Zitatform

Caravaggio, Nicola (2025): Can labor policies reduce precarization? The case of youth employment in Italy. In: Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Jg. 75, S. 163-187. DOI:10.1016/j.strueco.2025.06.003

Abstract

"The so-called Dignity Decree (DD), which came into force in summer 2018, represents one of the most significant legislative interventions in employment protection within the Italian labor market. This study examines the role of DD in shaping the career paths of young workers (aged 15-29) who recently entered the labor market. Specifically, we focus on their probability of being employed one year or more after the reform’s implementation and their likelihood of securing an open-ended contract within the same time frames. The analysis relies on an exclusive database of Compulsory Communications data and employs a Propensity Score Matching estimation. The findings suggest a modest improvement in the persistence of the labor market, with the probability of remaining employed increasing by approximately 1.5% one year after DD implementation. The result is more evident for open-ended contracts, with the probability of being employed in a permanent position rising to almost 4.5% after one year and half. Additionally, the DD is associated with a slight reduction in the number of contract activations and an increase in working days, reaching an additional 11 days 1.5 years after the reform’s introduction." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))

Zitatform

Dunn, Andrew (2025): Are Young English People’s Attitudes Towards Employment Indicative of Whether They Have Spent a Large Proportion of Their Adult Lives Unemployed? In: Social Policy and Society, S. 1-15. DOI:10.1017/s1474746425000016

Abstract

"Some leading UK politicians have claimed that a culture of welfare dependency exists and that a sizeable number of unemployed benefit claimants lack an appropriate commitment to employment. Such claims were used to justify the 2012 Welfare Reform Act’s new measuresto steer unemployed claimants towards applying for and retaining jobs they might not want. The statistical analysis presented here is the first to explore possible connections between people’s attitudes towards disliked/unattractive jobs, their parents’ employment status, and the total time they have spent in unemployment. Logistic regression analysis used Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE)/Next Steps data on people born in 1989/90 to predict whether they spent an unusually long time unemployed between age eighteen and twenty-five; an attitude favouring joblessness over a disliked/unattractive job was a nonsignificant predictor in eleven of twelve multivariate models, and a weak predictor (OR = 1.32) in the other." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Filomena, Mattia, Isabella Giorgetti & Matteo Picchio (2025): Off to a bad start: youth nonemployment and labor market outcomes later in life. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 69, H. 1, S. 549-579. DOI:10.1007/s00181-025-02735-y

Abstract

"We estimate the effect of nonemployment experienced by Italian youth after secondary school exit on subsequent labor market outcomes. We focus on the impact on earnings and labor market participation both in the short term and in the long term. By estimating a factor-analytic model that controls for time-varying unobserved heterogeneity, we find that the negative effect of nonemployment on earnings is persistent, being sizeable and statistically significant up to 25 years after school completion. Penalties in terms of participation last instead shorter. Hence, early nonemployment operates by persistently locking the youth who get off to a bad start into low-wage jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Güzel, Arif Eser & Emin Efecan Aktaş (2025): Does economic freedom alleviate youth disengagement? An empirical analysis of NEET in the European Union. In: European Planning Studies, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1080/09654313.2025.2542416

Abstract

"This study explores the impact of economic freedom on NEET (Not in Employment, Education, or Training) rates among youth aged 15–29 across 27 EU countries. Using data for 2002–2022, the study conductsa panel data analysis employing the Augmented Mean Group (AMG)estimator. Findings show that greater economic freedom significantly reduces NEET rates, with consistent effects across age subgroups. Results remain robust across alternative measurements,while economic growth and inflation are also influential. In line with SDG 8, policies promoting youth entrepreneurship, expanding vocational training, easing labor market entry, and enhancing structural economic freedom are recommended to foster decentwork, inclusive growth, and long-term youth engagement in the EU." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hänni, Miriam & Irene Kriesi (2025): Unemployment Scarring in the Early Career: Do Skills and Labour Demand Matter? In: Social Inclusion, Jg. 13. DOI:10.17645/si.9530

Abstract

"Rocky school-to-work transition processes, characterized by spells of unemployment and education–job mismatch, can have long-lasting scarring effects on young people and often lead to a loss of income and occupational status. However, the mechanisms that either foster or prevent unemployment scarring are underinvestigated. Our article thus asks whether vocational education and training (VET) diploma holders’ unemployment duration and the probability of status loss at labor market re-entry are affected by the interplay between occupation-specific labor demand and young workers’ skill sets acquired in VET. Our theoretical approach combines job search, human capital, and signalling theory with arguments from structural segmentation approaches. Our analyzes use complete national register data on VET diploma holders who became unemployed during their early careers. We combine national register data on unemployment spells with register data on education trajectories in Switzerland and occupation-specific labor demand data. Results from event-history analyzes indicate that unemployment episodes are associated with lower employment chances and higher risk of status loss of VET diploma holders. These general patterns are attenuated by occupation-specific labor demand and the skills taught in vocational training programmes. Re-employment chances are higher and the risk of status loss lower when occupation-specific labor demand is high and few of the accessible job opportunities offer lower status than the job before unemployment. Additionally, we find that workers who trained in occupations imparting large proportions of occupation-specific skills have a higher re-employment probability but also face a higher risk of status loss than those who trained in occupations imparting larger proportions of general skills. Our findings indicate a trade-off between occupation-specific skills and general skills." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Murtada, Dima & Claire Hutchinson (2025): Social Return on Investment Analysis: A case study of a job and skills training program administered by the French Labor Ministry. In: Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, Jg. 63, H. 2, S. 207-224. DOI:10.1177/10522263251357443

Abstract

"Background: The program “Réalise Tes Rêves” (Make your dreams come true; RtR) was a program of action research aimed at trialing new approaches to address the job seeking needs of people not in employment, education or training (NEETs), and unemployed women in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Objective: This study examines the use of social return on investment (SROI), a social valuation methodology, to examine and capture the broad socio-economic value of the employment program RtR. Methods: Qualitative data was collected from 54 program participants and 21 program staff. The analysis was also informed by program data such as program components engaged in by participants, retention and exit outcomes. Results: Positive outcomes were identified for the program participants, program staff, and the community. The most important direct outcomes were the increase in personal assets, enhanced career prospects, and health improvements. The SROI ratio was €16.62 for every €1 invested. Conclusions: This study illustrates the program's tangible and intangible program outcomes by applying SROI methodology and demonstrates the social impact of supporting employment and self-employment for disadvantaged job seekers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Scandurra, Rosario & Ruggero Cefalo (2025): Assessing the impact of the Youth Employment Initiative in European regions. In: Journal of Social Policy, S. 1-22. DOI:10.1017/s0047279425101001

Abstract

"Youth unemployment has been a primary concern for the European countries, especially after the 2008 Great Recession. In 2013 a Recommendation of the Council of the European Union established the Youth Guarantee (YG) as a political commitment to ensure that all young people receive a high-quality offer of employment, training or continued education within 4 months of becoming unemployed. To financially support the implementation of the YG in European countries and regions, the EU turned to the European Social Fund and created the Youth Employment Initiative (YEI). The YEI used regional disparities as a guiding criterion for the allocation of resources, but it has not been assessed at the regional level. We fill this gap by assessing the impact of the YEI on the labour market and educational outcomes of young people in EU regions that received funding between 2014 and 2018. The findings demonstrate that the YEI had a positive impact on youth opportunities in EU regions, supporting labour market integration and the return to education and training." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Seibert, Holger (2025): Regionale Ausbildungsmärkte: Höheres Lehrstellenangebot ist verknüpft mit niedrigerer Jugendarbeitslosigkeit. (IAB-Kurzbericht 05/2025), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2505

Abstract

"Die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit ist in Deutschland über einen langen Zeitraum hinweg gesunken. Seit 2022 steigt sie jedoch wieder kräftig. Besonders Jugendliche ohne beruflichen Abschluss haben es schwer, Arbeit zu finden. In diesem Kurzbericht wird beleuchtet, mit welchen Faktoren die Höhe der regionalen Arbeitslosigkeit von Jugendlichen ohne Abschluss zusammenhängt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Yerkes, Mara A. & Trudie Knijn (2025): European Union Youth Policy: Moving Beyond Mobility. In: Social Policy and Administration, S. 1-10. DOI:10.1111/spol.70003

Abstract

"Many young adult Europeans face difficult times. High unemployment rates, flexible labour markets, housing shortages, and low minimum wages can limit young adults' current and future development. European Union (EU) policy could encourage Member States to counter these circumstances, offer resources to support Member States in improving the lives of young adults, or at least recommend solutions. We aim to study the EU's 2010 –2020 social policy approach to improving young adults' lives in relation to Member States' policy efforts. We contribute empirically and theoretically to the social policy literature by analysing EU youth policies from a capability perspective. Our longitudinal document analysis highlights an overly optimistic, narrow normative foundation for EU youth policy against a background of national-level problems, resulting in agency inequalities for young people. As such, we demonstrate a crucial disconnect between EU policy and the lives, intentions, and possibilities of young people, hindering their opportunities to live valued lives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

(2025): Herausforderungen für junge Menschen am Ausbildungs- und Arbeitsmarkt. (Berichte: Arbeitsmarkt kompakt / Bundesagentur für Arbeit), Nürnberg, 23 S.

Abstract

"Die Lage am Ausbildungsmarkt hat sich aus Sicht der Ausbildungsuchenden in den letzten Jahren verbessert. Auch am Arbeitsmarkt gibt es eine positive Entwicklung, denn die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit hat sich im Verlauf der letzten 10 Jahre verringert. Trotzdem scheint es, dass die Herausforderungen nicht ab-, sondern zugenommen haben. Die demografische Entwicklung hat dazu geführt, dass die Zahl der jungen Menschen, die eine berufliche Ausbildung absolvieren und als Fachkräftenachwuchs zur Verfügung stehen, kleiner geworden ist. Gleichzeitig ist der Anteil derjenigen, die keinen beruflichen Abschluss haben, so hoch wie nie, während die Wirtschaft in vielen Bereichen über Fachkräftemangel klagt. Die derzeitige wirtschaftliche Schwäche und die komplexen Transformationsprozesse in der deutschen Wirtschaft scheinen sich auf dem Ausbildungsmarkt niederzuschlagen, denn die Zahl der gemeldeten Berufsausbildungsstellen ist rückläufig und die Zahl der Ausbildungsverträge hat 2024 stagniert. Die Arbeitslosigkeit von jungen Menschen stieg zuletzt wieder an. Ziel dieses Berichts ist es, anhand von Zahlen der Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit (BA) sowie der einschlägigen Bildungsstatistiken einige Schlaglichter auf die aktuellen Herausforderungen für junge Menschen am Ausbildungs- und Arbeitsmarkt zu werfen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Aizer, Anna, Nancy Early, Shari Eli, Guido Imbens, Keyoung Lee, Adriana Lleras-Muney & Alexander Strand (2024): The Lifetime Impacts of the New Deal's Youth Employment Program. In: The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Jg. 139, H. 4, S. 2579-2635. DOI:10.1093/qje/qjae016

Abstract

"We study the lifetime effects of the first and largest American youth employment and training program in the United States—the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 1933–1942. We match newly digitized enrollee records to census, World War II enlistment, Social Security, and death records. We find that longer service in the CCC led to improvements in height, health status, longevity, geographic mobility, and lifetime earnings but did not improve short-term labor market outcomes, including employment and wages. We address potential selection into CCC duration using several approaches, most importantly two newly developed control-function approaches that leverage unbiased estimates of the short-term effects of a randomized controlled trial of Job Corps (the modern version of the CCC). Our findings suggest that short- and medium-term evaluations of employment programs underestimate effects because they fail to capture lifetime effects and often ignore or underestimate health and longevity benefits that increase in magnitude at later ages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lindblad, Victoria, Nanna Ramsing Enemark, Pernille Skou Gaardsted, Line Elise Møller Hansen, Fie Falk Lauritzen & Dorte Melgaard (2024): Mapping social landscapes: Youth NEET risk and social issues in Europe – A systematic literature review. In: Power and education, S. 1-45. DOI:10.1177/17577438241302378

Abstract

"Introduction: The 40 million young people’s lack of successful transition from the education system to the labor market across Europe has a major focus. This systematic review of literature document social risk factors associated with NEET status in Europe. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in four databases on February 21, 2023, with an update on January 15, 2024. Results: A total of 98 articles included. Multiple social risk factors were associated with NEET status and divided into three spheres: factors related to the parental influence, the environment circumstance, and the individual factors. Conclusions: Lacking a robust sense of self and limited self-efficacy, growing up in unstable home environment, having parents with low educational or labour market attainment are associated with significantly increased risk of NEET. Performing or behaving poorly in school and risk behavior such as crime and substance use are also correlated with NEET status." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Štefánik, Miroslav & Lukáš Lafférs (2024): Supporting the right workplace experience: a dynamic evaluation of three activation programmes for young job seekers in Slovakia. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 58. DOI:10.1186/s12651-024-00374-x

Abstract

"This paper investigates three alternative active labor market policy programs available to young job seekers in Slovakia who were registered in 2011. All of the programmes facilitate gaining work experience and share a comparable design; however, they differ mainly in the collected workplace experience and the composition of participants. Using administrative data, we first explore the selection into each program; second, we estimate the treatment effects on job seekers’ postparticipation absence from the registry of the unemployed. For this we argue that we have sufficiently rich data to control for selection into programs. We use a dynamic estimator and report the average treatment effects of participation in different periods between the sixth and fifteenth month after starting unemployment. For participation in earlier stages of unemployment, we confirm differences in the programmes impacts, with patterns described by previous literature; workplace experience collected in either the private sector or in a regular workplace appears to improve the chances of absence from registered unemployment of young job seekers relatively more than does participation in a public works type of program. When compared later in the unemployment spell, the between-programme differences level out. Despite its ambivalent average impact, the public works type of programme positively impacts specific subgroups of participants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Assmann, Marie-Luise (2023): Personalized Support in Youth Labor Market Policy. The Role of Youth Career Agencies. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 231 S.

Abstract

"In the face of increasing youth unemployment across Europe, innovative approaches to youth labor market policy are crucial. One such approach is the introduction of ‘one-stop shops’ for young people. Here, employment offices and other actors, such as youth social services, cooperate to offer young people coordinated advice from a single source. The impact of their introduction upon the young people that use them is, thus far, under-researched. This study begins to fill this gap by outlining the support approach of the German ‘youth career agencies’ that centers on gaining a more complete picture of the young person’s life situation in order to offer them a range of possible support programs. The study interrogates whether the youth career agencies do offer more personalized advice for young people during their transition to employment than classical job center teams. It argues that, if the cooperative relationships between the actors involved in the youth career agencies are of good quality, more personalized support is likely to be offered there. However, personalized support in youth career agencies is still limited by the diverse specifications and target figures demanded of job centers by the Federal Employment Agency and also influenced by the professional background of the individual caseworkers." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Mussida, Chiara & Dario Sciulli (2023): Being poor and being NEET in Europe: Are these two sides of the same coin? In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 21, H. 2, S. 463-482. DOI:10.1007/s10888-022-09561-7

Abstract

"We implement a dynamic bivariate probit model to explore the possible relation between at-risk-of-poverty and NEET (Not in Employment, Education or Training) in 21 European countries using 2016–2019 European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions panel data. We identify genuine state dependence and account for possible feedback effects from past poverty to the NEET status. We also consider two alternative definitions of NEET, i.e. unemployed and inactive NEET and inactive NEET only. We find that both poverty and NEET are characterized by significant genuine state dependence. We also observe a vicious circle between the phenomena, especially when adopting the definition that includes unemployed and inactive NEETs. This suggests a leading role of unemployment in the detrimental effect of being NEET on poverty. We offer supplementary analyses and further insights on country heterogeneity by looking at the role of social protection expenditure. Finally, we stress that for young NEETS living outside of the family of origin, the NEET condition is not detrimental for poverty, conditional on the provision of adequate youth support." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Pastore, Francesco (2023): Covid-19 and the youth-to-adult unemployment gap. Is the youth labor market bearing the brunt of the pandemic? (IZA world of labor 500), Bonn, 13 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.500

Abstract

"Die Pandemie hat fast überall dramatische Folgen in Form von Arbeitsplatzverlusten und Firmenschließungen hervorgerufen. Empirische Belege deuten darauf hin, dass junge Menschen davon weit stärker betroffen waren, mit nur geringen systematischen Unterschieden zwischen den Geschlechtern. Der Hauptgrund dafür ist, dass junge Menschen in den am stärksten von der Pandemie betroffenen Sektoren hauptsächlich über Zeitverträge beschäftigt sind. Politisch ist deshalb die Schaffung eines nachhaltigen und stabilen Wirtschaftswachstums wichtig, damit die Märkte die pandemiebedingt hohe Jugendarbeitslosigkeit wieder auffangen können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Avagianou, Athina, Nikos Kapitsinis, Ioannis Papageorgiou, Anne Hege Strand & Stelios Gialis (2022): Being NEET in Youthspaces of the EU South: A Post-recession Regional Perspective. In: Young, Jg. 30, H. 5, S. 425-454. DOI:10.1177/11033088221086365

Abstract

"Youth unemployment and precarity have been expanding in the aftermath of the recent global recession. This article offers a theoretically informed empirical examination of the spatio-temporally uneven expansion of young people “Not in Employment, Education or Training” (NEETs) between 2008 and 2018 in the European Union (EU) South, namely in Italy, Spain, Greece and Cyprus. This article contributes to the growing literature on youth inactivity and marginalization, by focusing on the spatial, rather than just the temporal dimension of youth which marks most relevant studies. The analysis engages with the concept of “youthspaces” to critically analyse the economic, social and political spatialities that determine the dynamic relationship between youth and the labour market, and discuss the persistently high NEET rate in the EU South. Employing a mixed-methods approach, we highlight that gender, class, education and economic growth are key socio-spatial factors that determine the geographically uneven expansion of NEETs across the study regions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Deng, Zechuan, Rubab Arim, Golo Henseke, Ingrid Schoon, Hans Dietrich, Aisling Murray, Emer Smyth & Véronique Dupéré (2022): Youth unemployment in Canada, Germany, Ireland, and the United Kingdom in times of COVID-19. In: Economic and Social Reports, Jg. 2, H. 3, S. 1-6., 2022-02-25. DOI:10.25318/36280001202200300003-eng

Abstract

"Youth unemployment recovering during the COVID-19 pandemic. Very few countries managed to avoid a hit to their economy or young people's employment in the wake of COVID-19. The article "Youth unemployment in Canada, Germany, Ireland, and the United Kingdom in times of COVID-19" shows that unemployment levels rose for workers in their mid-teens to mid-twenties in Canada, Germany, Ireland and the United Kingdom during the early days of the pandemic, reaching peak levels in the summer of 2020. One year later, in the summer of 2021, youth unemployment rates in all four countries largely recovered, although they all recorded slightly higher numbers than in 2019, before the pandemic. These findings are from a collaboration between Statistics Canada and three institutes in Europe on the COVID-19: Youth economic activity and health monitor project." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Filomena, Mattia, Isabella Giorgetti & Matteo Picchio (2022): Off to a Bad Start: Youth Nonemployment and Labor Market Outcomes Later in Life. (IZA discussion paper 15366), Bonn, 65 S.

Abstract

"We estimate the effect of nonemployment experienced by Italian youth after leaving secondary school on subsequent labor market outcomes. We focus on the impact on earnings and labor market participation both in the short- and in the long-term, up to 25 years since school completion. By estimating a factor analytic model which controls for time-varying unobserved heterogeneity, we find that the negative effect of nonemployment on earnings is especially persistent, being sizeable and statistically significant up to 25 years after school completion, for both men and women. Penalties in terms of participation last instead shorter; they disappear by the 10th year after school completion. Hence, early nonemployment operates by persistently locking the youth who get off to a bad start into low-wage jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hippe, Ralph & Maciej Jakubowski (2022): Expected early leaving among native and migrant students: evidence from PISA for EU Member States. (CEDEFOP working paper series / European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training 2022,16), Thessaloniki, 49 S. DOI:10.2801/589250

Abstract

"Early leavers from education and training become generally disadvantaged socially and economically in later stages in life, so it is important to understand better the motivations for early leaving and provide adequate policy solutions. This study analyses the factors that are most strongly related to the likelihood of leaving education and training early. It places special attention on migrant status, given the recent migration waves within and outside Europe, which are further exacerbated by the continuing war in Ukraine. To this end, we use the OECD most recent PISA data for 2015 and 2018 in a number of two-level logit regression models, including student- and school-level variables. The results show that migrant students do not differ structurally from EU natives in their likelihood of expected early leaving, implying that it is more important to focus on common factors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Jongbloed, Janine & Jean-François Giret (2022): Quality of life of NEET youth in comparative perspective: subjective well-being during the transition to adulthood. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 25, H. 3, S. 321-343. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2020.1869196

Abstract

"In this study, we examine the self-reported subjective well-being (SWB) of youth who are ‘not in employment, education or training’ (NEET) across 24 countries in Europe. Theorizing from a youth transition regimes perspective focusing on the varying levels of social protection available to youth as well as social norms regarding the transition to adulthood, we attempt to understand the psychological outcomes associated with youth NEET statuses across country contexts. Using European Social Survey (ESS) data, we compare not only the SWB of NEET individuals with that of non-NEET youth, but also how it differs amongst specific NEET sub-categories. We hypothesize that the well-being of NEET youth will be highest where more comprehensive social protections are available, but that inequalities in well-being between NEET and non-NEET groups will be minimized in contexts where prolonged school-to-work transitions to adulthood are the social norm. We find that overall levels of well-being differ systematically amongst countries for both NEET and non-NEET groups, being highest in the Nordic countries. However, when examining relative scores that take into account the distribution of well-being within each country, we discover that inequalities between NEET sub-categories are also the most pronounced in these ‘universalistic’ contexts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Konle-Seidl, Regina (2022): Ist diese Krise anders? Wie sich die Corona-Krise auf die wirtschaftliche und soziale Situation von Jugendlichen in Europa auswirkt. In: IAB-Forum H. 20.01.2022 Nürnberg, 2022-01-18. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20220120.01

Abstract

"Wirtschaftliche Einbrüche haben für junge Menschen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt allgemein schwerwiegendere Folgen als für andere Altersgruppen. Wie wirkt sich die Covid-19-Krise diesbezüglich im Vergleich mit der globalen Finanzkrise vor einem Jahrzehnt aus? Ein genauer Blick auch auf andere europäische Länder liefert hier interessante Einblicke." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Pennoni, Fulvia & Beata Bal-Domańska (2022): NEETs and Youth Unemployment. A Longitudinal Comparison Across European Countries. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 162, H. 2, S. 739-761. DOI:10.1007/s11205-021-02813-5

Abstract

"Young people’s place in the labor market has been a topic of interest to the European Union and national governments for many years. This study analyzes young people who are Not in Employment nor in Education or Training (NEET) and Youth Unemployment (YU) in the European Union member states, through data collected over a period of sixteen years, considering the influence of some macroeconomic factors through an hidden Markov model. This approach is based on maximum likelihood estimation of the model parameters, and provides a dynamic classification of the countries into clusters representing different levels of the phenomena. We discover three clusters of countries, and we show that whereas Italy was the worst performing country in terms of both NEETs and YU, the Czech Republic was the best performing country in reducing NEETs, and Poland and Slovakia were the best performing in reducing YU." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Pompili, Marco, Jochen Kluve, Jonas Jessen, Johannes Seebauer, Ginevra Gallassi & Eleonora Peruccacci (2022): Meta-analysis of the ESF counterfactual impact evaluations. Final Report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 102 S. DOI:10.2767/580759

Abstract

"The study’s objective is to conduct a meta-analysis of the available ESF and YEI counterfactual impact evaluations (CIEs) implemented in the 27 Member States of the EU and the UK during the 2007-2013 and 2014-2020 programming periods. The meta-analysis aims at finding systematic evidence of the effectiveness and sustainability of ESF and YEI operations. Three ESF thematic objectives (TOs) are covered, namely TO8 (Employment), TO9 (Social inclusion), and TO10 (Education and training). Importantly, this is the first study focusing exclusively on ESF/YEI interventions. The study comprises CIEs analysing effects in terms of employment and education outcomes, while it does not cover social inclusion outcomes. The results emerging from the analysis will feed the ex-post evaluation of the 2014-2020 ESF and YEI programmes. The methodology adopted can be summarized as follows. As a first step, the evaluation team identified a set of primary studies to be coded: the initial sample of CIEs was identified relying on the reports collected in the COM evaluation library and complemented with other sources, totalling 138 potential ESF/YEI CIEs. In the coding phase, CIEs were included in the meta-database if they fulfilled the following minimum criteria: clearly distinguishable treatment and control groups in the CIE report; application of some version of a (quasi-) experimental method to account for potential selection bias and time trends; use of quantitative and objective outcome(s) to measure program effectiveness, which can be compared across a larger number of studies and settings; a clear and transparent indication of the direction of the effect. The final meta-database includes variables structured into four parts: study characteristics, intervention characteristics, variables related to the empirical analysis, and other additional variables relevant to the analysis. Of the 138 CIEs in the initial sample, 94 CIEs were eventually included in the meta-database, providing a total of 882 estimates on program effectiveness, all analysing ESF/YEI intervention impacts on participants’ employment outcomes. For these 94 evaluations, a quantitative meta-analysis was carried out. 19 CIEs, exclusively or partly analyzing education outcomes, could not be coded due to the low number of primary studies and estimates available and the heterogeneity of the outcome variables used. A narrative approach was carried out for the latter to synthesize their characteristics and findings. It is important to stress that most of the evaluations analyzed in this report are related to interventions which were implemented before 2020, thus assessing interventions which were not influenced by the pandemic. The spread of Covid-19 gave rise to several new needs and rapidly changed the socio-economic contexts of countries worldwide. For this reason, the results presented in this report and the effectiveness of the support analyzed might change in the future." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ralston, Kevin, Dawn Everington, Zhiqiang Feng & Chris Dibben (2022): Economic Inactivity, Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET) and Scarring: The Importance of NEET as a Marker of Long-Term Disadvantage. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 59-79. DOI:10.1177/0950017020973882

Abstract

"The category of not in employment, education or training (NEET) refers to young people who are recorded as neither in paid employment nor formal education either at one time point, or for a continuous period. This article assesses levels of employment scarring for those aged 36–39, at Census 2011 (prime employment years) who were recorded as NEET when aged 16–19 at Census 1991 in Scotland. Outcomes are compared for those who moved from NEET into economic activity and by gender. We find evidence that NEET status leads to long-term scarring associated with economic inactivity and unemployment and that this is only partially offset for those who moved from NEET in 1991 to be economically active in 2001. The results also highlight gendering of NEET outcomes. NEET may be a category borne of administrative convenience, rather than sociological consistency but, as intended, it captures a group who experience disadvantage." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Tamesberger, Dennis (2022): Auswirkungen der COVID-19-Krise auf Jugendliche am Arbeitsmarkt in den EU-27. In: L. Bellmann & W. Matiaske (Hrsg.) (2022): Sozio-Ökonomik der Corona-Krise, S. 111-136.

Abstract

"Mit einer deskriptiven Datenanalyse des Zeitraums zwischen dem ersten Quartal 2020 und dem ersten Quartal 2021 werden die EU-27-Länder je nach Betroffenheit von wirtschaftlicher Rezession in drei unterschiedliche Gruppen unterteilt. Gezeigt wurde, dass die Gruppe der Länder, die den stärksten BIP-Einbruch verzeichneten, gleichzeitig sehr schwierige institutionelle Rahmendbedingungen vorfand. In der zweiten Gruppe, die mittelstark betroffen war, konnten Länder mit dualem Ausbildungssystem die Vulnerabilität der Jugendlichen eindämmen, und die dritte Gruppe mit mäßigem bis keinem Einbruch des BIP zeigt ein recht diverses Bild. Auf supranationaler Ebene konnte festgestellt werden, dass Jugendliche im Alter von 15-19 Jahren eher von Arbeitslosigkeit betroffen sind als junge Erwachsene, darunter waren es vorwiegend junge Frauen und Migran*innen, die von der Krise in die Arbeitslosigkeit gedrängt wurden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Publication metadata ALMA (Aim-Learn-Master-Achieve) is an active inclusion initiative to empower the most vulnerable young people aged 18 to 29 who are not in education, employment or training (NEETs), by implementing a tailor-made approach to support them to find a job and integrate into society. ALMA offers these young people counselling in their home country followed by a supervised, work-related learning experience in another EU Member State, with the aim of supporting their integration into the labour market and society in their home country. ALMA is one of the European Commission initiatives for the European Year of Youth 2022, and will be a key instrument in implementing the Reinforced Youth Guarantee adopted in 2020." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Assmann, Marie-Luise, Ida Tolgensbakk, Janikke Solstad Vedeler & Kjetil K. Bøhler (2021): Public employment services: Building social resilience in youth? In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 55, H. 4, S. 659-673. DOI:10.1111/spol.12649

Abstract

"It is contested to what extent public employment services (PES) help build resilience in young unemployed people. Drawing on qualitative interviews with 19 people born in Germany and Norway between 1990 and 1995, the article examines stories about how PES, in two different activation regimes, help young people find meaningful work. The analysis and discussion are carried out within a theoretical framework that combines the capability approach with social resilience literature in a novel way. The findings show that PES are portrayed as being more present in young Germans' lives. The German informants seem to feel undue pressure from PES and they describe differences between personal aims and the "placement priority" of PES. Sanctions imposed by PES were also a much more predominant topic among the German informants. The Norwegian data were dominated by stories about young people in activation programmes who had been demotivated by being trapped in a cycle of programme participation, which did not result in employment. Across the two countries, our data suggest that PES rarely build social resilience: PES provided young people with a means to survive, but rarely helped to build their capacity to overcome their difficult situation. In line with previous research, the stories of young Germans and Norwegians also emphasise the need for a PES that provides tailor-made services that build on young people's motivation and ambition. The article demonstrates that combining the capability approach with social resilience theory enables a dynamic perspective on the development of people's capabilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Assmann, Marie-Luise & Sven Broschinski (2021): Mapping Young NEETs Across Europe: Exploring the Institutional Configurations Promoting Youth Disengagement from Education and Employment. In: Journal of applied youth studies, Jg. 4, H. 2, S. 95-117. DOI:10.1007/s43151-021-00040-w

Abstract

"Over the past decade, the number of young people neither in employment, education, or training (NEET) has reached a seriously high level in many European countries. Previous studies have illustrated the heterogeneity of this group and that they differ considerably across Europe. However, the reasons of these cross-country differences have hardly been investigated so far. This study explores how the rates of different NEET subgroups are conditioned by various institutional configurations by applying fuzzy-set Quantitative Comparative Analysis for 26 European countries using aggregated EU Labour Force Survey data from 2018. The analysis reveals that institutional causes of being NEET are as diverse as the group itself. Thus, high levels of young NEETs with care responsibilities are found in countries with a lack of family-related services in conjunction with weak formalised long-term care as it is true in mostly Central Eastern European countries. In contrast, high rates of NEETs with a disability are prevalent mainly in Northern European countries where generous and inefficient disability benefit schemes exist that create false incentives to stay away from the labour market. Finally, high proportions of unemployed and discouraged young NEETs are found in those countries hit hardest by the crisis and with high labour market rigidities, low vocational specificity, and a lack of active labour market policies like in the Southern and some Central Eastern European countries. The results illustrate that young people face very different barriers across Europe and that country-specific measures must be taken to reduce the number of NEETs in Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bentolila, Samuel, Florentino Felgueroso, Marcel Jansen & Juan F. Jimeno (2021): Lost in Recession: Youth Employment and Earnings in Spain. (Estudios sobre la Economía Española / Fundación de Estudios de Economía Aplicada 2021-12), Madrid, 32 S.

Abstract

"Young workers in Spain face the unprecedented impact of the Great Recession and the Covid-19 crisis in short sequence. Moreover, they have also experienced a deterioration in their employment and earnings over the last three decades. In this paper we document this evolution and adopt a longitudinal approach to show that employment and earnings losses suffered by young workers during recessions are not made up in the subsequent expansions. We also estimate the size of the scarring effects of entering the job market in a recession for college-educated workers during their first decade in the labor market. Our empirical estimates indicate that, while there is some evidence of scarring effects, the driving force is a trend worsening of youth labor market outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Berloffa, Gabriella, Alina Şandor, Mark Smith & Paola Villa (2021): Youth employment trajectories and labour market reforms during the Great Recession in Europe. In: SINAPPSI, Jg. 11, H. 1, S. 8-21.

Abstract

"The Great Recession had profound consequences for the quantity and quality of work for young people in European countries. Usual labour market indicators capture only some crisis effects, highlighting the need for a more dynamic and nuanced approach. As a result, this paper adopts an innovative approach to both the analysis of the integration of young adults (aged 17-34) on to the labour market and the study of the relationship between the labour market performance and policy making." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cefalo, Ruggero & Rosario Scandurra (2021): Territorial disparities in youth labour market chances in Europe. In: Regional Studies, Regional Science, Jg. 8, H. 1, S. 228-238. DOI:10.1080/21681376.2021.1925580

Abstract

"Comparative research on youth employment has mostly focused on differences between countries or regimes of youth transitions. The territorial differentiation below country level has been less explored, notwithstanding the potential impact on youth-life chances and the territorial cohesion of the European Union. This paper aims at deepening into the investigation of regional variations in patterns of youth labour market chances. To do this, we build on a composite indicator measuring regional youth labour market integration (YLMI) as a comprehensive measure of contextual fragilities (or strengths) of regional youth labour markets. We provide both comparative and longitudinal views over 15 years (2004–18). Furthermore, we explore the impact of contextual factors related to economic conditions, labour market and demographic trends on the regional patterns of youth integration in the labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

De Fraja, Gianni, Sara Lemos & James Rockey (2021): The Wounds That Do Not Heal: The Lifetime Scar of Youth Unemployment. In: Economica, Jg. 88, H. 352, S. 896-941. DOI:10.1111/ecca.12384

Abstract

"This paper uses UK administrative data to study the long-term effects of unemployment on earnings. It is the first paper to pinpoint accurately the relative importance of the timing of employment shocks within workers’ lives. We find a strong effect of events in the first few years after entry into the labour market: each month of unemployment between ages 18 and 20 causes a permanent income loss of 1.2% per year. This scar effect of youth unemployment is lower when it happens when the worker's age is between 21 and 23, and it disappears altogether in the next three-year age period. The scar effect is most severe for individuals at the lower end of the ability distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Dietrich, Hans, Golo Henseke, Juliane Achatz, Silke Anger, Bernhard Christoph & Alexander Patzina (2021): Youth unemployment in Germany and the United Kingdom in times of Covid-19 (Series "Tracking youth joblessness during the Covid-19 crisis"). In: IAB-Forum H. 04.08.2021 Nürnberg, o. Sz., 2021-07-30.

Abstract

"Despite economic and institutional differences, youth unemployment figures in Germany and the United Kingdom rose during the Covid-19 pandemic and reached a peak in August 2020. Since then they have tended to decrease in both countries. Three aspects are important in this regard: the total number of unemployed youth, the inflow pattern of young people into unemployment, and the duration of their unemployment spells. The analysis of the two countries’ youth unemployment is embedded in a broader European perspective." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Filandri, Marianna, Lia Pacelli & Francesco Trentini (2021): Resilience to the Financial Crisis in EU Countries: A Comparative Analysis of NEET Youths in a Longitudinal Perspective. (Working paper series / Dipartimento economia e statistica "Cognetti de Martiis" 2021,22), Torino, 28 S.

Abstract

"In recent years the number of young individuals not in employment, education nor training has been rising alarmingly. This condition may have long-lasting social and economic consequences and the ability to profile the most resilient types gives important information on more effective interventions for the most fragile ones. We analyse the trajectories of young Europeans in and out of the NEET condition in the decade following the financial crisis. We link the trajectories to pre-crisis structural features of selected institutions at the country level as well as to pre-crisis economic growth, institutions and policies often mentioned as able to facilitate the employment of young people. We take advantage of the longitudinal nature of the EU-SILC rotating panel to identify specific patterns in and out of the NEET condition, and we estimate a multilevel model to assess the impact of macrovariables on individual trajectories. Main results point to the positive effect of family support policies, training and of economic growth in deceasing the probability of being NEET for a very long period of time. Less so regarding the probability of churning in and out of NEET." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Haikkola, Lotta (2021): Classed and gendered transitions in youth activation. The case of Finnish youth employment services. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 24, H. 2, S. 250-266. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2020.1715358

Abstract

"This article examines the role of youth activation in reproducing classed and gendered youth transitions. A large body of research on transitions examines how structural conditions continue to pattern youth transitions in the context of detraditionalization and individualisation. What is often missing from these analyses, is the role of institutional actors and youth policies. Based on a multi-sited ethnographic research in employment services in Helsinki, Finland, this article explores the role of youth activation and welfare conditionality in NEET young people's transitions. Youth activation refers to a complex mix of employment services, prevention of social exclusion, active labour market policies and welfare conditionality. The article shows how the seemingly supportive practices provided by youth employment services channel young people to a limited number of occupational tracks at the lower end of the labour market in a gendered manner. This channelling is institutionalised in the services' organisational structures and practices, and strengthened by welfare conditionality. The consequence is a powerful institutional pattern that structures and restricts youths? transition paths." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kleif, Helle Bendix (2021): The Temporality of Being NEET: A Longitudinal Study of NEET Occurrences among Young Adults in Denmark. In: Young, Jg. 29, H. 3, S. 217-235. DOI:10.1177/1103308820945098

Abstract

"The NEET concept has become standard vocabulary when addressing youth disengagement. Across countries, the definition is used to measure young adults at risk of social exclusion. Using sequence and clustering analyses on unique Danish register data, this article presents a longitudinal study of the temporal developments of NEET occurrences. This enables a critical assessment of the quality of the NEET concept as a proxy for measuring young adults at risk of social exclusion. The article demonstrates how four out of five young adults labelled NEET cannot be characterized as being at risk of social exclusion. Using quantitative analyses, the results confirm the criticism of the NEET concept in some of the qualitative literature and find that there is a need to discuss the applicability of the concept nationally to define who is at risk, as well as in cross-national comparisons of young adults not in employment, education or training." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ripamonti, Enrico & Stefano Barberis (2021): The association of economic and cultural capital with the NEET rate: differential geographical and temporal patterns. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 55. DOI:10.1186/s12651-021-00296-y

Abstract

"Using data from 103 Italian provinces, we investigated the relationship between local/regional development, and NEET. We constructed an indicator of cultural capital and another of economic capital and we studied their relation with the NEET rate. Covariance Structure Analysis with Generalized Least Squares estimation was employed, considering a three time-points retrospective model. Results indicate a consistent protective effect of the economic capital on the NEET rate, both in the short run (2 years) and in the medium run (10 years). However, this effect has been obtained in the Central provinces (at 2 and 10 years) and Southern provinces (at 10 years), but not in the Northern provinces. A mediation analysis indicated that, historically, the cultural capital may partly mediate the effect of the economic capital. We did not detect a significant direct effect of the cultural capital on the NEET rate, which is strongly mediated by the action of the economic capital. Together, these results denote that the economic capital is a strong predictor of NEET, but not in very competitive economic areas." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Tubadji, Annie, Hans Dietrich, Vasilis Angelis, Anette Haas & Brigitte Schels (2021): Fear-of-failure and cultural persistence in youth entrepreneurship. Comparative analysis: Greece versus Germany. In: Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, Jg. 33, H. 5, S. 513-538., 2019-11-12. DOI:10.1080/08276331.2019.1692999

Abstract

"This paper explores the sensitivity of youth's fear of failure to local culture, in terms of its persistence across space and its change (hysteresis) in times of economic shocks, which renders entrepreneurship a very dubious tool for tackling youth unemployment especially in times of crisis. We focus on youth in Germany and Greece which are culturally and economically very different countries. Data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) provides a pooled cross-section for the period 2003-2010. We address the data using a probit model with year fixed effects. Regarding the influence of personal fear-of-failure, we find that youth between 15 and 24 years of age are less entrepreneurial in both Greece and Germany, while the 25-34 years old young adults in Greece are already at the same entrepreneurial level as an average adult. Our findings also support existing gender differentials in both countries, which generally phase out among young people. Yet, country differences in perceptions have the greatest impact on entrepreneurial propensity. Regarding the local cultural characteristics, there is evidence of cultural embeddedness and cultural persistence effects especially among youth between 15 and 24 years of age which makes entrepreneurship an unsuitable" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Andersen, Ditte (2020): Stuck! Welfare state dependency as lived experience. In: European Societies, Jg. 22, H. 3, S. 317-336. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2019.1616796

Abstract

"The concern that public support may spur dependency has been voiced throughout the history of welfare states. Nevertheless, little research examines the experience of welfare state dependency in the context of recipients' everyday lives. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of a case involving Anna, who depends on the Danish welfare system for financial benefits and other forms of support. The study spans five years from age 19 to 24, and includes some of the significant others in Anna's everyday life - her mother, who also depends on welfare, and her caseworkers. By situating Anna's experiences in a temporal and social context, the case study advances a nuanced understanding of welfare state dependency and identifies three driving forces of the experience: (1) the concern about intergenerational transmission of dependency that spurs a shared sense of hopelessness among Anna and her significant others; (2) the recurrent changes of diagnoses that adds to the feeling of dependency by repeatedly generating waiting time, e.g. for new psychiatric assessments; (3) the system's requirement to produce numerous but sketchy future plans that lack real-world plausibility. The case study clarifies the importance that respectable exits out of welfare state dependency are not only imaginable but also believable." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Carstensen, Jeanette, Oskar Jost & Holger Seibert (2020): Arbeitsmarktsituation der Jüngeren in Berlin. (IAB-Regional. Berichte und Analysen aus dem Regionalen Forschungsnetz. IAB Berlin-Brandenburg 02/2020), Nürnberg, 37 S.

Abstract

"Die Arbeitsmarktsituation junger Menschen erfordert ein besonderes Augenmerk, da hier entscheidende Weichen für die spätere Erwerbsbiografie gestellt werden. Berlin verzeichnete lange Zeit im Bundesländervergleich besonders hohe Jugendarbeitslosenquoten, die insbesondere aus einer unzureichenden Lehrstellenversorgung resultierten. Sowohl im Zuge des Nachwendegeburtenknicks als auch aufgrund eines zunehmenden und selbsttragenden Aufschwungs in den letzten zehn Jahren besserte sich die Situation sukzessive. Es konnten mehr junge Menschen in Berlin in Ausbildung und Beschäftigung finden, sodass die Jugendarbeitslosenquote deutlich abgebaut wurde. Gleichwohl offenbaren die Ergebnisse des vorliegenden Berichts anhaltende Defizite und Potenziale, die es auszubauen gilt. So fällt die Jugendarbeitslosenquote junger Ausländer in Berlin nach wie vor deutlich höher aus als diejenige der deutschen Jugendlichen, was auf strukturelle Unterschiede und Probleme hindeutet. Darüber hinaus weisen junge Ausländer aus den Asylherkunftsländern momentan noch besonders hohe Arbeitslosenquoten auf, die weitere Anstrengungen erfordern, um eine Verfestigung in Arbeitslosigkeit zu verhindern und bestehende Unterschiede zu reduzieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Dohmen, Dieter, Zein Karsin & Galiya Yelubayeva (2020): Youth unemployment in times of crises in the EU 27. (FiBS-Forum / Forschungsinstitut für Bildungs- und Sozialökonomie 72), Berlin, 37 S.

Abstract

"Die neue Studie „Youth Unemployment in Times of Crises in the EU 27“ des FiBS Forschungsinstituts für Bildungs- und Sozialökonomie untersucht die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in der EU in der Folge der Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise 2008/09 und verknüpft diese mit einer ersten Schätzung, wie die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit nach der Corona-Krise zunehmen könnte. Demnach könnte die Arbeitslosigkeit von Geringqualifizierten sogar die 40-Prozent-Marge überschreiten, allerdings erst Mitte der 2020er Jahre. Weiterhin wird die Arbeitslosigkeit von Männern möglicherweise höher sein als die von Frauen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Dohmen, Dieter, Galiya Yelubayeva, Charlotte Firzlaff & Michael Cordes (2020): Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland in Krisenzeiten. (FiBS-Forum / Forschungsinstitut für Bildungs- und Sozialökonomie 75), Berlin, 61 S.

Abstract

"Nachdem die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland in den vergangenen fünfzehn Jahren deutlich gesunken ist, könnte sie jetzt um bis zu 40 Prozent ansteigen. Zwar sind davon, relativ gesehen, Hochschulabsolventen und beruflich Qualifizierte stärker betroffen, allerdings sind die Zukunftsaussichten für geringqualifizierte junge Menschen besonders ungünstig. Männer sind dabei durchgängig stärker betroffen als Frauen. Die Analysen zeigen zudem, wie sehr die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit durch wenig wirksame Bildungsangebote kaschiert wird.Dies sind die Kernergebnisse einer aktuellen Analyse des FiBS zur Entwicklung der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland in Krisenzeiten. Die Studie zeigt einerseits, dass die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit über alle Qualifikationsniveaus hinweg bei jungen Männern wie Frauen deutlich rückläufig ist. Andererseits wird deutlich, dass in Krisenzeiten fast ausschließlich die Arbeitslosigkeit junger Männer ansteigt, während die der jungen Frauen zum Teil sogar weiter sinkt. Dies gilt über alle Qualifikationsgruppen hinweg." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Jianu, Ionuț (2020): The Effect of Young People Not In Employment, Education or Training, On Poverty Rate in European Union. (arXiv papers), 14 S.

Abstract

"This paper aims to estimate the effect of young people who are not in employment, education or training (neets rate) on the people at risk of poverty rate in the European Union. Statistical data covering the 2010-2016 period for all EU-28 Member States have been used. Regarding the methodology, the study was performed by using Panel Estimated Generalized Least Squares method, weighted by Period SUR option. The effect of neets rate on poverty rate proved to be positive and statistically significant in European Union, since this indicator includes two main areas which are extremely relevant for poverty dimension. Firstly, young unemployment rate was one of the main channels through which the financial crisis has affected the population income. Secondly, it accounts for the educational system coverage and its skills deficiencies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lewis, Paul & Jason Heyes (2020): The changing face of youth employment in Europe. In: Economic and Industrial Democracy, Jg. 41, H. 2, S. 457-480. DOI:10.1177/0143831X17720017

Abstract

"This article examines trends in youth employment across the EU-15 countries during 2002-2006 and 2007-2011. Drawing upon microdata from the EU Labour Force Survey it examines changes in contract type, hours worked and occupation by level of education. Although the financial crisis creates a discontinuity in numbers employed, and despite certain country specificities, the authors observe common structural changes across the two periods. They find an increasing shift from permanent full-time to temporary part-time contracts, the 'hollowing out' of traditional mid-skill level occupations and evidence of 'occupational filtering down' whereby the higher-educated are substituted for the lower-educated in low-skilled occupations. The authors observe some growth in 'professionals' following the crisis, but little evidence of the rise of a new knowledge economy. This raises questions concerning the most appropriate policy approaches to education and training and labour market regulation if European nations are to provide high-quality employment opportunities for their young people." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Maynou, Laia, Javier Ordóñez & José Ignacio Silva (2020): NEET rates convergence in Europe: A regional analysis. (Working paper / Universität Jaume I. Department of Economics 2020,8), Castellón de la Plana, 26 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we study the convergence of the NEET rates (the rate of young people not in employment, education or training) across European regions between 2000 and 2015. First, we apply the Phillips and Sul (2007, 2009) convergence tests and identify the presence of four important clusters with different trends in the NEET rates. The first two clusters mainly include regions located in Western and Southern Europe and show an increase with respect to the average NEET but with different speed. The other two clusters mainly contain North and Central European regions showing constant NEET rates with respect but with different levels. Then, we use a spatial-temporal econometric model to confirm the presence of β–convergence in the NEET rates, identify their determinants in each cluster and calculate their long-run NEET rates. The young unemployment rate and the percentage of early leavers from education and training are the main determinants of the in all clusters." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Minh, Anita, Patricia O'Campo, Martin Guhn & Christopher B. McLeod (2020): Out of the labour force and out of school: A population-representative study of youth labour force attachment and mental health. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 23, H. 7, S. 853-868. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2019.1639648

Abstract

"This study examines youth mental health at the nexus of work and education, with a focus on youth who are both out of the labour force and out of school. Using data from a nationally representative sample of Canadian youth ages 15 - 29 (n?=?4883), this study examines the relationship between self-reported symptoms of depression, distress, and life-satisfaction and five distinct categories of labour market and educational attachment (employed non-students, employed students, students, unemployed youth, and youth out of the labour force and school). Main associations were estimated using logistic and ordered-logit regression. Stratified analyses were done to examine whether associations differed by youth socioeconomic status (SES). Study findings indicate that being unemployed has distinct associations with mental health compared with being out of the labour force and out of school. Unemployed youth had higher odds of depression, greater distress, and lower life-satisfaction, whereas the mental health of youth who were out of the labour force and out of school were not significantly different than employed non-students. There was some indication that being out of the labour force and out of school may be associated with higher life satisfaction for high-SES youth, but estimates were not statistically significant." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ramakers, Anke, Mikko Aaltonen & Pekka Martikainen (2020): A closer look at labour market status and crime among a general population sample of young men and women. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 43. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2019.100322

Zitatform

Roberts, Ken (2020): Regime Change: Education to Work Transitions in England, 1980s-2020s. In: Journal of applied youth studies, Jg. 3, H. 1, S. 23-42. DOI:10.1007/s43151-020-00004-6

Abstract

"This paper argues the case for viewing a country’s transition regime as a totality in which different career steps and routes assign significance and value to one another. Following the destruction of major sections of Britain’s transition regime in the 1970s and 1980s, the paper explains how the regime has subsequently been reconstructed following the 1988 Education Reform Act, replacing the vocational education and training schemes of the 1980s with government-supported apprenticeships, almost uninterrupted employment growth since 1992, and the financialization of the corporate economy alongside uncapped expansion of higher education. England’s current transition regime keeps rates of youth unemployment and NEET below the European Union averages and delivers the fastest transitions in Europe. However, the reconstructed regime also locks-in features that may well become long-term problems, namely an expensive higher education system which leaves graduates with debts that many do not expect to repay in full, and substantial low wage, low skill, low productivity sectors in the economy and workforce." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Rodrigues, Margarida (2020): Skills and Youth Unemployment: Cross-Country Evidence from Synthetic Panel Data. In: Journal of Human Capital, Jg. 14, H. 2, S. 217-248., 2020-05-01. DOI:10.1086/708855

Abstract

"This paper estimates the effect of human capital on countries’ youth unemployment ratio, by using country average scores from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and the unemployment ratio of the same birth cohort. The identification strategy is based on variations in skills within country-by-year and across PISA cohorts. We estimate that a one standard deviation increase in reading literacy decreases the unemployment ratio by 1.2 percentage points, which is accounted for by a significant increase in employment. We find some evidence that educational and labour market institutions play a role in the association between skills and unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))