Der Arbeitsmarkt für Akademikerinnen und Akademiker
Studieren macht sich bezahlt. Nicht nur was das Einkommen von Akademiker/innen anbelangt, sondern höhere Bildung schützt in Krisenzeiten auch besser vor Arbeitslosigkeit. Das zeigen Analysen der qualifikationsspezifischen Arbeitslosenquoten seit langem. Allerdings sind die Aussichten nicht auf allen akademischen Teilarbeitsmärkten gleich gut.
Diese Infoplattform dokumentiert Literatur, Forschungsprojekte, einschlägige Institutionen und sonstige relevante Informationsquellen zur Qualifikation und Beschäftigung von Hochschulabsolvent/innen insgesamt sowie zu Arbeitsmarktchancen und Beschäftigungsbedingungen für Absolvent/innen verschiedener Studienfächer und Fächergruppen.
- Beschäftigungssituation von Akademiker/innen
- Teilarbeitsmärkte für Akademiker/innen
- Besondere Personengruppen und Aspekte
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Literaturhinweis
The Gender Pay Gap in University Student Internships (2026)
Zitatform
Antoni, Manfred, Hans-Dieter Gerner, Robert Jäckle & Stefan Schwarz (2026): The Gender Pay Gap in University Student Internships. In: German Economic Review, Jg. 27, H. 3, S. 283-329., 2025-09-18. DOI:10.1515/ger-2024-0130
Abstract
"Internships are an important and often mandatory part of academic education. They offer valuable insights into the labor market but can also expose students to negative aspects of the working world, such as gender pay disparities. We provide first evidence of a gender pay gap in mandatory internships, with women earning up to 21 % less per hour than men. This gap is not due to women choosing higher-quality internships over higher pay. Factors such as field of study, risk aversion, competitiveness, the focus of the internship, and firm characteristics account for a large share of the gap. Further analyses show that the internship pay gap is broadly similar to the wage gap at labor market entry among graduates. We discuss potential mechanisms through which the internship pay gap may be related to the entry wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © DeGruyter Brill) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A Question of Honor? The Labor Market Advantage of Academic Signaling (2026)
Zitatform
Astruc-Le Souder, Mael, Olivier Bargain & Gedeao Locks (2026): A Question of Honor? The Labor Market Advantage of Academic Signaling. (IZA discussion paper / IZA Network @ LISER 18567), Esch-sur-Alzette, 39 S.
Abstract
"As tertiary education expands, employers increasingly rely on academic distinctions to screen among similarly qualified graduates. We study the labor-market effects of honors using administrative and survey data on Sorbonne master's graduates. We exploit France's fixed GPA thresholds for honors assignment to implement a fuzzy regression discontinuity design. Returns are concentrated at the intermediate distinction ("High Honors"), indicating that credentials are most informative when they separate above- from below-average students. We find that High Honors accelerate school-to-work transitions, increasing the monthly job-finding rate by about 40%. Honors also generate an initial wage premium, which fades within two years, and lead to persistent improvements in job quality, including greater access to master's-level positions and faster transitions to permanent contracts. These results highlight the role of academic distinctions as short-run signals that shape early career allocation rather than long-term earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Ingenieurinnen in Deutschland – Potenziale, Herausforderungen und Entwicklungen: Teil 1: Analyse und Handlungsempfehlungen (2026)
Betz, Julia; Geis-Thöne, Wido; Plünnecke, Axel;Zitatform
Betz, Julia, Wido Geis-Thöne & Axel Plünnecke (2026): Ingenieurinnen in Deutschland – Potenziale, Herausforderungen und Entwicklungen. Teil 1: Analyse und Handlungsempfehlungen. (IW-Gutachten / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln), Köln, 49 S.
Abstract
"Deutschland steht im Innovationswettbewerb zunehmend unter Druck. Die Situation wird durch demografische Entwicklungen, sinkende Studierendenzahlen in technischen Fächern und Schwächen im Bildungssystem weiter verschärft. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist die stärkere Einbindung von Frauen in Ingenieur- und Informatikberufe von entscheidender Bedeutung, um Innovationskraft und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit zu sichern. Positiv ist vor diesem Hintergrund zu bewerten, dass der Anteil der Frauen unter allen Erwerbstätigen mit einem ingenieurwissenschaftlichen Studium (inklusive Informatik) in den letzten Jahren gestiegen ist, insbesondere unter jüngeren Erwerbstätigen. Die Frauenanteile sind dabei in Dienstleistungsbranchen wie Schule, Hochschule höher als in industriell geprägten Branchen. In den letzten Jahren haben sich auch der Anteil und die Anzahl ausländischer Frauen mit Ingenieurstudium unter den Erwerbstätigen erhöht. Die Erwerbstätigkeit von Ingenieurinnen ist sowohl in sozialversicherungspflichtigen Ingenieur- und Informatikberufen als auch in anderen Berufen oder als Beamte/Selbständige gewachsen. Betrachtet man die sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung in Ingenieur- und Informatikberufen, so sind auch hier die Frauenanteile in den letzten Jahren gestiegen – regional vor allem in den westdeutschen Flächenländern, die auf diehohen Frauenanteile im Osten Deutschlands aufholen konnten. Betrachtet man die Frauenanteile in den Ingenieur- und Informatikberufen auf Basis der 400 Kreise und Städte, so sind diese im Norden und Osten Deutschlands tendenziell etwas höher als im Westen und Süden. Die Frauenanteile in den einzelnen Ingenieurberufen unterscheiden sich zwischen den Fachrichtungen: In den Bereichen Rohstoffe, Chemie und Bau sind sie höher, während sie in den Ingenieurberufen der Metallverarbeitung und der Energie- und Elektrotechnik niedriger ausfallen. Etwa 30 Prozent der Frauen in Ingenieurberufen sind teilzeitbeschäftigt. Steigende Frauenanteile sind auch an den Hochschulen und in der Forschung gemessen durch Patentanmeldungen zu beobachten. Auch bei diesen Kennziffern bleibt aber deutliches Entwicklungspotenzial. Hier ist bereits an den Schulen und in der Berufsorientierung anzusetzen. Im Alter von 15 Jahren gibt es bei Mädchen und Jungen nur leichte Unterschiede bei den MINT-Kompetenzen, größer sind die Unterschiede bei Selbstkonzept und Interesse. Dabei sind junge Frauen noch einmal deutlich stärker für den Klimaschutz sensibilisiert als junge Männer. Aus Sicht der Unternehmen kommt den Ingenieurwissenschaften und der Informatik eine sehr große Bedeutung für Innovationen im Klimaschutz zu. Dazu ist der Bereich Gesundheit/Medizin ein großes Wachstumsfeld für die Ingenieurwissenschaften. Berechnet man die künftige Beschäftigung in den Ingenieur- und Informatikberufen in Szenarien, so wird demografiebedingt das Beschäftigungswachstum aus dem Zeitraum 2012 bis 2024 in der bevorstehenden Zeitphase bis 2035 deutlich zurückgehen. Im Aktivierungsszenario Frauen werden durch Berufs- und Studienorientierung und Mentoringprogramme Trends beim Zugang junger Frauen in die Ingenieur- und Informatikberufen zumindest zu einem Teil fortgeschrieben. Dadurch kann die Beschäftigung im Jahr 2035 gegenüber dem Basisszenario um 56.100 Frauen erhöht werden. Hierdurch entsteht ein Wertschöpfungszuwachs im Jahr 2035 in Höhe von 7,0 Milliarden Euro. Aus den Untersuchungen leiten sich Empfehlungen ab in den Handlungsfelder Berufsorientierung, familienfreundliche Arbeitswelt, familienfreundliche Infrastruktur, Zugang zu Weiterbildungsangeboten und Frauen in Führungspositionen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Berufseinstiegsverläufe von Absolvent:innen der Geisteswissenschaften (2026)
Blaich, Ingo;Zitatform
Blaich, Ingo (2026): Berufseinstiegsverläufe von Absolvent:innen der Geisteswissenschaften. In: Dvb-Forum, Jg. 65, H. 1, S. 33-41. DOI:10.3278/dvb2601w005
Abstract
"Vor dem Hintergrund einer hohen gesellschaftlichen Relevanz geisteswissenschaftlicher Fächer analysiert dieser Beitrag die Berufseinstiegsverläufe von Geisteswissenschaftler:innen mit Daten der 4. Sächsischen Absolventenstudie. Grundlegende Merkmale können bestätigt werden: Geisteswissenschaftler:innen haben längere Übergänge in den Arbeitsmarkt (50 % direkt beschäftigt, nach 3 Jahren 80 %), höhere Erwerbslosigkeit und Schwierigkeiten bei Stellensuchen. Sie nutzen häufig Beratungsangebote und arbeiten häufiger in fachfremden Bereichen. Mittelfristig verringern sich die Unterschiede zu anderen Fächergruppen, jedoch bleiben Gehalt und Aufstiegschancen geringer. Langfristig - nach über zehn Jahren - berichten 80 bis 90 % von einer hohen Zufriedenheit, auch wenn weiterhin Gender-Pay- und Care-Gaps bestehen. Für gelingende Übergänge in den Beruf sind eine studienbegleitende Berufsorientierung und bei Bedarf die Inanspruchnahme professioneller Beratung von Vorteil." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Women in STEM careers through the lens of career construction theory: A study on females' experiences in persisting in the engineering field (2026)
Zitatform
Bonesso, Sara & Federica Bressan (2026): Women in STEM careers through the lens of career construction theory: A study on females' experiences in persisting in the engineering field. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 164. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2025.104204
Abstract
"The persistence of female segregation in many science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) educational and occupational fields is largely ascribed to gender-specific barriers that women face during their lifespan. Relying on career construction theory, this study aims to increase the understanding of how women in STEM craft and develop their own career over time by attaining leadership positions, in comparison to their male counterparts. In this inductive qualitative research, drawing on career-based interviews on a sample of women and men in engineering, the narrative analysis reveals dynamic changes in women's career adaptability's resources (the 4C's: concern, control, curiosity, and confidence) across specific phases of the lifespan (education, early career, and upper leadership). This study expands our understanding of the role of women's agency in shaping their STEM careers, delineating the specific configurations of career adaptability resources they can deploy to constructively navigate their professional journey. Moreover, because career adaptability changes in response to environmental conditions, this study provides novel insights about the interplay between career adaptability resources and the most relevant contextual factors that support or inhibit women in the pursuit of their career development during each career phase. Overall, our research provides evidence that a lifespan approach to career development is particularly effective in sectors that are still characterized by gender norms. Practical implications are provided for women to help them self-regulate their careers, as well as for educational and organizational policies to help address the underrepresentation of women in the STEM workforce." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, ©2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Postdoctoral mobility and returnees' careers in Italian academia (2026)
Zitatform
Coda Zabetta, Massimiliano & Aldo Geuna (2026): Postdoctoral mobility and returnees' careers in Italian academia. In: Research Policy, Jg. 55, H. 4. DOI:10.1016/j.respol.2026.105456
Abstract
"This paper investigates the relationship between international postdoctoral stays and academic career advancement among researchers returning to the Italian university system. Using a unique dataset of Italian PhD holders observed over a 30-year period, we analyze how international postdoctoral stays are associated with two key career outcomes: (i) the time between PhD completion and first appointment as Assistant Professor (time-to-entry), and (ii) the time between Assistant Professor appointment and promotion to Associate Professor (time-to-promotion). We identify international postdoctoral stays by tracing foreign affiliations in researchers' publication records and examine how their association with career progression is moderated by institutional inbreeding, home-country linkages, and the persistence of international research networks. To explore these relationships, we apply a Cox proportional hazards model combined with entropy balancing. Our findings were validated by using curriculum vitae information for a subsample of researchers. We found that international postdoctoral stays are associated with slower entry into the academic system but are positively related to shorter time-to-promotion. Notably, this association is strongest for researchers promoted at universities other than their alma mater. We also observe that maintaining a strong home-country publishing network is associated with quicker entry as Assistant Professor, while sustained collaboration in postdoc-period co-author networks is linked to faster promotion to Associate Professor." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
An Evaluation of the Gender Inclusivity of UK Senior Academic Job Advertisements (2026)
Zitatform
Hooper, Helen (2026): An Evaluation of the Gender Inclusivity of UK Senior Academic Job Advertisements. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 33, H. 4, S. 1179-1195. DOI:10.1111/gwao.70092
Abstract
"Previous research demonstrates that small changes to the content of job advertisements can influence an applicant’s perceived fit with the role being advertised and has analyzed the effects of specific features on women. This paper presents an original gender inclusion analysis framework and reports on its use to critically assess 140 senior academic job adverts as an underexplored institutional mechanism that may help sustain gender inequality in academic leadership. This research concludes that such adverts are not gender inclusive, as most do not explicitly encourage nor support gender diversity, and many contain subtle signals that could increase women's perceived lack of fit with advertised roles; 41% of adverts utilized masculine wording, which could deter female candidates; just 15% (n = 21) prioritized women via a positive action statement; specific employee benefits, which could signal support for applicants with (child)caring responsibilities, were not prioritized, with 11% (n = 15) and 6% (n = 9) of adverts promoting family-friendly policies or an on-site nursery, respectively, and only 6% of roles were listed with a part-time working opportunity. 97% of institutes in this research held an Athena Swan Charter award in recognition of gender equality work, suggesting a lack of impact on recruitment and highlighting scope for development of gender-fair recruitment practices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Jung, akademisch, (immer noch) prekär: Studentische Erwerbsarbeit an Hochschulen und Forschungseinrichtungen (2026)
Zitatform
Hopp, Marvin, Ann-Kathrin Hoffmann, Nina Moya Schreieder & Heiner Heiland (2026): Jung, akademisch, (immer noch) prekär. Studentische Erwerbsarbeit an Hochschulen und Forschungseinrichtungen. Göttingen, 178 S. DOI:10.47952/gro-publ-370
Abstract
"Die bereits 2021 vereinbarte Bestandsaufnahme zu den Arbeitsbedingungen haben die studentischen Beschäftigten selbst in die Hand genommen, denn weder über die Zahl der Beschäftigten noch über deren konkrete Beschäftigungsbedingungen lagen aktuelle Erkenntnisse vor. Dies änderte die erste Fassung des vorliegenden Forschungsberichts aus dem Jahr 2023, die das Ergebnis der bislang größten Befragung von studentischen Beschäftigten in der Bundesrepublik war. Durchgeführt wurde sie von der Abteilung „Wandel der Arbeitsgesellschaft“ des Instituts Arbeit und Wirtschaft der Universität Bremen (iaw) in Kooperation mit ver.di und GEW sowie den bundesweiten TVStud-Initiativen. Mit der nun vorliegenden Folgebefragung aus dem Sommersemester 2025, die von einem Team der Georg- August-Universität Göttingen durchgeführt wurde, bestätigt sich erneut das erschreckende Bild: Ein großer Teil der Beschäftigten nimmt bestehenden Urlaubsanspruch nicht wahr oder arbeitet Krankheitstage nach – und das teilweise unter expliziter Aufforderung durch Vorgesetzte, wochenlang ohne Bezahlung oder gar Arbeitsvertrag. Studentische Beschäftigte erbringen ihre Tätigkeiten weiterhin in einem Feld, in dem sie oft weitgehend von betrieblicher Mitbestimmung ausgeschlossen werden und in dem grundlegende Arbeitsrechtsverstöße die Regel statt die Ausnahme sind." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Getting Back on Track: Student Migration From India to Germany as a Route to Desirable Employment (2026)
Zitatform
Jayadeva, Sazana (2026): Getting Back on Track: Student Migration From India to Germany as a Route to Desirable Employment. In: Sociological research online, Jg. 31, H. 1, S. 94-110. DOI:10.1177/13607804251341728
Abstract
"This article examines the rising postgraduate-level student migration of Indian engineers to Germany, drawing on interviews with 42 Indians who were applying to, currently pursuing, or had recently graduated from engineering Master’s degrees in Germany. It illustrates how the affordable cost of study in Germany had made postgraduate study abroad a feasible strategy for the study participants to escape the unfavorable job market for graduates of engineering undergraduate programs in India, and attempt to realize their professional ambitions through acquiring post-study work experience at German engineering companies. Such work experience was viewed as having greater social currency in the Indian engineering job market, where most wished to return eventually, than overseas education credentials. Moreover, the article demonstrates how imaginings of Germany as an engineering superpower underpinned the value associated with gaining engineering work experience in the country. This case study shows how in contexts where international students anticipate that the portability of overseas education to a target labor market is uncertain, post-study work experience may be viewed as a safer form of cultural capital to accumulate. Acquiring post-study work experience abroad may then not just be a way to supplement overseas education credentials, as described in existing literature, but the primary motivator of study abroad. It also highlights how, in such contexts, place-based markers of distinction related to a country’s reputation in a particular occupational field can be more relevant in attracting international students than markers of distinction associated with the quality or prestige of its higher education institutions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The postdoc paradox: causes and manifestations (2026)
Zitatform
König, Johannes & Anne Otto (2026): The postdoc paradox: causes and manifestations. In: European Journal of Higher Education, S. 1-25. DOI:10.1080/21568235.2026.2718899
Abstract
"Academic labour markets show a striking paradox: positions are closely aligned with doctoral graduates’ qualifications, but employment conditions are rather poor. We term this the Postdoc Paradox, the coexistence of a high degree of vertical qualification match with inferior employment conditions in academia, while the private sector offers better pay and job security at the cost of frequent qualification mismatch. We examine its causes and manifestations using the IAB-INCHER Panel of Earned Doctorates (IIPED), comprising employment biographies for 14,308 doctoral graduates in Germany. We find that 93% of postdocs hold expert-level positions, which require at least a master's degree, compared to 66% in the private sector. Yet academic positions are much less likely to be permanent or full-time, and pay is significantly lower. These gaps persist, by and large, during the early career phase. Prior private-sector exposure is the strongest individual-level predictor of leaving academia, pointing to information asymmetries that sustain the paradox. High-productivity graduates are most likely to stay in science despite great employment insecurity relative to the private sector. From a societal perspective, this preference-driven sorting effectively subsidizes knowledge generation, as researchers accept below-market conditions for intellectually demanding, autonomous work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Taylor & Francis) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Is a liberal school-to-work system more 'meritocratic'? Overeducation, social origin, and early career mobility in Germany and the United Kingdom (2026)
Zitatform
Michelin, Irene, Filippo Gioachin & Paolo Barbieri (2026): Is a liberal school-to-work system more 'meritocratic'? Overeducation, social origin, and early career mobility in Germany and the United Kingdom. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 103. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2026.101146
Abstract
"This study examines the unfolding of early career trajectories of individuals entering the workforce overeducated, focusing on whether an advantaged social background compensates for initial occupational penalties across different institutional settings. Spline regression models with inverse probability weighting are performed to predict occupational achievements over the first 10 years after labour market entry for overeducated and adequately matched entrants from different classes of origin. To this end, we draw on representative longitudinal data, namely SOEP for Germany and BHPS-UKHLS for the United Kingdom, leveraging Labour Force Survey information on year- and occupation-specific educational modes to define overeducated entrants. Findings reveal that institutional settings do shape compensatory dynamics. In Germany, upward mobility among overeducated workers appears more strongly stratified by social background, with better chances to compensate for initial disadvantages observed among entrants from advantaged origins. By contrast, those from lower social backgrounds tend to experience a higher risk of remaining entrapped. In the United Kingdom, career trajectories of overeducated entrants show faster recoveries from initial penalties across social origins, although initial disadvantages are not fully offset. While these patterns hold primarily among secondary-educated entrants, degree holders experience the largest disadvantages when entering overeducated in both countries, yet showing little variation by social origin in their subsequent career progression." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Entry conditions and the transition from tertiary education to employment: a cross-country perspective (2026)
Zitatform
Moffat, John & Duncan Roth (2026): Entry conditions and the transition from tertiary education to employment: a cross-country perspective. In: International Journal of Manpower, Jg. 47, H. 1, S. 114-133., 2025-10-22. DOI:10.1108/ijm-02-2025-0150
Abstract
"Purpose: This paper analyses the short-run effects of the unemployment rate at the time of graduation on the transition into employment. Design/methodology/approach: The empirical analysis is based on monthly data on tertiary education graduates in 19 European countries covering 2004–2017 from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) survey. Our methodology combines a Cox proportional hazards model with a two-stage residual inclusion approach. Findings: We find that a one percentage point increase in the unemployment rate reduces the hazard rate of transitioning from unemployment into employment by 6%. Consistent with evidence on cross-country differences in labour market rigidity, we find that the effect is stronger in Southern European countries. Within this group, the effect is almost entirely due to negative effects on female graduates. Originality/value: While the long-run effects of the conditions at the time of labour market entry have been widely studied, relatively little is known about their effects in the short run. This is partly due to the use of annual data in the extant literature. This gap in the literature is important since it is well established that unemployment at the beginning of an individual's career can have long-term “scarring” effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Towards gender equality in scientific organizations: assessment and recommendations (2026)
Nacache, Léa; Jami, Catherine; Roy, Marie-Françoise;Zitatform
Nacache, Léa, Marie-Françoise Roy & Catherine Jami (2026): Towards gender equality in scientific organizations: assessment and recommendations. 126 S. DOI:10.24948/2026.03
Abstract
"Academies of science, medicine and engineering, along with international scientific unions, play an important role in shaping scientific agendas, recognizing scientific excellence, and advising policy-makers. In doing so, they influence whose expertise is visible and whose voices are heard in science. Persistent gender gaps within these organizations - relative to the share of women in the scientific workforce - raise questions about whether women scientists can participate, lead, and be recognized on equal terms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
What does successful university graduation signal to employers? A factorial survey experiment on sheepskin effects (2026)
Zitatform
Neugebauer, Martin, Jan Paul Heisig & Thijs Bol (2026): What does successful university graduation signal to employers? A factorial survey experiment on sheepskin effects. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 42, H. 2, S. 165-182. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcaf028
Abstract
"Higher education graduates enjoy substantial labor market advantages over similar individuals who attended higher education but did not complete a degree. We use a hiring survey experiment with 335 German employers to explore possible explanations for these ‘sheepskin effects’, while addressing concerns about unobserved confounding in observational studies. Across 2680 hypothetical job applicants, employers were nearly 1.8 times more likely to invite graduates for an interview than otherwise identical non-completers and were also willing to pay graduates substantially higher starting salaries. Using a unique survey module on employers’ perceptions, we show that the average employer perceives degree-holders to outperform non-completers in terms of occupation-specific and non-cognitive skills but not in terms of general cognitive skills. These employer perceptions predict hypothetical hiring behavior in that those who view graduates more favorably showed a stronger preference for this group in the survey experiment. We discuss these results in relation to signalling, human capital, and credentialism explanations of sheepskin effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender dynamics in international student mobility: the case of the United Kingdom (2026)
Zitatform
Neville, Ruth & Athina Anastasiadou (2026): Gender dynamics in international student mobility: the case of the United Kingdom. (MPIDR working paper / Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research 2026-004), Rostock, 12 S. DOI:10.4054/mpidr-wp-2026-004
Abstract
"The gender composition of international student mobility (ISM) to the United Kingdom (United Kingdom) has historically favoured female students, but recent trends indicate a decline in their proportions. This paper investigates the changing trends of female international mobility to United Kingdom higher education. It utilises data from the United Kingdom Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS) on international undergraduate student applications by gender. This study examines evolving patterns of ISM from both European Union (EU) and non-European Union (non-EU) countries, as well as the trajectories of specific countries of origin. Our findings reveal a decline in the share of female students from non-EU countries since 2021, alongside a reduction in female applicants from the EU post-Brexit. Additionally, we observe that countries like Pakistan and India consistently send fewer female students, remaining below gender parity. Using a Generalised Linear Model (GLM), we model the share of female students and assess the influence of demographic, cultural, and policy factors on the share of female applications. Based on these findings, we provide policy recommendations aimed at promoting gender equity in international student recruitment to the United Kingdom." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
"Die KI ist auf dem Arbeitsmarkt noch gar nicht wirklich angekommen" (2026)
Zitatform
Schmelmer, Julian; Britta [interviewte Person] Matthes (sonst. bet. Pers.) (2026): "Die KI ist auf dem Arbeitsmarkt noch gar nicht wirklich angekommen". In: Zeit-Campus H. 2.
Abstract
"Nach der Uni konkurrieren Absolvent:innen auch mit KI-Modellen um Jobs. Eine Arbeitsmarktforscherin erklärt, wie sie sich behaupten können" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © ZEIT-Campus)
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Literaturhinweis
Diverted to What? The Impact of Community College Attendance on Mid-Career Occupational Characteristics and Wages (2026)
Swiderski, Tom; McDonnell, John W.;Zitatform
Swiderski, Tom & John W. McDonnell (2026): Diverted to What? The Impact of Community College Attendance on Mid-Career Occupational Characteristics and Wages. In: Education finance and policy, S. 1-55. DOI:10.1162/edfp.a.459
Abstract
"We combine data from the NLSY-97 and O*NET to compare the educational attainment, wages, and occupational characteristics of similar (propensity weighted) two- and four-year starters in their thirties. Consistent with prior research, we find that two-year starters are over 20 percentage points less likely to earn a Bachelor’s degree than four-year peers. However, we find mixed results on wages. We generally identify under 10% differences in two- and four-year starters’ wages, but magnitudes and significance are somewhat sensitive to weighting specification in ways that suggest wage penalties of two-year attendance may be greater for students who more closely resemble typical four-year (rather than two-year) starters. Across specifications, we find that differences in key occupational characteristics are more modest than differences in educational attainment. Two-year starters are about 6 percentage points less likely to work in a job that typically requires a Bachelor’s and hold jobs with similar math, though lower social, skill requirements as four-year peers. Finally, we find that two-year starters more often work in the trades and applied sciences, whereas four-year peers more often work in professions such as teaching. Results highlight a need for more understanding of how college level affects life course trajectories beyond educational attainment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Early Occupational Outcomes of University Graduates in Italy. A ‘Centre–Periphery’ Geographical Approach (2026)
Zitatform
Tosi, Francesca, Giulia Dugar & Livia Elisa Ortensi (2026): Early Occupational Outcomes of University Graduates in Italy. A ‘Centre–Periphery’ Geographical Approach. In: Population, space and place, Jg. 32, H. 2. DOI:10.1002/psp.70226
Abstract
"The diversification of young people's life trajectories in Europe over the past 50 years has been significantly influenced by more uncertain social and economic conditions, marked by high youth unemployment and increasing job insecurity. In Italy, precariousness has propagated unevenly across regions and social strata, particularly affecting women and young people from the South, exacerbating existing territorial disparities. This study adopts a centre-periphery approach to explore how the territorial features of Italian university graduates' places of origin impact their early occupational outcomes. Using individual-level data from the Istat Survey on the Professional Paths of Italian Graduates (2015) and Eurostat's territorial typology indicators, we employ Heckman modelling to estimate the risk of non-standard employment 4 years after graduation. Our findings reveal that graduates from marginal areas (predominantly rural, mountainous, or non-metropolitan) face higher risks of non-standard employment compared to those from central areas. No clear evidence links marginality in Southern areas to worse employment outcomes; instead, the highest internal territorial divide in terms of job insecurity is observed between central and marginal areas in Central Italy. Furthermore, we find that mobility during the school-to-work transition mitigates job insecurity risks, with movers from both central and marginal regions reporting better employment outcomes than stayers. This study contributes to the literature by adopting a new and underinvestigated geographical approach to the school-to-work transition, by highlighting the importance of territorial disparities in shaping young people's labour market trajectories and underscoring the complex interplay between territorial characteristics of places of origin and young people's employment prospects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Earnings expectations of “First-in Family” university students and their role for major choice (2025)
Zitatform
Adler, Katharina, Fabian Kosse, Markus Nagler & Johannes Rincke (2025): Earnings expectations of “First-in Family” university students and their role for major choice. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 95. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102743
Abstract
"How do students’ earnings expectations differ by being the first in their family to attend university (FiF) and how do they affect field of study choice? We leverage unique survey and administrative data to document sizable gaps in expected earnings between FiF and non-FiF students. Our data can explain two-thirds of this gap, with the largest share attributable to field of study choice. We show that FiF students sort less into study fields based on their earnings expectations. Investigating potential explanations, we find that in high-earning fields, FiF students expect lower own ability and worse non-wage amenities than non-FiF students." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Earnings Expectations of “First-in-Family” University Students and Their Role for Major Choice (2025)
Zitatform
Adler, Katharina, Fabian Kosse, Markus Nagler & Johannes Rincke (2025): Earnings Expectations of “First-in-Family” University Students and Their Role for Major Choice. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17720), Bonn, 27 S.
Abstract
"How do students' earnings expectations differ by being the first in their family to attend university (FiF) and how do they affect field of study choice? We leverage unique survey and administrative data from a German university to document sizable gaps in expected earnings between FiF and non-FiF students. Our data can explain two-thirds of this gap, with the largest share attributable to field of study choice. We show that FiF students sort less into study fields based on their earnings expectations. Investigating potential explanations, we find that they expect lower own ability and worse non-wage amenities in high-earning fields." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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- Beschäftigungssituation von Akademiker/innen
- Teilarbeitsmärkte für Akademiker/innen
- Besondere Personengruppen und Aspekte