am Arbeitsmarkt sein. Nach einer langen Wachstumsphase setzte im Jahr 2018 durch die einsetzende Abschwächung der konjunkturellen Dynamik ein Beschäftigungsrückgang in der Zeitarbeit ein, der sich mit Ausbruch der CoronaPandemie verstärkte. Ab Herbst 2021 – nach einer kurzen Zeit des Beschäftigungsaufbaus schmolzen die Vorjahresabstände Monat für Monat. Seit Ende 2022 unterschreiten die Werte kontinuierlich das Vorjahresniveau und lagen damit zuletzt auf dem Niveau des 1. Corona-Jahres. Im Jahresdurchschnitt 2023 waren 796.000 Leiharbeitnehmerinnen und Leiharbeitnehmer in Deutschland sozialversicherungspflichtig oder ausschließlich geringfügig beschäftigt. Ihr Anteil an der Gesamtbeschäftigung lag bei 2,0 Prozent. Leiharbeitnehmerinnen und Leiharbeitnehmer arbeiten häufiger in Tätigkeiten, die mit einem niedrigen Anforderungsniveau verbunden sind: Deutlich mehr als jeder Zweite übt eine Helfertätigkeit aus." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Singer, Kirsten & Nicole Fleischer (2024): Die Arbeitsmarktsituation von Frauen und Männern 2023. (Berichte: Blickpunkt Arbeitsmarkt / Bundesagentur für Arbeit), Nürnberg, 29 S.

Abstract

"Die Erwerbsneigung und Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern sind in Deutschland in den letzten 10 Jahren deutlich gestiegen. Nur in wenigen Ländern Europas ist die Erwerbsbeteiligung insgesamt und insbesondere von Frauen so hoch wie in Deutschland. Frauen und Männer sind unterschiedlich in den verschiedenen Formen der Erwerbstätigkeit vertreten: Rund zwei Drittel der Selbständigen sind Männer. Die sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten sind zu über der Hälfte männlich. Bei den Beamten sind Frauen und Männer je zur Hälfte vertreten und Minijobs sind nach wie vor eine Frauendomäne." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Stamm, Isabell Kathrin, Lena Schürmann & Katharina Scheidgen (2024): Market Dependence as a Boundary Construction for Work Solidarity with the Solo Self-employed. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 38, H. 6, S. 1528-1548. DOI:10.1177/09500170231206083

Abstract

"As more people work outside standard employment, the foundations of work solidarity are contested. How does work solidarity arise in atypical forms of work that are characterised by flexible, autonomous and self-dependent organisation, such as in solo self-employment? Drawing on a discursive approach to work solidarity, this article emphasises how market dependence can serve as a boundary construction to create work solidarity. Empirically, this study engages in a discourse analysis on Soforthilfe, a policy measure introduced by the German government to financially assist solo self-employed people during the Covid-19 lockdown. In this discourse, market dependence serves to identify this social group’s need (social boundary) and to set out the corresponding policies for financial assistance (substantive boundary). Four solidarity norms – relief, equality, preservation and quasi-equivalence – support this boundary construction. The article contributes to the current discourse on work solidarity by identifying an additional boundary construction." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Trappmann, Vera, Charles Umney, Christopher J. McLachlan, Alexandra Seehaus & Laura Cartwright (2024): How Do Young Workers Perceive Job Insecurity? Legitimising Frames for Precarious Work in England and Germany. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 38, H. 4, S. 998-1020. DOI:10.1177/09500170231187821

Abstract

"This article examines the legitimising frames young workers in England and Germany apply to precarious work. Through 63 qualitative biographical interviews, the article shows that most young precarious workers saw work insecurity as an unavoidable fact of life whose legitimacy could not realistically be challenged. Four frames are identified that led to precarious work being seen as legitimate: precarious work as a driver of entrepreneurialism; as inevitable due to repeated exposure; as a stage within the life course; and as the price paid for the pursuit of autonomy and meaningful work. The article advances the literature on precarious workers’ subjectivity by identifying the frames through which it is legitimised, and by underlining the importance of frames that are currently underexamined. The prevalence of the pursuit of meaningful, non-alienating work as a frame is a particularly striking finding." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Traverso, Silvio, Massimiliano Vatiero & Enrico Zaninotto (2024): Automation and flexible labor contracts: Firm-level evidence from Italy. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 1425), Essen, 33 S.

Abstract

"This study examines the association between investments in automation technologies and employment outcomes at the firm level, utilizing a panel dataset of about 10,450 Italian firms. Focusing on the proliferation of non-standard, flexible labor contracts introduced by labor market reforms in the 2000s, we identify a positive relationship between automation investments and the adoption of flexible labor arrangements. With the aid of a conceptual framework, we interpret these findings as evidence of complementarity between flexible capital, represented by automation technologies, and flexible labor, manifested through non-standard contractual arrangements. This complementarity is crucial for enhancing operational flexibility, a critical determinant of firm performance in the modern market environment. However, while this adaptability is beneficial for firms, it raises concerns about job security, the potential for lower wages among workers, and the reduction of workers' incentives to invest in human capital. In terms of policy implications, our analysis underscores the need for measures that safeguard workers' interests without compromising the efficiency gains from automation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Veen, Alex, Tom Barratt, Caleb Goods & Marian Baird (2024): Accidental flexicurity or workfare? Navigating ride-share work and Australia's welfare system. In: Economic and Industrial Democracy, Jg. 45, H. 3, S. 766-793. DOI:10.1177/0143831X231197057

Abstract

"This mixed-methods study explores the intersection of the ‘gig’ economy and welfare state in Australia, exploring how ride-share work has provided a pathway into paid work for three traditionally disadvantaged groups: individuals with disability, with caring responsibilities, or aged 45 and over. It examines these workers’ motivations for the work and explores how the welfare system shapes their experiences. The study finds push factors, such as past labour market discrimination and limited alternatives, and pull factors, like the relative flexibility of the work, which allows for the accommodation of planned and unplanned absences, are driving individuals into the ‘gig’ economy. The authors identify a duality about these experiences. On the one hand, the work represents a de facto form of ‘workfare’. On the other, the welfare system is cushioning the work’s job and income insecurity, providing individuals with flexibility and security unavailable elsewhere, an unintended policy outcome the authors label ‘accidental flexicurity’." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Vogel, Berthold & Harald Wolf (Hrsg.) (2024): Arbeit und gesellschaftlicher Zusammenhalt. Konzepte, Themen, Analysen. (Gesellschaftlicher Zusammenhalt 8), Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, 354 S. DOI:10.12907/978-3-593-45776-5

Abstract

"Driftet die Arbeitsgesellschaft immer mehr auseinander, ist ihr Zusammenhalt zunehmend gefährdet? Zentrale Befunde der soziologischen Arbeitsforschung wie »Entgrenzung«, »Prekarisierung« oder »Fragmentierung« legen dies nahe und weisen auf gesellschaftliche Fliehkräfte und Desintegration hin. Aktuelle Umbrüche durch Digitalisierung, sozial-ökologische Transformation und Corona-Krise scheinen soziale Spaltungen ebenfalls zu vertiefen, Polarisierungen zuzuspitzen und Zusammenhalt zu gefährden. Die Frage nach Arbeit und gesellschaftlichem Zusammenhalt ist vor diesem Hintergrund naheliegend, aber bislang innerhalb der soziologischen Zeitdiagnostik vernachlässigt. Sie wird in diesem Band erstmals von national wie international prominenten Forscherinnen und Forschern aus verschiedenen Perspektiven aufgegriffen und analysiert." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Westhoff, Leonie (2024): Does Atypical Employment Come in Couples? Evidence from European Countries. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 172, H. 2, S. 569-594. DOI:10.1007/s11205-023-03296-2

Abstract

"The literature on atypical employment has largely focused on the individual level. This paper provides a novel account of the dynamics of atypical employment, specifically part-time and temporary employment, within couples. Analyzing a sample of 29 European countries using 2016 EU-SILC data, it investigates the association between partner and own atypical employment. The results show that temporary employment does come in couples, in that partner temporary employment is associated with a higher likelihood of own temporary employment. A significant portion of this result is driven by individuals with partners in temporary employment themselves exhibiting characteristics predisposing them to temporary employment. These results are largely consistent across Europe. Accumulation of part-time employment is also observed, albeit at a smaller scale. However, it occurs at the two extremes of the income distribution only, among very low-earning and very high-earning couples. In contrast, in the middle of the income distribution, there is no association between partner and own part-time employment, which is more consistent with classic household specialization patterns. An association between partner and own part-time employment is only found in a minority of European countries, most systematically in Northern and Western Europe, but also in some Southern and Eastern European countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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(2024): Entgelte in der Leiharbeit - Arbeitnehmerüberlassung. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten ... und der Fraktion der AfD (Drucksache 20/10028). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 20/10311 (13.02.2024)), Berlin, 37 S.

Abstract

Die Bundesregierung antwortet auf die Anfrage der AfD-Fraktion zu Beschäftigung und Entgelten in der Zeitarbeit unter Heranziehung der Beschäftigungsstatistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit. (IAB-Doku)

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(2024): Saisonale Beschäftigung in der Landwirtschaft. (Kurzinfo / Bundesagentur für Arbeit), Nürnberg, 5 S.

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(2024): Ausmaß und Struktur geringfügiger Beschäftigung in Deutschland. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten … und der Gruppe Die Linke. (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 20/13313 (09.10.2024)), Berlin, 42 S.

Abstract

[insgesamt 22 Einzelfragen] "Minijobs sind nach Ansicht der Fragestellerinnen und Fragesteller unsicher, oft niedrig entlohnt, bieten kaum Aufstiegsperspektiven und führen im Ergebnis zu Minirenten. Hinzu kommt, dass mehrheitlich Frauen betroffen sind, die ihr Erwerbspotential nicht voll ausschöpfen. In Zeiten fehlender Fachkräfte ist das nach Auffassung der Fragestellerinnen und Fragesteller umso mehr eine nicht hinnehmbare Situation. Wissenschaftler und Forschungsinstitute mahnen daher seit Langem eine Reform der Minijobs an. Nichtsdestotrotz stieg die Verdienstgrenze für Minijobs im Januar 2024 durch die Anpassung des Mindestlohns von 12 Euro auf 12,41 Euro auf derzeit 538 Euro und wird zukünftig mit jeder Erhöhung des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns „dynamisch“ mitwachsen. Mit diesem Beschluss der Bundesregierung dürften sich nach Meinung der Fragestellerinnen und Fragesteller die bekannten Probleme mit der Sonderbeschäftigungsform Minijob auch in der Zukunft fortsetzen." (Textauszug, Dokumentations- und Informationssystem Bundestag und Bundesrat - DIP)

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(2024): Vorschlag für eine Richtlinie des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates zur Verbesserung und Durchsetzung der Arbeitsbedingungen von Praktikanten und zur Bekämpfung von Scheinpraktika ("Praktikumsrichtlinie"). (Verhandlungen des Bundesrates. Drucksachen 201/24 (24.04.2024)), Berlin, 33 S.

Abstract

Der Vorschlag des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates befasst sich mit zwei problematischen und rechtswidrigen Situationen, die bei allen Arten von Praktika in der EU festgestellt wurden: (a) nicht regelkonforme Praktika, bei denen die Praktikanten nicht alle Rechte, auf die sie Anspruch haben, genießen und (b) Scheinpraktika, wobei angebliche Praktika reguläre Arbeitsplätze ersetzen, es sich also um als Praktika verschleierte reguläre Arbeitsverhältnisse handelt. Mit der Richtlinie wird ein gemeinsamer Rahmen mit Grundsätzen und Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung und Durchsetzung der Arbeitsbedingungen von Praktikanten und zur Bekämpfung von Scheinpraktika festgelegt. Die Mitgliedstaaten sind verpflichtet, wirksame Kontrollen und Inspektionen durch die zuständigen Behörden vorzusehen, um Scheinpraktika aufzudecken und Durchsetzungsmaßnahmen zu ergreifen. Der Vorschlag bemüht sich um Kohärenz mit bestehenden Vorschriften in diesem Politikbereich und mit der Politik der EU in anderen Bereichen, auch unter den Aspekten der Rechtsgrundlage, Subsidiarität und Verhältnismäßigkeit. Die vorgeschlagene Richtlinie stützt sich auf mehrere Studien, die zur Untermauerung der Analyse durchgeführt wurden und auf die der Vorschlag Bezug nimmt. Die Veröffentlichung enthält die erläuternden Ausführungen des Vorschlags und die verabschiedete Textfassung dieser 'Praktikumsrichtlinie'. (IAB)

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Alyanak, Oğuz, Callum Cant, Tatiana López Ayala, Adam Badger & Mark Graham (2023): Platform work, exploitation, and migrant worker resistance: Evidence from Berlin and London. In: The Economic and Labour Relations Review, Jg. 34, S. 667-688. DOI:10.1017/elr.2023.34

Abstract

"For migrant workers who do not have access to other means of income, the platform economy offers a viable yet exploitative alternative to the conventional labor market. Migrant workers are used as a source of cheap labor by platforms – and yet, they are not disempowered. They are at the heart of a growing platform worker movement. Across different international contexts, migrants have played a key role in leading strikes and other forms of collective action. This article traces the struggles of migrant platform workers in Berlin and London to explore how working conditions, work experiences, and strategies for collective action are shaped at the intersection of multiple precarities along lines of employment and migration status. Combining data collected through research by the Fairwork project with participant observation and ethnography, the article argues that migrant workers are more than an exploitable resource: they are harbingers of change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Arita, Shin, Kikuko Nagayoshi, Hirofumi Taki, Hiroshi Kanbayashi, Hirohisa Takenoshita & Takashi Yoshida (2023): Legitimation of earnings inequality between regular and non-regular workers: A comparison of Japan, South Korea, and the United States. In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Jg. 64, H. 6, S. 658-680. DOI:10.1177/00207152231176422

Abstract

"This study explores functions of labor market institutions in perpetuating earnings gap between different categories of workers with focusing on people’s views of earnings gap between regular and non-regular workers in Japan, South Korea, and the United States. An original cross-national factorial survey was conducted to measure the extent to which respondents admit earnings gap among workers with different characteristics. We found that Japanese and South Korean respondents tended to justify the earnings gap between regular and non-regular workers. In Japan, non-regular-worker respondents accepted the wide earnings gap against their economic interests, which was explained by assumed difference in responsibilities and on-the-job training opportunities. Specific institutional arrangements contribute to legitimating earnings gap between different categories of workers by attaching status value to the categories." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Arnholtz, Jens & Nathan Lillie (2023): Posted work as an extreme case of hierarchised mobility. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 49, H. 16, S. 4206-4223. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2023.2207341

Abstract

"This article draws on a range of case studies to explain how worker posting can cause hierarchised labour mobility, involving nationality-based hierarchies in pay and conditions between workers in the same labour markets or work sites. This hierarchisation is most apparent on large construction sites, where companies systematically use posting for labour cost advantage, but it is also found on smaller sites and in other sectors besides construction. The article outlines three features of this low-wage posting system – worker hypermobility and dependency, transnational enforcement challenges, and multifaceted employer arbitrage strategies – that conspire to maintain posting as a form of hierarchised mobility. We argue that posting undermines many countervailing forces that typically mediate hierarchisation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Backhaus, Teresa, Clara Schäper & Annekatrin Schrenker (2023): Causal misperceptions of the part-time pay gap. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 83. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102396

Abstract

"This paper studies if workers infer from correlation about causal effects in the context of the part-time wage penalty. Differences in hourly pay between full-time and part-time workers are strongly driven by worker selection and systematic sorting. Ignoring these selection effects can lead to biased expectations about the consequences of working part-time on wages (‘selection neglect bias’). Based on representative survey data from Germany, we document substantial misperceptions of the part-time wage gap. Workers strongly overestimate how much part-time workers in their occupation earn per hour, whereas they are approximately informed of mean full-time wage rates. Consistent with selection neglect, those who perceive large hourly pay differences between full-time and part-time workers also predict large changes in hourly wages when a given worker switches between full-time and part-time employment. Causal analyses using a survey experiment reveal that providing information about the raw part-time pay gap increases expectations about the full-time wage premium by factor 1.7, suggesting that individuals draw causal conclusions from observed correlations. De-biasing respondents by informing them about the influence of worker characteristics on observed pay gaps mitigates selection neglect. Subjective beliefs about the part-time/full-time wage gap are predictive of planned and actual transitions between full-time and part-time employment, necessitating the prevention of causal misperceptions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))

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Banerjee, Rupa, Laura Lam & Danielle Lamb (2023): Temporary talent: Wage penalties among highly educated temporary workers in Canada. In: The Journal of Industrial Relations, Jg. 65, H. 2, S. 185-210. DOI:10.1177/00221856231151964

Abstract

"Temporary employment (TE) arrangements have become increasingly common in Canada among both high- and low-skilled workers. In this study, we examine the prevalence and earnings effects of TE across education levels with a specific focus on highly educated workers. We also examine the earnings effects of TE across the earnings distribution. We find that higher levels of schooling are negatively associated with the probability of TE. However, the earnings discounts for temporary work are significant and increase in magnitude for individuals with higher levels of educational attainment. For highly educated workers at the top end of the earnings distribution, the discount associated with being in a temporary job is large enough to substantially reduce, although not entirely negate, the sizeable earnings premiums associated with higher levels of education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Baron, Daniel (2023): Befristete Beschäftigungsverhältnisse junger Erwachsener. Folgen für Partnerschaft und private Zukunftsgestaltung. (Familienforschung), Wiesbaden: Imprint: Springer VS, XII, 384 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-40436-9

Abstract

"In den vergangenen drei Jahrzehnten sind die Anteile befristeter Beschäftigungsverhältnisse bei jungen Erwachsenen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und in anderen spätkapitalistischen Gesellschaften deutlich angestiegen. Eingebettet in fortdauernde Trends einer Verringerung wohlfahrtsstaatlicher Sicherungsstandards hat diese Entwicklung dazu beigetragen, dass sich Übergänge in stabile berufliche Karrieren und planbare private Zukunftsgestaltungen diversifizieren und verzögern. In der vorliegenden Studie wird eine soziologische Erklärung der Auswirkungen befristeter Beschäftigung auf private und partnerschaftliche Zukunftsgestaltungen von jungen Erwachsenen theoriegeleitet ausgearbeitet und empirisch überprüft. Da mit der Ausweitung befristeter Beschäftigung das klassische männliche Ernährermodell in Begründungsnot gerät, so die zentrale These, werden Neuaushandlungen von Geschlechterrollenarrangements in jungen Partnerschaften erforderlich. Nicht allein sozioökonomische Risiken im Kontext befristeter Beschäftigung, auch die sich wandelnden geschlechter- und erwerbsbezogenen Rollenerwartungen wirken sich verzögernd auf private und partnerschaftliche Zukunftsgestaltungen aus. Die Studie richtet sich an Forschende, Lehrende und Studierende der Soziologie, Politikwissenschaft, Psychologie und in benachbarten sozialwissenschaftlichen Disziplinen. Ebenso adressiert sie methodisch versierte Praktiker°innen in familien- und sozialpolitisch relevanten Tätigkeits- und Diskursfeldern. Der Autor Dr. Daniel Baron ist Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Lehrstuhl für Quantitative Methoden in den Sozialwissenschaften an der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg." (Verlagsangaben)

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Berglund, Tomas, Roy A. Nielsen, Olof Reichenberg & Jørgen Svalund (2023): Temporary Contracts, Employment Trajectories and Dualisation: A Comparison of Norway and Sweden. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 2, S. 505-524. DOI:10.1177/09500170211031466

Abstract

"This study compares the labour market trajectories of the temporary employed in Norway with those in Sweden. Sweden’s employment protection legislation gap between the strict protection of permanent employment and the loose regulation of temporary employment has widened in recent decades, while Norway has maintained balanced and strict regulation of both employment types. The study asserts that the two countries differ concerning the distribution of trajectories, leading to permanent employment and trajectories that do not create firmer labour market attachment. Using sequence analysis to analyse two-year panels of the labour force survey for 1997–2011, several different trajectories are discerned in the two countries. The bridge trajectories dominate in Norway, while dead-end trajectories are more common in Sweden. Moreover, the bridge trajectories are selected to stronger categories (mid-aged and higher educated) in Sweden than in Norway. The results are discussed from the perspective of labour market dualisation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Blauberger, Michael & Susanne K. Schmidt (2023): Negative Integration Is What States Make of It? Tackling Labour Exploitation in the German Meat Sector. In: Journal of Common Market Studies, Jg. 61, H. 4, S. 917-934. DOI:10.1111/jcms.13431

Abstract

"In this article, we trace Germany's recent reform (and its precursors) seeking to remedy precarious working conditions in the meat sector. Focusing on an extreme case of labour exploitation, and asking how unique it is, allows us to uncover which institutional features of EU Member States condition the liberalization effects of negative integration. We thereby contribute to the literature on Europeanization, which has mainly emphasized weak industrial relations to account for the German meat industry's reliance on cheap migrant labour. Complicated enforcement structures, demanding requirements of administrative cooperation, and the complexities of an evolving case law, we argue, further contributed to the precarious conditions of migrant workers in Germany. Major COVID outbreaks in slaughterhouses created the political momentum for reform which specifically addresses this administrative side of labour protection, but remains limited to the meat sector – despite similar patterns of labour exploitation elsewhere." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Blesch, Maximilian, Philipp Eisenhauer, Peter Haan, Boryana Ilieva, Annekatrin Schrenker & Georg Weizsäcker (2023): Biased Wage Expectations and Female Labor Supply. (Discussion paper / Rationality & Competition, CCR TRR 190 411), München ; Berlin, 30 S.

Abstract

"Wage growth occurs almost exclusively in full-time work, whereas it is close to zero in part-time work. German women, when asked to predict their own potential wage outcomes, show severely biased expectations with strong over-optimism about the returns to part-time experience. We estimate a structural life-cycle model to quantify how beliefs influence labor supply, earnings and welfare over the life cycle. The bias increases part-time employment strongly, induces flatter long-run wage profiles, and substantially influences the employment effects of a widely discussed policy reform, the introduction of joint taxation. The most significant impact of the bias appears for college-educated women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Borg, Maxime (2023): Towards a Reserve Army of Highly Skilled Labour? The Politics of Solo Self-Employment in the Knowledge Economy. (SocArXiv papers), 46 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/yq2f6

Abstract

"Prevailing political economic theories on the segmentation of the labor market all rely on the assumption that workers with tertiary education possess significant bargaining power in the knowledge economy due to the strategic importance of their human capital for firms. This paper argues that this empowerment thesis is not empirically founded. The surplus of interchangeable workers equipped with general skills in the knowledge economy actually reinforces employers in the labor-capital power dynamics. This context allows employers to reduce labor costs by imposing subcontracting and flexible work arrangements on highly skilled workers. Until now, these practices were believed to be prevalent only among low-skilled workers. This paper investigates this transformation through the lens of solo self-employment. Drawing on data obtained from 22 European countries spanning from 2014 to 2021, this article presents findings suggesting that the transition to the knowledge economy incentivises employers to adopt a new division of labor predicated on the development of networks of subcontracting and flexible highly skilled workers, particularly in economies with strict employment protection legislation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Breman, Jan (2023): A Short History of the Informal Economy. In: Global Labour Journal, Jg. 14, H. 1, S. 21-39. DOI:10.15173/glj.v14i1.5277

Abstract

"When coined about half a century ago, employment in the informal economy was discussed by what it was not: formal. Addressed as a sector of the urban workforce, its definition was a summing up of descriptive traits which made manifest how people in the Global South, deprived of most or all means of production, earned their livelihood by selling their labour power. Investigating their predicament zoomed in on the restructuring of peasant economies and societies to post-peasant ones. The anticipated upward mobility, which was supposed to be boosted by the bargaining power of collective action, did not materialise. Rather than expanding formalisation of labour relations, the reverse took place. The small segment which had been promoted to and protected by regular and regulated employment was subjected to informalisation. In the onslaught of neo-liberal capitalism from the last quarter of the twentieth century onwards, labour flexibilisation and casualisation not only intensified in the Global South but also spread to the Global North. The new policies ended the brokerage which the nation–state once developed to mediate between the interests of capital and labour, leading to a worldwide shrinking of public institutions, space and representation. While the debate with regard to informality has remained firmly focused on labour and employment, I argue that corporate capital in collusion with étatist authority has not only effectuated the deregulation of paid work but also abandoned the legal code of formality ending in a state of lawlessness for the people at the bottom of the pile. In the reconfiguration, both politics and governance are next to big business as stakeholders in a regime of informality erosive of equality, democracy, civil rights, solidarity and shared well-being for humankind at large." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))