Zitatform

Börsch-Supan, Axel, Thorsten Kneip, Howard Litwin, Michal Myck & Guglielmo Weber (Hrsg.) (2015): Ageing in Europe - Supporting Policies for an Inclusive Society. Berlin: De Gruyter, 380 S.

Abstract

"SHARE is an international survey designed to answer the societal challenges that face us due to rapid population ageing. How do we Europeans age? How will we do economically, socially and healthwise? How are these domains interrelated? The authors of this multidisciplinary book have taken a further big step towards answering these questions based on the recent SHARE data in order to support policies for an inclusive society." (Publishers Abstract) ((en))

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Elsayed, Ahmed, Andries de Grip, Didier Fouarge & Raymond Montizaan (2015): Gradual retirement, financial incentives, and labour supply of older workers. Evidence from a stated preference analysis. (IZA discussion paper 9430), Bonn, 39 S.

Abstract

"Using data from a stated preferences experiment in the Netherlands, we find that replacing full-time pension schemes with schemes that offer gradual retirement opportunities induce workers to retire one year later on average. Total life-time labour supply, however, decreases with 3.4 months because the positive effect of delayed retirement on labour supply is cancelled out by the reduction in working hours before full retirement. The impact of gradual retirement schemes is, however, heterogeneous across groups of workers. Workers with non-routine job tasks retire at a later age when they can gradually retire. Financial incentives, either in terms of changing pension income or the price of leisure, also affect the expected retirement age, but the impact of these financial incentives does not differ with the possibility of gradual retirement. Finally, we find that gradual retirement is not a preferred option among workers as the large majority still prefers full retirement. This especially holds for workers with a lower wage and those with higher life expectancy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hicks, Peter (2015): Local economic strategies for ageing labour markets. The Canadian Targeted Initiative for Older Workers in Fort St. James, British Columbia. (OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers 2015,03), Paris, 24 S. DOI:10.1787/5jrnwqk5d4f7-en

Abstract

"This working paper examines the impacts of the Canadian employment strategy, the Targeted Initiative for Older Workers, in the Fort St. James community in north-central British Columbia. The paper notes that older workers are generally well employed at the aggregate level in Canada, but may face specific challenges in local and vulnerable communities. An examination of the design of this project highlights the need for clear objectives, eligibility criteria, local sponsors and group-based support. In the context of the Fort St. James Community, participants and administrators highlighted the efficacy of custom and individual support in creating better outcomes for older workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jousten, Alain & Mathieu Lefebvre (2015): Work capacity and longer working lives in Belgium. (IZA discussion paper 9032), Bonn, 28 S.

Abstract

"We explore the link between health indicators and employment rates of the population aged 55 or more. Our focus lies on work capacity as a key determinant of employment. Using cohort mortality information as a proxy for overall health outcomes, we establish a substantial untapped work capacity in the population 55+. Similar results are obtained when relying on individual-level objective and subjective health and socioeconomic parameters as predictors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Möhring, Katja & Jenny Bennett (2015): Arbeitslosigkeit und Frührente älterer Personen in Europa. Die Rolle von Arbeitsmarkt- und Rentenpolitik aus der Lebenslaufperspektive. In: Zeitschrift für Sozialreform, Jg. 61, H. 4, S. 379-402. DOI:10.1515/zsr-2015-0403

Abstract

"Wir untersuchen aus einer Lebenslaufperspektive die Arbeitsmarktsituation älterer Personen im internationalen Vergleich und beziehen dabei sowohl Frühverrentung als auch Arbeitslosigkeit ein. Zentrale Hypothese unserer Analyse ist, dass die Wirkung von Sozialpolitik auf die Beschäftigungschancen Älterer nicht einheitlich ist, sondern von der individuellen vorangegangenen Erwerbsbiografie abhängt. Datengrundlage ist der 'Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe', insbesondere die Lebenslaufdaten der dritten Welle (SHARELIFE, 2008/09) aus zwölf europäischen Ländern. Unsere Analysegruppe sind männliche Befragte ab 50 Jahren. Als kontextuelle Faktoren beziehen wir institutionelle Frühverrentungsanreize sowie Kündigungsschutzregelungen ein. Um Interaktionseffekte zwischen sozialpolitischen und individuellen Charakteristika zu schätzen, verwenden wir Mehrebenen-Regressionen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen unterschiedliche Mechanismen für Arbeitslosigkeit und Frührente. Unterschiede im Arbeitslosigkeitsrisiko Älterer sind vor allem auf individuelle Faktoren zurückzuführen; Personen mit vormals instabilen Erwerbsverläufen und epischer Beschäftigung sind besonders betroffen. Das Gegenteil trifft auf Frühverrentung zu: Personen mit stabilen Erwerbskarrieren in regulärer Beschäftigung weisen hierfür eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit auf Dieser Zusammenhang wird durch generöse Frühverrentungsmöglichkeiten zusätzlich verstärkt. Strikte Kündigungsschutzregelungen erhöhen dagegen die Beschäftigungswahrscheinlichkeit von Personen mit stabilen Erwerbsverläufen, allerdings nur, wenn die institutionalisierten Frühverrentungsanreize dem nicht entgegenwirken." (Autorenreferat, © De Gruyter)

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Sjögren, Anna & Johan Vikström (2015): How long and how much? Learning about the design of wage subsidies from policy discontinuities. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 34, H. June, S. 127-137. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2015.03.009

Abstract

"Employment and wage subsidies are used to combat long-term unemployment, yet there is little research to guide the design of such programs. Discontinuities in the design and implementation of wage subsidies under the Swedish New Start Jobs-policy allow us to study effects of both subsidy rate and subsidy duration. We find that doubling of the subsidy rate has a substantial impact on job finding rates but that doubled subsidy duration has no such effect. We find the opposite pattern when we study the effects on the probability of staying employed for those who find subsidized employment. Interestingly, the positive employment effect of doubling the subsidy duration persists after the expiry of the employment subsidies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Wright, David (2015): How have employment transitions for older workers in Germany and the UK changed. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 782), Berlin, 19 S.

Abstract

"Extending working life is an objective for many nations. However, the UK government has recently reported only modest improvement 'compared to many nations'. A comparison of European, Labour Force Surveys show that Germany has reversed early retirement much faster than the UK since 2003. This was not forecast by previous researchers. In particular, Ebbinghaus' influential cross-national analysis of early retirement, published in 2006, had predicted that liberal welfare states regimes like the UK would react faster than conservative ones like Germany. A review of changes to pensions and employment policies suggests the UK puts more emphasis on recruitment of older workers, flexible working and gradual retirement while Germany puts more emphasis on retention of older workers through age-management and employment protection. The paper compares the employment transitions of older workers using data covering 1993 to 2013 from the longitudinal surveys British Household Panel Survey, Understanding Society and the German Socio-Economic Panel. It finds little evidence for the recruitment of older workers or gradual retirement in either the UK or Germany and concludes it was the greater employment protection for older workers in Germany that enabled the employment rate for older workers to increase even during the recent recession." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sonnet, Anne, Hilde Olsen & Thomas Manfredi (2014): Towards more inclusive ageing and employment policies. The lessons from France, the Netherlands, Norway and Switzerland. In: De Economist, Jg. 162, H. 4, S. 315-339. DOI:10.1007/s10645-014-9240-x

Abstract

"Many countries have carried out over the past decade a series of reforms and measures to encourage longer working lives and to respond to the looming challenges of rapid population ageing. But have these steps gone far enough and have the necessary measures been taken? Much of the focus of this policy action has been on old-age pension reform but, as stressed in the report Live Longer, Work Longer (OECD 2006), a more comprehensive set of reform may be necessary to encourage work at an older age. This includes policy action in three broad areas to: (1) reward work, (2) change employer practices, and (3) improve the employability of workers. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of recent policy initiatives to give older people better work incentives and choices implemented in France, The Netherlands, Norway and Switzerland since 2006 as well as to identify areas where more could be done, covering both supply-side and demand-side aspects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2014): Ageing and employment policies: France 2014. Working better with age. (Ageing and employment policies), Paris, 176 S. DOI:10.1787/9789264207523-en

Abstract

"People today are living longer than ever before, while birth rates are dropping in the majority of OECD countries. In such demographics, public social expenditures require to be adequate and sustainable in the long term. Older workers play a crucial role in the labour market. Now that legal retirement ages are rising, older workers will work longer and employers will have to retain them. But those older workers who have lost their job have experienced long term-unemployment and low probabilities to return to work. What can countries do to help? How can they give older people better work incentives and opportunities? How can they promote age diversity in firms? This report offers analysis and assessment on what the best policies are for fostering employability, job mobility and labour demand at an older age in France." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Working with The Prince's Initiative for Mature Enterprise (PRIME) and Business In The Community, The International Longevity Centre have published a major new report about the challenges facing older workers, The missing million: illuminating the employment challenges of the over 50s. This is the first in a series of three reports being published on this topic over the next year.
The research demonstrates that of the 3.3 million economically inactive people aged 50-64, approximately 1 million people have been made 'involuntarily workless' - pushed out of their previous job as a result of 'shocks', a combination of redundancy, ill health or early retirement. This has created a silent majority', where millions of over 50s are not working but would like to and are not receiving the help they need.
The research also shows that if people aged over 50 are helped back into employment, it does not mean that younger people are 'crowded out 'of the labour market. Helping older people back into the labour market could also lead to a potential £88 billion boost to the UK GDP. Most importantly securing employment for older people will transform their lives and offer them the opportunity of a brighter, more secure future." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bennmarker, Helge, Oskar Nordström Skans & Ulrika Vikman (2013): Workfare for the old and long-term unemployed. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 25, H. December, S. 25-34. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2013.04.008

Abstract

"We estimate the effects of conditioning benefits on program participation among older long-term unemployed workers. We exploit a Swedish reform which reduced UI duration from 90 to 60 weeks for a group of older unemployed workers in a setting where workers who exhausted their benefits received unchanged transfers if they agreed to participate in a work practice program. Our results show that job finding increased as a result of the shorter duration of passive benefits. The time profile of the job-finding effects suggests that the results are due to deterrence during the program-entry phase. We find no impact on ensuing job durations or wages, suggesting that the increased job-finding rate was driven by increased search intensity rather than lower reservation wages. A crude cost - benefit analysis suggests that the reform reduced the combined cost of programs and transfers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

García-Pérez, J. Ignacio, Sergi Jiménez-Martín & Alfonso R. Sánchez-Martín (2013): Retirement incentives, individual heterogeneity and labor transitions of employed and unemployed workers. In: Labour economics, Jg. 20, H. January, S. 106-120. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2012.11.006

Abstract

"In this paper, we analyze the sensitivity of the labor market decisions of workers close to retirement with respect to the incentives created by public regulations. We improve upon the extensive prior literature on the effect of pension incentives on retirement by jointly modeling the transitions between employment, unemployment and retirement, paying special attention to the transition from unemployment to retirement (which is particularly important in Spain and other European countries, and whose relevance is increasing as a result of the recent economic crisis). Using administrative data, we find that, when properly defined, economic incentives have a strong impact on labor market decisions. Unemployment regulations are shown to be particularly influential for retirement behavior, along with the more traditional determinants linked to the pension system. Pension variables also have a major bearing on workers' reemployment decisions. The quantitative impact of the incentives, however, is greatly affected by the existence of unobserved heterogeneity among workers. Its omission leads to sizeable biases in the assessment of the sensitivity to economic incentives. We confirm the importance of this potential problem in the case of the change in early retirement provisions legislated in Spain in 2002 (which we analyze with a difference-in-difference approach)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hochman, Oshrat & Noah Lewin-Epstein (2013): Determinants of early retirement preferences in Europe. The role of grandparenthood. In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Jg. 54, H. 1, S. 29-47. DOI:10.1177/0020715213480977

Abstract

"Various family characteristics are acknowledged as important determinants of retirement preferences. Yet, the relevance of the third family generation - the grandchildren - has been largely overlooked. In this article we bring the association between grandparenthood and retirement preferences to the fore. We expect to find such a relationship for two main reasons: first, rising participation rates in the labor market, especially among mothers, increases the need for childcare which, in some countries, is only partially provided by the state. Second, for many people grandparenthood marks the transition to a new phase in the life-course, implying new role-identities. We thus expect grandparenthood to decrease anxieties associated with retirement and with the potential loss of one's role-identity as a working person. We test the association between grandparenthood and retirement preferences using data from the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). The findings confirm that grandparenthood increases an individual's chances of looking forward to retiring early, thus supporting the claim that individuals' lives are linked to the lives of their family members. Contrary to expectations, the association of grandparenthood with retirement preferences is particularly strong in countries that provide extensive childcare support." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lammers, Marloes, Hans Bloemen & Stefan Hochguertel (2013): Job search requirements for older unemployed: transitions to employment, early retirement and disability benefits. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 58, H. February, S. 2013. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2012.11.003

Abstract

"We use a recent policy change in the Netherlands to study how changes in search requirements for the older unemployed affect their transition rates to employment, early retirement and sickness/disability benefits. The reform, becoming effective on January 1 2004, requires the elderly to formally report their job search efforts to the employment office in order to avoid a (temporary) cut in benefits. Before the new law was passed, unemployed individuals were allowed to stop all search activity at the moment they turned 57.5. Estimating various duration models using difference-in-difference and regression discontinuity approaches, we find that for several groups of individuals who are affected by the policy change, the stricter search requirements significantly increases their entry rate into employment. However, we also find evidence of a higher outflow to sickness/disability insurance schemes, a presumably unwanted side-effect of the policy change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Müller, Andreas, Annet H. de Lange, Matthias Weigl, Caroline Oxfart & Beatrice I. J. M. van der Heijden (2013): Compensating losses in bridge employment? Examining relations between compensation strategies, health problems, and intention to remain at work. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 83, H. 1, S. 68-77. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2013.03.002

Abstract

"In order to better understand the precursors of bridge employment, this study aimed to investigate whether individual action strategies in terms of selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC; Baltes & Baltes, 1990) are able to buffer the well-known negative impact of poor health on the intention to remain in the workforce. 784 employees (60-85 years, 74.8% male) affiliated with a temporary employment agency that specifically contracts employees older than 65 participated in a cross-sectional survey. Results of moderated hierarchical regression analyses indicated that for older employees with high use of SOC there was no significant relationship between health status and intention to remain in bridge employment. However, for older employees with low use of SOC, there was a weaker intention to remain in bridge employment when their health status was poor, while this intention was stronger in case of a better health status. On closer examination of the SOC subdimensions, this moderating effect was especially due to the compensation behavior of these older workers. As a conclusion, SOC seems to mitigate the detrimental effects of health problems on older employees' intention to remain in bridge employment. From a practical perspective, these findings provide important suggestions for the development of practical measures for the tertiary prevention of poor health during the retirement process." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

(2013): Beschäftigungsfähigkeit und Schulungswilligkeit von Erwerbspersonen ab 45 Jahren in Oberösterreich. Linz, 240 S.

Abstract

"Mit dem 'Altern' der Gesellschaft rückt die ältere Altersgruppe in den Fokus der Aufmerksamkeit. So steht etwa die Erhöhung der Beschäftigungsquote älterer ArbeitnehmerInnen bereits seit einigen Jahren im Mittelpunkt beschäftigungspolitischer Diskussionen auf EU-Ebene und ist auch eine maßgebliche Reformempfehlung der Europäischen Kommission an Österreich. Ein möglicher Lösungsstrang für dieses Anliegen kreist rund um die Zielsetzung, die Beschäftigungsfähigkeit älterer ArbeitnehmerInnen zu erhalten bzw. zu erhöhen, wobei nicht nur der Gesundheitsbereich von Relevanz ist, sondern ganz zentral auch die Förderung und Weiterentwicklung von lebenslangem Lernen. Die Studie verfolgt das Ziel, Weiterbildungsaktivitäten und -erfordernisse von unselbstständig Erwerbstätigen mittleren Alters zu analysieren. Diese Befunde dienen in der Folge der Entwicklung von Anhaltspunkten zur Förderung alternsgerechter Maßnahmen des Arbeitsmarktservice Österreich AMS." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Olsen, Hilde & Thomas Manfredi (2013): Ageing and employment policies: Norway. Working better with age. (Ageing and employment policies), Paris, 125 S. DOI:10.1787/9789264201484-en

Abstract

"People today are living longer than ever before, while birth rates are dropping in the majority of OECD countries. Such demographics raise the question: are current public social expenditures adequate and sustainable? Older workers play a crucial role in the labour market. Now that legal retirement ages are rising, fewer older workers are retiring early, but at the same time those older workers who have lost their job after the age of 50 have tended to remain in long term unemployment. What can countries do to help? How can they give older people better work incentives and opportunities? These reports offer analysis and assessment on what the best policies are for fostering employability, job mobility and labour demand at an older age.

Zitatform

Bennmarker, Helge, Oskar Nordström Skans & Ulrika Vikman (2012): Workfare for the old and long-term unemployed. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2012,07), Uppsala, 34 S.

Abstract

"We estimate the effects of conditioning benefits on program participation among older long-term unemployed workers. We exploit a Swedish reform which reduced UI duration from 90 to 60 weeks for a group of older unemployed workers in a setting where workers who exhausted their benefits received unchanged transfers if they agreed to participate in a work practice program. Our results show that job finding increased as a result of the shorter duration of passive benefits. The time profile of the job-finding effects suggests that the effects are due to deterrence effects during the program-entry phase. We find no evidence of wage reductions, suggesting that the increased job-finding rate was driven by increased search intensity rather than lower reservation wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Canduela, Jesus, Matthew Dutton, Steve Johnson, Colin Lindsay, Ronald W. MacQuaid & Robert Raeside (2012): Ageing, skills and participation in work-related training in Britain. Assessing the position of older workers. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 26, H. 1, S. 42-60. DOI:10.1177/0950017011426303

Abstract

"Policy makers have introduced a number of measures to encourage older workers to stay in the labour market, with improving access to training a particular priority. Policy action appeared justified by evidence that older workers are less likely to participate in training, and more likely to have never been offered training by employers - a key finding of Taylor and Urwin's (2001) review of Labour Force Survey (LFS) data from 1997. This article models LFS data from 2007 to assess whether age remained a predictor of inequalities in training. It finds that men over 50 remained among those least likely to have been offered training by employers. There were other significant inequalities in participation, suggesting a polarization in access to jobs that offer opportunities for training and progression. The article concludes that policies promoting 'active ageing' need to challenge negative employer attitudes and acknowledge fundamental inequalities in access to skills." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Benallah, Samia (2011): Comportements de départ en retraite et réforme de 2003. Les effets de la surcote. In: Economie et Statistique H. 441/442, S. 79-100.

Abstract

"Mit der Rentenreform von 2003 wurde ein Aufschlag eingeführt, wonach den Menschen, die ihre Erwerbstätigkeit über die vorgeschriebene Dauer für den Erhalt der vollständigen Altersversorgung fortsetzen, eine höhere Rente gewährt wird. Ausdrückliches Ziel dieser Maßnahme war es, die künftigen Rentner zu veranlassen, ihr Ausscheiden aus dem Erwerbsleben hinauszuzögern. Allerdings hat sie eine solche Auswirkung nur, wenn die finanziellen Erwägungen bei der Wahl zwischen Erwerbstätigkeit und Rente einen besonderen Stellenwert einnehmen. Selbstverständlich spielt bei dieser Wahl die finanzielle Komponente eine wichtige Rolle; über deren Auswirkung wird aber weiterhin diskutiert. Wir untersuchen die Konsequenzen der Einführung des Aufschlags auf die Verhaltensweisen im Hinblick auf das Ausscheiden aus dem Erwerbsleben der ersten von dieser Maßnahme betroffenen Generation anhand einer Stichprobe der bei der Nationalen Rentenkasse Versicherten sowie einer Methode der Paarbildung. Die Einführung des Aufschlags hätte demnach eine positive Auswirkung auf das Renteneintrittsalter und die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass die von dieser Maßnahmen betroffenen und 1944 geborenen Versicherten eine Erwerbstätigkeit nach Vollendung des 60 Lebensjahrs fortsetzen. So hätte sie dazu geführt, dass das Alter der Inanspruchnahme der Rentenansprüche um zwei Monate verschoben wurde sowie die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Fortsetzung der Erwerbstätigkeit nach 60 Jahren um 16 % zunimmt. Bei Ausweitung dieser Studie auf andere Generationen werden die positiven Auswirkungen des Aufschlags auf das Renteneintrittsalter bestätigt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Billett, Stephen, Darryl Dymock, Greer Johnson & Greg Martin (2011): Overcoming the paradox of employers' views about older workers. In: The international journal of human resource management, Jg. 22, H. 6, S. 1248-1261. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2011.559097

Abstract

"In advanced and developing economies, ageing populations and low birth rates are emphasising the need for retaining and sustaining competent older workers. This paper examines human resource and governmental policy and practice implications from the contradictory accounts directed towards those workers aged over 44 years, who are usually classified as 'older workers'. It focuses on a key and paradoxical impediment in the workforce retention of these workers. Using Australia as a case study, this paper argues that policies and practices to retain and sustain workers aged 45 or more need to de-emphasise the term 'older workers' and reconsider how human resource management and government policies, as well as practices by workers themselves, might pursue longer and more productive working lives for employees aged over 45. It seeks to elaborate the paradox of the (under)valuing of older workers' contributions and provides direction for retaining and supporting the ongoing employability of these workers. It concludes by proposing that government, industry bodies and sector councils that seek to change employer attitudes will likely require a dual process comprising both engagement with older workers and a balanced appraisal of their worth. Alone, subsidies and/or mandation may well serve to entrench age bias without measures to redress that bias through a systematic appraisal of their current and potential contributions. In addition, to support this transformation of bias and sustain their employability, older workers will likely need to exercise greater agency in their work and learning." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bloemen, Hans, Stefan Hochguertel & Marloes Lammers (2011): Job search requirements for older unemployed. Transitions to employment, early retirement and disability benefits. (IZA discussion paper 5442), Bonn, 49 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we use a recent policy change in the Netherlands to study how changes in search requirements for the older unemployed affect their transition rates to employment, early retirement and sickness/disability benefits. The reform, becoming effective on January 1st 2004, required the elderly to formally report their job search efforts to the employment office in order to avoid a (temporary) cut in benefits. Before the new law was passed, unemployed were allowed to stop all search activity at the moment they turned 57.5. Estimating various duration models using difference-in-difference and regression discontinuity approaches, we find that for several groups of individuals that were affected by the policy change, the stricter search requirements did significantly increase their entry rate into employment. However, we also find evidence of a higher outflow to sickness/disability insurance schemes, a presumably unwanted side-effect of the policy change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bozio, Antoine (2011): La réforme des retraites de 1993. L'impact de l'augmentation de la durée d'assurance. In: Economie et Statistique H. 441/442, S. 39-54.

Abstract

"Bei der Reform der Renten des allgemeinen Systems im Jahr 1993 war die erforderliche Versicherungsdauer für den Erhalt der vollständigen Altersversorgung von 37,5 Jahren auf 40 Jahre verlängert worden. Diese Maßnahme wurde schrittweise eingeführt, und zwar in einem Rhythmus von einem zusätzlichen Vierteljahr pro Generation ab der Generation von 1934 bis zur Generation von 1943. Ziel dieser Reform war es, die Arbeitnehmer dazu zu bewegen, ihren Eintritt in den Ruhestand durch strengere Auflagen hinsichtlich der Versicherungsdauer aufzuschieben. Die Auswirkungen der Verlängerung der Versicherungsdauer auf das Alter der Inanspruchnahme der Ansprüche und auf die Quartale, in denen nach Erreichung des 60. Lebensjahrs tatsächlich Beiträge entrichtet wurden, werden untersucht mittels der Schwankungen pro Generation und je nach der Versicherungsdauer bei Erreichung des 60. Lebensjahrs, die mit der Reform schrittweise eingeführt wurde. Den Ergebnissen ist zu entnehmen, dass die Erwerbstätigen von 60 Jahren, die aufgrund der Verlängerung der Versicherungsdauer vor die Wahl zwischen der Fortsetzung ihrer Erwerbstätigkeit und dem Eintritt in den Ruhestand mit einem Abschlag gestellt wurden, die Beendigung ihrer Erwerbstätigkeit erheblich aufschieben mussten. Besonders zu Gewicht fällt dies bei den Männern mit neun Monaten für jedes zusätzliche Versicherungsjahr; bei den Frauen weniger mit fünf Monaten. Diese Maßnahme zur Förderung der Elastizität des Arbeitsangebots in Bezug auf die für den Erhalt der vollständigen Altersbezüge erforderlichen Versicherungsdauer darf aber nicht falsch ausgelegt werden: Lediglich eine geringe Minderheit von Arbeitnehmern war von der mit der Reform eingeführten Verlängerung der Versicherungsdauer wirklich betroffen. Zudem sind diese für die Gesamtheit der Rentner und noch in geringerem Maße für die künftigen Rentner unbedingt repräsentativ." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Carrière, Yves & Diane Galarneau (2011): Delayed retirement: A new trend? In: Perspectives on Labour and Income, Jg. 23, H. 4, S. 1-16.

Abstract

"This article examines changes since 1976 in a number of indicators that show the aging of Canadian workers and a growing number of workers delaying retirement. The increase in delayed retirement is consistent with an increase in the employment rate of older workers, however, it is at odds with statistics indicating that the average retirement age has remained surprisingly stable. This article attempts to reconcile the two apparently contradictory trends using a new expected working-life indicator." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Eichhorst, Werner (2011): The transition from work to retirement. (IZA discussion paper 5490), Bonn, 25 S.

Abstract

"The European Employment Strategy has set the goal of raising the retirement age of workers in the EU through a strategy of 'active ageing'. Yet despite some progress over the last decade, empirical data show persistent diversity across EU member states. Institutional arrangements of social and labor market policies can be seen as the core factors behind cross-national diversity. Hence, institutional change is crucial to explain structural changes. The paper tries to assess the role of supranational policy initiatives and national politicoeconomic factors in shaping the transition from work to retirement in EU member states which is still governed by the national political economy. Taking the German case as an example in point, the paper shows the dynamic interaction between policy changes, in particular in benefit systems and activation, and changes in the approach of firms and workers to early retirement. Policy changes influence actors' behavior in the medium run and open up opportunities for subsequent reforms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gendron, Benedicte (2011): Older workers and active ageing in France. The changing early retirement and company approach. In: The international journal of human resource management, Jg. 22, H. 6, S. 1221-1231. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2011.559095

Abstract

"Europe is experiencing demographic shifts without precedent due especially to progress concerning health and the decrease in fertility. These affect individuals, families, local communities, countries and whole strata of society. The number of people over 60 years old is going to increase in Europe as the baby boomers reach retirement age. If the factors related to employment are considered, it must be noted that the working-age population is falling nowadays. This drop is, in part, the result of low participation by seniors in the labour market, especially in France. The employment rate for this category of workers at the present time is lower than the objectives set within the framework of the Lisbon Process. The low participation of older workers in the labour market is the result of premature exclusion, within a context of high unemployment and industrial restructuring. Therefore, the development and enhancement of employment for older workers constitute a crucial issue. If the situations are very diverse in Europe, France is distinguished by an employment rate for people over 55, that is significantly lower than the average for the European Union. Still, only 3% of the population is working at the age of 65 and the median age of work is around 58. Thus, France is still very far from the objective set for 2010 at the Stockholm Summit in 2001. To take up the challenge of employment for seniors in France, it is necessary to examine its singularity and to question if there is a 'French Exception' on age management? An analysis of the institutional factors determining the relative labour market position of older workers can explain the French particularity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mara, Isilda & Edlira Narazani (2011): Labour-incentive reforms at preretirement age in Austria. In: Empirica, Jg. 38, H. 4, S. 481-510. DOI:10.1007/s10663-010-9137-0

Abstract

"Low participation rates of older workers in the labour market threaten the sustainability of the pension system in Austria. Given the current political debate on this issue, we try to shed light on employment and retirement behaviour of Austrian couples when income support is provided and pension benefits are reduced. Using a sample of married couples with both partners aged 50 - 65, we find that the proposed reform increases the labour supply of middle-income men whereas the effects on women are weaker. However, somehow surprisingly, we find that these reforms have an increasing effect on unemployment/inactivity probabilities which in turn is outweighed by a decreasing effect on the retirement probabilities in case of women. These findings emphasize the importance of a joint consideration of labour supply and retirement behaviour of married couples when introducing pension reforms and tax-benefit policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Midtsundstad, Tove I. (2011): Inclusive workplaces and older employees. An analysis of companies' investment in retaining senior workers. In: The international journal of human resource management, Jg. 22, H. 6, S. 1277-1293. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2011.559099

Abstract

"The inception of the so-called Tripartite Agreement on a More Inclusive Working Life (the IW Agreement) in 2001 marks a shift in Norwegian welfare and labour market policy. This has resulted in employers now being targeted by government initiatives supposed to prevent the exclusion of older employees. The initiatives are purely voluntary and rely on companies' willingness to adopt and support them. The main goal of this article is to identify and explain differences in the propensity of private sector companies to adopt an active policy in line with this strategy. Data used are based on a survey conducted in 2005 of a representative sample of 713 Norwegian companies. The findings show that positive attitudes towards older workers held by the management, a focus on human resource management and a feeling of moral obligation to combat early retirement increase the probability that the companies adopt an active ageing policy. However, economic considerations and labour shortage also influence their policies, especially their willingness to retain older workers of age 62 and above." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sheldon, George & Dominique Cueni (2011): Die Auswirkungen der Altersgutschriften des BVG auf die Beschäftigungschancen älterer Arbeitnehmer. (WWZ-Forschungsbericht 2011/06), Basel, 167 S.

Abstract

"In der schweizerischen beruflichen Vorsorge werden die Spargutschriften, wie sie für Arbeitnehmer im gesetzlichen Minimum zur Bildung eines persönlichen Rentenguthabens vorgesehenen sind, mindestens zur Hälfte vom Arbeitgeber finanziert. Da diese Mindestgutschriften mit dem Alter der Arbeitnehmer ansteigen, wird in der Politik und der Verwaltung vermutet, dass die Arbeitgeber jüngere Bewerber aufgrund der tieferen Lohnnebenkosten bevorzugen, was die Beschäftigungschancen älterer Stellensuchender schmälern würde. Ein solcher Effekt wurde nie nachgewiesen und ist aus theoretischer Sicht auch nicht unbedingt zu erwarten. Bis anhin war sogar unklar, wie die Altersgutschriften abweichend von den gesetzlichen Mindestvorgaben in Wirklichkeit ausgestaltet sind. Diesbezüglich zeigt nun eine eigens durchgeführte Erhebung, dass die Gutschriften für einen durchschnittlichen Versicherten zwar etwas über dem Minimum liegen, jedoch noch immer vorwiegend an den gesetzlichen Altersschwellen ansteigen. In einer ersten ökonometrischen Auswertung wurden deshalb Daten von über einer Million Stellensuchenden mit Hilfe eines Regression-Discontinuity-Designs dahingehend untersucht, wie sich deren Beschäftigungschancen um besagte Altersschwellen herum verändern. Anschliessend wurde in einem zweiten Schritt der Fokus erweitert und dieselben Daten mit Hilfe eines modell-basierten Partitionierungsverfahrens 'unvoreingenommen' auf Anzeichen von Altersdiskriminierung durchleuchtet. Die fraglichen Beschäftigungswirkungen der Altersgutschriften zeigten sich aber weder an den gesetzlichen Schwellen selbst, noch wurden Hinweise auf mögliche vorlaufende Effekte gefunden. Stattdessen konnte eine Art idealtypischer Verlauf der Beschäftigungschancen über Alter und Suchdauer hinweg ausgemacht werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Staubli, Stefan & Josef Zweimüller (2011): Does raising the retirement age increase employment of older workers? (IZA discussion paper 5863), Bonn, 49 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies how an increase in the minimum retirement age affects the labor market behavior of older workers. Between 2000 and 2006 the Austrian government gradually increased the early retirement age from 60 to 62.2 for men and from 55 to 57.2 for women. Using administrative data on the universe of Austrian private-sector employees, the results from the empirical analysis suggest that this policy change reduced retirement by 19 percentage points among affected men and by 25 percentage points among affected women. The decline in retirement was accompanied by a sizeable increase in employment of 7 percentage points among men and 10 percentage points among women, but had also important spillover effects into the unemployment insurance program. Specifically, the unemployment rate increased by 10 percentage points among men and 11 percentage points among women. In contrast, the policy change had only a small impact on the share of individuals claiming disability or partial retirement benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Steiner, Karin, Marie Jelenko, Winfried Moser & Franziska Haydn (2011): Chancen und Möglichkeiten von Productive Ageing. Arbeitsmarktpolitische, arbeitspsychologische und soziologische Perspektiven zur verbesserten Arbeitsmarktintegration Älterer. (AMS report 81), Wien, 93 S.

Abstract

"Für die Zielgruppe älterer Arbeitsuchender gibt es eine Reihe von arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen, die - nach einer einleitenden vergleichenden Diskussion internationaler Daten zum Thema 'Ältere am Arbeitsmarkt' - im ersten Teil dieses Berichtes näher vorgestellt werden. Diese Maßnahmen sollen die Chancen einer Wiedereinstellung erhöhen. Angeführt werden nationale und internationale Stiftungsmodelle, Aus- und Weiterbildungsmöglichkeiten, bewusstseinsbildende Maßnahmen, aber auch Maßnahmen / Instrumente wie etwa Sozialökonomische Betriebe (SÖBs) und Gemeinnützige Arbeitskräfteüberlassungen. Der zweite Teil des Berichtes umfasst Ergebnisse einer empirischen Studie zum Thema 'Arbeitslosigkeit von Älteren und Maßnahmen zum Erhalt von Arbeitsfähigkeit und Gesundheit'. Die Ergebnisse basierend auf ExpertInneninterviews wie auch qualitativen Interviews mit älteren Arbeitsuchenden konzentrieren sich einerseits auf die Positionen von Älteren am Arbeitsmarkt. Die Selbsteinschätzung der Arbeitsuchenden selbst wird hierbei durch die Perspektive der ExpertInnen erweitert. Andererseits werden Maßnahmen für ältere Arbeitsuchende aus Sicht der TeilnehmerInnen und ExpertInnen analysiert und Handlungsempfehlungen abgeleitet. Dadurch, dass der Bericht sich der Situation älterer Arbeitsuchender von unterschiedlicher Seite nähert, soll es den LeserInnen ermöglicht werden, die besonderen Bedürfnisse dieser Bevölkerungsgruppe in ihrer Vielfalt zu erfassen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Vere, James P. (2011): Social Security and elderly labor supply. Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study. In: Labour economics, Jg. 18, H. 5, S. 676-686. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2011.02.001

Abstract

"This study uses panel data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to estimate the effects of Social Security income on elderly labor supply in the 1990s and early 2000s. The identification strategy takes advantage of the 1977 amendments to the Social Security Act, which led to a large, unanticipated reduction in Social Security benefits for those born after January 1, 1917. Despite the advanced age of the notch cohorts, there is a significant, negative and surprisingly elastic relationship between Social Security income and hours of work. This suggests that currently proposed reductions in benefits would induce Social Security recipients to work more hours in retirement, even through their 70s and early 80s." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Washko, Michelle M., Ronald W. Schack, Barry A. Goff & Bennett Pudlin (2011): Title V of the Older Americans Act, the senior community service employment program. Participant demographics and service to racially/ethnically diverse populations. In: Journal of Aging and Social Policy, Jg. 23, H. 2, S. 182-197. DOI:10.1080/08959420.2011.554081

Abstract

"Title V of the Older Americans Act, the Senior Community Service Employment Program (SCSEP), is a 40+-year-old federal program providing subsidized community service and employment training to low-income, unemployed individuals aged 55 and older. It is the only nationally mandated workforce training program for seniors. Because of SCSEP's dual mission, participants added 48 million hours of community service (valued at almost $1 billion) to the U.S. economy in 2008. Almost half (48.9%) of the participants are racial or ethnic minorities, which makes it crucial to understand the program experience of these individuals. Participation, program duration, and employment placement of minorities are examined. Findings show successful enrollment rates, an interactive effect of age and education on program duration, and no indication of a minority disadvantage in employment placement. Recommendations include funding for innovative grants, leveraging of federal partnerships, and targeted technical assistance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cahill, Kevin E., Michael D. Giandrea & Joseph F. Quinn (2010): Employment patterns and determinants among older individuals with a history of short-duration jobs. (BLS working paper 440), Washington, 34 S.

Abstract

"Many studies of labor force withdrawal patterns have focused on individuals who have had career jobs. This paper compares the demographic and economic characteristics of individuals who have never had a full-time career (FTC) job with those who have, and compares the timing and types of job switches that both groups make later in life. The comparison between non-FTC and FTC individuals is important because decisions by policymakers based on the existing retirement literature may have unintended consequences for individuals with only a series of short-duration jobs.
We use a sample of respondents from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) who have worked since age 50, and stratify respondents according to whether an individual has ever had a job that consists of 1,600 or more hours per year and lasts for at least ten years (i.e., a full-time career job). We find that individuals without FTC jobs are a heterogeneous group, representing individuals in many wage and occupational categories. Not surprisingly, we also find that individuals without FTC jobs are less likely than those with FTC jobs to be working in subsequent survey years. However, we find that the labor force withdrawal patterns of non-FTC individuals are similar to those of FTC individuals in many respects. In particular, individuals without FTC jobs change jobs later in life just as frequently as those with FTC jobs. Switching rates between wage-and-salary employment to self-employment and between white-collar and blue-collar jobs are largely similar by FTC status, as are reductions in wages later in life. Overall, the findings reveal that the work decisions later in life of individuals who have never had career employment are diverse, just as they are for individuals with career jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Duell, Nicola, Peter Tergeist, Ursula Bazant & Sylvie Cimper (2010): Activation policies in Switzerland. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 112), Paris, 139 S. DOI:10.1787/5km4hd7r28f6-en

Abstract

"This report examines the performance of public employment services and the effectiveness of activation strategies in Switzerland. It covers the role of the key actors in labour market policy, the placement function of the Public Employment Service (PES), the structure of out-of-work benefits and the related incentives and disincentives for taking up work, and discusses the main features of active labour market programmes (ALMPs).
Switzerland is characterised by relatively strong labour market performance, with high employment rates, low unemployment and high wage rates. The global financial and economic crisis has nevertheless led to some deterioration in labour market conditions, including a 30% hike in unemployment during the crisis. Going forward, among the important challenges for labour market and social policy are the expected impact of population ageing on the Swiss economy, integration deficits of immigrants and their descendants, the comparatively high share of long-term unemployment, and the insufficient activation of people with disabilities.
A number of actors are involved in the design and delivery of labour market policy and employment services, reflecting the strong decentralisation of the political system. Although labour market policy is governed to some extent by federal laws, the cantons constitute the main level of government responsible for public employment services and the administration of ALMPs. The main element of federal control is the publication of benchmarking results for local PES performance, which is expected to exert peer-group pressure on local offices for continuous improvement of performance. Contrary to many other OECD countries, the benefit and placement functions are separated between the unemployment funds and local placement services.
The Swiss PES is well equipped to intervene in the unemployment spell by means of counselling interviews, direct referrals and strong job-search controls. However, international comparison shows that the PES has quite limited market shares in vacancies and placements. This is due to the historically important role of private placement agencies. The PES could be more active in collaborating with these agencies in placing its jobseekers.
The Swiss road to activation is characterised by a relatively generous benefit system as compared with other OECD countries, combined with strict job-search enforcement requirements, comparatively high expenditures on active labour market programmes and strong incentives to move into jobs, including in-work benefits. The 2010 unemployment-insurance reform has led to cuts in the maximum benefit duration for certain categories of jobseekers, in order to restore the financial equilibrium of the unemployment-insurance fund. Also, Switzerland is (together with Denmark) the only OECD country where ALMP spending increases quasi-automatically with unemployment levels, a feature that has been important in the current financial and economic crisis.
The ratio of active to passive labour market expenditure is well above European and OECD averages, underlining the importance of active instruments in Switzerland, particularly in view of the relatively low number of jobseekers. The largest ALMP expenditure categories are Supported employment and rehabilitation, Training, Temporary employment in the public sector, and Intermittent pay. In a given year, over a quarter of all registered jobseekers participate in at least one active programme. The implementation of activation measures for the long-term unemployed, benefit exhaustees and social assistance recipients remains a problem, however, due to different benefit structures and uneven follow-up strategies across cantons." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hallberg, Daniel & Matias Eklöf (2010): Do buy-outs of older workers matter? Estimating retirement behavior with special early retirement offers. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 31, H. 3, S. 337-359. DOI:10.1108/01437721011050611

Abstract

"This paper aims to look at model retirement behavior with a focus on early retirement where there is an option for 'buy-outs'. An employer can offer employees generous pension programs if the employees agree on early retirement. Earlier studies have neglected such offers, but in doing so, estimates of the individuals' responses to financial incentives in a retirement decision are likely to be biased upward.
The authors propose an estimation strategy where the retirement decision and the accesses to early retirement pension (ERP) offers are estimated in a simultaneous equation system, yielding unbiased estimates of the model parameters. They apply the model using detailed Swedish register data.
The results indicate that the marginal effects in retirement probability with respect to a change in financial incentives is less pronounced if ERPs are accounted for. Further, results imply that the early retirement probabilities would decrease, depending on year, by 14-28 percent for males and 7-18 percent for females if ERP offers were absent.
As the motives for early retirement pensions most likely stem from how the collective agreement occupational pensions are financed, this emphasizes the need for a debate on the preferable construction of these systems. This becomes particularly important in view of the increased old age dependency ratios that are expected in the near future.
Although these offers have important policy implications they have received limited attention. This paper fills an important gap in the existing pension literature, and it analyzes early retirement and tries to assess the importance of special early retirement pension programs for these outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kuhn, Andreas, Jean-Philippe Wuellrich & Josef Zweimüller (2010): Fatal attraction? Access to early retirement and mortality. (IZA discussion paper 5160), Bonn, 56 S.

Abstract

"We estimate the causal effect of early retirement on mortality for blue-collar workers. To overcome the problem of endogenous selection, we exploit an exogenous change in unemployment insurance rules in Austria that allowed workers in eligible regions to withdraw from the workforce up to 3.5 years earlier than those in non-eligible regions. For males, instrumental-variable estimates show a significant 2.4 percentage points (about 13%) increase in the probability of dying before age 67. We do not find any adverse effect of early retirement on mortality for females. Death causes indicate a significantly higher incidence of cardiovascular disorders among eligible workers, suggesting that changes in health-related behavior explain increased mortality among male early retirees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ours, Jan C. van & Sander Tuit (2010): How changes in unemployment benefit duration affect the inflow into unemployment. (IZA discussion paper 4691), Bonn, 21 S.

Abstract

"We study how changes in the maximum benefit duration affect the inflow into unemployment in the Netherlands. Until August 2003, workers who became unemployed after age 57.5 were entitled to unemployment benefits until the age of 65, after which they would receive old age pensions. This characteristic made it attractive for workers to enter unemployment shortly after age 57.5 rather than shortly before. Indeed, we find a peak in the inflow into unemployment for workers after age 57.5. From August 2003 onwards the maximum benefit durations were reduced. We find that shortly after 2003 the peak in the inflow disappeared." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Perren, Kim, Janet Harvey, Katherine Hill, Yvette Hartfree & Matt Padley (2010): Evaluation of the 50+ Face-to-Face Guidance Pilot. (Great Britain, Department of Work and Pensions. Research report 720), London, 104 S.

Abstract

"The Face-to-Face Guidance Pilot was funded by the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP). Providers offered guidance to employees aged 50 and above on a range of work and retirement issues using diverse service delivery methods. Providers included local branches of Age Concern, Shaw Trust, Life Academy, Guidance Services and Manpower, based in urban and rural areas across Britain. The service ran between January 2008 and March 2009. This report presents findings of a longitudinal evaluation of the service provision which was commissioned by DWP and carried out by the Centre for Research in Social Policy (CRSP). The evaluation covered service delivery processes as well as client information needs, their experiences of the service and their outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tuit, Sander & Jan C. van Ours (2010): How changes in unemployment benefit duration affect the inflow into unemployment. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 109, H. 2, S. 105-107. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2010.08.013

Abstract

"We study the effect of an unexpected reduction in maximum unemployment benefit duration on the inflow into unemployment of elderly workers in the Netherlands. We analyze the reduction as if it was a natural experiment finding substantial effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Angelini, Viola, Agar Brugiavini & Guglielmo Weber (2009): Ageing and unused capacity in Europe: is there an early retirement trap? In: Economic policy, Jg. 24, H. 59, S. 463-508.

Abstract

"We address the issue of how early retirement may interact with limited use of financial markets in producing financial hardship later in life, when some risks (such as long-term care) are not insured. We argue that the presence of financially attractive early retirement schemes in a world of imperfect financial and insurance markets can lead to an 'early retirement trap'. Indeed, Europe witnesses many (early) retired individuals in financial distress. In our analysis we use data on 10 European countries, which differ in their pension and welfare systems, in prevailing retirement age and in households' access to financial markets. We find evidence that an early retirement trap exists, particularly in some Southern and Central European countries: people who retired early in life are more likely to be in financial hardship in the long run. Our analysis implies that governments should stop making early retirement attractive, let retirees go back to work, improve access to financial markets and make sure long-term care problems are adequately insured." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cremer, Helmuth, Jean-Marie Lozachmeur & Pierre Pestieau (2009): Use and misuse of unemployment benefits for early retirement. In: European journal of political economy, Jg. 25, H. 2, S. 174-185. DOI:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2008.09.009

Abstract

"Unemployment insurance (UI) in some countries is one of the most widely used routes to early retirement. Accordingly, firms lay off elderly workers whose wages exceed their productivity. These workers then receive unemployment benefits until they enter formal retirement, even though they have effectively already exited the labor market. To persuade them into finding the deal acceptable, they quite often may also receive some additional compensation from their employers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dalen, Hendrik P. van, Kène Henkens & Joop Schippers (2009): Dealing with older workers in Europe. A comparative survey of employers' attitudes and actions. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 19, H. 1, S. 47-60. DOI:10.1177/0958928708098523

Abstract

"This article addresses employers' attitudes and actions regarding the position of older workers. A comparative survey among employers from four European countries - Greece, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom - is used to examine their expectations with respect to the ageing of the workforce, the productivity of older workers and their recruitment and retention behaviour regarding this cohort. The results show that in spite of the perceived challenges ahead (including the ageing workforce), employers take no substantial measures to retain and recruit older workers or improve their productivity. Only employers in the United Kingdom seem to recognize older workers as a valuable source of labour supply and act accordingly." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Graf, Nikolaus, Helmut Hofer & Rudolf Winter-Ebner (2009): Labour supply effects of a subsidised olg-age part-time scheme in Austria. (Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre Linz. Arbeitspapier 0906), Linz, 20 S.

Abstract

"In this paper we evaluate the impact of the old-age part-time scheme (OAPT) on the Austrian labour market which was a policy to allow flexible retirement options for the elderly with an aim to increase labour supply. According to our matching estimates employment probability increases slightly, especially in the first two years after entrance into the programme. Furthermore, the programme seems to reduce the measured unemployment risk. However, the total number of hours worked is significantly reduced by OAPT. While the policy is meant to reduce early exit from the labour force by allowing part-time work, our analysis indicates that most workers substitute part-time work for full-time work and thus the overall effect is rather negative." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Graf, Nikolaus, Helmut Hofer & Rudolf Winter-Ebner (2009): Labour supply effects of a subsidised olg-age part-time scheme in Austria. (IZA discussion paper 4239), Bonn, 21 S.

Abstract

"In this paper we evaluate the impact of the old-age part-time scheme (OAPT) on the Austrian labour market which was a policy to allow flexible retirement options for the elderly with an aim to increase labour supply. According to our matching estimates employment probability increases slightly, especially in the first two years after entrance into the programme. Furthermore, the programme seems to reduce the measured unemployment risk. However, the total number of hours worked is significantly reduced by OAPT. While the policy is meant to reduce early exit from the labour force by allowing part-time work, our analysis indicates that most workers substitute part-time work for full-time work and thus the overall effect is rather negative." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gruber, Jonathan, Kevin Milligan & David A. Wise (2009): Social security programs and retirement around the world. The relationship to youth employment. Introduction and summary. (NBER working paper 14647), Cambridge, Mass., 74 S. DOI:10.3386/w14647

Abstract

"This is the introduction and summary to the fourth phase of an ongoing project on Social Security Programs and Retirement Around the World. The first phase described the retirement incentives inherent in plan provisions and documented the strong relationship across countries between social security incentives to retire and the proportion of older persons out of the labor force. The second phase documented the large effects that changing plan provisions would have on the labor force participation of older workers. The third phase demonstrated the consequent fiscal implications that extending labor force participation would have on net program costs-reducing government social security benefit payments and increasing government tax revenues. This volume presents the results of analyses of the relationship between the labor force participation of older persons and the labor force participation of younger persons in twelve countries. Why countries introduced plan provisions that encouraged older persons to leave the labor force is unclear. After the fact, it is now often claimed that these provisions were introduced to provide more jobs for the young, assuming that fewer older persons in the labor force would open up more job opportunities for the young. Now, the same reasoning is often used to argue against efforts in the same countries to reduce or eliminate the incentives for older persons to leave the labor force, claiming that the consequent increase in the employment of older person would reduce the employment of younger persons. The validity of such claims is addressed in this volume." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Heywood, John S. & W. Stanley Siebert (2009): Understanding the labour market for older workers. A survey. (IZA discussion paper 4033), Bonn, 27 S.

Abstract

"The paper asks why retirement can be so abrupt in countries such as France ( 1/2% of the workforce over 65), yet staged in Japan (8% over 65). We find part of the answer in tax laws that prevent people working and receiving a pension, and make little allowance for fair pension increases if retirement is deferred. While these laws have begun to change, we find another part of the answer in employment protection laws. These laws coupled with inflexible collectively agreed wages make employers choosy about hiring the old. The advent of 'age discrimination' law reinforces employment protection and may well reduce older workers' hiring opportunities especially where wages are rigid." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jefferson, Therese (2009): Women and retirement pensions. A research review. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 15, H. 4, S. 115-145. DOI:10.1080/13545700903153963

Abstract

"The links between women's caring work and access to economic resources are particularly critical in the context of widespread public policy debates about retirement and pensions, many of which neglect care as a key issue for analysis. However, among feminist economists it is widely recognized that women's patterns of care provision have adverse implications for their access to economic resources in later life. The feminist economics literature examines many of the interactions between women's caring roles and their access to resources, particularly women's capacity to access economic resources through publicly mandated or regulated pension schemes. This article reviews research that places women's patterns of work and care at the center of analyses of retirement pension policy in an effort to provide a summary of research on gender and pensions policy and to contrast the extent to which differing institutional and policy frameworks accommodate women's caring roles." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Meyer, Christina (2009): The Danish way of flexicurity - a chance for older workers on the German labour market? In: J. Bacher, J. Gorniak & M. Niezgoda (Hrsg.) (2009): Selected research papers in education, labour market and criminology : vol. 1, S. 83-100.

Abstract

Der Beitrag untersucht, ob sich die äußerst erfolgreiche Arbeitsmarktpolitik in Dänemark auf Deutschland übertragen lässt. Die Grundidee der dänischen Arbeitsmarktstrategie beruht auf einer Kombination von Flexibilität und Sicherheit. Dieser Ansatz wird aktuell als 'Flexicurity' diskutiert. Der Beitrag arbeitet die theoretischen Grundlagen des Flexicurity-Ansatzes heraus und liefert einen Vergleich der Arbeitsmarkt- und Sozialpolitik beider Länder. Der soziologische Bezugsrahmen ist nach einem strukturell-individualistischen Mehrebenenmodell ausgerichtet. Das besondere Augenmerk gilt den älteren Arbeitnehmern, weil die Gruppe von Menschen im Alter von 55-64 Jahren mit besonders signifikanten Problemen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt zu kämpfen hat. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen gesetzlichen, sozialen und wirtschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen beider Länder ist es für deutsche Politiker schwierig, die dänische Reform zu übernehmen. Dennoch sollte auf lange Sicht eine Übernahme einzelner Elemente wie z.B. der stärkeren Betonung von Beschäftigungssicherheit anstelle von Arbeitsplatzsicherheit angezielt werden. Dänemark kann auch wegen seiner konsequenten Integration anderer Politikfelder wie Familien- und Bildungspolitik in die Arbeitsmarktpolitik als Modell dienen. (IAB)

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Saint-Paul, Gilles (2009): Does the welfare state make older workers unemployable? (IZA discussion paper 4440), Bonn, 48 S.

Abstract

"This paper discusses the specificities of the labor market for older workers. It discusses the implications of those specificities for the effect of labor market institutions on the employability of those workers. It shows that while unemployment benefits indexed backwards and hiring costs are likely to harm these workers more than the average worker, the converse is true for employment protection, provided it is uniform across workers and not specifically higher for older workers. It provides some evidence on the impact of labor market institutions on older workers by comparing their outcome in the United States and France. It discusses how the welfare state can be reformed in order to improve outcomes for older workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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d'Autume, Antoine (2009): Les seniors et l'emploi en France. La fin de l'ajustement par l'âge? In: Travail et emploi H. 118, S. 77-81.

Abstract

"The situation of senior workers in France exemplifies the difficulty to implement, in this country, the employment strategy which the OECD advocated for the last decade. Various rigidities on the labor market as well as conflicts between the necessary unemployment compensation and adequate incentives are especially acute on this segment of the labor market. They led to a situation where age became the main adjustment parameter to regulate this market. As a consequence, France is unable to raise its employment rate of 55-64 year-old workers, whereas other European countries have made striking progress in this respect. The only way to achieve similar results is to modify firms and workers incentives, and to implement strong policies favoring a longer working period." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Diller, Thomas, Karin Hagenauer, Michaela Erkl-Zoffmann, Bernhard Gratz & Barbara Wick (2008): Alternsgerechtes Arbeiten im Fokus. Das Modellprojekt "Oberpinzgau - Fit mit 50plus". (AMS report 63), Wien, 74 S.

Abstract

"Im Auftrag des AMS Salzburg setzten der AMD Salzburg und der Regionalverband Oberpinzgau in der Zeit von Herbst 2006 bis Herbst 2007 das Projekt 'Oberpinzgau - Fit mit 50plus' um. Es sollten Interventionsmodelle für ein alternsgerechtes Arbeiten entwickelt und erprobt werden, und zwar unter spezieller Berücksichtigung der kleinbetrieblichen Struktur. Maßnahmen waren eine Fragebogenerhebung unter der 50- bis 65-jährigen Bevölkerung des Oberpinzgaus, Forumtheater-Aufführungen zur Bewusstseinsbildung in den Gemeinden, Arbeitsbewältigungs-Coachings für die älteren Arbeitnehmenden der Region, Betriebsberatungen, Vernetzungsarbeit zwischen Kleinbetrieben und der Aufbau eines ExpertInnen-Netzwerkes für spezielle Angebote in der Region. Entsprechend dem Auftrag der Realisierung eines Modellprojektes für das Arbeiten in einer Region mit Klein- und Mittelbetrieben werden im vorliegenden AMS report die durchgeführten Arbeiten reflektiert. Hierbei galt es, nicht nur die Erfolge herauszustreichen, sondern vielmehr auch auf die Stolpersteine, auf die 'Lessons learned', aufmerksam zu machen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Dorsett, Richard & Deborah Smeaton (2008): Mandating Intensive Activity Period for jobseekers aged 50+. Final report of the quantitative evaluation. (Department for Work and Pensions. Research report 500), London, 150 S.

Abstract

"This report contains findings from a quantitative evaluation of the effect of mandating the over-50s to participate in the Intensive Activity Period (IAP) phase of the New Deal 25 plus (ND25+). The results are based on a pilot study in 14 Jobcentre Plus districts. IAP provides focused assistance such as training opportunities and work placements to people entering ND25+. Prior to the pilot study, participation had been voluntary for customers aged 50+, in contrast to younger customers, for whom IAP participation had always been mandatory. Overall, customers experienced real gains from being mandated to participate in IAP. They were more likely to secure employment and this impact gradually increased over time. Mandated customers were also more likely to leave unemployment and while initially this was accompanied by a raised probability of transferring to other benefits such as Incapacity Benefit and Income Support, over the longer term this effect disappeared. Mandatory IAP was more effective for some groups than others. The impact was greatest for men, customers aged 50-55, those previously employed in manual jobs, the low qualified, customers without a partner and among those who had not previously contributed to a pension scheme. To some extent, therefore, the more disadvantaged customers gained the most from compulsory participation in the programme. As customers age, however, their ability, or willingness, to take advantage of the training or work experiences on offer declines." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ernst, Ekkehard & Timo Teuber (2008): The Dutch tax-benefit system and life-cycle employment. Outcomes and reform options. (OECD Economics Department working papers 617), Paris, 25 S. DOI:10.1787/241422478448

Abstract

"An overlapping-generations model with search unemployment is calibrated for the Netherlands to assess the impact of tax-benefit reforms on labour supply. Several reforms are analysed, in particular the introduction of a flat tax and pension reforms. The model demonstrates the potential of these reforms to raise labour supply. In particular, pension reforms, such as lowering replacement rates for pensioners, help to boost participation rates of older workers. On the other hand, a flat tax would promote longer working hours across the board, thereby rising labour supply. However, the introduction of a flat tax is a costly measure and would increase the primary general government deficit by close to 2% of GDP. Simultaneous measures to lower the structural unemployment rate would not only help to avoid adverse effects of such a tax reform on the fiscal balance but would strengthen further the positive effects of a flat tax on working hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hartlapp, Miriam & Achim Kemmerling (2008): When a solution becomes the problem. The causes of policy reversal on early exit from the labour force. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 366-379. DOI:10.1177/0958928708094894

Abstract

"Whereas governments had previously designed early exit policies to unburden labour markets, they have come increasingly to regard them as problematic. We investigate the reasons for this policy reversal, focusing on two key actors: governments and trade unions. Our mixed-methods approach entails two major steps: first, we embed approaches to policy reform in a common framework to show the empirical relevance of the two major actors in most OECD countries. We find that both government ideology and union representativeness matter. In a second step, we investigate reform processes in two countries in more detail. Belgium and the Netherlands have much in common as regards government and interest groups but differ in terms of the reversal of early exit policies. We see that both the configuration of electoral and welfare state institutions have shaped the specific strategic environment of the two actors in both countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Henkens, Kène & Johannes Jan Schippers (2008): Labour market policies regarding older workers in the Netherlands. In: P. Taylor (Hrsg.) (2008): Ageing labour forces : promises and prospects, S. 141-157.

Abstract

Die Förderung eines aktiven Alterns, im Sinne von längerer Erwerbsphase und späterem Ruhestand, ist ein vorrangiges Ziel der Beschäftigungspolitik in den Niederlanden. In der letzten Dekade wurden zahlreiche arbeitsmarktpolitische Reformen verabschiedet und die Erwerbsquoten älterer Arbeitnehmer sind, nicht zuletzt durch einen wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung, angestiegen. Die Autoren geben einen detaillierten Überblick über die einzelnen arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen der niederländischen Regierung zur Förderung älterer Arbeitnehmer. Sie skizzieren zuvor die demografische Entwicklung in der niederländischen Erwerbsbevölkerung sowie die Zielvorgaben des Lissabon-Vertrages zur Arbeitsmarktpartizipation älterer Menschen. Sie stellen ferner die verschiedenen Ausstiegswege aus dem Arbeitsmarkt dar und diskutieren die Implikationen für die alternden Arbeitskräfte. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt ihrer Ausführungen liegt auf dem individuellen Erwerbsverhalten älterer Arbeitnehmer, wozu sie Befunde aus repräsentativen Erhebungen von 2000 und 2005 vorstellen. (IAB)

Zitatform

Hult, Carl & Jonas Edlund (2008): Age and labour market commitment in Germany, Denmark, Norway and Sweden. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 22, H. 1, S. 109-128. DOI:10.1177/0950017007087419

Abstract

"This study examines age differences in non-financial employment commitment in two types of 'exit cultures'. Germany and Denmark represent the 'early'-exit culture where early retirement has become the norm. Sweden and Norway represent the 'late'-exit culture where labour market activity until advanced age is more common. The categorization of countries corresponds to the time for data collection (1997). The main question is whether suggested differences in exit culture are manifested in age differences in non-financial employment commitment. The claim that age differences in commitment relate to exit culture received some support. In the two early-exit countries, the probability for men to display low employment commitment was found to increase at the age of 43-54. Also women in these countries dropped in commitment but first at 55+. In the two late-exit countries there was no important loss in commitment related to the middle or old age groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kraatz, Susanne & Cornelia Sproß (2008): Beschäftigungspolitik für Ältere. Deutschland und die Nachbarn. In: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte H. 18/19, S. 15-23.

Abstract

"Der demographische Wandel hat in Europa eine Abkehr von der Politik der Frühverrentung bewirkt. Im Vergleich von Deutschland mit den Niederlanden, Österreich und Frankreich werden Unterschiede in Ausgangsbedingungen und Reformpfaden kontinentaler Wohlfahrtsstaaten aufgezeigt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Kyyrä, Tomi & Virve Ollikainen (2008): To search or not to search? The effects of ui benefit extension for the older unemployed. In: Journal of Public Economics, Jg. 92, H. 10/11, S. 2048-2070. DOI:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.03.004

Abstract

"In Finland the older unemployed can collect unemployment insurance benefits until retirement, while the entitlement period for younger groups is two years. In 1997 the eligibility age of persons benefiting from extended benefits was raised from 53 to 55. This paper takes advantage of this quasi-experimental setting to identify the effect of extended benefits on transitions out of unemployment among the older unemployed. We apply a competing risks version of a split population duration model to account for multiple exit routes and the possibility that some of the older unemployed may not be active in the labour market due to pension rules. Our finding is that roughly half of the unemployed with extended benefits withdraw from job search." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Macnicol, John (2008): Older men and work in the twenty-first century. What can the history of retirement tell us? In: Journal of social policy, Jg. 37, H. 4, S. 579-595. DOI:10.1017/S0047279408002225

Abstract

"The New Labour government has set a target of getting 1,000,000 more people aged 50 and over (50+) back into work as part of its aim of achieving an overall employment rate of 80 per cent among people of working age. To this end, a variety of policies have been introduced to encourage citizens to work later in life, notably the 2006 Age Regulations. However, much of the government's analysis is based on supply-side reasoning that has retained its credibility only because of the rise in older people's employment rates that has taken place since 1994. This article focuses on the employment problems of older men, since their employment rates have fallen sharply since the 1970s. Examination of both the history of retirement and less favourable underlying economic trends suggests that extending the working lives of older men may not be easy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schils, Trudie (2008): Early retirement in Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. A longitudinal analysis of individual factors and institutional regimes. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 24, H. 3, S. 315-329. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcn009

Abstract

"In this article we investigate whether early retirement patterns vary between countries with distinct early retirement systems. By choosing countries that differ not only with respect to the coverage and generosity of publicly provided pensions but also with respect to the extent to which the state interferes in the non-public pillars of pension provision, we analyse to what extent such issues have an effect on individual early retirement behaviour. Selectivity effects are expected to be stronger in countries with highly fragmented public systems or private early retirement schemes. By pursuing a shift to more private pension provisions, governments might unintentionally create more inequality in early retirement opportunities among the population. For the analysis we use longitudinal data, i.e. British Household Panel Study (BHPS) 1991-2004 (the United Kingdom), the German Socia-Economic Panel (GSOEP) 1990-2005 (Germany, and the Socia-Economics Panel (SEP) 1990-2001 (Netherlands) and a discrete-time competing-risks model. The results suggest that pursuing a shift from public to private early retirement schemes can lower the incidence of early retirement. Yet, at the same time, early retirement can get more selective in that only the higher paid are able to afford it." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schnalzenberger, Mario & Rudolf Winter-Ebmer (2008): Layoff tax and the employment of the elderly. (Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre Linz. Arbeitspapier 0819), Linz, 25 S.

Abstract

"In 1996 Austria introduced a tax for the layoff of older workers, which was tightened in 2000. The regulation requires employers to pay a tax of up to 170 percent of the gross monthly income when they give notice to employees aged 50 or more. We use data from Austrian social security records to investigate if such layoff taxes lead to less firing of older workers. We compare a control group of workers aged nearly 50 with the treatment group above 50. We apply a difference-in-difference approach to analyze the difference in the displacement probability of all prime aged workers. Results show substantial reductions in layoff behavior for workers aged 50 and above after the tightening of the tax." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Blundell, Richard, Mike Brewer, James Browne, Peter Haan, Michal Myck & Viktor Steiner (2007): Optimal in-work support and employment in ageing societies. Britain and Germany compared. London, 57 S.

Abstract

"How would the current tax-benefit systems in Britain and Germany have to be reconstructed in order to allow the labour market to cope with ageing societies in these two countries? How could tax-benefit systems help to raise the level of employment by alleviating long-term unemployment, discouraging early retirement and raising the labour market participation of women? These vital policy questions are analysed by the authors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Frerichs, Frerich (2007): Arbeitsmarktpolitik für ältere ArbeitnehmerInnen im Wohlfahrtsstaatenvergleich. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 60, H. 2, S. 78-85. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2007-2-78

Abstract

"Der demografische Wandel in den entwickelten Industriestaaten erfordert verstärkt arbeitsmarktpolitische Initiativen zur Beschäftigungsförderung älterer ArbeitnehmerInnen. Trotz des Trends hin zum 'aktiven Altern' zeigt sich in Länderfallstudien, dass diese Initiativen deutlich differieren und von spezifischen Wohlfahrtsstaatstypen geprägt sind. In Großbritannien dominiert ein marktliberales Vorgehen, das ältere Arbeitslose primär auf Vermittlungsaktivitäten verweist und kaum Investitionen in die Beschäftigungsfähigkeit tätigt. In Japan werden im hybriden Mix aus konservativ-korporatistischem und marktliberalem System primär die älteren Kernbelegschaften nach Erreichen der betrieblichen Altersgrenzen subventioniert und offene Altersarbeitslosigkeit wird kaum bekämpft. Im konservativ-korporatistischen deutschen System wirken trotz eines breiten Förderprogramms Ausgrenzungen älterer Arbeitsloser in zahlreichen Maßnahmen fort. In keinem der analysierten Wohlfahrtsstaaten reicht das Maßnahmenspektrum für eine produktive Integration älterer ArbeitnehmerInnen in das Erwerbsleben aus und die Übertragbarkeit von positiven Ansätzen zwischen den Ländern ist begrenzt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Hasluck, Chris & Anne E. Green (2007): What works for whom? A review of evidence and meta-analysis for the department for work and pensions. (Department for Work and Pensions. Research report 407), London, 164 S.

Abstract

"This report reviews the current stock of Department for Work and Pensions evaluation evidence in order to identify which interventions have worked most effectively for key customer groups: young people; long-term unemployed adults; older benefit claimants; lone parents; partners of benefit claimants; disabled people and people with health conditions; ethnic minorities; and the most disadvantaged. In addition to a detailed review for each of the customer groups covering contextual issues, type of provision, aspects of delivery and 'what works', a number of key findings of generic relevance emerged. Such issues include the diversity of the population of customers for whom provision is made and what they look for in interventions, the central role of the Personal Adviser in the success of interventions and the importance of motivation of the individual customer in the effectiveness of any form of provision. The importance of job search activity, of working with employers and the state of the labour markets and the nature of jobs available is highlighted also. The evidence presented in the review could be used to inform decisions about the appropriate type of provision to suit customers and local labour markets in a context of a more decentralised approach to the delivery of interventions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Heinisch, Ariane, Matthias Homey, Miet Lamberts & Gabriela Rapp (2007): Die Integration von jüngeren und älteren Arbeitnehmern in den Arbeitsmarkt durch flexible Arbeitszeitmodelle. Aachen: Shaker, 248 S.

Abstract

"Der demographische Wandel steht im Kontext vieler im Sozialen Dialog in Europa verhandelten Fragen. Angesichts einer sich verändernden Alterspyramide rückt zunehmend die Finanzierbarkeit der Systeme der Sozialen Sicherung in den Mittelpunkt der öffentlichen Debatte. Diese ist aber auch deshalb in Gefahr, weil die Erwerbslebenszeit der Arbeitnehmer sinkt: Immer mehr Menschen werden frühzeitig in Rente geschickt, junge Menschen finden immer später einen festen (sozialversicherungspflichtigen) Arbeitsplatz. Ziel des Forschungsprojekts war es, vor diesem Hintergrund die Integration von jüngeren und älteren Arbeitnehmern in den Arbeitsmarkt durch flexible Arbeitszeitmodelle zu untersuchen. In diesem Rahmen wurden in verschiedenen europäischen Ländern Best Practice-Beispiele gesammelt und ausgewertet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Jaag, Christian, Christian Keuschnigg & Mirela Keuschnigg (2007): Pension reform, retirement and life-cycle unemployment. (CESifo working paper 2163), München, 49 S.

Abstract

"The labor market effects of pension reform stem from retirement behavior and from job search and hours worked of prime age workers. This paper investigates the impact of four often proposed policy measures for sustainable pensions: strengthening the tax benefit link, moving from wage to price indexation of benefits, lengthening calculation periods, and introducing more actuarial fairness in pension assessment. We provide some analytical results and use a computational model to demonstrate the economic and welfare impact of recent pension reform in Austria." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kyyrä, Tomi & Ralf A. Wilke (2007): Reduction in the long-term unemployment of the elderly. A success story from Finland. In: Journal of the European Economic Association, Jg. 5, H. 1, S. 154-182. DOI:10.1162/JEEA.2007.5.1.154

Abstract

"In several European countries the elderly unemployed are allowed to collect unemployment benefits up to a certain age limit, after which they can retire via some early retirement scheme. In Finland the eligibility age of persons benefiting from this kind of scheme was raised from 53 to 55 in 1997. We consider layoff risks, unemployment durations, and the exit states before and after the reform. Since the reform the group aged 53-54 has had a lower risk of unemployment, shorter unemployment durations, and higher exit rates to employment, and it is almost indistinguishable from the group aged 50-52. We estimate that the amount of unemployment benefits saved due to the reform is close to EURO 100 million for each age cohort turning 53." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Moser, Cornelia & Beatrix Wiedenhofer-Galik (2007): Übergang vom Erwerbsleben in den Ruhestand. Modul der Arbeitskräfteerhebung 2006. Wien, 164 S., CD-ROM.

Abstract

"Bis 2010 soll die durchschnittliche Erwerbstätigenquote der Älteren (d.h. der 55- bis 64-Jährigen) auf 50% in den EU-Mitgliedsländern erhöht werden. 2006 lag die Erwerbstätigenquote der Älteren im EU (25)-Durchschnitt bei 43,6%, eine Reihe von Mitgliedsländern, darunter auch Österreich (35,5%), bewegte sich jedoch noch deutlich darunter. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde 2006 in allen Mitgliedsländern im Rahmen der Arbeitskräfteerhebung das Zusatzmodul 'Übergang vom Erwerbsleben in den Ruhestand' durchgeführt. Befragt wurden Personen im Alter von 50 bis 69 Jahren, die zum Zeitpunkt der Befragung entweder erwerbstätig waren oder ihre Erwerbstätigkeit nach dem 49. Lebensjahr beendet haben. Im Mittelpunkt standen Fragen zum bereits vollzogenen bzw. noch bevorstehenden Austritt aus dem Erwerbsleben, um Informationen zu jenen Faktoren zu erhalten, die für die Verlängerung der Erwerbstätigkeit eine Rolle spielen könnten bzw. gespielt hätten, und zu klären, wie sich der Übergang aus dem Erwerbsleben in den endgültigen Ruhestand vollzieht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Naegele, Gerhard & Mirko Sporket (2007): Ältere Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer im Betrieb. Betriebliche Fallbeispiele zur Beschäftigungsförderung in ausgewählten Ländern der Europäischen Union. Abschlussbericht. Düsseldorf, 73 S.

Abstract

"Die Studie nimmt Beispiele der guten Praxis in Bezug auf die Beschäftigungsförderung älterer Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer in den Blick. Im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchung stehen dabei betriebliche Fallbeispiele aus ausgewählten Ländern der Europäischen Union. Dabei stellen sich vor allem die folgenden Fragen:
- Welche konzeptionellen Schwerpunkte werden in anderen Ländern gesetzt?
- Wie gestalten sich dort die betrieblichen Umsetzungsprozesse?
- Welche Akteure sind jeweils bei der Umsetzung von betrieblichen Maßnahmen wie und mit welchen Verantwortlichkeiten eingebunden?
- Welche förderlichen oder auch hemmenden Rahmenbedingungen zur Umsetzung alternsgerechter Arbeitsbedingungen können identifiziert werden?
Die Analyse der Praxisbeispiele hat gezeigt, dass es eine Reihe von Faktoren gibt, die bei der Umsetzung einer alternsgerechten Personalpolitik von Bedeutung sind:
- Altersstrukturanalysen helfen dem Betrieb, die eigene Situation besser einschätzen und entsprechende Maßnahmen ableiten zu können.
- Es ist wichtig, alle relevanten Akteure, also das Management, die Führungs-kräfte, den Betriebsrat und die Beschäftigten selbst für das Thema Altern zu sensibilisieren.
- Die aktive Einbindung der Beschäftigten erhöht die Veränderungsbereitschaft.
- Bei der Gestaltung alternsgerechter Arbeitsbedingungen kann oftmals auf etablierte Instrumente zurückgegriffen werden.
- Veränderungen müssen nachhaltig gestaltet werden (z.B. über Betriebsvereinbarungen, Integration in Managementsysteme).
- Das finnische Nationalprogramm für ältere Arbeitnehmer hat gezeigt, dass alle relevanten Ebenen (Individuum, Organisation, institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen) berücksichtigt werden müssen, um auf nationaler Ebene eine stärkere Integration Älterer in das Erwerbsleben realisieren zu können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Oorschot, Wim van (2007): Narrowing pathways to early retirement in the Netherlands. In: Benefits : the journal of poverty and social justice, Jg. 15, H. 3, S. 247-255.

Abstract

"The early retirement of older workers, and their low labour participation, was not seen as a major problem by the Dutch government during the years of recession in the 1980s and early 1990s. However, with the upswing of the economy and the rapid ageing of the population, the government's perspective changed drastically and related policy measures were taken. After a general introduction that Sketches the shift in the government's perspective, we give an account of the various pathways to early exit that are used by older workers, and how these have been restricted by policy measures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Sporket, Mirko (2007): Länger arbeiten: Das positive Beispiel Finnland. Bessere Rahmen- und Arbeitsbedingungen für ältere Arbeitnehmer. In: Soziale Sicherheit, Jg. 56, H. 8, S. 268-272.

Abstract

"Die Veränderung von politischen und tariflichen Rahmenbedingungen allein wird kaum dazu führen, dass Ältere künftig länger im Erwerbsleben bleiben (können). Eine entscheidende Rolle kommt - neben der Politik und den Tarifparteien - der betrieblichen Personalpolitik zu. Das zeigt das positive Beispiel Finnland. Hier sind anteilsmäßig wesentlich mehr Ältere beschäftigt als in den meisten anderen europäischen Ländern. Der folgende Artikel skizziert, was dafür - insbesondere in der betrieblichen Praxis - in Finnland getan wurde." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Wipplinger, Ronald & Rudolf Winter-Ebmer (2007): Pensionszugang in Österreich im internationalen Vergleich. (Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre Linz. Arbeitspapier 0707), Linz, 14 S.

Abstract

'Österreich gilt als Land der Frühpensionisten.' Das Durchschnittsalter für den Berufsausstieg bei Männern liegt in Österreich seit den 1980er Jahren zwischen 58 und 59 Jahren, bei Frauen um die 57 Jahre. Die Studie untersucht die Erwerbsbeteiligung älterer Österreicher im internationalen Vergleich und geht der Frage nach, ob der frühere Berufsausstieg der östereichischen Arbeitnehmer auf ihre Familiensituation, auf gesundheitliche Gründe oder auf die Struktur des Rentensystem zurückzuführen ist. Es werden Daten der ersten Welle von SHARE (Survey on Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe) einer erstmals im Jahre 2004 in zehn europäischen Ländern durchgeführten Erhebung verwendet. Es zeigt sich, dass in Österreich die Erwerbsquote der über 50jährigen unter allen verglichenen Ländern am niedrigsten sind. Dies gilt auch bei Ausschaltung demographischer und gesundheitlicher Unterschiede zwischen den Ländern. Die Untersuchung kommt zu dem Schluss, dass die Finanzierbarkeit des Umlageverfahrens nicht primär an der demographischen 'Überalterung' der Gesellschaft liegt, sondern vielmehr an der Fähigkeit der Ökonomie und der Gesellschaft, die Beschäftigungsquoten zu erhöhen. 'Eine bloße Anhebung des Mindestpensionsalters kann also zu starken Verwerfungen führen, wenn nicht gleichzeitig die Beschäftigungschancen älterer Personen gefördert werden.' (IAB)

Abstract

"This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in the Netherlands over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice at the company level; characteristics of particularly successful measures/policies; key lessons that can be drawn from implementing measures and initiatives; future issues concerning age-management raised at company level; development of national policy concerning an ageing workforce; relevant actions of social partners and other key actors: policies and practices; and, finally, the status of the issue of older workers in current policy and public debates: identification of future issues." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Sweden over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice at the company level; characteristics of particularly successful measures/policies; key lessons that can be drawn from implementing measures and initiatives; future issues concerning age-management raised at company level; development of national policy concerning an ageing workforce; relevant actions of social partners and other key actors: policies and practices; and, finally, the status of the issue of older workers in current policy and public debates: identification of future issues." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Greece over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice at the company level; characteristics of particularly successful measures/policies; key lessons that can be drawn from implementing measures and initiatives; future issues concerning age-management raised at company level; development of national policy concerning an ageing workforce; relevant actions of social partners and other key actors: policies and practices; and, finally, the status of the issue of older workers in current policy and public debates: identification of future issues." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Spain over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice at the company level; characteristics of particularly successful measures/policies; key lessons that can be drawn from implementing measures and initiatives; future issues concerning age-management raised at company level; development of national policy concerning an ageing workforce; relevant actions of social partners and other key actors: policies and practices; and, finally, the status of the issue of older workers in current policy and public debates: identification of future issues." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Austria over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice at the company level; characteristics of particularly successful measures/policies; key lessons that can be drawn from implementing measures and initiatives; future issues concerning age-management raised at company level; development of national policy concerning an ageing workforce; relevant actions of social partners and other key actors: policies and practices; and, finally, the status of the issue of older workers in current policy and public debates: identification of future issues." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Italy over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice at the company level; characteristics of particularly successful measures/policies; key lessons that can be drawn from implementing measures and initiatives; future issues concerning age-management raised at company level; development of national policy concerning an ageing workforce; relevant actions of social partners and other key actors: policies and practices; and, finally, the status of the issue of older workers in current policy and public debates: identification of future issues." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in the United Kingdom over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice at the company level; characteristics of particularly successful measures/policies; key lessons that can be drawn from implementing measures and initiatives; future issues concerning age-management raised at company level; development of national policy concerning an ageing workforce; relevant actions of social partners and other key actors: policies and practices; and, finally, the status of the issue of older workers in current policy and public debates: identification of future issues." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Belgium over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice at the company level; characteristics of particularly successful measures/policies; key lessons that can be drawn from implementing measures and initiatives; future issues concerning age-management raised at company level; development of national policy concerning an ageing workforce; relevant actions of social partners and other key actors: policies and practices; and, finally, the status of the issue of older workers in current policy and public debates: identification of future issues." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Finland over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice at the company level; characteristics of particularly successful measures/policies; key lessons that can be drawn from implementing measures and initiatives; future issues concerning age-management raised at company level; development of national policy concerning an ageing workforce; relevant actions of social partners and other key actors: policies and practices; and, finally, the status of the issue of older workers in current policy and public debates: identification of future issues." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Adamy, Wilhelm (2006): Zur Arbeitsmarkt-Misere Älterer: Warum in Nachbarländern mehr Ältere beschäftigt sind. Was bringt Münteferings "Initiative 50plus"? In: Soziale Sicherheit, Jg. 55, H. 10, S. 322-330.

Abstract

"Mit der geplanten Anhebung der Altersrente auf 67 Jahre und der neuen 'Initiative 50plus' will die Bundesregierung das Bestreben fördern, 'die Fähigkeit der über 50-jährigen und Älteren besser zu nutzen und das faktische Renteneintrittsalter schrittweise zu erhöhen'. Sind diese Maßnahmen tatsächlich geeignet, den Einstellungswandel und den Anschluss an die Entwicklung in Nachbarländern zu erreichen, wo ältere Beschäftigte länger im Betrieb verbleiben? Im Vergleich zu Ländern wie Dänemark, Finnland oder den Niederlanden nehmen in Deutschland ältere Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer wesentlich weniger am Erwerbsleben teil und sind wesentlich mehr von Arbeitslosigkeit betroffen. Was haben diese anderen Länder bei der Arbeitsmarktpolitik besser gemacht? Sind sie tatsächlich intensiver gegen Frühverrentungen vorgegangen oder haben sie ihre Sozialsysteme entschlossener verändert? Diesen Fragen geht der Beitrag nach." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Atkinson, John, Jo Casebourne, Sara Davis, Sara Dewson, Jonny Gifford & Siobhan Tuohy (2006): Evaluation of the Intensive Activity Period 50plus Pilots. (Department for Work and Pensions. Research report 388), London, 178 S.

Abstract

"This research provides qualitative evidence towards the evaluation of the Intensive Activity Period 50plus (IAP50plus) Pilots, which trialled the benefits of making participation in the Intensive Activity Period mandatory for New Deal25plus (ND25plus) participants aged between 50 and 59. The research focused on four of the 14 pilot sites, and was principally based on face-to-face interviews involving 75 Staff, 23 Providers and 182 Participants, in two waves, in spring 2005 and winter 2005/06. The research confirmed that the pilots were delivered without undue difficulty largely because, with quite small numbers of customers involved, they represented only a fairly modest extension of existing practice, required no significant change in the organisation or provision, and drew on an experienced cadre of New Deal Personal Advisers (NDPAs) and IAP providers. The customer cohort was a very varied one, particularly in respect of their previous labour market experiences, their human capital, and their financial and domestic circumstances. As a result, their motivation to work, and to a lesser extent, their 'need' to do so, varied considerably. Despite this, staff and providers held that existing provision was sufficient to meet their needs from the programme, and that in any case, the relatively small numbers involved were not a sufficient base for any new procedures or provision. There was little or no opposition from the cohort to their being mandated, although outright optimism was restricted to a small number who sought significant vocational retraining, and saw IAP as a means to this end. Gateway experiences were generally positive with the combination of good relationships between NDPA and customer, and jobsearch support and guidance, leading to a flow of successful job outcomes from the Gateway among the more motivated customers and in the more buoyant labour markets. While some NDPAs felt that the prospect of forthcoming participation in IAP provided some impetus to this flow, this view was not reported by customers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bellone, Benoit & Alexandra Bibbee (2006): The ageing challenge in Norway. Ensuring a sustainable pension and welfare system. (OECD Economics Department working papers 480), Paris, 47 S. DOI:10.1787/600718358800

Abstract

"Norway will face a fast maturing old age pension scheme over the 30 next years whereas oil revenues will supply only a part of implicit liabilities related to the present generation. This working paper examines the recently proposed new measures to strengthen long term fiscal sustainability in Norway. Even though a broad agreement was reached in the parliament on the proposed principles of pension reform, crucial elements are still under discussion, among these the decision on a flexible retirement age based on actuarially fair notional accounts and the strength of the link between income and benefits. Estimated savings arising from strengthened work incentives introducing a longevity coefficient and less generous indexation are three percentage points of GDP over the long term compared to an expected nine percentage points of GDP financing gap for welfare spending. For the proposals to have maximum impact, public subsidies to existing early retirement schemes should be removed and eligibility for disability pensions and long-term sick leaves tightened." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Coile, Courtney C. & Phillip B. Levine (2006): Labor market shocks and retirement. Do government programs matter? (NBER working paper 12559), Cambridge, Mass., 36 S. DOI:10.3386/w12559

Abstract

"This paper examines how unemployment affects retirement and whether the Unemployment Insurance (UI) system and Social Security (SS) system affect how older workers respond to labor market shocks. To do so, we use pooled cross-sectional data from the March Current Population Survey (CPS) as well as March CPS files matched between one year and the next and longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS). We find that downturns in the labor market increase retirement transitions. The magnitude of this effect is comparable to that associated with moderate changes in financial incentives to retire and to the threat of a health shock to which older workers are exposed. Interestingly, retirements only increase in response to an economic downturn once workers become SS-eligible, suggesting that retirement benefits may help alleviate the income loss associated with a weak labor market. We also estimate the impact of UI generosity on retirement and find little consistent evidence of an effect. This suggests that in some ways SS may serve as a more effective form of unemployment insurance for older workers than UI." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Eichhorst, Werner (2006): Integration in Beschäftigung. Bewertung aus deutscher Sicht. In: C. Sproß (Hrsg.) (2006): Beschäftigungsförderung älterer Arbeitnehmer in Europa (Beiträge zur Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, 299), S. 227-234.

Abstract

"Die Beispiele aus Großbritannien und Dänemark in diesem Beitrag liefern wertvolle Hinweise für die Neuausrichtung der institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen für eine stärkere Arbeitsmarktintegration und einen höheren Beschäftigungsstand älterer Arbeitskräfte. Zahlreiche Studien zeigen, dass die Beschäftigung älterer Arbeitskräfte vor allem von zwei Stellgrößen abhängt: Auf der einen Seite stellt das Angebot von staatlichen Transferleistungen für ein vorzeitiges Ausscheiden aus dem Erwerbsleben einen starken Anreiz dar, den Arbeitsmarkt zu verlassen und nicht mehr der Arbeitsvermittlung zur Verfügung zu stehen. Diese Möglichkeit eröffnet auch den Betrieben die Option, ihre Belegschaften auf Kosten des Sozialstaates zu verjüngen und zu verschlanken. Auf der anderen Seite hängt die Beschäftigungsfähigkeit älterer Arbeitskräfte vor allem davon ab, ob ihr Humankapital den Anforderungen einer sich wandelnden Volkswirtschaft entspricht. Dies wiederum wird sehr stark von der Partizipation an betriebs- oder berufsspezifischer und allgemeiner Weiterbildung im Verlauf des Erwerbslebens beeinflusst. Gleichzeitig hängen beide Faktoren zusammen: Investitionen in Weiterbildung gehen mit dem Lebensalter stark zurück, wenn Möglichkeiten eines vorgezogenen Ruhestands eingeräumt werden. Die Beispiele Großbritanniens und Dänemarks zeigen die zentrale Bedeutung einer Beschränkung von Leistungen für das vorzeitige Ausscheiden aus dem Erwerbsleben, einer konsequenteren Aktivierung und Vermittlung auch älterer Arbeitskräfte sowie einer Strategie der Investition in die Entwicklung, Pflege und Anpassung von Humankapital durch Weiterbildung im gesamten Verlauf des Erwerbslebens." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Euwals, Rob, Daniël J. van Vuuren & Ronald Wolthoff (2006): Early retirement behaviour in the Netherlands. Evidence from a policy reform. (IZA discussion paper 1992), Bonn, 40 S.

Abstract

"In the early 1990s, the Dutch social partners agreed upon transforming the generous and actuarially unfair PAYG early retirement schemes into less generous and actuarially fair capital funded schemes. The starting dates of the transitional arrangements varied by industry sector. In this study, we exploit the variation in starting dates to estimate the causal impact of the policy reform on early retirement behaviour. We use a large administrative dataset, the Dutch Income Panel 1989-2000, to estimate hazard rate models for early retirement. We conclude that the policy reform induced workers to postpone early retirement. In particular, both the price effect (reducing implicit taxes) and the wealth effect (reducing early retirement wealth) are shown to have a positive impact on the early retirement age. Yet, we show that model specifications including the most commonly used financial incentive measures are open to further improvements, given that these are outperformed by! a simple specification with dummy variables." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Funk, Lothar (2006): Mehr Beschäftigung für Ältere in Deutschland. Lehren aus Finnland und Irland. In: C. Sproß (Hrsg.) (2006): Beschäftigungsförderung älterer Arbeitnehmer in Europa (Beiträge zur Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, 299), S. 157-178.

Abstract

"Die Erwerbstätigkeit Älterer zwischen 55 und 64 Jahren liegt in Deutschland im Vergleich der Industrieländer relativ niedrig. Im Vergleich zu 1990 hat sich diese Situation in aggregierter Betrachtung trotz eines immer stärkeren Problemdrucks in Deutschland nur wenig verbessert. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigen andere Länder, dass die niedrige Erwerbstätigkeit Älterer in Deutschland kein unbeeinfl ussbares Schicksal ist, sondern durch eine beschäftigungsförderliche Wachstums-, Arbeitsmarkt- und Sozialpolitik positiv beeinflusst werden kann. Dies demonstrieren auch die hier betrachteten Fallbeispiele Finnland und Irland, denen in der jüngeren Vergangenheit eine nachhaltige Erhöhung der Erwerbstätigkeit Älterer gelungen ist. Der Beitrag untersucht, welche Lehren sich hieraus für Deutschland vor dem Hintergrund einer zunehmenden Problemverschärfung in einer alternden und schrumpfenden Bevölkerung ergeben. Es existieren zwar keine einfach zu kopierenden Patentrezepte. Es zeigen sich jedoch einige grundlegende Erfolgsfaktoren im Vorgehen bzw. den institutionellen Anreizen der Länder, die eine verbesserte Performanz bei der Erwerbstätigkeit Älterer aufweisen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Gould, Raija & Erkki Laukkanen (2006): Work promotion of Finnish pension policy. In: C. Sproß (Hrsg.) (2006): Beschäftigungsförderung älterer Arbeitnehmer in Europa (Beiträge zur Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, 299), S. 133-155.

Abstract

Die finnische Erwerbsbevölkerung altert rapide. Im Jahre 2030 wird nahezu einer von vier Finnen 65 Jahre und älter sein. Daher ist es ein wichtiges Ziel der finnischen Rentenreform von 2005, die Teilhabe am Arbeitsleben zu verlängern. Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit dieser Zielsetzung. Die Reform konzentriert sich z.B. auf Einschränkungen des Vorruhestands und auf wirtschaftliche Anreize zur Fortsetzung des Arbeitslebens. Darunter fallen Maßnahmen wie ein flexibles Eintrittsalter in den Ruhestand, das von 63 bis 68 Jahren reicht, und ein Bonuszuschlag in Höhe von 4,5 Prozent für diejenigen, die über das zweiundsechzigste Lebensjahr hinaus arbeiten. Jüngste Umfragen zu den Ruhestandserwartungen von älteren Arbeitnehmern lassen erkennen, dass finanzielle Anreize allein nicht ausreichend sind, das Ziel einer stetigen Verlängerung des Arbeitslebens zu erreichen. Zusätzlich besteht Handlungsbedarf auf der Ebene des Arbeitsplatzes selbst. Arbeitskräfte im flexiblen Ruhestandsalter verfügen zwar über potentielle Arbeitsfähigkeit, aber es muss sich noch herausstellen, ob materielle Anreize und andere arbeitsfördernde Maßnahmen ausreichend sind, um diejenigen in einem Beschäftigungsverhältnis zu halten, die arbeitsfähig sind. Als besonders große Herausforderung und ein Hindernis für die Verlängerung des Berufslebens wird sich die von psychischen Problemen ausgelöste Arbeitsunfähigkeit erweisen. (IAB)

Zitatform

Götz, Rudolf, Isabel Naylon & Ehrenfried Natter (2006): Productive Ageing in Europa. Recherchestudie zu Good Practice in ausgewählten Mitgliedstaaten der EU. (AMS report 54), Wien, 80 S.

Abstract

"Europa sieht sich mit einer demographischen Entwicklung konfrontiert, die den Prognosen zufolge die wirtschaftliche Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und den Erhalt der sozialen Standards gefährdet. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Entwicklung beauftragte die Bundesgeschäftsstelle des AMS Österreich die ÖSB Consulting GmbH mit der Erstellung der Recherchestudie 'Productive Ageing. Good Practice zum Thema: 'Altern und Arbeiten in ausgewählten Mitgliedstaaten der EU''. Ziel dieser Recherchestudie war es, aufbauend auf einer grundlegenden Darstellung der demographischen Herausforderung, Erfahrungsbeispiele von Maßnahmen zur Aktivierung Älterer aus ausgewählten europäischen Ländern anzubieten. Die Recherchestudie wurde 2006 abgeschlossen und diente im folgenden u.a. als eine Grundlage für die Verankerung des Productive Ageing in der ESF-Programmperiode 2007-2013." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Jones, Gerwyn & Rita Griffiths (2006): Over 50s outreach pilot. Qualitative research. (Department for Work and Pensions. Research report 401), London, 114 S.

Abstract

Die qualitative Studie untersucht das Dienstleistungsangebot des Jobcentre Plus Beratungswegweisers für die Altersgruppe der über 50jährigen nach den Kriterien von 'best pratice'. Dieser Wegweiser versucht mit Hilfe externer Organisationen das Bewusstsein der Altersgruppe der über 50jährigen zu stärken und sie zur Annahme der Dienste von Jobcentre Plus zu animieren. Hauptzielgruppe waren ökonomisch inaktive Individuen und Bezieher von Unterstützungsleistungen, die keinen Kontakt zum Jobcentre Plus hatten. In die Untersuchung einbezogen wurden aber auch alle diejenigen, die an bezahlter oder ehrenamtlicher Beschäftigung interessiert sind und vom Dienstleistungsangebot von Jobcentre Plus profitieren können, unabhängig davon ob sie Unterstützungsleistungen empfangen oder schon im Rentenalter sind. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen, dass die Angebote von Jobcentre Plus umso effektiver waren und umso eher von den älteren Kunden angenommen wurden, je maßgeschneiderter und kundenfreundlicher sie auf die einzelnen Personen eingingen. Die Resonanz bei der Zielgruppe war geringer als erwartet. Insbesondere bei den Beziehern von Unterstützungsleistungen war die Furcht weitverbreitet, dass sie bei der Annahme von Arbeit diese Leistungen verlieren könnten. Insgesamt zeigt sich, dass ein Beratungsangebot das effektivste Engagement bei der Zielgruppe auslöste, das Information und Beratung auf einer eins-zu-eins Basis einschließlich direktem Zugang zu Jobs, Weiterbildung und ehrenamtlichen Möglichkeiten umfasst. (IAB)

Zitatform

Juhani, Ilmarinen (2006): Towards a longer worklife! Ageing and the quality of worklife in the European Union. Helsinki, 467 S.

Abstract

"The first chapter of this book explains why worklife needs a new type of charisma and management methods. The subsections depict the challenges that the changes in age structures will bring with them within the European Union (EU). Fertility, life expectancy, employment and its different forms, and the dependency ratios will affect the EU member states more than the other countries among the western democracies. The second chapter introduces both international and Finnish age policies, such as the need for reform in worklife, redefining management, and renovating attitudes towards age. The human course of life, of which worklife comprises a considerable proportion (often the 25th through the 65th year of life) is examined in Chapter 3. It emphasizes the fact that worklife can have both positive and negative effects on the fluctuations and transitions of the course of life. The end of the chapter evaluates whether it is possible to age within worklife. The fourth, substantial chapter is about the facts of ageing. It creates a base of information that enables a person to change his or her views on ageing and improves the ways in which ageing workers are treated in worklife. The fifth chapter deals with management and its significance: good age management (i.e., the fair treatment of workers of different ages) should become a part of everyday leadership. Some examples of enterprises show how this can be achieved. The sixth chapter of this book is a broad introduction to the quality and changes in European worklife. The aspects of quality are depicted and analyzed from the point of view of over-45-year-old men and women. The section on workers' health and leisure-time activity, on the other hand, depicts the physical condition of the workforce and whether workers will be able to cope at work at the age of 60 years. The seventh chapter summarizes the previous data into the form of recommendations: what should be done to ensure a better and longer worklife. Recommendations are given for ageing workers, workplaces, and society. At the end, the prerequisites for improving worklife in the EU15 countries (the first 15 countries to enter the European Union) are introduced in tables." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kraatz, Susanne, Thomas Rhein & Cornelia Sproß (2006): Internationaler Vergleich: Bei der Beschäftigung Älterer liegen andere Länder vorn. (IAB-Kurzbericht 05/2006), Nürnberg, 7 S.

Abstract

"In Dänemark, Finnland und den Niederlanden zeigt der Beschäftigungstrend für Ältere seit den 90er Jahren klar nach oben. Dies lag allerdings weniger an einer rigorosen Einschränkung der Frühverrentung. Viele andere Faktoren wie die demographische Entwicklung oder eine höhere Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen unterstützten die Trendwende. Ein entscheidender Erfolgsfaktor war zudem der wirtschaftliche Aufschwung in diesen Ländern. Er ging der Trendwende bei der Beschäftigung von Älteren voraus (Dänemark, Niederlande) oder begleitete sie zumindest (Finnland). Finnland machte zu Beginn der 90er Jahre eine tiefe Krise durch. Deshalb wurden dort mit Erfolg intensive Anstrengungen unternommen, die Beschäftigungsfähigkeit Älterer zu steigern. Auch in Deutschland könnte sich die Beschäftigungssituation Älterer verbessern. Dafür sprechen die demographische Entwicklung in den nächsten Jahren, die gestiegene Frauenerwerbstätigkeit und die Wirkungen bereits beschlossener Reformen. Nachholbedarf besteht allerdings bei der Förderung der Beschäftigungsfähigkeit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Kraatz, Susanne, Thomas Rhein & Cornelia Sproß (2006): Beschäftigung Älterer: Warum sind andere Länder bisher erfolgreicher? In: Bundesarbeitsblatt H. 6, S. 21-29.

Abstract

"Trotz der zukünftigen demographischen Herausforderung und der finanziellen Belastungen der sozialen Sicherungssysteme ist es fraglich, wie viele Ältere eine realistische Aussicht haben, bis zum geplanten Renteneinstiegsalter von 67 Jahren beschäftigt zu bleiben. Zum einen ist ihre Arbeitslosenquote relativ hoch, zum anderen aber scheiden nach wie vor viele Ältere über Vorruhestands- und Frühverrentungsprogramme wie z.B. die Altersteilzeit vorzeitig aus dem Arbeitsmarkt aus. Demgegenüber weisen andere europäische Länder seit Mitte der 90er Jahre beeindruckende Zuwächse bei der Beschäftigung Älterer auf. Ein Blick über die deutschen Grenzen ist daher lohnenswert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Lahey, Joanna (2006): State age protection laws and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. (NBER working paper 12048), Cambridge, Mass., 35 S. DOI:10.3386/w12048

Abstract

"Some anti-discrimination laws have the perverse effect of harming the very class they were meant to protect. This paper provides evidence that age discrimination laws belong to this perverse class. Prior to the enforcement of the federal law, state laws had little effect on older workers, suggesting that firms either knew little about these laws or did not see them as a threat. After the enforcement of the federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) in 1979, white male workers over the age of 50 in states with age discrimination laws worked between 1 and 1.5 fewer weeks per year than workers in states without laws. These men are also .3 percentage points more likely to be retired and .2 percentage points less likely to be hired. These findings suggest that in an anti-age discrimination environment, firms seek to avoid litigation through means not intended by the legislation - by not employing older workers in the first place." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Macnicol, John (2006): Age discrimination. An historical and contemporary analysis. Cambridge u.a.: Cambridge University Press, 308 S. DOI:10.2277/0521612608

Abstract

"Age discrimination is a highly topical issue in all industrialised societies, against a background of concerns about shortening working lives and ageing populations in the future. Based upon detailed research, and adopting an interdisciplinary approach, this unique study traces the history of the age discrimination debate in Britain and the USA since the 1930s. It critically analyses the concepts of ageism in social relations and age discrimination in employment. Case-studies on generational equity and health care rationing by age are followed by an analysis of the British government's initiatives against age discrimination in employment. The book then traces the history of the debate on health status and old age, addressing the question of whether working capacity has improved sufficiently to justify calls to delay retirement and extend working lives. It concludes with a detailed examination of the origins and subsequent working of the USA's 1967 Age Discrimination in Employment Act." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Maltby, Tony, Martin Ogilvie & Lul Admasachew (2006): More and better jobs for the over 50s or working until they 'trop'? Voluntary agreements versus legislative routes in the UK. In: C. Sproß (Hrsg.) (2006): Beschäftigungsförderung älterer Arbeitnehmer in Europa (Beiträge zur Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, 299), S. 35-46.

Abstract

Der Beitrag skizziert einige der politischen Schwierigkeiten im Zusammenhang mit der Frage der Altersdiskriminierung auf dem Arbeitsmarkt in Großbritannien. Er gibt einen Überblick über die aktuellen Trends auf den Feldern Bevölkerungsentwicklung und Beschäftigung und beschreibt dann die Ansätze, mit denen der in Großbritannien weitverbreiteten und vorherrschenden Alterdiskriminierung begegnet werden soll. Die Schlussfolgerungen münden in den Vorschlag, dass die neue Fokussierung auf Ruhestand, Alter und Beschäftigung eine entsprechende Forderung nach einem radikalen Politikwechsel nach sich ziehen muss, der Maßnahmen einführt und unterstützt, die einen besseren Erhalt der Beschäftigungsfähigkeit und ein aktives Altern zum Ziel haben. Längere Arbeitsleben sollten bessere, gesündere und produktivere Arbeitsleben sein. Während das letzte Jahrhundert das des Ruhestandes war, sollte das 21. Jahrhundert das des aktiven Alterns werden. (IAB)

Zitatform

Mercer, Samantha (2006): Statement by the social partner: More and better jobs for older workers - incentives for employers: Voluntary agreements vs. law. In: C. Sproß (Hrsg.) (2006): Beschäftigungsförderung älterer Arbeitnehmer in Europa (Beiträge zur Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, 299), S. 47-51.

Abstract

Das 'Employers Forum on Age' (EFA) in Großbritannien ist ein Arbeitgeberverband, der sich Fragen des Alters und des demographischen Wandels im Zusammenhang mit Beschäftigung widmet. In Ergänzung - und teilweise auch in Abgrenzung - zur Regierungspolitik entwickelt das Forum eigene Ansätze und Kampagnen, die sich mit demographischem Wandel, sozialer Gerechtigkeit und sozialer Verantwortung der Privatwirtschaft, betriebswirtschaftlichen und personalpolitischen Aspekten sowie einschlägiger Gesetzgebung beschäftigen. In Fragen, die Alterung und ältere Arbeitnehmer betreffen, sind konkrete Maßnahmen in einzelnen Unternehmen auf deren spezielle Bedürfnisse anzupassen. Das Forum versteht sich dabei als Partner für Regierungsorganisationen, und als Mulitplikator zur Entwicklung und Umsetzung personalpolitscher Konzepte. Konkrete Kampagnen widmen sich der Gesetzgebung, flexiblen Lösungen des Berufsausstiegs, Jugenddiskriminierung und der Überwindung von Stereotypen. (IAB)

Zitatform

Pedersen, Peder J.; Henning Gade (Mitarb.) (2006): Older workers in Denmark. Employment, unemployment and training. In: C. Sproß (Hrsg.) (2006): Beschäftigungsförderung älterer Arbeitnehmer in Europa (Beiträge zur Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, 299), S. 187-197.

Abstract

Dänemark sieht sich mit der gleichen demographischen Herausforderung konfrontiert wie die meisten anderen EU-Länder in den kommenden Jahrzehnten. Die Geburtenrate ist in Dänemark relativ hoch, aber die durchschnittliche Lebenserwartung ist kürzer und das Ansteigen der Lebenserwartung ist bislang geringer als in vielen anderen OECD-Ländern. Ökonomische Langzeitmodelle, die die meisten der aktuellen demographischen Annahmen beinhalten, kommen zu dem Schluss, dass eine nachhaltige Steuerpolitik - d.h. eine Steuerpolitik, die von einem vorgegebenen Niveau von Steuern und öffentlichen Ausgaben im Verhältnis zur wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung ausgeht - ein ziemlich deutliches Anwachsen der Erwerbsquote voraussetzt. Die Berechnungen differieren, kommen aber im Endergebnis zu einer benötigten Wachstumsrate im Bereich von fünf bis zehn Prozent. Wenn die Politik das Ziel, die Erwerbsquote in diesem Maße zu erhöhen, verfehlt, müssen andere Anpassungsmaßnahmen in der Form von Steuererhöhungen und/oder Ausgabensenkungen ergriffen werden, die in dem Beitrag diskutiert werden. (IAB)