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FDZ-Literatur / FDZ Literature

Die FDZ-Literaturdatenbank umfasst neben Datensatzbeschreibungen und Methodenberichten die zahlreichen Forschungsarbeiten, die auf Basis der am FDZ angebotenen Daten entstanden sind. Hier finden Sie aktuell laufende Projekte von FDZ-Nutzenden.
Darüber hinaus stehen die Literaturdatenbank zum IAB-Betriebspanel sowie die Literaturdatenbank zum PASS zur Verfügung.

Apart from dataset descriptions and methodology reports, the FDZ literature database contains numerous research papers written on the basis of the data provided by the FDZ. Here you can find currently ungoing research projects of FDZ users.
In addition, literature databases on the IAB Establishment Panel and the Panel Study Labour Market and Social Security (PASS) are available for research.

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Effects of monetary policy on labor income: the role of the employer (2025)

    Bobasu, Alina; Repele, Amalia;

    Zitatform

    Bobasu, Alina & Amalia Repele (2025): Effects of monetary policy on labor income: the role of the employer. (Working paper series / European Central Bank 3046), Frankfurt am Main, 34 S. DOI:10.2866/0975498

    Abstract

    "This paper investigates the role of firms in the transmission of monetary policy to individual labor market outcomes, both the intensive and extensive margins. Using German matched employer-employee administrative data, we study the effects of monetary policy shocks on individual employment and labor income conditioning on the firm characteristics. First, we find that the employment of workers in young firms are especially sensitive to monetary policy shocks. Second, wages of workers in large firms react relatively more, with some pronounced asymmetries: differences between large and small firms are more evident during monetary policy easing. The differential wage response is driven by above-median workers and cannot be fully explained by a worker component. Notably, larger firms adjust wages more significantly despite experiencing similar changes in investment and turnover compared to smaller firms. Furthermore, monetary policy tightening disproportionately impacts low-skilled and low-wage earners, while easings amplify inequality due to substantial wage increases for top earners. Overall, the effect of monetary policy on inequalities is however larger in easing periods – driven by a large increase in wages for top earners." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Hiring opportunities for new firms and the business cycle (2025)

    Brixy, Udo ; Murmann, Martin ;

    Zitatform

    Brixy, Udo & Martin Murmann (2025): Hiring opportunities for new firms and the business cycle. In: Small business economics, Jg. 64, H. 3, S. 1387-1413., 2024-06-24. DOI:10.1007/s11187-024-00948-6

    Abstract

    "Whether firms founded during or outside economic crises have greater growth potential is an important question for both prospective entrepreneurs and policy makers. Existing research offers conflicting answers, and mostly either focuses on aggregate cohort-level effects or selectively excludes small new firms from the analyses. Using extensive linked employer-employee data on young German firms around and during the Global Financial Crisis, a period of sharply reduced access to external capital and recession, we show that young firms respond to cyclical conditions in highly heterogeneous ways. Our firm-level results reveal that the average new firm found it easier to hire its first employees when it was founded during the crisis. These firms achieved countercyclical growth by hiring career entrants. More specifically, hiring in very young (<1.5 years) and small to medium-sized (below the 90th percentile) young firms was countercyclical, while this was not the case for older and larger young firms. Thus, the firm-specific effects for young entrepreneurial firms may be very different from those reported in previous research. Our results suggest that market entry during a crisis may facilitate hiring and that policies that promote entrepreneurship may usefully complement policies that encourage labor hoarding by incumbents during recessions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Brixy, Udo ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Essays in Macroeconomics and Labor Economics (2025)

    Carlini, Giacomo;

    Zitatform

    Carlini, Giacomo (2025): Essays in Macroeconomics and Labor Economics. 147 S.

    Abstract

    "The first chapter investigates why assortative matching between workers and firms is stronger in large cities than in small cities. I develop a search and matching model with heterogeneous workers and firms to examine how worker composition and labor market frictions affect sorting. Calibrating the model to German employer-employee data, I find that matching efficiency is key to explaining differences in assortative matching across cities. This effect is amplified by a more dispersed worker productivity dispersion. The model shows that around 5% of the GDP gap between large and small cities is attributable to differences in assortative matching, underscoring the role of local labor market frictions and productivity distributions in spatial inequality. The second chapter explores how task-biased technological adoption affects GDP gaps across countries. We introduce a country-specific measure of task intensity and document that as GDP increases, routine work declines while cognitive work rises. Moreover, differences in task content within occupations explain over half of the cross-country differences in routine work. Using a production framework where technology is task-specific and occupations are aggregates of tasks, we estimate task-specific productivities across countries. A counterfactual exercise suggests that reducing dispersion in task-biased technology adoption could shrink the average GDP gap with the United States by 25%. The third chapter examines sectoral labor productivity growth in the U.S. over 50 years, highlighting routine- and skill-biased technical change. I show that routine labor productivity has grown fastest, with skill-biased technical change benefiting skilled workers while unskilled productivity declined, especially in services. Finally, to disentangle the role of different labor-augmenting technological change, I extend the framework to account for heterogeneity in both occupations and skills." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Linked-Employer-Employee-Data of the IAB: LIAB Cross-Sectional Model (LIAB QM) 1993-2023 (2025)

    Ganzer, Andreas; Umkehrer, Matthias; Zimmermann, Florian ; Schmucker, Alexandra;

    Zitatform

    Ganzer, Andreas, Alexandra Schmucker, Matthias Umkehrer & Florian Zimmermann (2025): Linked-Employer-Employee-Data of the IAB: LIAB Cross-Sectional Model (LIAB QM) 1993-2023. (FDZ-Datenreport 08/2025 (en)), Nürnberg, 60 S. DOI:10.5164/IAB.FDZD.2508.en.v1

    Abstract

    "Dieser Datenreport beschreibt das LIAB-Querschnittmodell (LIAB QM) 1993 - 2023. Der Datenreport gliedert sich wie folgt: Neben der Einleitung enthält Kapitel 1 unter anderem Informationen zum Datenzugang sowie eine Kurzbeschreibung der Daten und das Mengengerüst. Eine Beschreibung der einzelnen Datenquellen findet sich in Kapitel 2. Die Datenaufbereitung sowie die Datenqualität werden in den Kapiteln 3 und 4 diskutiert, während die einzelnen Merkmale in Kapitel 5 dargestellt werden. " (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Ganzer, Andreas; Umkehrer, Matthias; Zimmermann, Florian ; Schmucker, Alexandra;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Linked-Employer-Employee-Daten des IAB: LIAB-Querschnittmodell (LIAB QM) 1993-2023 (2025)

    Ganzer, Andreas; Umkehrer, Matthias; Schmucker, Alexandra; Zimmermann, Florian ;

    Zitatform

    Ganzer, Andreas, Alexandra Schmucker, Matthias Umkehrer & Florian Zimmermann (2025): Linked-Employer-Employee-Daten des IAB: LIAB-Querschnittmodell (LIAB QM) 1993-2023. (FDZ-Datenreport 08/2025 (de)), Nürnberg, 62 S. DOI:10.5164/IAB.FDZD.2508.de.v1

    Abstract

    "Dieser Datenreport beschreibt das LIAB-Querschnittmodell (LIAB QM) 1993 - 2023. Der Datenreport gliedert sich wie folgt: Neben der Einleitung enthält Kapitel 1 unter anderem Informationen zum Datenzugang sowie eine Kurzbeschreibung der Daten und das Mengengerüst. Eine Beschreibung der einzelnen Datenquellen findet sich in Kapitel 2. Die Datenaufbereitung sowie die Datenqualität werden in den Kapiteln 3 und 4 diskutiert, während die einzelnen Merkmale in Kapitel 5 dargestellt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Ganzer, Andreas; Umkehrer, Matthias; Schmucker, Alexandra; Zimmermann, Florian ;

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  • Literaturhinweis

    AKM effects for German labour market data 1985-2023 (2025)

    Lochner, Benjamin ; Wolter, Stefanie ;

    Zitatform

    Lochner, Benjamin & Stefanie Wolter (2025): AKM effects for German labour market data 1985-2023. (FDZ-Methodenreport 03/2025), Nürnberg, 12 S. DOI:10.5164/IAB.FDZM.2503.en.v1

    Abstract

    "Dieser FDZ-Methodenreport beschreibt die Schätzung und Aufbereitung der personen- und betriebsspezifischen Lohneffekte (AKM_8523_v1) und wie diese zu einigen der über das Forschungsdatenzentrum (FDZ) der Bundesagentur für Arbeit im Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB) verfügbaren Datensätze zugespielt werden können. Der Report aktualisiert den Bericht von Lochner et al. 2023." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Lochner, Benjamin ; Wolter, Stefanie ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Robotization and Workforce Dynamics: Analysing Employment and Wage Effects within Manufacturing Establishments (2025)

    Otto, Michael ; Abraham, Martin ;

    Zitatform

    Otto, Michael & Martin Abraham (2025): Robotization and Workforce Dynamics: Analysing Employment and Wage Effects within Manufacturing Establishments. In: Work, Employment and Society, S. 1-27. DOI:10.1177/09500170251351260

    Abstract

    "This article explores the effects of increasing robot adoption on workforce composition, wages and wage inequality in the manufacturing sector. Using longitudinal data from the German Institute for Employment Research (IAB), industrial robot sales data and survey data from the IAB Establishment Panel, we examine the impact of robots on total employment and wage structures at the establishment level from 2008 to 2017. We find that while robotization contributes to overall employment and wage growth, its effects vary across worker groups. High- and middle-skilled workers benefit more from employment and wage increases, whereas low-skilled and routine-intensive workers experience fewer gains. In contrast to skill-biased and task-biased technological change theories (SBTC and TBTC), robots do not significantly increase wage inequality within establishments. Instead, firms mitigate inequality, suggesting that organizational policies play a key role in shaping distributional outcomes. Works councils also influence wage dynamics, benefiting middle-skilled more than low-skilled workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Estimating the gains from trade in frictional local labor markets (2025)

    Pupato, Germán; Sand, Ben; Tschopp, Jeanne ;

    Zitatform

    Pupato, Germán, Ben Sand & Jeanne Tschopp (2025): Estimating the gains from trade in frictional local labor markets. In: The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, S. 1-49. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12592

    Abstract

    "We develop a theory and an empirical strategy to estimate the welfare gains from trade in economies with frictional local labor markets. Our welfare formula nests standard market structures and adds an adjustment margin via the employment rate. To identify two key parameters – the trade elasticity and the elasticity of substitution in consumption – we use a theoretically consistent identification strategy that exploits variation in industrial composition across local labor markets. Examining Germany's recent trade integration with China and Eastern Europe, we find that under monopolistic competition with free entry and firm heterogeneity, the welfare gains are 5.5 percent higher than in frictionless settings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The Gender Pay Gap in German Manufacturing: How Exporters Drive Wage Equality Trends (2025)

    Rosenball, Riccarda;

    Zitatform

    Rosenball, Riccarda (2025): The Gender Pay Gap in German Manufacturing: How Exporters Drive Wage Equality Trends. (Graz Economics Papers 2025-08), Graz, 56 S.

    Abstract

    "This study examines the gender pay gap in West Germany's manufacturing sector using linked employer-employee data. The gender pay gap has nearly halved for exporting firms since 1993 - a decline that is much smaller for non-exporting firms. Long-term exporters employ a large share of the workforce and drive trends across the entire sector. Some of the largest exporting industries, such as vehicle manufacturing, show the lowest gender pay gaps. I show that the decline in the gender pay gap of exporters is driven by the increasing representation of women in high-paying positions. Tracking the gender pay gap over the first 10 to 15 years of employees' careers reveals that this decline is largely due to a growing share of highly educated women in the workforce, along with stronger opportunities for career advancement for women. Providing women with early career advancement opportunities is key to breaking the glass ceiling and reducing persistent gender pay disparities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Exporters, multinationals and residual wage inequality: Evidence and theory (2025)

    Schroeder, Sarah ;

    Zitatform

    Schroeder, Sarah (2025): Exporters, multinationals and residual wage inequality: Evidence and theory. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 173. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2025.104980

    Abstract

    "A growing empirical literature underscores the pivotal role of ”global firms” in shaping labor market outcomes, including inequality. These are firms that participate in the international economy across multiple dimensions, including both trade and foreign direct investment (FDI). This prompts an important question: Is wage inequality among workers with similar characteristics primarily influenced by firms engaged solely in exporting, those involved solely in FDI, or by multinational enterprises (MNEs) that do both? Using linked employer –employee panel data for Germany, this paper unveils nuanced Patterns in wage premia among various internationalizing establishments, where I identify sorting between workers and establishments as a key driver. I interpret these patterns using a theoretical model that incorporates trade and FDI with monopolistic competition, wherein heterogeneous firms operate within frictional labor markets as they search for workers. My model gives rise to a novel channel for the MNE wage premium, stemming from their ability to transfer their human resource practices to their plant abroad." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The Effects of Expanding Higher Education on Wages and Establishments’ Labor Demand (2025)

    Schuss, Eric ;

    Zitatform

    Schuss, Eric (2025): The Effects of Expanding Higher Education on Wages and Establishments’ Labor Demand. (Working paper / Swiss Leading House 239), Zürich, 50 S.

    Abstract

    "This study examines the impact of increased access to higher education on labor demand, wages, and labor market structure. I focus on the quasi-experimental increase in the number of universities and universities of applied sciences in Bavaria since the 1970s and establishment of such higher education institutes under the “Future of Bavaria Offensive” program in the 1990s. I use administrative establishment-level data and find a positive but statistically insignificant e↵ect on median wages resulting from expansion of higher education. While there is a negative but insignificant impact on wages of highly skilled workers, those without academic or vocational degree experience an increase in wages. I also find that training activities decline immediately after establishment of a new higher education institution. Further empirical analyses indicate that this decline is driven by changes in educational choices of school graduates rather than by labor demand of establishments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Crossers in a Segmented Labour Market: Occupational Advancement and Wage Changes from Semi-Skilled and Unskilled Jobs (2025)

    Wotschack, Philip ; Samtleben, Claire ;

    Zitatform

    Wotschack, Philip & Claire Samtleben (2025): Crossers in a Segmented Labour Market: Occupational Advancement and Wage Changes from Semi-Skilled and Unskilled Jobs. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 39, H. 2, S. 496-515. DOI:10.1177/09500170241275861

    Abstract

    "How the upward mobility chances of workers in unskilled or semi-skilled jobs are shaped by influences at the organizational and sectoral level remains an open question. This article aims to close this research gap by examining the role of internal labor market characteristics in the promotion prospects and wage increases of workers in semi-skilled and unskilled positions. The hypotheses are derived from dual and segmented labor market theory. Regression analyses based on linked-employer-employee-data (LIAB), covering 44,024 workers in semi-skilled and unskilled positions from 2005 to 2010, underline the importance of the internal labor market. A considerable share of workers moved to skilled positions through company change. For the workers who stayed with the company, career advancements were associated with regular training investments and formalised regulations at the company level. Collective agreements, in contrast, were associated with lower chances of upward mobility, but higher wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Do works councils and collective agreements narrow Immigrant–native wage gaps for disadvantaged immigrant groups? Novel evidence from German-linked employer–employee data (2025)

    Zimmermann, Florian ; Fong, Eric ; Wolbring, Tobias ;

    Zitatform

    Zimmermann, Florian, Tobias Wolbring & Eric Fong (2025): Do works councils and collective agreements narrow Immigrant–native wage gaps for disadvantaged immigrant groups? Novel evidence from German-linked employer–employee data. In: Socio-economic review, S. 1-26. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwaf046

    Abstract

    "Recently, workers’ bargaining power has been declining worldwide, and immigrant-native wage inequalities have been widening. In this context, cross-sectional studies show narrower immigrant–native wage gaps in firms with works councils or collective agreements. Yet, it remains unclear whether this correlation is causal. Leveraging German longitudinal linked employer–employee data covering 542 firms and 878,403 employee observations, we investigate whether collective agreements and works councils narrow within-firm immigrant–native wage gaps especially for disadvantaged immigrant groups, that is, immigrants from non-Western countries. Using firm-fixed effects with double-demeaned interaction effects, we find no evidence that works councils narrow immigrant–native wage gaps. However, collective agreements narrow immigrant–native wage gaps for immigrants from non-Western countries by 62.0 per cent but do not affect immigrants from Western countries. Overall, our results indicate that immigrant–native wage inequalities for disadvantaged immigrant groups in Germany would not have widened by 23.6 per cent if collective agreements remained as prevalent as in 1996." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Oxford University Press) ((en))

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Zimmermann, Florian ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Minority representation at work (2024)

    Breuer, Matthias; Le, Anthony; Cai, Wei; Vetter, Felix;

    Zitatform

    Breuer, Matthias, Wei Cai, Anthony Le & Felix Vetter (2024): Minority representation at work. (New working paper series / Chicago Booth, Stigler Center for the Study of the Economy and the State 343), Chicago, IL, 78 S., Appendix.

    Abstract

    "Recent proposals for a more inclusive capitalism call for labor and minority representation in corporate governance. We examine the joint promise of labor and minority representation in the context of German works councils. The councils are a powerful form of labor representation that grants elected delegates of shop-floor workers codetermination rights (e.g., over work conditions). Since 2001, a quota ensures that elected delegates include delegates of the minority gender in the workforce. Using detailed survey and administrative data, we find that required minority representation helps the representation of the minority gender on works councils, elevates the effort of works councils, and boosts job satisfaction and well-being of workers, irrespective of their gender. At the establishment level, we find that required minority representation reduces worker turnover and increases investment and productivity. Our findings suggest that laws ensuring labor and minority representation in corporate governance can work (i.e., benefit workers without necessarily hurting employers). The seemingly beneficial impact of the laws suggests that frictions hamper the representation of minorities and cooperation among workers and employers." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Worker Representatives (2024)

    Budde, Julian; Jäger, Simon; Dohmen, Thomas ; Trenkle, Simon ;

    Zitatform

    Budde, Julian, Thomas Dohmen, Simon Jäger & Simon Trenkle (2024): Worker Representatives. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 32740), Cambridge, Mass, 78 S.

    Abstract

    "We study the descriptive and substantive representation of workers through worker representatives, focusing on the selection of German works council representatives and their impact on worker outcomes. Becoming a professional representative leads to substantial wage gains for the elected, concentrated among blue-collar workers. Representatives are positively selected in terms of pre-election earnings and person fixed effects. They are more likely to have undergone vocational training, show greater interest in politics, and lean left politically compared to the employees they represent; blue-collar workers are close to proportionally represented among works councilors. Drawing on a retirement-IV strategy and event-study designs around council elections, we find that blue-collar representatives reduce involuntary separations, consistent with blue-collar workers placing stronger emphasis on job security." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Trenkle, Simon ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Worker Representatives (2024)

    Budde, Julian; Dohmen, Thomas ; Jäger, Simon; Trenkle, Simon ;

    Zitatform

    Budde, Julian, Thomas Dohmen, Simon Jäger & Simon Trenkle (2024): Worker Representatives. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17152), Bonn, 78 S.

    Abstract

    "We study the descriptive and substantive representation of workers through worker representatives, focusing on the selection of German works council representatives and their impact on worker outcomes. Becoming a professional representative leads to substantial wage gains for the elected, concentrated among blue-collar workers. Representatives are positively selected in terms of pre-election earnings and person fixed effects. They are more likely to have undergone vocational training, show greater interest in politics, and lean left politically compared to the employees they represent; blue-collar workers are close to proportionally represented among works councilors. Drawing on a retirement-IV strategy and event-study designs around council elections, we find that blue-collar representatives reduce involuntary separations, consistent with blue-collar workers placing stronger emphasis on job security." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Trenkle, Simon ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Outside Options in the Labour Market (2024)

    Caldwell, Sydnee; Danieli, Oren;

    Zitatform

    Caldwell, Sydnee & Oren Danieli (2024): Outside Options in the Labour Market. In: The Review of Economic Studies, Jg. 91, H. 6, S. 3286-3315. DOI:10.1093/restud/rdae006

    Abstract

    "This paper develops a method to estimate workers’ outside employment opportunities. We outline a matching model with two-sided heterogeneity, from which we derive a sufficient statistic, the “outside options index” (OOI), for the effect of outside options on earnings, holding worker productivity constant. The OOI uses the cross-sectional concentration of similar workers across job types to quantify workers’ outside options as a function of workers’ commuting costs, preferences, and skills. Using German micro-data, we find that differences in options explain 20% of the gender earnings gap, and that gender gaps in options are mostly due to differences in the implicit costs of commuting and moving." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Offshoring and job polarisation between firms (2024)

    Egger, Hartmut ; Kreickemeier, Udo ; Moser, Christoph; Wrona, Jens;

    Zitatform

    Egger, Hartmut, Udo Kreickemeier, Christoph Moser & Jens Wrona (2024): Offshoring and job polarisation between firms. In: Journal of International Economics, Jg. 148. DOI:10.1016/j.jinteco.2024.103892

    Abstract

    "Using linked employer–employee data for Germany, we provide evidence for job polarisation between firms and identify offshoring as an important determinant of these employment changes. To accommodate these findings, we set up a model in which offshoring to a low-wage country can lead to job polarization in the high-wage country due to a reallocation of labor across firms that differ in productivity and pay wages that are positively linked to their profits. Offshoring is chosen only by the most productive firms, and only for those tasks with the lowest variable offshoring costs. A reduction in those variable costs increases offshoring at the intensive and at the extensive margin. Well in line with our evidence, this causes domestic employment shifts from the newly offshoring firms in the middle of the productivity distribution to firms at the tails of this distribution, paying either very low or very high wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Wage Rigidity and Employment Outcomes: Evidence from Administrative Data (2024)

    Ehrlich, Gabriel ; Montes, Joshua;

    Zitatform

    Ehrlich, Gabriel & Joshua Montes (2024): Wage Rigidity and Employment Outcomes: Evidence from Administrative Data. In: American Economic Journal. Macroeconomics, Jg. 16, H. 1, S. 147-206. DOI:10.1257/mac.20200125

    Abstract

    "This paper examines the relationship between downward nominal wage rigidity and employment outcomes using linked employer-employee data. Wage rigidity prevents 27.1 percent of counterfactual wage cuts, with a standard deviation of 19.2 percent across establishments. An establishment with the sample-average level of wage rigidity is predicted to have a 3.3 percentage point higher layoff rate, a 7.4 percentage point lower quit rate, and a 2.0 percentage point lower hire rate. Estimating a structural model by indirect inference implies that the cost of a nominal wage cut is 33 percent of an average worker’s annual compensation. (JEL E24, J23, J31, J63, M51)" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    New Empirical Findings about the Interaction between Public Employment Agency and Private Search Effort (2024)

    Holzner, Christian ; Watanabe, Makoto ;

    Zitatform

    Holzner, Christian & Makoto Watanabe (2024): New Empirical Findings about the Interaction between Public Employment Agency and Private Search Effort. (CESifo working paper), München, 46 S.

    Abstract

    "The Public Employment Agency (PEA) helps unemployed to find work and mediates PEAregistered job vacancies to job seekers via vacancy referrals. Using the spatial and temporal variation resulting from the regional roll-out of the Hartz 3 reform we are able to show that Hartz 3, which changed the counseling process of unemployed, decreased the fraction of unemployed that received vacancy referrals, increased the job-finding probability of unemployed without vacancy referrals, left the job-finding probability of unemployed with vacancy referrals unaffected, and increased average wages of newly hired, previously unemployed. Since the existing literature is not able to explain this set of findings, we develop a simple theoretical directed search model, which does. It does so by considering the interaction between the private market and the intermediation provided by the PEA." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Promoting men and women to management: Putting the glass escalator paradox in the establishment context (2024)

    Kronberg, Anne-Kathrin ; Gerlach, Anna; Gangl, Markus ;

    Zitatform

    Kronberg, Anne-Kathrin, Anna Gerlach & Markus Gangl (2024): Promoting men and women to management: Putting the glass escalator paradox in the establishment context. In: Social science research, Jg. 120. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103003

    Abstract

    "Research around the “glass escalator” demonstrates that men receive promotions faster than womenin women-dominated occupations. However, it remains unclear how overall establishment composition affects the glass escalator. We use German longitudinal linked employer-employee data (LIAB) between 2012 and 2019 to examine how occupational and establishment gender composition shape gender differences in promotions to management. Establishment gender composition moderates the glass escalator, meaning women's mobility disadvantages in women-dominated jobs are most pronounced in men-dominated establishments. We hypothesize that changing occupational status is a central mechanism: When occupations mirror the composition of the establishment, their status increases locally. Higher occupational status offsets lower leadership expectations attributed to women and increases women's promotion odds relative to their male colleagues." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Off to a slow start: which workplace policies can limit gender pay gaps across firm tenure? (2024)

    Kronberg, Anne-Kathrin ; Gerlach, Anna;

    Zitatform

    Kronberg, Anne-Kathrin & Anna Gerlach (2024): Off to a slow start: which workplace policies can limit gender pay gaps across firm tenure? In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 22, H. 2, S. 677-700. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwad055

    Abstract

    "Much of the gender pay gap is generated within workplaces, making it paramount to understand which workplace policies effectively address gaps. Our article asks when policies limit gender pay gaps across employee tenure to identify potential temporal weak points. We analyze a representative panel of 10,000 establishments with over 850,000 employees using the 2005–19 waves of German-linked employer–employee data (LIAB). Two key findings emerge. First, a temporal perspective on workplace policies reveals that no policy under study—formalization, identity-based career programs, and childcare assistance—reduces gender pay gaps at hire. Instead, policies only address additional disparities that accumulate after hire. Second, only identity-based career programs narrow gender disparities for all women. In contrast, seemingly gender-neutral formalization is insufficient, while providing employer-sponsored child care has mixed effects depending on employees’ education. We conclude by discussing the implicationsof these findings for organizational policy and future research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    No Teens, No Tech: How Shortages of Young Workers Hinder Firm Technology Investments (2024)

    Lipowski, Cäcilia ;

    Zitatform

    Lipowski, Cäcilia (2024): No Teens, No Tech: How Shortages of Young Workers Hinder Firm Technology Investments. (ZEW discussion paper 24-062), Mannheim, 71 S.

    Abstract

    "Firms in developed countries face increasing shortages of young workers. This paper studies the importance of young workers, particularly vocational trainees, for firm technology investments. Leveraging exogenous variation in trainee supply caused by an education reform in Germany in 2001, I show that a reduction in trainee supply decreases firm technology investments. This suggests complementarity between young workers and new technologies. Consistent with firms’ lower opportunity costs and higher returns to training young workers than incumbents, the effect is driven by firms exposed to new tech skills. These findings dampen hopes of counteracting labor shortages by substituting labor with capital." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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    Do outside options drive wage inequalities in retained jobs? Evidence from a natural experiment (2024)

    Lukesch, Veronika; Zwick, Thomas ;

    Zitatform

    Lukesch, Veronika & Thomas Zwick (2024): Do outside options drive wage inequalities in retained jobs? Evidence from a natural experiment. In: BJIR, Jg. 62, H. 1, S. 127-153. DOI:10.1111/bjir.12771

    Abstract

    "We provide evidence that suggests that a reduction in outside wage options reduces wage increases in retained jobs. We use the natural experiment of a reform that reduced outside wage options for employees in deregulated crafts occupations in comparison to employees in not reformed crafts occupations. To avoid estimation biases from general reform effects on wages, we concentrate on employees active in crafts occupations who worked for employers in the industry and commerce sectors and exclude employees in the crafts sector. Four years after the reform, the wages of treated employees in deregulated crafts were 5 per cent lower than wages of employees in not reformed occupations (control group). The reform, therefore, led to wage differentiation between comparable employees. The wage effects are concentrated in employers with high general wage increases after the reform and they can be found even at individual employers." (Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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    What Drives Wage Sorting? Evidence From West Germany (2024)

    Mouton, Andre;

    Zitatform

    Mouton, Andre (2024): What Drives Wage Sorting? Evidence From West Germany. (Working Papers / Wake Forest University, Economics Department 112), 47 S.

    Abstract

    "An important source of income inequality is wage sorting: high-earning individuals tend to work for employers that pay higher wages, conditional on worker characteristics. This paper combines German survey and administrative data to explore the causal mechanisms behind this poorly-understood phenomenon. I show three main results. First, wage sorting is entirely across industries and occupations, with evidence rejecting an assortative matching mechanism. Second, wage sorting has strengthened over 1993-2017 due to rising skill premia in high-paying sectors, and rising employment in low-skill, low-paying industries - outcomes consistent with demand-side shifts. Third, wage sorting reflects a positive association between human capital and firm investment, which I rationalize through a simple rent-sharing model. Hypothesis tests support a technological mechanism, in which knowledge-intensive production processes engender higher upfront costs - and therefore rents - on either side of the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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    Technological change, training, and within-firm wage inequality in Germany (2024)

    Müller, Christoph ;

    Zitatform

    Müller, Christoph (2024): Technological change, training, and within-firm wage inequality in Germany. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 40, H. 3, S. 450-463., 2023-07-17. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcad051

    Abstract

    "Technological change increases the demand for higher skills and fosters wage inequality. Studies on technological change often emphasize the importance of training to adapt workers’ skills to technology use and mitigate inequality. However, we know little about firms’ training activities and their consequences for inequality in the context of technological change. This article investigates, first, whether firms’ decisions to invest in information technology (IT) are associated with skill bias in firms’ training activities, whether this is conditional on the job tasks of workers, and, whether the relationship between IT investments and training activities affects the wage gap within firms. Using linked employer–employee data containing detailed information about investments and training, I show that firms’ IT investments have a large positive effect on the training participation of high-skilled workers. In contrast, the positive effect on low-skilled workers is smaller, short lasting and conditional on workers job tasks. Additional investigations show that the training of high-skilled workers mediates approximately 5 per cent of the effect of IT investments on wage inequality within firms. In the conclusions, I highlight the broader implications of these findings for the effects of technological change for inequality in training opportunities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Oxford University Press) ((en))

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    Essays on Spatial Sorting and Labor Markets (2024)

    Oh, Ryungha;

    Zitatform

    Oh, Ryungha (2024): Essays on Spatial Sorting and Labor Markets. New Haven, 188 S.

    Abstract

    "The dissertation consists of two independent essays that examine how worker and firm sorting across local labor markets shape both regional and aggregate economic outcomes and what are the policy implications. The first chapter of this dissertation studies why productive workers and firms locate together in dense cities. I develop a new theory of two-sided sorting in which both heterogeneous workers and firms sort across space. The location choices of workers and firms affect each other and endogenously generate spatial disparities in the presence of three essential forces: complementarity between worker and firm productivity, random matching within frictional local labor markets, and congestion costs. I demonstrate that the decentralized equilibrium exhibits excessive concentration of workers and firms, and dispersing them away from dense locations can mitigate congestion without reducing output. I then provide direct empirical evidence of the two-sided sorting mechanism using German administrative microdata. An exogenous increase in the quality of the workforce in a location results in more productive firms choosing that location. Finally, to quantify the implications of the model, I calibrate it to U.S. regional data and show that policies that relocate workers and firms toward less dense areas can increase welfare. The second chapter investigates the importance of spatial firm sorting for wage inequality both between and within local labor markets. We develop a novel model in which heterogeneous firms first choose a location and then hire workers in a frictional labor market. Firms’ location choices are guided by a fundamental trade-off: Operating in productive locations increases output per worker, but sharing a labor market with other productive firms makes it hard to poach and retain workers, and hence limits firm size. Positive sorting - with productive firms settling in productive Locations - emerges as the unique equilibrium if firm and location productivity are sufficient complements or labor market frictions are sufficiently large. Positive sorting steepens the job ladder in productive locations and, as a consequence, increases both their average wages and wage dispersion. We estimate our model using administrative data from Germany and identify firm sorting from a novel fact: Labor shares are lower in productive locations, which indicates a higher concentration of top firms with strong monopsony power. Positive firm sorting can account for at least 15% of the spatial variation in average wages and for 40% of the spatial variation in within-location wage dispersion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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    Linked-Employer-Employee-Data of the IAB: LIAB Longitudinal Model (LIAB LM) 1975-2021 (2024)

    Panahian Fard, Dina ; Zimmermann, Florian ; Seth, Stefan; Umkehrer, Matthias; Schmucker, Alexandra;

    Zitatform

    Panahian Fard, Dina, Alexandra Schmucker, Stefan Seth, Matthias Umkehrer & Florian Zimmermann (2024): Linked-Employer-Employee-Data of the IAB: LIAB Longitudinal Model (LIAB LM) 1975-2021. (FDZ-Datenreport 04/2024 (en)), Nürnberg, 76 S. DOI:10.5164/IAB.FDZD.2404.en.v1

    Abstract

    "Dieser Datenreport beschreibt das LIAB-Längsschnittmodell 1975 – 2021 (LIAB LM 7521)." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Zimmermann, Florian ; Umkehrer, Matthias; Schmucker, Alexandra;
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    Linked-Employer-Employee-Daten des IAB: LIAB-Längsschnittmodell (LIAB LM) 1975-2021 (2024)

    Panahian Fard, Dina ; Schmucker, Alexandra; Seth, Stefan; Zimmermann, Florian ; Umkehrer, Matthias;

    Zitatform

    Panahian Fard, Dina, Alexandra Schmucker, Stefan Seth, Matthias Umkehrer & Florian Zimmermann (2024): Linked-Employer-Employee-Daten des IAB: LIAB-Längsschnittmodell (LIAB LM) 1975-2021. (FDZ-Datenreport 04/2024 (de)), Nürnberg, 76 S. DOI:10.5164/IAB.FDZD.2404.de.v1

    Abstract

    "Dieser Datenreport beschreibt das LIAB-Längsschnittmodell 1975 – 2021 (LIAB LM 7521)." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Schmucker, Alexandra; Zimmermann, Florian ; Umkehrer, Matthias;

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    Gender Pay Gap in einem Betrieb sinkt mit mehr Frauen in Führungspositionen (2024)

    Sondergeld, Virginia; Wrohlich, Katharina ;

    Zitatform

    Sondergeld, Virginia & Katharina Wrohlich (2024): Gender Pay Gap in einem Betrieb sinkt mit mehr Frauen in Führungspositionen. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 91, H. 3, S. 38-43. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2024-3-3

    Abstract

    "Frauen sind in hohen Führungspositionen privatwirtschaftlicher Unternehmen in Deutschland nach wie vor unterrepräsentiert. In den vergangenen Jahren hat die Politik mehrfach Maßnahmen ergriffen, um den Frauenanteil in Führungspositionen zu erhöhen. Hat ein Betrieb mehr Frauen im Management, kann das positive Wirkungen auf alle Frauen in diesem Betrieb entfalten. Wie die empirischen Analysen in diesem Bericht auf Basis von Linked-Employer-Employee-Daten des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB) zeigen, senkt ein höherer Frauenanteil auf der ersten und zweiten Führungsebene den betriebsspezifischen Gender Pay Gap. Statistisch signifikante Effekte durch den Frauenanteil auf der obersten Führungsebene sind allerdings erst ab einem Drittel zu beobachten – derzeit liegt der Frauenanteil dort im Durchschnitt noch deutlich niedriger. Die Unternehmen sollten also ihre Bemühungen, mehr Frauen in hohe Führungspositionen zu befördern, fortsetzen. Dies könnte die ökonomische Ungleichheit zwischen Frauen und Männern auf allen Hierarchieebenen eines Betriebs vermindern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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    Support on the way to the top? The effects of family-friendly flexible working arrangements in organisations on the promotion of women to management positions - the case of Germany (2024)

    Wanger, Susanne ;

    Zitatform

    Wanger, Susanne (2024): Support on the way to the top? The effects of family-friendly flexible working arrangements in organisations on the promotion of women to management positions - the case of Germany. In: The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Jg. 35, H. 15, S. 2475-2513., 2024-04-17. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2024.2347637

    Abstract

    "Frauen sind in Führungspositionen noch immer deutlich unterrepräsentiert, auch wenn sie ihren Anteil in den letzten Jahren leicht steigern konnten. Mithilfe signaltheoretischer Argumente untersucht diese Studie, ob familienfreundliche flexible Arbeitsvereinbarungen (FFWAs) in Organisationen dazu beitragen, die interne Beförderung von Frauen in Führungs- oder Führungspositionen zu steigern und so die bestehende geschlechtsspezifische Führungslücke zu verringern. Dieser Effekt wird anhand von Längsschnittdaten für deutsche Arbeitsplätze und Arbeitnehmer untersucht, die 1.631 Unternehmen und 314.201 Arbeitnehmer abdecken, sowie anhand logistischer Regressionsmodelle mit festen Effekten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Einführung von FFWAs die Chancen auf interne Beförderungen in Aufsichts- oder Führungspositionen für Mitarbeiter verbessert, wobei Frauen und Männer gleichermaßen profitieren. Wenn ich jedoch eine breitere Definition verwende, die auch hochqualifizierte Fachkräfte umfasst, kann die Einführung von FFWAs bessere Aufstiegschancen für Frauen bieten. Zweitens erhöhen FFWAs die Wahrscheinlichkeit, in Führungspositionen mit reduzierter Arbeitszeit befördert zu werden, und dieser Effekt ist bei Männern etwas stärker. Drittens wurden überraschenderweise keine signifikanten positiven Auswirkungen von FFWAs auf die Beförderung von Müttern in Führungspositionen festgestellt. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es für Frauen trotz organisatorischer Unterstützung weiterhin schwierig ist, Führungspositionen zu erreichen und gleichzeitig Familie und Beruf zu vereinbaren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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    Wanger, Susanne ;
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    Narrowing inequalities through redistribution. A relational inequality approach to female managers and the gender wage gap (2024)

    Zimmermann, Florian ;

    Zitatform

    Zimmermann, Florian (2024): Narrowing inequalities through redistribution. A relational inequality approach to female managers and the gender wage gap. In: European Societies, Jg. 26, H. 4, S. 1071-1093., 2023-11-28. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2023.2289651

    Abstract

    "Recent research shows that firms and jobs are more important for understanding gender wage inequalities than individual-level and occupational-level attributes. I investigate how two mechanisms derived from relational inequality theory, opportunity hoarding and exploitation, affect within-firm gender wage gaps. First, men might exclude women from high-paying firms or jobs (i.e. opportunity hoarding), resulting in gender wage inequalities. Second, male managers might use their relational power to redistribute wages from females to males (exploitation). Increasing the number of female managers might stop this exploitation. While previous literature focused on the effect of female managers on the gender wage gap, I contribute to the literature by also considering the impact of female managers on males’ wages theoretically and empirically. Using German linked employer-employee data and fixed-effect regressions at the firm and job levels, I find evidence for opportunity hoarding at both the firm and the job levels. For the exploitation mechanism, female managers increase females’ wages and lower males’ wages, suggesting the existence of the exploitation mechanism. Further analyses show that the increases in females’ wages are proportional to the decreases in males’ wages. Thus, I find evidence for female managers redistributing males’ wages to females." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Taylor & Francis) ((en))

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    Zimmermann, Florian ;
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    Automation, Robots and Wage Inequality in Germany: a decomposition Analysis (2023)

    Brall, Franziska ; Schmid, Ramona ;

    Zitatform

    Brall, Franziska & Ramona Schmid (2023): Automation, Robots and Wage Inequality in Germany. A decomposition Analysis. In: Labour, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 33-95. DOI:10.1111/labr.12236

    Abstract

    "We conduct a decomposition analysis based on recentred influence function (RIF) regressions to disentangle the relative importance of automation and robotization for wage inequality in the manufacturing sector in Germany between 1996 and 2017. Our measure of automation threat combines occupation-specific scores of automation risk with sector-specific robot densities. We find that besides changes in the composition of individual characteristics, structural shifts among different automation threat groups are a non-negligible factor associated with wage inequality between 1996 and 2017. Moreover, the increase in wage dispersion among the different automation threat groups has contributed significantly to higher wage inequality in the 1990s and 2000s." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Wiley) ((en))

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    Entgelttransparenzgesetz erreicht Ziel nicht (2023)

    Brändle, Tobias ; Koch, Andreas ;

    Zitatform

    Brändle, Tobias & Andreas Koch (2023): Entgelttransparenzgesetz erreicht Ziel nicht. In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 103, H. 12, S. 842-849. DOI:10.2478/wd-2023-0230

    Abstract

    "Das Entgelttransparenzgesetz soll dazu beitragen, das Gebot des gleichen Entgelts für Frauen und Männer bei gleicher oder gleichwertiger Arbeit durchzusetzen. Nach der zweiten Evaluation wird deutlich, dass dies mit den vorhandenen Instrumenten des Gesetzes nicht erreicht wird. Ohne größere Änderungen bleibt das Gesetz in großen Teilen ineffektiv – bei gleichzeitig substanziellen bürokratischen Auflagen für Betriebe. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt die Ergebnisse der zweiten Evaluation und zeigt auf, in welche Richtung Reformen gehen könnten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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    Lohnungleichheit zwischen Frauen und Männern: In Betrieben mit Gleichstellungsmaßnahmen ist die Verdienstlücke kleiner (2023)

    Collischon, Matthias ; Zimmermann, Florian ;

    Zitatform

    Collischon, Matthias & Florian Zimmermann (2023): Lohnungleichheit zwischen Frauen und Männern: In Betrieben mit Gleichstellungsmaßnahmen ist die Verdienstlücke kleiner. (IAB-Kurzbericht 17/2023), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2317

    Abstract

    "Die Ungleichheit zwischen Frauen und Männern am Arbeitsmarkt ist ein viel beachtetes Thema in der politischen Debatte. In den letzten Jahren richtete sich das Augenmerk der Diskussion verstärkt darauf, welche Rolle Betriebe in diesem Zusammenhang spielen und wie sie zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern beitragen können. Die Autoren zeigen in ihrer Studie, dass die Einführung betrieblicher Maßnahmen zur Förderung der Gleichstellung mit einer Verringerung der Verdienstlücke zwischen Frauen und Männern im Betrieb einhergeht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Collischon, Matthias ; Zimmermann, Florian ;
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    The anatomy of labor cost adjustment to demand shocks: Germany and Italy during the Great Recession (2023)

    D'Amuri, Francesco; Smith, Benjamin S.; Lattanzio, Salvatore ;

    Zitatform

    D'Amuri, Francesco, Salvatore Lattanzio & Benjamin S. Smith (2023): The anatomy of labor cost adjustment to demand shocks. Germany and Italy during the Great Recession. (Temi di discussione / Banca d'Italia 1411), Rom, 55 S.

    Abstract

    "We shed light on the anatomy of labor cost adjustment in German and Italian manufacturing firms with more than 20 employees, leveraging matched employer employee-balance sheet data and an exogenous demand shifter that exploits the collapse in world trade during the Great Recession. Following a 1 per cent exogenous decrease in sales, the average German firm cuts wage growth by 0.19 per cent, twice as much as its Italian counterpart. The employment adjustment is gradual in both countries but more pronounced in Germany, where, however, firms in sectors hardest hit by the world trade collapse had been increasing employment in the run-up to the Great Recession. These results are not driven by differences in the response of hours per worker, in labor supply conditions, or in firms' exposure to the concurrent negative credit shock. Finally, we find that - in both countries - producer prices were reduced to a similar extent in response to the shock." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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    Unlocking exporting: Human Capital, Organizational Innovation, and Digital Technologies (2023)

    Guri, Romina ;

    Zitatform

    Guri, Romina (2023): Unlocking exporting: Human Capital, Organizational Innovation, and Digital Technologies. Groningen: University of Groningen, 136 S. DOI:10.33612/diss.819479069

    Abstract

    "Exporting is a familiar and yet complex internationalization strategy used by many firms to tap into foreign markets. While prior research has delved into how firms expand abroad and improve their performance by doing so, certain aspects of firms’ export behavior remain still poorly understood. How do firms learn to improve export performance? How do firms learn by exporting beyond productivity and technological innovations? And how do digital technologies facilitate firms to internationalize early and rapidly? This dissertation seeks to provide answers to these questions by going beyond the traditional boundaries of learning that underpin exporting. Chapter 2 distinguishes between learning to start exporting and learning to improve export performance. By drawing from the strategic human capital literature it conceptualizes how prior work experience of employees encompassing both knowledge and skills but also habits and routines shape hiring firms’ export performance. Chapter 3 brings new insights into the learning-by-exporting effects by introducing mechanisms that explain how exporting allows firms to improve the way they organize their activities and introduce organizational innovation while considering domestic market contingencies. Chapter 4 adopts a business model perspective to explore the role of digital technologies for early and rapid internationalization. By conceptualizing digital technologies in terms of value creation, delivery, and capture, this chapter provides new insights into how their different roles enable firms to follow a rapid internationalization path. Overall this dissertation develops several important theoretical insights into the mechanisms that underpin firms’ export behavior." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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    Essays in Macroeconomic Aspects of Short-Time Work and Innovation (2023)

    Hallmann, Carl; Hanlon, W. Walker; Yavuz, Emre Enes; Rosenberger, Lukas;

    Zitatform

    Hallmann, Carl (2023): Essays in Macroeconomic Aspects of Short-Time Work and Innovation. Evanston, 223 S. DOI:10.21985/n2-db4a-5g83

    Abstract

    "This thesis is comprised of three essays. They focus on the implications of Short-Time Work policies and Innovation for the economy as a whole. In the first chapter, “Short Time Work and the Unemployment Scar,” I investigate the economic effects of short-time work. I assess its welfare effects, who benefits most from it, and whether it is suitable as an automatic stabilizer. For this purpose, I develop a heterogeneous agents model, for which the income process is generated by a job ladder search and matching model. I calibrate the model to match the German labor market around the great recession and estimate key parameters governing the value a worker generates after entering STW using German social security data in combination with a survey on the use of STW. Workers at the peak of their career benefit most strongly, as they stand to lose job and firm specific knowledge, as well as the high wages they negotiated in the past. Chapter two, “Why Britain? The Right Place (in the Technology Space) at the Right Time,” is joint work with W. Walker Hanlon and Lukas Rosenberger. We ask why Britain attained economic leadership during the Industrial Revolution, and argue that Britain possessed an important but underappreciated innovation advantage: British inventors worked in technologies that were more central within the innovation network. We offer a new approach for measuring the innovation network using patent data from Britain and France in the 18th and early 19th century. We show that the network influenced innovation outcomes and then demonstrate that British inventors worked in more central technologies within the innovation network than inventors from France. Then, drawing on recently-developed theoretical tools, we quantify the implications for technology growth rates in Britain compared to France. Our results indicate that the shape of the innovation network, and the location of British inventors within it, can help explain the more rapid technological growth in Britain during the Industrial Revolution. Chapter three, “Invention and Technological Leadership during the Industrial Revolution,” is written jointly with Emre Enes Yavuz and Lukas Rosenberger. It provides the first empirical cross-country evidence on inventive activity during the Industrial Revolution. Idiosyncrasies in the French historic patent law allow us to compare invention rates in Britain and France across sectors based on French patent data from 1791 to 1855. Our key result is a robust, positive association of invention rates in Britain and France at the sectoral level. Furthermore, we provide the first quantitative evidence on technological leadership in invention at the sectoral level." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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    Does skill shortage pay off for nursing staff in Germany? Wage premiums for hiring problems, industrial relations, and profitability (2023)

    Kölling, Arnd ;

    Zitatform

    Kölling, Arnd (2023): Does skill shortage pay off for nursing staff in Germany? Wage premiums for hiring problems, industrial relations, and profitability. (MPRA paper / University Library of Munich 116205), München, 32 S.

    Abstract

    "This study investigates the impact of hiring problems, industrial relations at the workplace and profitability on compensation and wage premia for nursing staff in Germany. Based on Mincer-type earnings functions and a large linked-employee dataset, regressions with unobserved individual and firm-specific fixed effects are estimated. The econometric analysis shows that firms with staffing problems pay a wage premium of about 4 to 5% for nurses. However, this only holds for firms that do not have a works council and/or are not profitable. Here, the wage premium for staffing is paid at the expense of previous premiums for co-determination at the workplace or rent sharing. These premiums are significantly reduced or eliminated due to better outside options. Overall, the pay increases for nurses in firms with staffing problems. Nevertheless, this does not apply to all skilled workers in Germany." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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    Linked-Employer-Employee-Data of the IAB: LIAB Cross-Sectional Model 2 (LIAB QM2) 1993-2021 (2023)

    Ruf, Kevin; Seth, Stefan; Umkehrer, Matthias; Schmucker, Alexandra;

    Zitatform

    Ruf, Kevin, Alexandra Schmucker, Stefan Seth & Matthias Umkehrer (2023): Linked-Employer-Employee-Data of the IAB: LIAB Cross-Sectional Model 2 (LIAB QM2) 1993-2021. (FDZ-Datenreport 09/2023 (en)), Nürnberg, 82 S. DOI:10.5164/IAB.FDZD.2309.en.v1

    Abstract

    "Dieser Datenreport beschreibt das LIAB-Querschnittmodell 2 (LIAB QM2)" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Ruf, Kevin; Umkehrer, Matthias; Schmucker, Alexandra;
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    Linked-Employer-Employee-Daten des IAB: LIAB-Querschnittmodell 2 (LIAB QM2) 1993-2021 (2023)

    Ruf, Kevin; Schmucker, Alexandra; Seth, Stefan; Umkehrer, Matthias;

    Zitatform

    Ruf, Kevin, Alexandra Schmucker, Stefan Seth & Matthias Umkehrer (2023): Linked-Employer-Employee-Daten des IAB: LIAB-Querschnittmodell 2 (LIAB QM2) 1993-2021. (FDZ-Datenreport 09/2023 (de)), Nürnberg, 83 S. DOI:10.5164/IAB.FDZD.2309.de.v1

    Abstract

    "Dieser Datenreport beschreibt das LIAB-Querschnittmodell 2 (LIAB QM2)" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Ruf, Kevin; Schmucker, Alexandra; Umkehrer, Matthias;

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    Migration and wage inequality: a detailed analysis for German metropolitan and non-metropolitan regions (2023)

    Schmid, Ramona ;

    Zitatform

    Schmid, Ramona (2023): Migration and wage inequality: a detailed analysis for German metropolitan and non-metropolitan regions. In: Review of regional research, Jg. 43, H. 1, S. 147-201. DOI:10.1007/s10037-023-00180-x

    Abstract

    "Diese Studie präsentiert neue Erkenntnisse im Bereich der Löhnlücke zwischen einheimischen und ausländischen Beschäftigten in Deutschland unter Berücksichtigung regionaler Unterschiede zwischen 2000 und 2019. Unter Verwendung von Linked-Employer-Employee-Daten des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung werden unbedingte Quantilsregressionen geschätzt, um den Grad der Integration von ausländischen Beschäftigten im deutschen Arbeitsmarkt auf regionaler Ebene bewerten zu können. Die Ergebnisse der erweiterten Oaxaca-Blinder Zerlegungsmethode erbringen Nachweis über entscheidende Faktoren, die die Lohnlücke entlang der gesamten Verteilung beeinflussen. Ergebnisse werden nicht nur für Westdeutschland als Ganzes präsentiert, sondern es wird zusätzlich zwischen Metropolregionen und ländlichen Regionen unterschieden. Die Unterscheidung zwischen verschiedenen Regionen in Deutschland zeigt, dass im Durchschnitt höhere Lohnlücken in Metropolregionen erkennbar sind mit einem gleichzeitig höheren Anteil an ausländischer Bevölkerung. Zusätzlich ändert sich nicht nur der relative Einfluss bestimmter erklärender Variablen im Laufe der Zeit, sondern auch mögliche Faktoren der Lohnlücke haben unterschiedlichen Auswirkungen an verschiedenen Stellen der Lohnverteilung. Entscheidende Faktoren in diesem Zusammenhang sind der ausgeübte Beruf und die Zugehörigkeit zu einem bestimmten Wirtschaftssektor. Bei der getrennten Beobachtung von Metropolregionen und ländlichen Regionen zeigt sich, dass vor allem Unterschiede in der Bildung zu Lohnlücken in städtischen Regionen führen. Hinsichtlich des Ausmaßes der Lohnlücken zwischen ausländischen und einheimischen Beschäftigten ist in den Jahren nach 2012 eine Trendumkehr zu erkennen, die mit einem Anstieg im Bereich der Medianlöhne verbunden ist." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Women in Management and the Gender Pay Gap (2023)

    Sondergeld, Virginia; Wrohlich, Katharina ;

    Zitatform

    Sondergeld, Virginia & Katharina Wrohlich (2023): Women in Management and the Gender Pay Gap. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 2046), Berlin, 31 S.

    Abstract

    "We analyze the impact of women’s managerial representation on the gender pay gap among employees on the establishment level using German Linked-Employer-EmployeeData from the years 2004 to 2018. For identification of a causal effect we employ a panel model with establishment fixed effects and industry-specific time dummies. Our results show that a higher share of women in management significantly reduces the gender pay gap within the firm. An increase in the share of women in first-level management e.g. from zero to above 33 percent decreases the adjusted gender pay gap from a baseline of 15 percent by 1.2 percentage points, i.e. to roughly 14 percent. The effect is stronger for women in second-level than first-level management, indicating that women managers with closer interactions with their subordinates have a higher impact on the gender pay gap than women on higher management levels. The results are similar for East and West Germany, despite the lower gender pay gap and more gender egalitarian social norms in East Germany. From a policy perspective, we conclude that increasing the number of women in management positions has the potential to reduce the gender pay gap to a limited extent. However, further policy measures will be needed in order to fully close the gender gap in pay." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Do Organizational Policies Narrow Gender Inequality? Novel Evidence from Longitudinal Employer-Employee Data (2023)

    Zimmermann, Florian ; Collischon, Matthias ;

    Zitatform

    Zimmermann, Florian & Matthias Collischon (2023): Do Organizational Policies Narrow Gender Inequality? Novel Evidence from Longitudinal Employer-Employee Data. In: Sociological Science, Jg. 10, S. 47-81., 2022-10-29. DOI:10.15195/v10.a2

    Abstract

    "Scholars have long proposed that gender inequalities in wages are narrowed by organizational policies to advance gender equality. Using cross-sectional data, scarce previous research has found an association between gender wage inequalities and these organizational policies, but it remains unclear whether this correlation represents a causal effect. We provide first evidence on this topic by using longitudinal linked employer–employee data covering almost 1,500 firms and nearly one million employee observations in Germany. We investigate whether and how organizational policies affect gender gaps using firm fixed-effects regressions. Our results show that organizational policies reduce the gender wage gap by around nine percent overall. Investigating channels, we show that this effect is entirely driven by advancing women already employed at a given firm, whereas we find no effect on firms’ composition and wages of new hires. Furthermore, we show that our findings are not driven by potential sources of bias, such as reverse causality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Zimmermann, Florian ; Collischon, Matthias ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Servitization, Inequality, and Wages (2022)

    Boddin, Dominik ; Kroeger, Thilo ;

    Zitatform

    Boddin, Dominik & Thilo Kroeger (2022): Servitization, Inequality, and Wages. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 77, H. August. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2021.102011

    Abstract

    "This paper studies the effect of servitization, i.e., within-establishment changes in the labor force composition towards higher shares of workers with service occupations, on within-establishment wage inequality. We identify servitization as being a main driver of increasing within-establishment wage inequality. Servitization accounts for roughly 7% of the observed increase in the within-establishment wage inequality in manufacturing industries between 1994 and 2017. Higher servitization of an establishment’s labor force is associated with, on average, a lower wage level for otherwise equal workers across the majority of occupations. The wage decrease is particularly pronounced for workers in low-skilled manufacturing occupations and workers at the lower end of the wage distribution. These heterogeneous wage effects explain the increase in within-establishment wage inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Pitfalls of pay transparency: Evidence from the lab and the field (2022)

    Brütt, Katharina; Yuan, Huaiping;

    Zitatform

    Brütt, Katharina & Huaiping Yuan (2022): Pitfalls of pay transparency: Evidence from the lab and the field. (Discussion paper / Tinbergen Institute 2022-055/I), Amsterdam u.a., 66 S.

    Abstract

    "Wage transparency regulation is widely considered and adopted as a tool to reduce the gender wage gap. We combine field and laboratory evidence to address how and when wage transparency can be effective and explore the role of belief adjustments as a mechanism. In the field, this paper studies a German wage transparency policy that allows employees to request wage information of comparable employees. Exploiting variation across firm size and time, we first provide causal evidence that this regulation does not affect the gender wage gap. In an online laboratory experiment, we study whether the failure of this policy hinges on two aspects: (1) the endogenous availability of wage information, and (2) the absence of performance information. Our data underline the importance of both factors. In contrast to endogenously acquired wage information, exogenously provided wage information does increase overall wages. So does the provision of performance information. However, none of these types of information reduce the gender wage gap. Wage information even deters women from entering negotiations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Superstar Teams: The Micro Origins and Macro Implications of Coworker Complementarities: Revised 22 June 2023 (2022)

    Freund, Lukas B. ;

    Zitatform

    Freund, Lukas B. (2022): Superstar Teams: The Micro Origins and Macro Implications of Coworker Complementarities. Revised 22 June 2023. (Cambridge working papers in economics 2276), Cambridge, 108 S. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.4312245

    Abstract

    "This paper proposes a model of the firm as a “team assembly technology,” with the aim of explaining why differences between firms represent a large and growing dimension of wage inequality. In the model, firms assign tasks to workers who vary in overall quality and task-specific skills. Hiring takes place in a frictional labor market. Worker-task specialization not only reinforces the potential gains from team production, but also endogenously generates coworker complementarity: the quality of the least capable team member disproportionately influences joint output. In equilibrium, therefore, employers hire workers of similar quality and those with superstar teams pull away in terms of productivity and pay. The key model mechanisms are validated using rich administrative micro data. A theory-informed measure of coworker complementarity doubles from the mid-1980s to the 2010s, mirroring a shift towards greater task complexity. According to a structural estimation exercise, this rise explains close to 40% of the empirically observed increase in the between-firmshare of wage inequality in Germany. Additionally, the model sheds light on how the interaction between specialization and labor market frictions influences total factor productivity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The relative importance of portable and non-portable agglomeration effects for the urban wage premium (2022)

    Frings, Hanna ; Kamb, Rebecca;

    Zitatform

    Frings, Hanna & Rebecca Kamb (2022): The relative importance of portable and non-portable agglomeration effects for the urban wage premium. In: Regional Science and Urban Economics, Jg. 95. DOI:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2022.103786

    Abstract

    "Using administrative data for West Germany, we study the relative importance of portable and non-portable agglomeration effects for the urban wage premium. In doing so, we advance the established strategy of estimating wage-tenure profiles for urban-rural and rural-urban movers by adding worker, firm, and match fixed effects. This allows us to distinguish unambiguously between both types of agglomeration effects. Our results show that portable and non-portable agglomeration effects equally contribute to the urban wage premium. Moreover, portable agglomeration effects are not only observed in the biggest cities. Instead, the speed of human capital accumulation continuously increases with city size." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Fluktuation auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt: Dynamik von Personalbewegungen und deren Einflussfaktoren (2022)

    Hammermann, Andrea; Schmidt, Jörg; Stettes, Oliver;

    Zitatform

    Hammermann, Andrea, Jörg Schmidt & Oliver Stettes (2022): Fluktuation auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt. Dynamik von Personalbewegungen und deren Einflussfaktoren. (IW-Analysen 149), Köln, 72 S.

    Abstract

    "Die Arbeitskräftefluktuation in Deutschland ist im Zeitverlauf nahezu konstant, sie sinkt jedoch leicht in wirtschaftlichen Krisenzeiten wie der Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise und der Corona-Pandemie. Dies liegt unter anderem daran, dass die Personalabgänge maßgeblich durch arbeitnehmerseitige Kündigungen bestimmt sind, die prozyklisch den gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklungen folgen. Während die volkswirtschaftliche Perspektive die Funktion von Personalbewegungen für eine bessere Ressourcenallokation herausstellt, gilt auf betrieblicher Ebene eine hohe Fluktuation häufig als Ausdruck einer geringen Mitarbeiterbindung. Allerdings zeigen sich nur wenige Betriebe (2016 waren es rund 9 Prozent) auch tatsächlich besorgt über das Ausmaß ihrer Fluktuation in den kommenden Jahren. Vielmehr sind Personalwechsel und Beschäftigungsentwicklung stark durch das betriebliche Umfeld wie den Wettbewerbsdruck und die jeweilige personalpolitische Strategie geprägt. Demgegenüber spielt die Diversität der Belegschaft mit Blick auf das Geschlecht, die Altersverteilung und den kulturellen Hintergrund der Beschäftigten für die Dynamik der Personalbewegungen eher eine untergeordnete Rolle. Angesichts steigender Fachkräfteengpässe in Verbindung mit den strukturellen Veränderungen durch den ökologischen und digitalen Wandel könnte die Fluktuation als volkswirtschaftliche Kennziffer und betriebliche Steuerungsgröße noch weiter an Bedeutung gewinnen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Offshoring and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from Germany (2022)

    Körner, Konstantin;

    Zitatform

    Körner, Konstantin (2022): Offshoring and Labor Market Outcomes. Evidence from Germany. Berlin, 162 S. DOI:10.18452/23453

    Abstract

    "In der Dissertation werden die Effekte von Offshoring auf dem Arbeitsmarkt eines Hochlohnlandes untersucht. Sie beinhaltet 3 voneinander unabhängige Studien am Beispiel Deutschland. Im 1. Kapitel werden die Lohneffekte von Offshoring untersucht. Dabei wird Arbeit nach der Komplexität seines Aufgabenspektrums unterschieden und Offshoring je nach Lohnniveau des Ziellandes eingeteilt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Offshoring nach Westeuropa zu relativen Lohngewinnen für weniger komplexe Jobs in Deutschland führt, während der Lohn komplexer Jobs negativ beeinflusst wird. Offshoring nach Osteuropa hat entgegengesetzte Lohneffekte. Zudem zeichnet sich ab, dass Offshoring nach Westeuropa mit einer arbeits- und nach Osteuropa mit einer kapitalintensiveren Produktion einhergeht. Das 2. Kapitel untersucht ausländischen Direktinvestitionen (FDI) deutscher multinationale Unternehmen (MNE) in Tschechien. Es wird analysiert wie sich die Beschäftigung verändert, wenn MNE Zugang zu “Niedriglohnarbeit” erhalten. Bei Verwendung des Coarsened Exact Matching und eines Event-Study-Ansatzes ergibt sich, dass das inländische Beschäftigungswachstum von MNE im Vergleich zu nicht-MNE abnimmt. Das betrifft im verarbeitenden Gewerbe vor allem Beschäftigte mit niedrigem oder mittlerem Bildungsabschluss und im Dienstleistungssektor Beschäftigte mit mittlerem oder hohem Bildungsniveau. Das 3. Kapitel basiert auf dem gleichen Daten, um die Auswirkungen von FDI auf die Nachfrage von bestimmten Tätigkeiten zu schätzen. Eine neue Methode schätzt Propensity Scores für FDI-Entscheidungen mithilfe von Lasso-Logit-Regressionen. Dabei wird gezeigt, dass Unternehmen mit viel juristischen oder organisatorischen Aufgaben eher zu FDI neigen. Nach einem Matching-Verfahren, werden in einem Diff-in-Diff-Ansatz die heimischen Nachfrageverschiebungen bestimmter Aufgaben untersucht, nachdem FDI getätigt wurde. MNE erhöhen typische Aktivitäten eines Unternehmenssitz, wie managen, analysieren oder verhandeln. Im verarbeitenden Gewerbe reduzieren sie zudem typische Aufgaben der Produktion wie das Überwachen von Maschinen, Herstellen oder Messen. Im Servicesektor werden hingegen typische Servicetätigkeiten reduziert, wie das Beraten/Informieren, Reparieren sowie medizinische Tätigkeiten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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