Migration und Integration
Bei dem Thema Einwanderung nach Deutschland gilt es auch die Bedingungen einer gelingenden Integration von Zugewanderten in Gesellschaft, Bildung und Arbeit zu untersuchen. Die Arbeitsmarktforschung beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie die Integration in das Bildungs- und Ausbildungssystem, der Zugang zum Arbeitsmarkt sowie die Bedingungen der sozialen Teilhabe und kulturellen Integration verbessert werden können.
Aktuelle Studien zeigen zudem, dass Deutschland angesichts seiner demographischen Herausforderungen dringend auf Zuwanderung angewiesen ist. Inwiefern kann Zuwanderung der Schrumpfung und Alterung des Erwerbspersonenpotenzials entgegenwirken? Welche Entwicklungen in der nationalen und europäischen Einwanderungspolitik begünstigen die Einwanderung von Erwerbspersonen und Fachkräften? Die hier zusammengestellte Literatur bietet einen aktuellen und umfassenden Überblick über den Themenkomplex Migration und Integration.
Literatur zum Thema Flucht und Asyl finden Sie in unserer IAB-Infoplattform Fluchtmigrantinnen und -migranten - Bildung und Arbeitsmarkt.
Zurück zur Übersicht- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Einwanderungspolitik
- Auswirkungen von Migration
- Wanderungsmotivation und Rückwanderung
- Arbeitslosigkeit und Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Qualifikation, Bildung und Beschäftigung
- Integration und soziale Teilhabe
- internationale Aspekte
- Personengruppen
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Literaturhinweis
Is Germany Missing Out or Catching Up? Gender Inequality and the German Skilled Immigration Act (2026)
Zitatform
Alloatti, Magali & Tanja Fendel (2026): Is Germany Missing Out or Catching Up? Gender Inequality and the German Skilled Immigration Act. In: Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies, S. 1-17. DOI:10.1080/15562948.2025.2606198
Abstract
"Germany’s Skilled Worker Immigration Act addresses labor shortages by targeting non-EU migrants. The literature emphasizes that such policies often overlook gender-specific challenges, reinforcing inequalities. Using the German Socio-Economic Panel (2013–2022), we reveal significant disadvantages for non-EU migrant women. We find that deskilling and the sexual division of paid and unpaid working time explain gender disparities in professional careers. Women migrating for work show lower disadvantages than other migrant women; however, they are predominantly young and without children. We advocate for gender-sensitive reforms to accompany migration laws, ensuring equitable labor market access for migrant women in Germany and especially those with children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Taylor & Francis) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
OECD-Migrationsausblick 2025: Sag mir, wo du arbeitest, und ich sage dir, wie integriert du bist (2026)
Zitatform
Bellmann, Lutz & Yuliya Kosyakova (2026): OECD-Migrationsausblick 2025: Sag mir, wo du arbeitest, und ich sage dir, wie integriert du bist. In: IAB-Forum H. 02.02.2026. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20260202.02
Abstract
"Eingewanderte sind zu Beginn ihrer beruflichen Laufbahn im Zielland überdurchschnittlich häufig in Betrieben und Branchen mit niedrigen Durchschnittslöhnen beschäftigt. Allerdings bestehen von Land zu Land erhebliche Unterschiede. Inwieweit werden diese Einkommensnachteile im Zeitablauf ausgeglichen? Und welche Rolle spielen die Betriebe selbst für die Einkommensentwicklung von Eingewanderten? Um diese Fragen ging es beim „OECD-Migrationsausblick 2025“." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The wage structure of Polish workers in Germany (2026)
Zitatform
Brunow, Stephan, Katarzyna Miszczak, Holger Seibert & Aleksandra Wrona (2026): The wage structure of Polish workers in Germany. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 165, H. 1, 2025-10-03. DOI:10.16995/ilr.23812
Abstract
"Germany has historically received a substantial inflow of immigrants from Poland. Polish workers are the second-largest foreign employment group in Germany and contribute substantially to the German economy. In this article, we draw on a large administrative dataset to analyse the wage structure of Polish employees and consider a wide range of factors, including individual and firm characteristics, labour market performance measures and potential network effects. We also account for spatial selectivity, distinguishing between urban, semi-urban and peripheral regions. We conclude that, when compared with Poland, Germany remains attractive to Polish workers – particularly to those who are lower-skilled. Polish employees earn less than their German counterparts, suggesting that wage increases may be a potential means of retaining Polish workers in Germany. Network-related characteristics indicate competition effects among Polish workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor Policies and Immigrant Employment (2026)
Zitatform
Kiviholma, Sanni & Hannu Karhunen (2026): Labor Policies and Immigrant Employment. In: Journal of Economic Surveys, Jg. 40, H. 1, S. 321-339. DOI:10.1111/joes.70010
Abstract
"This survey describes the recent literature on integration and active labor market policies that strive to enhance the employment of immigrants. We searched several databases, and after screening, 63 studies satisfied our predetermined inclusion criteria. The first criterion is that the studies examine policies in Europe. Second, the search was limited to studies published between 2005 and 2024. Third, our primary outcome of interest is employment. Other outcome variables are income, labor market participation, and duration of unemployment. We focus on studies that offer experimental or quasi-experimental evidence on the effects of policies on the employment of immigrants. We divide the policy measures into the following five groups: integration programs, language training, benefits, childcare, and residency policies. Our main finding is that well-executed integration measures can improve the labor market attachment of immigrants, speed up the process of entering employment, and improve the quality of attained jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effects of deferred action for childhood arrivals on labor market outcomes (2026)
Zitatform
Tran, Nhan (2026): The effects of deferred action for childhood arrivals on labor market outcomes. In: Journal of demographic economics, Jg. 92, H. 3, S. 297-326. DOI:10.1017/dem.2025.5
Abstract
"I study the effects of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program (DACA) on labor market outcomes among potentially eligible immigrants. DACA allowed undocumented immigrants to participate in the labor market without fear of deportation, which might be expected to increase the probability of working and allowing workers to move to higher-skilled occupations. However, using a regression discontinuity design, I find very little to no effects on the probability of working and the likelihood of working in high-skilled jobs among DACA-eligible immigrants. The confidence intervals permit modest effects on these variables, but rule out large ones. My estimates are local, mainly applicable to older individuals close to the age threshold, and not broadly generalizable to younger DACA-eligible groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Do works councils and collective agreements narrow Immigrant–native wage gaps for disadvantaged immigrant groups? Novel evidence from German-linked employer–employee data (2026)
Zitatform
Zimmermann, Florian, Tobias Wolbring & Eric Fong (2026): Do works councils and collective agreements narrow Immigrant–native wage gaps for disadvantaged immigrant groups? Novel evidence from German-linked employer–employee data. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 24, H. 1, S. 75-99., 2025-07-07. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwaf046
Abstract
"Recently, workers’ bargaining power has been declining worldwide, and immigrant-native wage inequalities have been widening. In this context, cross-sectional studies show narrower immigrant–native wage gaps in firms with works councils or collective agreements. Yet, it remains unclear whether this correlation is causal. Leveraging German longitudinal linked employer–employee data covering 542 firms and 878,403 employee observations, we investigate whether collective agreements and works councils narrow within-firm immigrant–native wage gaps especially for disadvantaged immigrant groups, that is, immigrants from non-Western countries. Using firm-fixed effects with double-demeaned interaction effects, we find no evidence that works councils narrow immigrant–native wage gaps. However, collective agreements narrow immigrant–native wage gaps for immigrants from non-Western countries by 62.0 per cent but do not affect immigrants from Western countries. Overall, our results indicate that immigrant–native wage inequalities for disadvantaged immigrant groups in Germany would not have widened by 23.6 per cent if collective agreements remained as prevalent as in 1996." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Oxford University Press) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wage Inequality Among Immigrants (2025)
Zitatform
Akarsu, Mahmut Zeki & Erdem Seçilmiş (2025): Wage Inequality Among Immigrants. In: International migration review, S. 1-34. DOI:10.1177/01979183251371691
Abstract
"This study investigates the dynamics of wage inequality among immigrants in the United States, a topic often overshadowed by discussions on the effects of immigration on native workers. Utilizing a unique dataset specifically created for this research, we calculate wage inequality using the Gini coefficient and Atkinson index, offering a nuanced analysis of trends across education levels, industries, and immigration policies. The findings reveal a sharp rise in wage inequality among immigrants post-2013, surpassing overall wage inequality in the United States for the first time in 2023. High-skilled sectors, particularly IT, demonstrate a stabilizing effect on wage disparity, while low-skilled immigrants face growing wage gaps exacerbated by stringent visa policies and economic disruptions, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Our econometric analysis highlights the dual role of minimum wage policies, which increase wage inequality in the short term but reduce it over the long run. This study emphasizes the need for inclusive immigration policies that address within-group disparities and enhance equity in the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Business migration between labour and trade: evidence from Switzerland (2025)
Zitatform
Alvarado, Mariana, Paula Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, Sandra Lavenex & Philipp Lutz (2025): Business migration between labour and trade: evidence from Switzerland. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 13, H. 1. DOI:10.1186/s40878-025-00483-7
Abstract
"Largely unnoticed by the migration literature, business migration has established itself as a form of labor migration that is substantial in terms of numbers and receives preferential treatment in international and national migration law. Intra-corporate transferees, contractual service suppliers and business visitors all fall within this category and benefit from facilitated admission procedures agreed under trade agreements and corresponding provisions in national legislation. Assigned for temporary stays and retaining their work contract in the home country, these business migrants represent a “market model” of migration policy exploiting the economic benefits of human movement while avoiding migrants’ integration into the host countries’ labor market and society. This article conceptualizes business migration at the nexus of trade law, international labor markets and migration research and uses a mix of legal analysis, population register and other statistical data as well as survey data from Switzerland to demonstrate the scale and importance of this under-investigated yet significant type of economic migration. Amounting to nearly half of the regulated labour immigration into Switzerland, business migration is strongly associated with trade and investment ties as well as the presence of multinational companies. In contrast, trade agreements facilitating this type of labour mobility have no systematic effect." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Immigrant Integration: the Role of Firms (2025)
Barreto, César; Hijzen, Alexander; Damas de Matos, Ana;Zitatform
Barreto, César, Ana Damas de Matos & Alexander Hijzen (2025): Immigrant Integration: the Role of Firms. In: OECD (Hrsg.) (2025): International Migration Outlook 2025, S. 123-150.
Abstract
"This chapter sheds new light on the integration of immigrants in the labour market by focussing on the role of firms in shaping the immigrant earnings gap using linked employer-employee data for 15 OECD countries. The chapter starts by documenting the immigrant earnings gap at entry in the labour market and the extent to which it is driven by immigrants working disproportionately in lower-paying firms, industries and occupations. It then analyses how the earnings gap evolves as immigrants integrate in the labour market by moving to better-paying firms, industries and occupations. The implications for immigrant integration policy are discussed in the conclusion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Data product DOI: 10.5164/IAB.SIEED7518.de.en.v1 -
Literaturhinweis
Arbeiten statt Ankommen: Eine qualitative Fallstudie zur Arbeitsmarktintegration rumänischer Neuzugewanderter (2025)
Bendele, Léa;Zitatform
Bendele, Léa (2025): Arbeiten statt Ankommen. Eine qualitative Fallstudie zur Arbeitsmarktintegration rumänischer Neuzugewanderter. (MiGS: Migration - Gesellschaft - Schule), Wiesbaden: Springer VS, VIII, 214 S.
Abstract
"Die Studie untersucht die Migrations- und Integrationswege von neuzugewanderten Rumän*innen und berücksichtigt dabei ihre individuellen Erfahrungen sowie strukturelle und institutionelle Gegebenheiten. Ziel ist es, diese Erfahrungen in den Kontext von relevanten gesellschaftlichen und arbeitsmarktbezogenen Strukturen zu setzen. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt auf der Analyse von Faktoren, die für die langfristige Integration der Migrant*innen entscheidend sind. Dazu gehören der Zugang zu Sprachkursen, die Teilnahme an gesellschaftlicher Teilhabe sowie die Arbeitsmarktintegration. Diese Bereiche werden detailliert untersucht, um die Herausforderungen und Chancen für die Neuzugewanderten besser zu verstehen. Mit einer qualitativen Methodik werden die Einflussfaktoren auf die Arbeitsmarktintegration herausgearbeitet. Dabei wird auch der Einfluss bestehender Strukturen auf die Arbeitsaufnahme und den Zugang zur gesellschaftlichen Teilhabe der Migrant*innen untersucht." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Inhaltsverzeichnis beim Verlag -
Literaturhinweis
Intersecting Shocks: The Combined Labor Market Impacts of Automation and Immigration (2025)
Bennett, Patrick; Johnsen, Julian Vedeler;Zitatform
Bennett, Patrick & Julian Vedeler Johnsen (2025): Intersecting Shocks: The Combined Labor Market Impacts of Automation and Immigration. (CESifo working paper 12217), München, 41 S.
Abstract
"We study how the labor market shocks of automation and immigration interact to shape workers' outcomes. Using matched employer –employee data from Norwegian administrative registers, we combine animmigration shock triggered by the European Union's 2004 enlargement with an automation shock based on the adoption of industrial robots across Europe. Although these shocks largely occur in separate industries, we show that automation reduces earnings not only in manufacturing but also in construction, where tasks overlap with robot-exposed sectors. Importantly, workers jointly exposed to automation and immigration suffer earnings losses greater than those facing either shock in isolation. These losses are driven by downward occupational mobility into low-wage services and re-sorting into lower-premium firms. Even within the Norwegian welfare system, the ability of social insurance to offset these long-run earnings declines is limited. Our findings underscore the importance of analyzing labor market shocks jointly, rather than in isolation, to fully understand their distributional consequences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The integration of migrants in the German labour market: evidence over 50 years (2025)
Zitatform
Berbée, Paul & Jan Stuhler (2025): The integration of migrants in the German labour market: evidence over 50 years. In: Economic Policy, Jg. 40, H. 122, S. 481-549. DOI:10.1093/epolic/eiae040
Abstract
"SUMMARY: Germany has become the second-most important destination for migrants worldwide. Using all waves from the microcensus, we study their labur market integration over the last 50 years and highlight differences to the US case. Although the employment gaps between immigrant and native men decline after arrival, they remain large for most cohorts; the average gap after one decade is 10 percentage points. Conversely, income gaps tend to widen post-arrival. Compositional differences explain how those gaps vary across groups, and why they worsened over time; after accounting for composition, integration outcomes show no systematic trend. Still, economic conditions do matter, and employment collapsed in some cohorts after structural shocks hit the German labor market in the early 1990s. Lastly, we examine the integration of recent arrivals during the European refugee ‘crisis’ and the Russo-Ukrainian war." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Zuwanderungsmonitor September (2025)
Zitatform
Brücker, Herbert, Andreas Hauptmann & Sekou Keita (2025): Zuwanderungsmonitor September. (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. Aktuelle Daten und Indikatoren), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.ZM.2509
Abstract
"Die ausländische Bevölkerung in Deutschland ist nach Angaben des Ausländerzentralregisters im August 2025 gegenüber dem Vormonat um rund 9.000 Personen gesunken. - Die Beschäftigungsquote der ausländischen Bevölkerung betrug im Juli 2025 57,2 Prozent und ist damit im Vergleich zum Vorjahresmonat um 1,9 Prozentpunkte gestiegen. - Die absolute Zahl der Arbeitslosen mit einer ausländischen Staatsangehörigkeit hat im September 2025 gegenüber dem Vorjahresmonat um rund 25.000 Personen zugenommen. Dies entspricht einem Anstieg von 2,4 Prozent. - Die Arbeitslosenquote der ausländischen Bevölkerung lag im Juli 2025 bei 15,0 Prozent und ist im Vergleich zum Vorjahresmonat um 0,1 Prozentpunkte gestiegen. - Die SGB-II-Hilfequote der ausländischen Bevölkerung lag im Juni 2025 bei 19,9 Prozent und ist gegenüber dem Vorjahresmonat um 1,1 Prozentpunkte gesunken. - Unter den ausländischen Staatsangehörigen belief sich die Beschäftigungsquote von Frauen im März 2025 auf 49,8 Prozent und von Männern auf 61,2 Prozent. Die Beschäftigungsquote von Frauen mit ausländischer Staatsangehörigkeit ist damit im Vergleich zum Vorjahresmonat um 1,8 Prozentpunkte gestiegen, die von Männern um 1,7 Prozentpunkte." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Sämtliche Ausgaben des Zuwanderungsmonitors im Grafik- und Datenportal des IAB -
Literaturhinweis
Drivers of employment growth: An overview of the integration of migrants into the German labour market (2025)
Zitatform
Brücker, Herbert (2025): Drivers of employment growth: An overview of the integration of migrants into the German labour market. In: IAB-Forum H. 31.07.2025, 2025-07-31. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20250731.02
Abstract
"In the public debate in Germany, it is often assumed that it is financially more attractive for migrants and refugees to remain on mean-tested benefits for unemployed people than to work. On the contrary: in Germany, there is no situation in which someone who works and takes advantage of all the transfers they are entitled to is worse off than someone who is not in employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A study of the employment and earnings outcomes of second-generation migrants (2025)
Das, Utsoree; Dellaferrera, Giulia; Ananian, Sevane;Zitatform
Das, Utsoree, Giulia Dellaferrera & Sevane Ananian (2025): A study of the employment and earnings outcomes of second-generation migrants. (ILO working paper / International Labour Organization 141), Geneva, 65 S. DOI:10.54394/mteq0041
Abstract
"This study examines the labour market outcomes of second-generation migrants in 32 countries (30 European countries, Australia and the United States of America). Drawing on data from labour force surveys and other household surveys contained in the ILO Microdata Repository, it focuses on labour force participation, unemployment, status in employment, wages and self-employment income. The results of the analysis reveal differences between second-generation migrants and other people born in the same country once the specific composition of that population group in terms of age and educational attainment is taken into account. Second-generation migrants generally exhibit lower labour market participation and higher unemployment rates, and they appear more likely to be employees than self-employed in several of the countries studied. With regard to earnings, on average across the countries studied, a small wage gap is observed between second-generation migrant workers and the rest of native-born workers, with wage premiums existing only in a few countries. The final chapter discusses relevant legal frameworks dealing with non-discrimination and employment that affect second-generation migrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Effects of Immigration on Places and People – Identification and Interpretation (2025)
Zitatform
Dustmann, Christian, Sebastian Otten, Uta Schönberg & Jan Stuhler (2025): The Effects of Immigration on Places and People – Identification and Interpretation. In: Journal of labor economics, S. 1-52. DOI:10.1086/739196
Abstract
"Most studies on the labor market effects of immigration use repeated cross-sectional data to estimate the effects of immigration on regions. This paper shows that such regional effects are composites of effects that address fundamental questions in the immigration debate but remain unidentified with repeated cross-sectional data. We provide a unifying empirical Framework that decomposes the regional effects of immigration into their underlying components and show how these are identifiable from data that track workers over time. Our empirical application illustrates that such analysis yields a far more informative picture of immigration’s effects on wages, employment, and occupational upgrading." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Informal Incentives and Labour Markets (2025)
Fahn, Matthias; Murooka, Takeshi;Zitatform
Fahn, Matthias & Takeshi Murooka (2025): Informal Incentives and Labour Markets. In: The Economic Journal, Jg. 135, H. 665, S. 144-179. DOI:10.1093/ej/ueae063
Abstract
"This paper investigates how labor-market tightness affects market outcomes if firms use informal, self-enforcing, agreements to motivate workers. We characterize profit-maximising equilibria and show that an increase in the supply of homogeneous workers can increase wages. Moreover, even though all workers are identical in terms of skills or productivity, profit-maximising discrimination equilibria exist. There, a group of majority workers is paid higher wages than a group of minority workers, who may even be completely excluded. Minimum wages can reduce such discrimination and increase employment. We discuss how these results relate to empirical evidence on downward wage rigidity, immigration, the gender pay gap, and credentialism." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Organizational Intersectionality: Do Gender and Migration Status Inequalities Reinforce or Offset Each Other in French Workplaces? (2025)
Zitatform
Godechot, Olivier, Mirna Safi & Matthew Soener (2025): Organizational Intersectionality: Do Gender and Migration Status Inequalities Reinforce or Offset Each Other in French Workplaces? In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 39, H. 6, S. 1463-1485. DOI:10.1177/09500170251348848
Abstract
"This study examines whether organizations with significant pay gaps along one dimension (gender, migration status, class, etc.) tend to exhibit similarly high inequalities along other dimensions, or whether there is a trade-off between inequality dimensions. Using French administrative data, it estimates correlations between class, gender and migrant workplace earnings gaps, and studies how these gaps also relate to a fourth measure of intra-categorical inequality. To ensure robust results, this article introduces innovative methods to address measurement biases that may distort the relationship between earnings gaps. It establishes three key patterns. First, the gender gap is higher in more unequal workplaces. Second, the migrant gap is higher in more equal workplaces. Third, gender and migrant earnings gaps are negatively correlated within workplaces. These results suggest that workplace inequality regimes are shaped by both reinforcing and trade-off dynamics. Finally, this article explores factors influencing these patterns and highlights the role of industries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Immigrant–native pay gap driven by lack of access to high-paying jobs (2025)
Hermansen, Are Skeie ; Sabanci, Halil ; Safi, Mirna ; Tomaskovic-Devey, Donald ; Reichelt, Malte ; Penner, Andrew ; Vickstrom, Erik ; Boza, István ; Henriksen, Lasse Folke ; Godechot, Olivier ; Hou, Feng ; Hällsten, Martin ; Elvira, Marta M. ; Petersen, Trond; Lippényi, Zoltán ;Zitatform
Hermansen, Are Skeie, Andrew Penner, István Boza, Marta M. Elvira, Olivier Godechot, Martin Hällsten, Lasse Folke Henriksen, Feng Hou, Zoltán Lippényi, Trond Petersen, Malte Reichelt, Halil Sabanci, Mirna Safi, Donald Tomaskovic-Devey & Erik Vickstrom (2025): Immigrant–native pay gap driven by lack of access to high-paying jobs. In: Nature, Jg. 644, H. 8078, S. 969-975., 2025-06-09. DOI:10.1038/s41586-025-09259-6
Abstract
"Immigrants to high-income countries often face considerable and persistent difficulties in the labor market, whereas their native-born children typically experience economic progress. However, little is known about the extent to which these immigrant–native earnings differences stem from unequal pay when doing the same work for the same employer versus labor market processes that sort immigrants into lower-paid jobs. Here, using data from nine European and North American countries, we show that the segregation of workers with immigrant backgrounds into lower-paying jobs accounts for about three-quarters of overall immigrant–native earnings differences. Although within-job pay inequality remains notable for immigrants in several countries, our results demonstrate that unequal access to higher-paying jobs is the primary driver of the immigrant–native pay gap across a range of institutionally and demographically diverse contexts. These findings highlight the importance of policies aimed at reducing between-job segregation, such as language Training, job training, job search assistance Programs, improving access to domestic education, recognizing foreign qualifications, and settlement programs aimed at enhancing access to job-relevant information and networks. Policies that target employer bias in hiring and promotion decisions are also likely to be effective, whereas measures aimed at ensuring equal pay for equal work may have more limited scope for further progress in closing the immigrant–native pay gap. Data from nine European and North American countries reveal that the disparity in earnings between immigrants and natives is largely a result of segregation of immigrant workers into lower-paying jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Impact of Immigration on Wages and Employment in the UK Using Longitudinal Administrative Data (2025)
Zitatform
Lemos, Sara & Jonathan Portes (2025): The Impact of Immigration on Wages and Employment in the UK Using Longitudinal Administrative Data. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 18199), Bonn, 16 S.
Abstract
"We study the labour market impact of immigration to the United Kingdom, focusing on the large inflows following the 2004 EU enlargement. Using the Lifetime Labour Market Database (LLMDB)—a longitudinal 1% sample of National Insurance records—we provide the first analysisof immigration's effects on employment and wages based on high-quality administrative microdata. Exploiting individual, area and time fixed effects, as well as area-time, individual-time and individual-area fixed effects, we reduce endogeneity concerns that have limited previous work. We find limited aggregate impacts, but distributional consequences: existing immigrants—particularly those who were young or low paid—experienced modest negative employment effects, while natives faced little evidence of displacement. For wages, impacts were mixed: existing immigrants overall gained, but low-paid immigrants lost. The results suggest labour market adjustment operated through both substitution and complementarities across groups. More broadly, we provide a methodological framework for analysing the much larger and more diverse post-2021 immigration flows." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Functional instrumental variable regression with an application to estimating the impact of immigration on native wages (2025)
Zitatform
Seong, Dakyung & Won-Ki Seo (2025): Functional instrumental variable regression with an application to estimating the impact of immigration on native wages. In: Econometric Theory, Jg. 41, H. 6, S. 1248-1283. DOI:10.1017/s0266466624000252
Abstract
"Functional linear regression has gained popularity as a statistical tool for studying the relationship between function-valued variables. However, in practice, it is hard to expect that the explanatory variables of interest are strictly exogenous, due to, for example, the presence of omitted variables and measurement error. This issue of endogeneity remains insufficiently explored, in spite of its empirical importance. To fill this gap, this article proposes new consistent FPCA-based instrumental variable estimators and develops their asymptotic properties in detail. Simulation experiments under a wide range of settings show that the proposed estimators perform considerably well. We apply our methodology to estimate the impact of immigration on native labor market outcomes in the US." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Dragons Soaring to Success – Zodiac Sign, Education, and Wages of Immigrants from Chinese Societies in Germany (2025)
Zitatform
Zimmermann, Florian (2025): Dragons Soaring to Success – Zodiac Sign, Education, and Wages of Immigrants from Chinese Societies in Germany. In: International migration review, S. 1-18. DOI:10.1177/01979183251365910
Abstract
"How culture shapes individuals’ actions is a question at the heart of social sciences, but causal evidence on this topic is scarce, particularly for immigrants. In this research note, I investigate how the belief in Chinese zodiac signs, a cultural belief without scientific basis, influences wages of immigrants from Chinese societies Germany. I focus on the effect of the Dragon zodiac sign, the most auspicious sign. To estimate the causal effect of the Dragon zodiac on wages, I employ a sharp regression discontinuity design. I focus on immigrants from Hong Kong, Macau, Mainland China, Singapore, and Taiwan (i.e., societies with ethnically Chinese majorities) born 12 weeks around Chinese New Year in the year of the Dragon. Using German administrative data from 125 individuals and 512 observations, I show that Dragons earn higher wages than non-Dragons in Germany. This wage premium is mediated by higher educational attainment of Dragons compared to non-Dragons. I do not find an effect of the Dragon zodiac sign on Germans’ wages. In summary, I show that origin-region culture shapes immigrants’ labor market success in the host region." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Sage) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Immigrants in the Income Elite in Germany: The Role of Immigrant-Native Households (2025)
Zitatform
Zimmermann, Florian, Matthias Collischon & Anja Wunder (2025): Immigrants in the Income Elite in Germany: The Role of Immigrant-Native Households. In: The British journal of sociology, Jg. 76, H. 5, S. 1196-1204., 2025-06-23. DOI:10.1111/1468-4446.70007
Abstract
"Although studying elites is a growing strand of scholarship in social sciences, the literature is mostly migration-blind. In this research note, we examine the role of household composition for immigrants' pathways to the elite of the household income distribution in Germany. Distinguishing between native-native, immigrant-native, and immigrant-immigrant households, we investigate the propensity of being in the income elite by household composition and whether education and self-employment, two major pathways into the income elite, differ by household composition. We hypothesize that immigrants in immigrant-native households benefit from their native partner's host-country resources and support. Using data from the German Microcensus from 2009 to 2019 covering around three million observations, we show that immigrant-native households have a higher propensity of belonging to the income elite compared to immigrant-immigrant households. Surprisingly, we find no differences between immigrant-native and native-native households. In addition, we demonstrate that the positive association between education, self-employment and elite membership is stronger for immigrant-native households compared to immigrant-immigrant households. Overall, our research note highlights the importance of the household context for immigrants' access to the income elite." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Wiley) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
International Migration Outlook 2025 (2025)
Zitatform
(2025): International Migration Outlook 2025. (International migration outlook 49), Paris, 439 S. DOI:10.1787/ae26c893-en
Abstract
"This publication constitutes the 49th report of the OECD’s Continuous Reporting System on Migration. The report is divided into six chapters plus a statistical annex. Chapter 1 provides a broad overview of recent trends in international migration flows. It also analyses recent changes on the labour market inclusion of immigrants in OECD countries. Chapter 2 monitors recent changes in migration policies, while Chapter 3 looks at the recent changes in policies that support the integration of immigrants and their children. Chapter 4 looks at the role of firms in immigrant integration. It sheds new light on the role of firms in shaping the immigrant earnings gap using linked employer-employee data for 15 OECD countries. The chapter starts by documenting the immigrant earnings gap at entry in the labour market and the extent to which it is driven by immigrants working disproportionately in lower-paying firms, industries and occupations. It then analyses how the earnings gap evolves as immigrants integrate into the labour market by moving to better-paying firms, industries and occupations. The implications for immigrant integration policy are discussed in the conclusion. Chapter 5 is the result of a co‑operation between the OECD and the WHO in the context of the “Working for Health” programme. It examines the evolution of international migration of health professionals, specifically doctors and nurses, to OECD countries since 2000/01, in the context of growing workforce shortages and increasing global competition for talent. The chapter considers the implications for countries of origin, including the risk of brain drain, and highlights the importance of ethical recruitment practices. Finally, it explores recent changes in migration policies affecting health professionals, as well as developments in the recognition of foreign qualifications and licensing across the OECD. Chapter 6 presents succinct country-specific notes and statistics on developments in international migration movements and policies in OECD and selected non-OECD countries in recent years. Lastly, the statistical annex includes a broad selection of recent and historical statistics on immigrant flows, asylum requests, foreign and foreign-born populations, and naturalisation." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Immigration, monopsony and the distribution of firm pay (2024)
Zitatform
Amior, Michael & Jan Stuhler (2024): Immigration, monopsony and the distribution of firm pay. (CEP discussion paper / Centre for Economic Performance 1971), London, 89 S.
Abstract
"We argue that the arrival of immigrants with low reservation wages can strengthen the monopsony power of firms. Firms can exploit "cheap" migrant labor by offering lower wages, though at the cost of forgoing potential native hires who demand higher wages. This monopsonistic trade-off can lead to large negative effects on native employment, which exceed those in competitive models, and which are concentrated among low-paying firms. To validate these predictions, we study changes in wage premia and employment across the firm pay distribution, during a large immigration wave in Germany. These adverse effects are not inevitable and may be ameliorated through policies which constrain firms' monopsony power over migrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Lifting Barriers to Skill Transferability: Immigrant Integration through Occupational Recognition (2024)
Zitatform
Anger, Silke, Jacopo Bassetto & Malte Sandner (2024): Lifting Barriers to Skill Transferability: Immigrant Integration through Occupational Recognition. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17444), Bonn, 84 S.
Abstract
"While Western countries worry about labor shortages, their institutional barriers to skill transferability prevent immigrants from fully utilizing foreign qualifications. Combining administrative and survey data in a difference-in-differences design, we show that a German reform, which lifted these barriers for non-EU immigrants, led to a 15 percent increase in the share of immigrants with a recognized foreign qualification. Consequently, non-EU immigrants' employment and wages in licensed occupations (e.g., doctors) increased respectively by 18.6 and 4 percent, narrowing the gaps with EU immigrants. Despite the inflow of non-EU immigrants in these occupations, we find no evidence of crowding out or downward wage pressure for natives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: RF Berlin - CReAM Discussion Paper Series, 2427 -
Literaturhinweis
Helfer oder doch Fachkräfte? Migrantische Beschäftigte im deutschen Hochbau (2024)
Baumgarten, Michael; Firus, Alexandru; Beck, Linda;Zitatform
Baumgarten, Michael, Linda Beck & Alexandru Firus (2024): Helfer oder doch Fachkräfte? Migrantische Beschäftigte im deutschen Hochbau. (FES diskurs), Bonn, 25 S.
Abstract
"Es sind komplizierte Zeiten. In einem Kontext immer zahlreicherer politischer Herausforderungen scheinen langfristige Prognosen immer fragiler. Wie sich die deutsche Wirtschaft in Mitten der sozialökologischen Transformation, in Mitten eines Krieges in Europa mit seinen Konsequenzen für die betroffenen Menschen und die Strukturen der globalen Wirtschaftsbeziehungen über die nächsten Jahre entwickeln wird, muss abgewartet werden. Eines scheint jedoch aus der Perspektive des Hier und Heute sicher: Der bereits seit vielen Jahren prognostizierte Fachkräftemangel für Deutschland manifestiert sich von Jahr zu Jahr deutlicher. Schuld ist daran vor allem der demografische Wandel, denn immer mehr Babyboomer verlassen nun den Arbeitsmarkt in Richtung Ruhestand. Der Höhepunkt der Verrentungswelle, wenn die zahlreichen 1964 Geborenen den Arbeitsmarkt verlassen, steht uns Ende der 2020er Jahre noch bevor." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Die Arbeitsmarktsituation von ausländischen Staatsangehörigen nach Geschlecht (2024)
Zitatform
Brücker, Herbert, Andreas Hauptmann, Sekou Keita & Yuliya Kosyakova (2024): Die Arbeitsmarktsituation von ausländischen Staatsangehörigen nach Geschlecht. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 06/2024), Nürnberg, 51 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2406
Abstract
"Die Themen Migration und Integration haben in den vergangenen Jahren eine anhaltend hohe Relevanz in den Medien, der Politik und im öffentlichen Diskurs. Vor diesem Hintergrund berichtet das IAB seit mehreren Jahren monatlich im IAB-Zuwanderungsmonitor über die Entwicklung der Arbeitsmarktintegration von ausländischen Staatsangehörigen in Deutschland. Hierzu werden verschiedene zentrale Arbeitsmarkt- und Sozialindikatoren auf Basis von Daten der amtlichen Statistik analysiert. Zukünftig soll der Zuwanderungsmonitor erweitert und die wichtigsten Indikatoren für Männer und Frauen separat ausgewiesen werden. Eine vertiefte Analyse der geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede in der Arbeitsmarktintegration übersteigt allerdings den Umfang und die Zielsetzung des IAB-Zuwanderungsmonitors. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht dieser Forschungsbericht die Arbeitsmarktintegration von ausländischen Staatsangehörigen nach Geschlecht. Der Zeitraum 2010 bis 2022 ist überwiegend geprägt von steigenden Beschäftigungsquoten und sinkenden Arbeitslosenquoten bzw. SGB-II-Leistungsbezugsquoten. Wichtige Ausnahmen bilden hier beispielsweise die Covid-19 Pandemie und die Folgen des Angriffskriegs von Russland auf die Ukraine.. Dabei sind die Geschlechterunterschiede bei ausländischen Staatsangehörigen teilweise stärker ausgeprägt als bei deutschen Staatsangehörigen. Auf Basis der amtlichen Statistik können Integrationsverläufe im Arbeitsmarkt und damit verbundene Geschlechterunterschiede nur in einem bestimmten Umfang nachvollzogen werden. Grund dafür ist, dass Unterschiede in anderen arbeitsmarktrelevanten Merkmalen, wie etwa der Aufenthaltsdauer, der Familienzusammensetzung oder dem Bildungsniveau, nur teilweise oder gar nicht berücksichtigt werden können. Wenn diese Merkmale sich zwischen Staatsangehörigkeitsgruppen unterscheiden, können die in der amtlichen Statistik beobachteten Unterschiede auch auf Unterschiede in anderen Merkmalen zurückzuführen sein und spiegeln damit teilweise strukturelle Unterschiede wider. Um dies zu adressieren werden in diesem Bericht zusätzlich Befragungsdaten herangezogen. Die Auswertungen zeigen, die Beschäftigung steigt mit zunehmender Aufenthaltsdauer für alle ausländischen Staatsangehörigkeitsgruppen. Insbesondere in den ersten Jahren ist der Anstieg für Frauen allerdings etwas langsamer als für Männer. Deshalb ist es wichtig, die Jahre seit Zuzug bei der Bewertung der Arbeitsmarkintegration zu berücksichtigen, insbesondere wenn viele Neuzuwandernde unter den ausländischen Staatsangehörigen sind. Darüber hinaus können manche Unterschiede auch auf unterschiedliche Familienzusammensetzungen zurückzuführen sein. Mit (kleinen) Kindern steigen auch die damit verbundenen Erfordernisse bei der Betreuung. Die Beschäftigungsquote ist dann insbesondere für Frauen geringer, unabhängig von der Staatsangehörigkeit. Berücksichtigt man diese und weitere arbeitsmarktrelevanten Merkmale, wie der Familienzusammensetzung, der Aufenthaltsdauer, dem Bildungsniveau, und Deutschsprachkenntnissen, sind die Geschlechterunterschiede bei ausländischen Beschäftigten deutlich näher an denen der deutschen Beschäftigten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Zuwanderungsmonitor Januar (2024)
Zitatform
Brücker, Herbert, Andreas Hauptmann, Sekou Keita & Ehsan Vallizadeh (2024): Zuwanderungsmonitor Januar. (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. Aktuelle Daten und Indikatoren), Nürnberg, 5 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.ZM.2401
Abstract
"Die ausländische Bevölkerung in Deutschland ist nach Angaben des Ausländerzentralregisters im Dezember 2023 gegenüber dem Vormonat um rund 19.000 Personen gestiegen. - Die Beschäftigungsquote der ausländischen Bevölkerung betrug im November 2023 54,1 Prozent und ist damit im Vergleich zum Vorjahresmonat um 0,8 Prozentpunkte gestiegen. - Die absolute Zahl der Arbeitslosen mit einer ausländischen Staatsangehörigkeit ist im Januar 2024 gegenüber dem Vorjahresmonat um 98.000 Personen gestiegen. Dies entspricht einem Anstieg von 10,3 Prozent. - Die Arbeitslosenquote der ausländischen Bevölkerung lag im November 2023 bei 14,5 Prozent und ist im Vergleich zum Vorjahresmonat um 0,4 Prozentpunkte gestiegen. - Die SGB-II-Hilfequote der ausländischen Bevölkerung lag im Oktober 2023 bei 20,9 Prozent und ist gegenüber dem Vorjahresmonat unverändert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Sämtliche Ausgaben des Zuwanderungsmonitors im Grafik- und Datenportal des IAB -
Literaturhinweis
Zuwanderungsmonitor Mai (2024)
Zitatform
Brücker, Herbert, Andreas Hauptmann & Sekou Keita (2024): Zuwanderungsmonitor Mai. (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. Aktuelle Daten und Indikatoren), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.ZM.2405
Abstract
"In aller Kürze: - Die ausländische Bevölkerung in Deutschland ist nach Angaben des Ausländerzentralregisters im April 2024 gegenüber dem Vormonat um 14.000 Personen gestiegen. - Die Beschäftigungsquote der ausländischen Bevölkerung betrug im März 2024 54,1 Prozent und ist damit im Vergleich zum Vorjahresmonat um 0,7 Prozentpunkte gestiegen. - Die absolute Zahl der Arbeitslosen mit einer ausländischen Staatsangehörigkeit hat im Mai 2024 gegenüber dem Vorjahresmonat um rund 76.000 Personen zugenommen. Dies entspricht einem Anstieg von 8,0 Prozent. - Die Arbeitslosenquote der ausländischen Bevölkerung lag im März 2024 bei 15,3 Prozent und ist im Vergleich zum Vorjahresmonat um 0,5 Prozentpunkte gestiegen. - Die SGB-II-Hilfequote der ausländischen Bevölkerung lag im Februar 2024 bei 21,2 Prozent und ist gegenüber dem Vorjahresmonat unverändert geblieben. - Unter den ausländischen Staatsangehörigen belief sich die Beschäftigungsquote von Frauen im November 2023 auf 47,9 Prozent und von Männern auf 59,6 Prozent. Die Beschäftigungsquote von Frauen mit ausländischer Staatsangehörigkeit ist damit im Vergleich zum Vorjahresmonat um 1,3 Prozentpunkte gestiegen, die von Männern um 0,2 Prozentpunkte." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Sämtliche Ausgaben des Zuwanderungsmonitors im Grafik- und Datenportal des IAB -
Literaturhinweis
Zuwanderungsmonitor Dezember (2024)
Zitatform
Brücker, Herbert, Andreas Hauptmann, Sekou Keita & Ehsan Vallizadeh (2024): Zuwanderungsmonitor Dezember. (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. Aktuelle Daten und Indikatoren), Nürnberg, 5 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.ZM.2312
Abstract
"Die ausländische Bevölkerung in Deutschland ist nach Angaben des Ausländerzentralregisters im November 2023 gegenüber dem Vormonat um rund 48.000 Personen gestiegen. - Die Beschäftigungsquote der ausländischen Bevölkerung betrug im Oktober 2023 54,3 Prozent und ist damit im Vergleich zum Vorjahresmonat um 0,7 Prozentpunkte gestiegen. - Die absolute Zahl der Arbeitslosen mit einer ausländischen Staatsangehörigkeit ist im Dezember 2023 gegenüber dem Vorjahresmonat um 93.000 Personen gestiegen. Dies entspricht einem Anstieg von 10,4 Prozent. - Die Arbeitslosenquote der ausländischen Bevölkerung lag im Oktober 2023 bei 14,6 Prozent und ist im Vergleich zum Vorjahresmonat um 0,4 Prozentpunkte gestiegen. - Die SGB-II-Hilfequote der ausländischen Bevölkerung lag im September 2023 bei 21,0 Prozent und ist gegenüber dem Vorjahresmonat unverändert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Sämtliche Ausgaben des Zuwanderungsmonitors im Grafik- und Datenportal des IAB -
Literaturhinweis
Zuwanderungsmonitor April (2024)
Zitatform
Brücker, Herbert, Andreas Hauptmann & Sekou Keita (2024): Zuwanderungsmonitor April. (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. Aktuelle Daten und Indikatoren), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.ZM.2404
Abstract
"In aller Kürze: - Die ausländische Bevölkerung in Deutschland bleibt nach Angaben des Ausländerzentralregisters im März 2024 gegenüber dem Vormonat unverändert. - Die Beschäftigungsquote der ausländischen Bevölkerung betrug im Februar 2024 53,5 Prozent und ist damit im Vergleich zum Vorjahresmonat um 0,9 Prozentpunkte gestiegen. - Die absolute Zahl der Arbeitslosen mit einer ausländischen Staatsangehörigkeit hat im April 2024 gegenüber dem Vorjahresmonat um rund 75.000 Personen zugenommen. Damit ist die Arbeitslosenquote der ausländischen Bevölkerung im Vergleich zum Vorjahresmonat um 0,6 Prozentpunkte auf 15,5 Prozent gestiegen. - Die SGB-II-Hilfequote der ausländischen Bevölkerung lag im Januar 2024 bei 21,0 Prozent und ist gegenüber dem Vorjahresmonat unverändert geblieben. - Unter den ausländischen Staatsangehörigen belief sich die Beschäftigungsquote von Frauen im Oktober 2023 auf 47,8 Prozent und von Männern auf 59,7 Prozent. Die Beschäftigungsquote von Frauen mit ausländischer Staatsangehörigkeit ist damit im Vergleich zum Vorjahresmonat um 1,2 Prozentpunkte gestiegen, die von Männern um 0,2 Prozentpunkte gesunken." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Sämtliche Ausgaben des Zuwanderungsmonitors im Grafik- und Datenportal des IAB -
Literaturhinweis
Immigrants' Pathways to the Income Elite in Germany (2024)
Zitatform
Collischon, Matthias, Anja Wunder & Florian Zimmermann (2024): Immigrants' Pathways to the Income Elite in Germany. In: Sociology, Jg. 58, H. 5, S. 1225-1236., 2024-05-07. DOI:10.1177/00380385241257485
Abstract
"Owing to their high political and social impact, studying elites is a growing strand of scholarship in sociology. In this research note, we investigate immigrants’ pathways into the income elite, that is, the top 1% of Germany’s income distribution. Using data from the German Microcensus from 2009 to 2018 covering more than three million observations, we examine the prevalence of immigrants in the elite and immigrants’ pathways to access the elite, that is, education, self-employment, country-of-origin effects and integration. Our results show that immigrants are underrepresented in the elite by 46%. Smaller returns to education and self-employment compared with natives drive this underrepresentation. Regarding immigrant-specific pathways, immigrants from EU countries, who face fewer legal, cultural and social barriers, have higher chances of being in the elite than immigrants from non-EU countries. Finally, we find no evidence of integration, that is, years since migration, affecting immigrants’ elite status." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © SAGE) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Migrant*innen der ersten Generation gelingt der Aufstieg in die Einkommenselite deutlich seltener als Deutschen (2024)
Zitatform
Collischon, Matthias, Anja Wunder & Florian Zimmermann (2024): Migrant*innen der ersten Generation gelingt der Aufstieg in die Einkommenselite deutlich seltener als Deutschen. In: IAB-Forum H. 24.10.2024. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20241024.01
Abstract
"Im obersten Prozent der Einkommensverteilung sind neben Frauen auch Migrant*innen deutlich unterrepräsentiert, insbesondere solche aus Nicht-EU-Staaten. Der Rückstand gegenüber der einheimischen Bevölkerung hat sich in den letzten Jahren noch vergrößert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Job ladders and labour market assimilation of immigrants (2024)
Zitatform
Gorshkov, Andrei (2024): Job ladders and labour market assimilation of immigrants. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 90. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102594
Abstract
"Using Danish linked employer–employee data, this study examines the importance of access to higher-paying firms in the wage assimilation process among immigrants during their 25-year tenure in Denmark. Upon their arrival, immigrant workers in Denmark earn substantially lower wages than their native counterparts. However, this wage gap diminishes rapidly within the first 5–10 years, particularly among more disadvantaged immigrant groups (non-OECD and female immigrants). Immigrants who enter the labor market early have higher earnings capacity than those who enter later, but this trend reverses after 15 years. The transition to higher-paying firms constitutes a crucial factor in wage assimilation during the initial 5 years, yet it does not account for wage growth beyond this period. Additionally, this study offers suggestive evidence that Danish firms’ wage policies vary based on the duration since migration, and these differences significantly contribute to the wage assimilation process." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wage Disparities across Immigrant Generations: Education, Segregation, or Unequal Pay? (2024)
Zitatform
Han, JooHee & Are Skeie Hermansen (2024): Wage Disparities across Immigrant Generations: Education, Segregation, or Unequal Pay? In: ILR review, Jg. 77, H. 4, S. 598-625. DOI:10.1177/00197939241261688
Abstract
"Immigrants and their native-born children often face considerable wage penalties relative to natives, but less is known about whether this inequality arises through differences in educational qualifications, segregation across occupations and establishments, or unequal pay for the same work. Using linked employer–employee data from Norway, the authors ask whether immigrant–native wage disparities 1) reflect differences in detailed educational qualifications, labor market segregation, or within-job pay differences; 2) differ by immigrant generation; and 3) vary across different segments of the labor market. They find that immigrant–native wage disparities primarily reflect sorting into lower-paying jobs, and that wage disadvantages are considerably reduced across immigrant generations. When doing the same work for the same employer, immigrant-background workers, especially children of immigrants, earn similar wages to natives. Sorting into jobs seems more meritocratic for university graduates, for professionals, and in the public sector, but within-job pay differences are strikingly similar across market segments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Low-skilled immigrants and the relative wages of high-skilled mothers (2024)
Zitatform
Kwak, Eunhye (2024): Low-skilled immigrants and the relative wages of high-skilled mothers. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 22, H. 3, S. 1221-1241. DOI:10.1007/s11150-023-09686-2
Abstract
"This paper examines the effects of low-skilled immigration inflows on the motherhood gaps in wages among high-skilled women. Applying IV methods to U.S. census and ACS data, this paper first confirms previous findings in the literature that mothers are less willing to increase their work hours than childless women with inflows of low-skilled immigrants. However, the main contribution of the paper is showing that as the low-skilled labor supply increases, high-skilled mothers achieve more wage improvement than otherwise identical nonmothers. The findings in this paper imply that an increase in the low-skilled labor supply reduces the gender pay gap among high-skilled native workers, and most importantly, it is driven by women with children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Breaking Barriers: The Impact of Employer Exposure to Immigrants (2024)
Lehrer, Steven; Lepage, Louis-Pierre; Sousa Pereira, Nuno;Zitatform
Lehrer, Steven, Louis-Pierre Lepage & Nuno Sousa Pereira (2024): Breaking Barriers: The Impact of Employer Exposure to Immigrants. (Working paper / Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI) 2024,02), Stockholm, 35 S.
Abstract
"We study how exposure of employers to immigrants, both at the market and at the individual firm level, mitigates immigrant-native disparities. We use administrative employee-employer matched data from Portugal, which provides a unique setting given that it experienced almost no immigration until the early 2000s followed by substantial immigration waves. Focusing on the evolution of market wages across successive immigration cohorts, we find that increased employer exposure to immigrant groups can account for up to 25% of the wage convergence between immigrants and natives over the last two decades. We also document that individual-level exposure of firms to immigrants plays an important role, influencing future hiring and remuneration of immigrants. Our results provide new insights into how barriers to hiring different worker groups shape economic inequality, with novel implications for immigration policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Entgeltungleichheiten entlang von Nationalität und Geschlecht am Beispiel Sozialer Arbeit und dazu verwandter Berufe (2024)
Mazari, Simone;Zitatform
Mazari, Simone (2024): Entgeltungleichheiten entlang von Nationalität und Geschlecht am Beispiel Sozialer Arbeit und dazu verwandter Berufe. In: Momentum Quarterly, Jg. 13, H. 1, S. 4-15. DOI:10.15203/momentumquarterly.vol13.no1.p4-15
Abstract
"Der Artikel befasst sich mit der Lohnungleichheit am Beispiel von Teilen der sog. Care Economy in Deutschland. Dazu gehören unter anderen die Bereiche der helfenden Berufe. Die Berufsbezeichnungen sind an die Bezeichnungen aus dem quantitativen Material angelehnt. Diese bestehen traditionell aus einem hohen Anteil an Frauen. Männer und Nicht-Deutsche sind unterrepräsentiert. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Sozialen Arbeit, die anderen Berufe sind aus kontrastierend-ergänzender Sicht gewählt und bewegen sich im Spektrum der helfenden Berufe als (nicht-)akademische Berufe. Als zentrale Forschungsfrage wird untersucht, inwieweit sich hier eine geschlechtsspezifische Entgeltungleichheit abzeichnet und wie diese mit der Nationalität zusammenhängt. Die Daten stammen aus einem Methodenmix. Kategorien der sozialen Schichtung wie Geschlecht, Klasse und Ethnizität werden nicht singulär oder additiv verwendet, sondern in ihrer Verflechtung analysiert. Dazu wird das Material qualitativ ergänzt, da das quantitative Material leider keine Differenzierung nach Ethnizität oder Klasse zulässt. Es kann festgehalten werden, dass Intersektionalität hier aufgrund des zur Verfügung stehenden Materials als Konnex zwischen Geschlecht und Nationalität diskutiert wird." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Dynamic agglomeration effects of foreigners and natives – The role of experience in high-quality sectors, tasks and establishments (2024)
Zitatform
Niebuhr, Annekatrin, Jan Cornelius Peters & Duncan Roth (2024): Dynamic agglomeration effects of foreigners and natives – The role of experience in high-quality sectors, tasks and establishments. In: Regional Science and Urban Economics, Jg. 108, 2024-07-17. DOI:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2024.104040
Abstract
"We analyze whether the benefits of work experience that was acquired in denser locations can be explained by the quality of jobs that can be found in agglomerations using administrative data on individual employment biographies of workers in Germany. We find that 79% of the premium for work experience gained in the densest regions can be ascribed to the sectors, tasks and establishments in which experience was acquired. Moreover, we find that foreign and native workers, on average, benefit to a similar extent from dynamic agglomeration effects. However, low-skilled foreign workers receive a lower return to experience gained in dense regions than observationally identical natives. This difference can be explained by the fact that the former gain work experience in lower-quality jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Qualifizierte Zuwanderung: Indische Beschäftigte verdienen am meisten (2024)
Plünnecke, Axel;Zitatform
Plünnecke, Axel (2024): Qualifizierte Zuwanderung: Indische Beschäftigte verdienen am meisten. (IW-Kurzberichte / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2024,97), Köln, 3 S.
Abstract
"Die qualifizierte Zuwanderung trägt stark zur Fachkräftesicherung in den MINT-Fächern bei und stärkt den Wissenschaftsstandort und die Innovationskraft in Deutschland. Auch bei den Medianlöhnen zeigt sich der Effekt qualifizierter Zuwanderung: während der Medianlohn unter vollzeitbeschäftigten Deutschen Ende 2023 im Monat 3.945 Euro beträgt, kommen indische Beschäftigte auf einen Wert von 5.359 Euro. Der Grund: viele Inderinnen und Inder sind in akademischen MINT-Berufen beschäftigt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Earnings assimilation of post-reunification East German migrants in West Germany (2024)
Zitatform
Riphahn, Regina T. & Irakli Sauer (2024): Earnings assimilation of post-reunification East German migrants in West Germany. In: Labour, Jg. 38, H. 4, S. 475-510., 2024-05-13. DOI:10.1111/labr.12279
Abstract
"We investigate the wage assimilation of East Germans who migrated to West Germany after reunification (1990–99). We compare their wage assimilation to that of ethnic German immigrants from Eastern Bloc countries and international immigrants to West Germany who arrived at the same time. The analysis uses administrative as well as survey data. The results suggest that East Germans faced significant initial earnings disadvantages in West Germany, even conditional on age and education. However, these disadvantages were smaller than those of international immigrants, supporting the beneficial role of cultural similarity. The earnings gap relative to West German natives narrowed over time for all immigrants. These findings are robust to controlling for potentially endogenous return migration and labor force participation. Controls for fixed effects reveal that positive assimilation for East German and international immigrants was concentrated among highly educated immigrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
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Data product DOI: 10.5164/IAB.SIAB7517.de.en.v1 -
Literaturhinweis
Intersections and Commonalities: Using Matching to Decompose Wage Gaps by Gender and Nativity in Germany (2024)
Zitatform
Sprengholz, Maximilian & Maik Hamjediers (2024): Intersections and Commonalities: Using Matching to Decompose Wage Gaps by Gender and Nativity in Germany. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 51, H. 2, S. 249-286. DOI:10.1177/07308884221141100
Abstract
"We investigate intersecting wage gaps by gender and nativity by comparing the wages between immigrant women, immigrant men, native women, and native men based on Western German survey data. Adding to the analytical diversity of the field, we do a full comparison of group wages to emphasize the relationality of privilege and disadvantage, and we use a nonparametric matching decomposition that is well suited to address unique group-specific experiences. We find that wage (dis)advantages associated with the dimensions of gender and nativity are nonadditive and result in distinct decomposition patterns for each pairwise comparison. After accounting for substantial group differences in work attachment, individual resources, and occupational segregation, unexplained wage gaps are generally small for comparisons between immigrant women, immigrant men, and native women, but large when either group is compared to native men. This finding suggests that the often presumed “double disadvantage” of immigrant women is rather a “double advantage” of native men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
“Institutional hurdles slow the integration of refugees down” (Interview) (2024)
Zitatform
Winters, Jutta; Philipp Jaschke & Maye Ehab (interviewte Person) (2024): “Institutional hurdles slow the integration of refugees down” (Interview). In: IAB-Forum H. 25.07.2024. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20240725.01
Abstract
"When refugees first arrive in Germany, apart from individual constraints, institutional hurdles hinder them from integrating into the labour market. However, seven years after arrival, 63 percent are employed. This can be considered a major success. In this interview, IAB researchers Maye Ehab and Philipp Jaschke give insights into labour market trajectories of refugees and explain what could be done to improve their labour market integration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Zum Entwurf einer Verordnung zur Weiterentwicklung der Fachkräfteeinwanderung: Stellungnahme des IAB im Rahmen der Verbändebeteiligung des BMAS und BMI vom 8.3.2023 (2023)
Adunts, Davit ; Konle-Seidl, Regina ; Keita, Sekou ; Vallizadeh, Ehsan ; Brücker, Herbert ; Jaschke, Philipp ; Kosyakova, Yuliya ; Fendel, Tanja ; Hauptmann, Andreas ;Zitatform
Adunts, Davit, Herbert Brücker, Tanja Fendel, Andreas Hauptmann, Philipp Jaschke, Sekou Keita, Regina Konle-Seidl, Yuliya Kosyakova & Ehsan Vallizadeh (2023): Zum Entwurf einer Verordnung zur Weiterentwicklung der Fachkräfteeinwanderung. Stellungnahme des IAB im Rahmen der Verbändebeteiligung des BMAS und BMI vom 8.3.2023. (IAB-Stellungnahme 03/2023), Nürnberg, 21 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.SN.2303
Abstract
"Der vorliegende Verordnungsentwurf des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales und des Bundesministeriums des Inneren und für Heimat begleitet den Gesetzentwurf zur Weiterentwicklung der Fachkräfteeinwanderung, zu dem das IAB hier Stellung nimmt. Der Verordnungsentwurf enthält viele Einzelmaßnahmen, die unter anderem die Einwanderung von Pflegehilfskräften erleichtern und die Möglichkeiten kurzfristiger kontingentierter Beschäftigung erweitern. Diese Maßnahmen sind sinnvoll, werden aber keine größeren quantitativen Wirkungen entfalten. Relevanter ist die neu geschaffene Möglichkeit der Einwanderung von Personen, die über Berufserfahrung sowie Berufs-und Hochschulabschlüsse verfügen, die im Land des Erwerbs staatlich anerkannt sind, die auch ohne Gleichwertigkeitsprüfung der Abschlüsse einreisen können, sofern das Gehalt 45 Prozent der Betragsbemessungsgrenze der allgemeinen Rentenversicherung erreicht. Die Höhe der Gehaltsschwelle schließt allerdings Fachkräfte zu Beginn ihrer Erwerbsbiografie weitgehend aus. Allerdings kann bei tarifgebundenen Unternehmen davon abgewichen werden. Sinnvoller wäre gewesen, alle Unternehmen einzubeziehen, sofern der Arbeitsvertrag in Hinblick auf Entlohnung und Arbeitsbedingungen den jeweils geltenden Flächentarifverträgen entspricht. Ferner sieht der Verordnungsentwurf die Entfristung der sogenannten Westbalkanregelung und die Ausweitung des Kontingents auf 50.000 Personen vor. Dies ist vor dem Hintergrund der vorliegenden empirischen Erkenntnisse zu den Wirkungen der Westbalkanregelung volkswirtschaftlich sinnvoll." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Adunts, Davit ; Konle-Seidl, Regina ; Keita, Sekou ; Brücker, Herbert ; Jaschke, Philipp ; Kosyakova, Yuliya ; Fendel, Tanja ; Hauptmann, Andreas ; -
Literaturhinweis
Zum Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Weiterentwicklung der Fachkräfteeinwanderung: Stellungnahme des IAB im Rahmen der Verbändebeteiligung des BMI und BMAS vom 8.3.2023 (2023)
Adunts, Davit ; Kosyakova, Yuliya ; Hauptmann, Andreas ; Konle-Seidl, Regina ; Jaschke, Philipp ; Fendel, Tanja ; Vallizadeh, Ehsan ; Keita, Sekou ; Brücker, Herbert ;Zitatform
Adunts, Davit, Herbert Brücker, Tanja Fendel, Andreas Hauptmann, Philipp Jaschke, Sekou Keita, Regina Konle-Seidl, Yuliya Kosyakova & Ehsan Vallizadeh (2023): Zum Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Weiterentwicklung der Fachkräfteeinwanderung. Stellungnahme des IAB im Rahmen der Verbändebeteiligung des BMI und BMAS vom 8.3.2023. (IAB-Stellungnahme 02/2023), Nürnberg, 36 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.SN.2302
Abstract
"Das Bundesministerium des Inneren und für Heimat und das Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales haben einen Referentenentwurf für ein Gesetz zur Weiterentwicklung der Fachkräfteeinwanderung vorgelegt, zu dem das IAB hier Stellung nimmt. Nach Einschätzung des IAB sind vor dem Hintergrund des demografischen Wandels, des Rückgangs der Wanderungen aus der EU und zunehmenden Engpässen auf den Arbeitsmärkten rund 300.000 bis 350.000 Zuzüge zu Erwerbszwecken aus Drittstaaten volkswirtschaftlich sinnvoll. Das bisherige Einwanderungsrecht wird diesen Anforderungen nicht gerecht. Der Gesetzentwurf enthält eine Reihe von sinnvollen aber kleineren Maßnahmen, darunter die Senkung der Gehaltsschwellen für die Blaue Karte EU und die Erweiterung der Qualifikationsdefinition des Zielberufs. Allerdings werden diese Maßnahmen die Einwanderung von qualifizierten Arbeitskräften nur sehr begrenzt erweitern, weil an der wesentlichen Hürde, der Gleichwertigkeitsprüfung beruflicher Abschlüsse zu einem deutschen Referenzberuf, festgehalten wird. Auch die Erweiterung der Möglichkeiten der Einreise zur Arbeitsuche durch ein Punktesystem wird voraussichtlich nur begrenzte quantitative Wirkungen entfalten. Größere Effekte sind von dem parallel vorgelegten Entwurf einer Verordnung zur Weiterentwicklung der Fachkräfteeinwanderung zu erwarten, die unter anderem den Ersatz der Gleichwertigkeitsprüfung durch Gehaltsschwellen und die Entfristung und Ausdehnung der Westbalkanregelung vorsieht. Auf diesen Entwurf geht das IAB in einer gesonderten Stellungnahme ein." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Adunts, Davit ; Kosyakova, Yuliya ; Hauptmann, Andreas ; Konle-Seidl, Regina ; Jaschke, Philipp ; Fendel, Tanja ; Keita, Sekou ; Brücker, Herbert ; -
Literaturhinweis
Posted work as an extreme case of hierarchised mobility (2023)
Zitatform
Arnholtz, Jens & Nathan Lillie (2023): Posted work as an extreme case of hierarchised mobility. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 49, H. 16, S. 4206-4223. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2023.2207341
Abstract
"This article draws on a range of case studies to explain how worker posting can cause hierarchised labour mobility, involving nationality-based hierarchies in pay and conditions between workers in the same labour markets or work sites. This hierarchisation is most apparent on large construction sites, where companies systematically use posting for labour cost advantage, but it is also found on smaller sites and in other sectors besides construction. The article outlines three features of this low-wage posting system – worker hypermobility and dependency, transnational enforcement challenges, and multifaceted employer arbitrage strategies – that conspire to maintain posting as a form of hierarchised mobility. We argue that posting undermines many countervailing forces that typically mediate hierarchisation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Is There an Ethnic Pay Gap in Germany? Evidence from a Representative Sample of the Adult Population (2023)
Zitatform
Ayaita, Adam (2023): Is There an Ethnic Pay Gap in Germany? Evidence from a Representative Sample of the Adult Population. (EconStor Preprints), Kiel, 40 S.
Abstract
"This study investigates a disparity in hourly wages (i.e., a pay gap) between employees with an ethnic minority vs. ethnic majority background in Germany. To this aim, a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition based on a representative survey of the adult population in Germany is used. The analysis is restricted to employees who completed secondary schooling in Germany (N = 9,304). The results show that, overall, ethnic minority employees receive significantly lower gross hourly wages than ethnic majority employees, and this difference amounts to 13.8%. The larger part of this gap is explained by group differences in demographic, human capital, and occupational characteristics—in particular, education level, work experience, job tenure, the precise employment status, and occupational status. However, there is also a significant unexplained pay gap that amounts to 2.7% lower wages for ethnic minority (vs. ethnic majority) employees, indicating potential wage discrimination against ethnic minority employees. The total, explained, and unexplained ethnic pay gaps appear to be somewhat larger among men than among women. Finally, an exploratory analysis suggests that the part of the ethnic pay gap that has remained unexplained might be largely explained by whether employees hold the German citizenship and whether they were born in Germany." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Job Displacement and Migrant Labor Market Assimilation (2023)
Zitatform
Balgová, Mária & Hannah Illing (2023): Job Displacement and Migrant Labor Market Assimilation. (ECONtribute discussion paper 246), Köln ; Bonn, 68 S.
Abstract
"This paper sheds new light on the barriers to migrants' labor market assimilation. Using administrative data for Germany from 1997-2016, we estimate dynamic difference-in-differences regressions to investigate the relative trajectory of earnings, wages, and employment following mass layoff separately for migrants and natives. We show that job displacement affects the two groups differently even when we systematically control for pre-layoff differences in their characteristics: migrants have on average higher earnings losses, and they find it much more difficult to find employment. However, those who do find a new job experience faster wage growth compared to displaced natives. We examine several potential mechanisms and find that these gaps are driven by labor market conditions, such as local migrant networks and labor market tightness, rather than migrants' behavior." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Illing, Hannah; -
Literaturhinweis
Does It Pay Off? Understanding Subjective Employment Mobility of European Physicians in Germany (2023)
Zitatform
Becker, Regina (2023): Does It Pay Off? Understanding Subjective Employment Mobility of European Physicians in Germany. In: International migration review, Jg. 57, H. 3, S. 1099-1131. DOI:10.1177/01979183221111398
Abstract
"This article investigates the subjective employment mobility, defined as migrants' evaluation of their employment situation before and after migration, of European physicians in Germany. Analyzing different dimensions of occupation (e.g., income, working conditions, use of skills, career opportunities) of physicians who migrated to Germany from within the European Union (i.e., EU physicians), it examines which factors influence physicians' perception of whether migration worsened or improved their employment situation. I argue that the original reasons to migrate (e.g., economic, career-related, or family reasons) and other migration-related factors (e.g., language skills), as well as characteristics of the occupation (e.g., the hierarchical structure), must be considered to understand subjective employment mobility. The analyses are based on original survey data collected among EU physicians in Germany (N = 1,058). Results from OLS regressions show that physicians' original reasons for migration largely matched their subjective employment mobility, suggesting that migration for career reasons and a perceived improvement of use of skills and career opportunities are positively linked while migration for economic reasons positively affected physicians' perception of income and working conditions. Physicians aiming for the highest position perceived their overall employment situation as worse compared to before migration, and the origin region mattered, particularly for physicians from EU Eastern member-states, who were more likely to perceive an improvement in their employment situation. Results further inform understandings of labor-related migration of high-skilled professionals by identifying obstacles and conducive conditions at migration for a group that is often assumed not to face barriers in using migration for professional advancement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Enforcing outsiders' rights: seasonal agricultural workers and institutionalised exploitation in the EU (2023)
Zitatform
Bruzelius, Cecilia & Martin Seeleib-Kaiser (2023): Enforcing outsiders' rights: seasonal agricultural workers and institutionalised exploitation in the EU. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 49, H. 16, S. 4188-4205. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2023.2207340
Abstract
"Enforcement is a crucial aspect for understanding labour market hierarchies in Europe and exploitation of mobile and migrant EU workers. Whereas most literature on intra-EU mobility and enforcement has focused on posted workers, this paper sheds light on enforcement in seasonal agriculture and forestry where posted work is very uncommon yet mobile workers overrepresented. In the EU, enforcement highly depends on Member States' capacities. Therefore, we explore how labour rights, and specifically wages, are enforced across four EU Member States with different enforcement regimes, namely Austria, Germany, Sweden and the UK. In line with existing research, we expect that enforcement will be more effective also in agriculture/forestry where it is organised mainly through industrial relations, as opposed to administrative or judicial enforcement. Nevertheless, our review of enforcement practices suggests that seasonal agricultural and forestry workers' rights are neglected across countries, irrespective of enforcement regime. We argue that the scant efforts made to enforce these workers' rights amounts to institutionalised exploitation of labour market outsiders and that administrative enforcement is necessary to ensure hypermobile workers' rights. We also draw attention to the contradictory role of the EU and its simultaneous attempt to strengthen and weaken enforcement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Ethnic Wage Penalty and Human Capital Transferability: A Comparative Study of Recent Migrants in 11 European Countries (2023)
Zitatform
Cantalini, Stefano, Raffaele Guetto & Nazareno Panichella (2023): Ethnic Wage Penalty and Human Capital Transferability: A Comparative Study of Recent Migrants in 11 European Countries. In: International migration review, Jg. 57, H. 1, S. 328-356. DOI:10.1177/01979183221099481
Abstract
"This article examines the ethnic wage penalty among migrants in 11 Western European countries. It aims to extend the literature on the models of migrant occupational inclusion in European labor markets by studying the wage gap and to disentangle whether the gross wage penalty experienced by foreign-born residents can be explained by human capital-related factors and/or by migrants' occupational segregation. Estimating probit models with sample selection on European Labour Force Survey data (2009–2016), we find that both male and female migrants experienced a larger gross wage penalty in Southern Europe, where they had lower education levels and faced stronger occupational segregation. In the other countries under study, we find a smaller gross wage penalty among foreign-born women. Results show that migrants from Eastern Europe were not systematically less penalized than migrants from Africa, Asia, and Latin America, except for men in Italy and Greece. Wage penalties were higher among tertiary-educated migrants, compared to their less-educated counterparts, only in Mediterranean countries, where the former were mainly concentrated at the bottom of the occupational structure. Finally, the acquisition of the highest education after migration reduced migrants' wage penalty, thanks to a better match between educational credentials and job allocation, especially in Southern Europe. Focusing on the ethnic wage penalty and on both human capital- and occupation-related factors of ethnic penalization highlights cross-country differences not yet explored by existing comparative research, allowing a new and more comprehensive picture of migrants' penalization in Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Impact of Technological Change on Immigration and Immigrants (2023)
Zitatform
Giesing, Yvonne (2023): The Impact of Technological Change on Immigration and Immigrants. (CESifo working paper 10876), München, S.46.
Abstract
"We study the effects of technological change on immigration flows as well as the labor market outcomes of migrants versus natives. We analyze and compare the effects of two different automation technologies: Industrial robots and artificial intelligence. We exploit data provided by the Industrial Federation of Robotics as well as online job vacancy data on Germany, a highly automated economy and the main destination for migrants in Europe. We apply an instrumental variable strategy and identify how robots decrease the wage of migrants across all skill groups, while neither having a significant impact on the native population nor immigration flows. In the case of AI, we determine an increase in the wage gap as well as the unemployment gap of migrant and native populations. This applies to the low-, medium- and high-skilled and is indicative of migrants facing displacement effects, while natives might benefit from productivity and complementarity effects. In addition, AI leads to a significant inflow of immigrants. Policymakers should devote special attention to the migration population when designing mitigation policies in response to technological change to avoid further increases in inequality between migrants and natives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wage inequality across immigrant generations: Education, segregation, or differential pay? (2023)
Zitatform
Han, JooHee & Are Skeie Hermansen (2023): Wage inequality across immigrant generations: Education, segregation, or differential pay? (SocArXiv papers), 41 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/yfmtp
Abstract
"Immigrants and their native-born children often face considerable wage penalties relative to natives, but less is known about whether this inequality arises through differences in educational qualifications, unequal sorting across occupations, and establishments, or differential pay for the same work. Using linked employer–employee data from Norway, we ask (a) whether immigrant–native wage gaps reflect in differences in education, sorting, or within-job pay, (b) whether wage gaps differ by immigrant generation, and (c) whether wage gaps vary across different segments of the labor market. We find that immigrant–native wage inequality primarily reflects sorting into lower-paying jobs and wage gaps are considerably reduced across immigrant generations. When doing the same work for the same employer, immigrant-background workers, especially children of immigrants, earn similar wages to natives. Sorting into jobs seems more meritocratic for university graduates, professionals, and in the public sector, but within-job pay differentials are strikingly similar across market segments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Inder, Nordeuropäer und Österreicher verdienen in Deutschland am meisten (2023)
Plünnecke, Axel;Zitatform
Plünnecke, Axel (2023): Inder, Nordeuropäer und Österreicher verdienen in Deutschland am meisten. (IW-Kurzberichte / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2023,14), Köln, 3 S.
Abstract
"Von Ende 2012 bis Ende 2021 ist die sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung von Deutschen um 8,3 Prozent und von Ausländerinnen und Ausländern um 110,3 Prozent gestiegen. Betrachtet man die Medianlöhne von Vollzeitbeschäftigten Ende 2021, so liegt der Lohn der Deutschen mit 3.643 Euro um 915 Euro über dem Medianlohn der Personen mit einer Staatsangehörigkeit aus dem Ausland. Unter den Ausländerinnen und Ausländern liegen die Löhne von Personen mit einer Staatsangehörigkeit aus Indien, Nordeuropa und Österreich jedoch um über 1.000 Euro über dem Medianlohn der Deutschen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Cultural differences and immigrants' wages (2023)
Zitatform
Raux, Morgan (2023): Cultural differences and immigrants' wages. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 82. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102361
Abstract
"Integration of immigrants into their host society is at the core of the public debate in most OECD countries. Immigrant integration includes two distinct dimensions: cultural and economic integration. This paper investigates the interplay between these two processes and presents three main results. First, it documents that immigrants from more culturally distant countries earn lower wages when they enter the German labor market. Second, it highlights that these wage differences progressively diminish over years spent in Germany and even disappear in some cases. For instance, the wage gap associated with a one standard deviation difference in religious and genetic distance disappears after 15 to 20 years. Finally, the paper provides evidence that immigrants who experience a greater increase in cultural assimilation experience more wage growth as well. Taken together, these results suggest that the cultural assimilation process can benefit the economic integration of immigrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Migration and wage inequality: a detailed analysis for German metropolitan and non-metropolitan regions (2023)
Zitatform
Schmid, Ramona (2023): Migration and wage inequality: a detailed analysis for German metropolitan and non-metropolitan regions. In: Review of regional research, Jg. 43, H. 1, S. 147-201. DOI:10.1007/s10037-023-00180-x
Abstract
"Diese Studie präsentiert neue Erkenntnisse im Bereich der Löhnlücke zwischen einheimischen und ausländischen Beschäftigten in Deutschland unter Berücksichtigung regionaler Unterschiede zwischen 2000 und 2019. Unter Verwendung von Linked-Employer-Employee-Daten des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung werden unbedingte Quantilsregressionen geschätzt, um den Grad der Integration von ausländischen Beschäftigten im deutschen Arbeitsmarkt auf regionaler Ebene bewerten zu können. Die Ergebnisse der erweiterten Oaxaca-Blinder Zerlegungsmethode erbringen Nachweis über entscheidende Faktoren, die die Lohnlücke entlang der gesamten Verteilung beeinflussen. Ergebnisse werden nicht nur für Westdeutschland als Ganzes präsentiert, sondern es wird zusätzlich zwischen Metropolregionen und ländlichen Regionen unterschieden. Die Unterscheidung zwischen verschiedenen Regionen in Deutschland zeigt, dass im Durchschnitt höhere Lohnlücken in Metropolregionen erkennbar sind mit einem gleichzeitig höheren Anteil an ausländischer Bevölkerung. Zusätzlich ändert sich nicht nur der relative Einfluss bestimmter erklärender Variablen im Laufe der Zeit, sondern auch mögliche Faktoren der Lohnlücke haben unterschiedlichen Auswirkungen an verschiedenen Stellen der Lohnverteilung. Entscheidende Faktoren in diesem Zusammenhang sind der ausgeübte Beruf und die Zugehörigkeit zu einem bestimmten Wirtschaftssektor. Bei der getrennten Beobachtung von Metropolregionen und ländlichen Regionen zeigt sich, dass vor allem Unterschiede in der Bildung zu Lohnlücken in städtischen Regionen führen. Hinsichtlich des Ausmaßes der Lohnlücken zwischen ausländischen und einheimischen Beschäftigten ist in den Jahren nach 2012 eine Trendumkehr zu erkennen, die mit einem Anstieg im Bereich der Medianlöhne verbunden ist." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer)
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Literaturhinweis
Pay and Unemployment Determinants of Migration Flows in the European Union (2022)
Zitatform
Afonso, António, José Alves & Krzysztof Beck (2022): Pay and Unemployment Determinants of Migration Flows in the European Union. (CESifo working paper 10131), München, 22 S.
Abstract
"We analyze the migration drivers within the European Union countries. For a set of 23 EU countries over the 1995-2019 period, we use Bayesian Model Averaging and quantile regression to assess notably the relevance of unemployment and earnings. We find that the existence of a common border increases the number of net migrants by 172 people per 1000 inhabitants. In addition, 1000 PPP Euro increase in the difference in net annual salaries increases net migration by approximately 50 and 42 people per 1000 inhabitants in a working age of both countries under uniform and binomial-beta model prior, respectively. Moreover, one percentage point increase in the difference in the unemployment rate is associated with an increase in net immigration by approximately 6 and 3 persons by 1000 inhabitants in both countries. These results are also corroborated with the quantile regression results. Hence, human capital inside the EU is moving in search of higher cross-country earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wages of Skilled Migrant and Native Employees in Germany: New Light on an Old Issue (2022)
Zitatform
Brunow, Stephan & Oskar Jost (2022): Wages of Skilled Migrant and Native Employees in Germany: New Light on an Old Issue. In: International migration review, Jg. 56, H. 2, S. 410-432. DOI:10.1177/01979183211040505
Abstract
"The German Council of Economic Experts (GCEE) argues for a labor market-driven immigration of skilled migrants into Germany to overcome a decline in workforce due to demographic ageing. We pick up this current debate on skilled immigration by analyzing the migrant-native wage differential for skilled workers in Germany and consider various information on firms. Our results indicate that the wage gap is mainly explained by observable characteristics, especially labor market experience and firm characteristics. However, we find lower rewards for migrants' labor market experience than for natives (flatter experience curves). Our results show that these differences in experience curves become negligible in the long run. Moreover, we reveal firms' wage-setting policies: Firms evaluate a worker's education independent of migration backgrounds, as migrants possess the same productivity levels as their German counterparts in the same occupations and task levels. Due to Germany's heterogeneous immigration structure, we are able to compare the results for different migrant subgroups and, thus, derive valuable insights into the migrant-native wage structure with a wide reach beyond Germany. This article adds to current debates in various industrialized countries with demographic ageing patterns, as it focuses on an important group for domestic labor markets: skilled immigrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Climate Change, Inequality, and Human Migration (2022)
Zitatform
Burzyński, Michał, Christoph Deuster, Frédéric Docquier & Jaime de Melo (2022): Climate Change, Inequality, and Human Migration. In: Journal of the European Economic Association, Jg. 20, H. 3, S. 1145-1197., 2021-10-11. DOI:10.1093/jeea/jvab054
Abstract
"This paper investigates the long-term implications of climate change on global migration and inequality. Accounting for the effects of changing temperatures, sea levels, and the frequency and intensity of natural disasters, we model the impact of climate change on productivity and utility in a dynamic general equilibrium framework. By endogenizing people’s migration decisions across millions of 5 × 5 km spatial cells, our approach sheds light on the magnitude and dyadic, education-specific structure of human migration induced by global warming. We find that climate change strongly intensifies global inequality and poverty, reinforces urbanization, and boosts migration from low- to high-latitude areas. Median projections suggest that climate change will induce a voluntary and a forced permanent relocation of 62 million working-age individuals over the course of the twenty-first century. Overall, under current international migration laws and policies, only a small fraction of people suffering the negative effects of climate change manages to move beyond their homelands. We conclude that it is unlikely that climate shocks will induce massive international flows of migrants, except under combined extremely pessimistic climate scenarios and highly permissive migration policies. By contrast, poverty resulting from climate change is a real threat to all of us." (Author's abstract, Copyright Oxford University Press) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The ethnic wage penalty in Western European regions: Is the European integration model confirmed when differences within countries are considered? (2022)
Zitatform
Cantalini, Stefano, Raffaele Guetto & Nazareno Panichella (2022): The ethnic wage penalty in Western European regions: Is the European integration model confirmed when differences within countries are considered? In: Demographic Research, Jg. 46, S. 681-693. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2022.46.23
Abstract
"Background: The European model of integration of recent immigrants is characterised by a trade-off between employment and job quality, which takes different forms in Southern and Continental Europe. In Mediterranean countries, migrants have similar employment opportunities as natives, but they have high risks of entering the lowest strata of the occupational structure. In Continental Europe the trade-off is reversed: Migrants have lower employment opportunities, but once employed, they face a lower penalisation in terms of job quality than the one faced by immigrants living in Southern Europe. Objective: This work focuses on the regional heterogeneity of the model of inclusion of recent immigrants in the European labour markets, analysing how migrant–native gaps in wages and in the probability of (dependent) employment change across areas of the same country. Is the trade-off between employment and job quality confirmed when regional differences are considered? Are there gender differences in the models of inclusion? Methods: We used European Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS, 2009–2016) data and applied probit models with sample selection, estimated separately by region and gender. Results: Results show substantial regional heterogeneity in the ethnic penalties in Germany and in Southern Europe, especially in Greece and Italy. Moreover, when regional differences within countries were considered, the trade-off model of inclusion was confirmed only among men, while immigrant women’s model of inclusion turned out to be more mixed, with some European areas conforming to a ‘double-penalty’ model, whereas other areas showed patterns of immigrant disadvantage in line with an ‘integration’ model. Contribution: This work extends the literature by studying differences in the ethnic penalties at the regional level, focusing on both (dependent) employment probability and wage – an alternative indicator of migrants’ economic integration. Our results also suggest the importance of taking gender differences into account." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Firms, sorting, and the immigrant–native earnings gap: The immigrant–native earnings gap is due in part to firm-specific factors resulting from differential sorting of workers into firms (2022)
Zitatform
Dostie, Benoit (2022): Firms, sorting, and the immigrant–native earnings gap. The immigrant–native earnings gap is due in part to firm-specific factors resulting from differential sorting of workers into firms. (IZA world of labor 488), Bonn, 10 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.488
Abstract
"Die Einstellungspolitik der Unternehmen vergrößert tendenziell die Einkommensunterschiede zwischen Einheimischen und Zuwanderern. Bei ihrer Ankunft haben viele Immigranten Schwierigkeiten, eine Stelle in einem besser entlohnenden Betrieb zu finden. Im Zeitverlauf können sie ihre Position häufig verbessern, wobei die meisten Gewinne für hochqualifizierte Zuwanderer aus benachteiligten Herkunftsländern zu verzeichnen sind. Politische Maßnahmen, die die Arbeitsmarktmobilität durch die Beseitigung von Suchproblemen, die Förderung von Sprachkenntnissen oder den Erwerb zusätzlicher Bildung im Heimatland begünstigen, könnten die Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt wirksam unterstützen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Deutsche Kurzfassung -
Literaturhinweis
Temporary migration entails benefits, but also costs, for sending and receiving countries: There are important trade-offs between temporary and permanent migration (2022)
Görlach, Joseph-Simon; Kuske, Katarina;Zitatform
Görlach, Joseph-Simon & Katarina Kuske (2022): Temporary migration entails benefits, but also costs, for sending and receiving countries. There are important trade-offs between temporary and permanent migration. (IZA world of labor 503), Bonn, 10 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.503
Abstract
"Migranten, die von vornherein planen, in ihre Heimatländer zurückzukehren, nehmen eher schlechter bezahlte Jobs an, sparen mehr und transferieren mehr Geld. Die Anreize sich zu integrieren und in aufnahmelandspezifische Qualifikationen zu investieren, sind entsprechend schwächer ausgeprägt. was ihre Karriere behindert. Diese Entscheidungen auf Mikroebene haben in Herkunfts- wie Aufnahmeländern makroökonomische Auswirkungen, von den Effekten der Rücküberweisungen und unternehmerischen Investitionen in der Heimat bis hin zu fiskalischen Folgen in den Zielländern. Diese Aufnahmeländer sehen sich mit einem Trade-off konfrontiert: Während die Rückkehrmigration vor dem Eintritt in den Ruhestand einerseits die Kosten für die öffentlichen Sozialsysteme begrenzt, steigern die Aussichten auf eine dauerhafte Niederlassung den beruflichen Erfolg und die Integration, wodurch Steuereinnahmen steigen und der soziale Zusammenhalt gestärkt wird." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Deutsche Kurzfassung -
Literaturhinweis
Does Over-Education Raise Productivity and Wages Equally? The Moderating Role of Workers' Origin and Immigrants' Background (2022)
Zitatform
Jacobs, Valentine, François Rycx & Mélanie Volral (2022): Does Over-Education Raise Productivity and Wages Equally? The Moderating Role of Workers' Origin and Immigrants' Background. (IZA discussion paper 15074), Bonn, 48 S.
Abstract
"We provide first evidence of the impact of over-education, among natives and immigrants, on firm-level productivity and wages. We use Belgian linked panel data and rely on the methodology from Hellerstein et al. (1999) to estimate ORU (over-, required, and under-education) equations aggregated at the firm level. Our results show that the over-education wage premium is higher for natives than for immigrants. However, since the differential in productivity gains associated with over-education between natives and immigrants outweighs the corresponding wage premium differential, we conclude – based on OLS and dynamic GMM-SYS estimates – that over-educated native workers are in fact underpaid to a greater extent than their over-educated immigrant counterparts. This conclusion is refined by sensitivity analyses, when testing the role of immigrants' background (e.g. region of birth, immigrant generation, age at arrival in the host country, tenure)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Beschäftigungsaufnahme von Geflüchteten: Anspruchslöhne sinken mit längerer Aufenthaltsdauer (2022)
Zitatform
Jaschke, Philipp, Ehsan Vallizadeh, Herbert Brücker & Marc Altenburg (2022): Beschäftigungsaufnahme von Geflüchteten: Anspruchslöhne sinken mit längerer Aufenthaltsdauer. (IAB-Kurzbericht 20/2022), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2220
Abstract
"Krieg und Verfolgung führen oft dazu, dass Geflüchtete sich nicht ausreichend auf die Migration vorbereiten können. Daher fehlen ihnen häufig wichtige Informationen über berufliche Anforderungen und die Funktionsweise des Arbeitsmarktes in Deutschland. Das kann die Wahrnehmungen und die Einschätzungen von arbeitsuchenden Geflüchteten über Erwerbschancen und erzielbare Löhne verzerren. Dieser Bericht liefert erste Erkenntnisse über die Determinanten des Anspruchslohns der Geflüchteten sowie über den Zusammenhang zwischen diesem Lohn – auch als Reservationslohn bezeichnet – und der Aufnahme einer Erwerbstätigkeit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Occupational regulation, institutions, and migrants' labor market outcomes (2022)
Zitatform
Koumenta, Maria, Mario Pagliero & Davud Rostam-Afschar (2022): Occupational regulation, institutions, and migrants' labor market outcomes. (Hohenheim discussion papers in business, economics and social sciences 02-2022), Stuttgart, 32 S.
Abstract
"We study how licensing, certification and unionisation affect the wages of natives and migrants and their representation among licensed, certified, and unionized workers. We provide evidence of a dual role of labor market institutions, which both screen workers based on unobservable characteristics and also provide them with wage setting power. Labor market institutions confer significant wage premia to native workers (3.9, 1.6, and 2.7 log points for licensing, certification, and unionization respectively), due to screening and wage setting power. Wage premia are significantly larger for licensed and certified migrants (10.2 and 6.6 log points), reflecting a more intense screening of migrant than native workers. The representation of migrants among licensed (but not certified or unionized) workers is 14% lower than that of natives. This implies a more intense screening of migrants by licensing institutions than by certification and unionization." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does personality matter? Noncognitive Skills and the Male Migrant Wage Gap in Germany (2022)
Zitatform
Laible, Marie-Christine & Hanna Brenzel (2022): Does personality matter? Noncognitive Skills and the Male Migrant Wage Gap in Germany. In: International migration review, Jg. 56, H. 2, S. 376-409., 2021-07-17. DOI:10.1177/01979183211037315
Abstract
"Anhand eines verknüpften Arbeitnehmer-Arbeitgeber Datensatzes wird untersucht, in wie weit die Big Five Persönlichkeitsmerkmale dazu beitragen die Lohnunterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männer ebenso wie zwischen Einheimischen und Migranten zu erklären. Wir erweitern die bestehende Literatur hinsichtlich eines Lohnunterschieds zwischen Frauen und Männern und liefern erste Evidenz für einen Zusammenhang zwischen den Big Five und Lohnunterschiede zwischen Einheimischen und Migranten. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich beide Gruppen in ihren Durchschnittswerten in den Big Fives unterscheiden. Darüber hinaus lässt sich ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen und Löhnen feststellen. Der Einfluss variiert dabei zwischen den zwei Gruppen. Die Ergebnisse einer Oaxaca-Blinder Lohnzerlegung deuten zusätzlich darauf hin, dass Persönlichkeitsmerkmale einen signifikanten Beitrag zur Erklärung des Lohnunterschieds zwischen den Geschlechtern als auch zwischen Migranten und Einheimischen liefern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Ähnliche Treffer
früher (möglw. abweichend) erschienen als: IAB-Discussion Paper -
Literaturhinweis
The returns to school-quality-adjusted education of immigrants in Germany (2022)
Zitatform
Le Quang, Huy & Ehsan Vallizadeh (2022): The returns to school-quality-adjusted education of immigrants in Germany. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 56, 2022-06-21. DOI:10.1186/s12651-022-00314-7
Abstract
"This paper explores the role of school quality in immigrants’ home countries on their earnings in Germany, using native Germans as a benchmark. We propose an empirical analysis that highlights two important insights. First, there is a substantial gap in the returns to education between natives and immigrants in Germany, especially when we consider the quality of schooling in the source country where education was obtained. In particular, lower school quality reduces the endowment advantage that immigrants possess from their education. Second, quality-adjusted education helps us to better understand the potential driving force behind the native–immigrant wage gap. We show that this measure accounts for a substantial fraction of the unexplained part in the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition. These findings emphasize the role of the school quality in explaining the imperfect transferability of human capital of immigrants in Germany." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Posting, short term labour migration, and social rights access: How to rework an alienating system? (2022)
Zitatform
Lillie, Nathan, Katarzyna Karkkäinen & Quivine Ndomo (2022): Posting, short term labour migration, and social rights access. How to rework an alienating system? (European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research. Policy brief 10), Wien, 15 S.
Abstract
"In this brief, we discuss how posted and other hypermobile migrant construction workers suffer from marginalization in both the labour market and in access to social insurance, with variations between biographically different groups of posted workers. The brief is based on biographical worker histories of individual workers with varied posting experiences across the EU and sectoral expert insights from thematic focus group discussions. All data were collected under the rubrics of the SMUG project between May 2021 and March 2022 by research teams in Austria, Denmark, Finland, Italy, Poland, and Slovenia. The policy brief is written by the Finnish research team for the Finnish policy audience." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Immigrant bilingualism in the German labour market: Between human capital, social networks, and ethnic marginalisation (2022)
Zitatform
Markowsky, Eva, Fridolin Wolf & Marie Schäfer (2022): Immigrant bilingualism in the German labour market: Between human capital, social networks, and ethnic marginalisation. (WiSo-HH working paper series 68), Hamburg, 37 S.
Abstract
"We compare the earnings of monolingual and competent bilingual immigrants in Germany. A joint discussion of language skills as human capital or social capital and theories of ethnic marginalisation leads us to expect heterogeneous returns to bilingualism. To track this potential divergence, we differentiate effects by gender, language group, immigrant density in respond- ents' areas of residence, and communication intensity of their occupations. Doing so reveals sizeable differences in the returns to bilingualism. We find positive effects for the largest immigrant community in Germany, the Turkish population, while other language groups do not seem to benefit from retaining their heritage language. Individuals with a Turkish migration background have higher earnings when proficient in their heritage language and German. We discuss how the size of the immigrant community and the bilingualism premium might be related and pursue two alternative explanations: Specialised labour demand due to the wide dissemination of the Turkish-speaking population in Germany and ethnic social networks that are open only to those with proficiency in the heritage language. Our data indicate that both are important but operate in gender-specific ways. Turkish bilingual men experience an earnings premium only in occupations with high communication intensity, while there is no statistical relationship for women. The social capital channel is also much more potent for men, while bilingual German-Turkish women do not seem to profit from heritage-language networks for labour market success to the same degree. We discuss differences by gender in activating social capital and cultural influences as drivers of this gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Dynamic agglomeration effects of foreigners and natives – The role of experience in high-quality sectors, tasks and establishments (2022)
Zitatform
Niebuhr, Annekatrin, Jan Cornelius Peters & Duncan Roth (2022): Dynamic agglomeration effects of foreigners and natives – The role of experience in high-quality sectors, tasks and establishments. (IAB-Discussion Paper 24/2022), Nürnberg, 53 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.DP.2224
Abstract
"In diesem Artikel wird auf Grundlage individueller Erwerbsverläufe untersucht, inwiefern sich dynamische Agglomerationseffekte zwischen deutschen und ausländischen Beschäftigten unterscheiden. Unseren Ergebnissen zufolge profitieren beide Personengruppen im Durchschnitt in vergleichbarem Maß von Arbeitserfahrung, die in großen Arbeitsmärkten gesammelt wurde. Eine Ausnahme bilden dabei geringqualifizierte ausländische Beschäftigte, die für Erfahrung aus großen Städten eine geringer Prämie erzielen als vergleichbare deutsche Beschäftigte. Darüber hinaus liefern wir neue Erkenntnisse über die Faktoren, die dynamischen Agglomerationseffekten zugrunde liegen. Werden die Wirtschaftszweige, Berufe und Betriebe berücksichtigt, in denen Beschäftigte ihre Erfahrung sammeln, findet sich kein Unterschied mehr in der Prämie für Erfahrung aus großen Städten zwischen Deutschen und Ausländern. Insgesamt zeigt sich, dass etwa die Hälfte der Prämie, die für Erfahrung in den größten Städten erzielt wird, darauf zurückzuführen ist, dass in diesen Regionen besonders hochwertige Jobs zur Verfügung stehen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Accounting for Firms in Ethnicity Wage Gaps throughout the Earnings Distribution (2022)
Phan, Van; Bryson, Alex ; Whittard, Damian; Forth, John ; Singleton, Carl ; Ritchie, Felix ; Stokes, Lucy ;Zitatform
Phan, Van, Carl Singleton, Alex Bryson, John Forth, Felix Ritchie, Lucy Stokes & Damian Whittard (2022): Accounting for Firms in Ethnicity Wage Gaps throughout the Earnings Distribution. (IZA discussion paper 15284), Bonn, 53 S.
Abstract
"Ethnicity wage gaps in Great Britain are large and have persisted over time. Previous studies of these gaps have been almost exclusively confined to analyses of household data, so they could not account for the role played by individual employers, despite growing evidence of their wage-setting power. We study ethnicity wage gaps using high quality employer-employee payroll data on jobs, hours, and earnings, linked with the personal and family characteristics of workers from the national census for England and Wales. We show that firm-specific wage effects account for sizeable parts of the estimated differences between the wages of white and ethnic minority workers at the mean and other points in the wage distribution, which would otherwise mostly have been attributed to differences in individual worker attributes, such as education levels, occupations, and locations. Nevertheless, there are substantial gaps between the wage structures of white and ethnic minority employees which cannot be accounted for by who people work for or other attributes, especially among higher earners." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Inside Jobs: Salary Setting for Immigrants Crossing Establishment, Organizational, and National Boundaries (2022)
Zitatform
Rissing, Ben A. & Kwan Lee (2022): Inside Jobs: Salary Setting for Immigrants Crossing Establishment, Organizational, and National Boundaries. In: ILR review, Jg. 75, H. 5, S. 1159-1188. DOI:10.1177/00197939211041301
Abstract
"Using novel US Department of Labor administrative records, the authors test theoretical mechanisms to account for variation in immigrant workers’ starting salaries following key career transitions. Specifically, they examine differences in the base starting salaries and discretionary starting salary increases above these base starting salaries for 1) same-establishment hires, relative to 2) US-based establishment transfers, 3) international establishment transfers, 4) US-based external hires, and 5) international external hires. In support of the “insider premium” account, findings show that same-establishment hires tend to work in jobs with greater requirements, and thus higher base starting salaries. In partial support of the “outsider premium” account, findings show that US-based external hires receive larger starting salary increases than do same-establishment hires, conditional on the jobs they enter. This said, international external hires receive smaller starting salary increases than do same-establishment hires. Findings reveal distinct mechanisms, acting separately or in tandem, during salary-setting processes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Migration and Wage Inequality: A Detailed Analysis for German Regions over Time (2022)
Zitatform
Schmid, Ramona (2022): Migration and Wage Inequality: A Detailed Analysis for German Regions over Time. (Hohenheim discussion papers in business, economics and social sciences 04-2022), Stuttgart, 45 S.
Abstract
"This study presents new evidence on immigrant-native wage differentials estimated in consideration of regional differences regarding the presence of Non-German population in metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas between 2000 and 2019 in Germany. Using linked employer-employee-data, unconditional quantile regression models are estimated in order to assess the degree of labor market integration of foreign workers. Applying an extended version of the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method, the results provide evidence on driving factors behind wage gaps along the entire wage distribution. There are not only changes in the relative importance of explanatory factors over time, but also possible sources of wage differentials shift between different points of the wage distribution. Differentiating between various areas in Germany, on average, larger wage gaps are revealed in metropolitan areas with at the same time a higher presence of the foreign population. Regarding the size of overall estimated wage gaps, after 2012 a reversal in trend and particular increasing tendencies around median wages are identified." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Local institutions, union wage effects and native–foreign wage gaps (2022)
Zitatform
Schmidt, Torben Dall (2022): Local institutions, union wage effects and native–foreign wage gaps. In: Regional Studies, Jg. 56, H. 3, S. 433-446. DOI:10.1080/00343404.2021.1953695
Abstract
"Local institutions in the shape of collective wage bargaining in firms are important for wage differences among labour of various origins. This paper considers local rent-sharing in Danish firms and finds that local wage bargaining reduces wage gaps between cross-border commuters of Danish, Swedish, German and Polish origins. Wage gaps are found to be between 6% and 12%, while individual union membership reduces the wage gap. Local peer effects, on the other hand, may increase wage gaps particularly for cross-border commuters of Polish origin, which can be interpreted as a form of local club behaviour in bargaining at the firm level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Der Migrant-Gender-Pay-Gap: Sind die Gehälter niedrig, trifft es alle (2022)
Spitaleri, Laura;Zitatform
Spitaleri, Laura (2022): Der Migrant-Gender-Pay-Gap: Sind die Gehälter niedrig, trifft es alle. (Analysen und Studien / IQ-Fachstelle Einwanderung 2022,Juli), Berlin, 15 S.
Abstract
"Die IQ Fachstelle Einwanderung untersucht in der vorliegenden Analyse die Gehaltsunterschiede zwischen Männern und Frauen und eingewanderten und nichteingewanderten Personen - den sog. Migrant-Gender-Pay-Gap. Zentral ist dabei die Frage: Verdienen, trotz gleichem Bildungs- oder Anforderungsniveau und gleichem Berufszweig, Männer mehr als Frauen und Personen mit deutscher Staatsangehörigkeit mehr als Personen ohne deutsche Staatsangehörigkeit? Datengrundlage ist eine Erhebung aller Vollzeitbeschäftigten in Deutschland." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Task specialization and the native-foreign wage gap: Evidence from worker-level data (2022)
Zitatform
Storm, Eduard (2022): Task specialization and the native-foreign wage gap: Evidence from worker-level data. In: Labour, Jg. 36, H. 2, S. 167-195. DOI:10.1111/labr.12220
Abstract
"This study documents that worker-level variation in tasks has played a key role in the widening of the German Native-Foreign Wage Gap. I find idiosyncratic differences account for up to 34 per cent of the wage gap. Importantly, natives specialize in high-paying interactive activities not only between, but also within occupations. In contrast, foreign workers specialize in low-paying manual activities. This enhanced degree of task specialization accounts for 11 per cent of the gap among high-wage earners and 25 per cent among low-wage earner, thus offering new insight into sources for imperfect substitution of native and foreign workers and consequently small migration-induced wage effects." (Author's abstract, © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Appendices -
Literaturhinweis
Immigrant Men’s Economic Adaptation in Changing Labor Markets: Why Gaps between Turkish and German Men Expanded, 1976–2015 (2022)
Zitatform
Wiedner, Jonas & Johannes Giesecke (2022): Immigrant Men’s Economic Adaptation in Changing Labor Markets. Why Gaps between Turkish and German Men Expanded, 1976–2015. In: International migration review, Jg. 56, H. 1, S. 176-205. DOI:10.1177/01979183211029903
Abstract
"How important were manufacturing and heavy industries to the economic integration of twentieth-century immigrants in Western societies? This article examines how macro-social change in Germany since the height of manufacturing has affected the socio-economic integration of male immigrants. We develop an analytical framework to assess how educational expansion among natives, deindustrialization, and the increasing importance of formal qualifications shape male immigrant-native gaps in labor-market outcomes over time. Empirically, we focus on first-generation male Turkish immigrants in Germany and use micro-census data spanning almost 40 years. Through a novel empirical quantification of key theoretical arguments concerning immigrant economic integration, we find growing inter-group differences between the late 1970s and mid-2000s (employment) and mid-2010s (incomes), respectively. The growth of differences between the immigrant and native income distributions was most pronounced in their respective bottom halves. Our analysis shows that these trends are linked to the increased importance of formal educational qualifications for individual labor-market success, to educational expansion in Germany, and to deindustrialization. Employment in Germany shifted away from middling positions in manufacturing, but while natives tended to move into better-paying positions, Turkish immigrants mainly shifted into disadvantaged service jobs. These results provide novel evidence for claims that the economic assimilation of less-skilled immigrants may become structurally harder in increasingly post-industrial societies. We conclude that structural change in host countries is an important, yet often overlooked, driver of immigrant socio-economic integration trajectories." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Entgeltunterschiede zwischen Deutschen und Ausländern - Entgelt- und Beschäftigungsstatistik 2021: Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion der AfD (Drucksache 20/3276) (2022)
Zitatform
(2022): Entgeltunterschiede zwischen Deutschen und Ausländern - Entgelt- und Beschäftigungsstatistik 2021. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion der AfD (Drucksache 20/3276). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 20/3834 (04.10.2022)), 38 S.
Abstract
In der Vorbemerkung der Fragesteller wird auf den kontinuierlichen Anstieg des Entgeltunterschieds (Median) zwischen deutschen und ausländischen Beschäftigten in den letzten Jahren verwiesen. Wurde im Jahr 2010 ein Entgeltunterschied von 317 Euro festgestellt, waren es im Jahr 2020 bereits 903 Euro; besonders deutlich ist der Entgeltunterschied nach Auffassung der Fragesteller bei ausländischen Beschäftigten aus den Top-8-Asylherkunftsländern ausgeprägt. Die erfragten Daten betreffen die Entwicklung in den Jahren 2010 bis 2021 und die Anzahl sowie den Anteil der sozialversicherungspflichtigen Beschäftigten, Vollzeitbeschäftigten, Teilzeitbeschäftigten, ausschließlich geringfügig Beschäftigten, erwerbsfähigen Leistungsberechtigten sowie Regelleistungsberechtigten, die, wo möglich, nach Staatsangehörigkeit - Deutsche, Ausländer, EU-Ausländer, EU-Osterweiterung (EU 11), Westbalkan, Osteuropa, Top-8-Asylherkunftsländer -, und nach den Anforderungsniveaus Helfer, Fachkraft, Spezialist, Experte sowie nach Ost- und Westdeutschland, nach Geschlecht und nach Altersgruppen ausgewiesen werden. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Zentrale Befunde zu aktuellen Arbeitsmarktthemen 2021/2022 (2021)
Achatz, Juliane; Bossler, Mario ; Oberfichtner, Michael ; Matthes, Britta ; Bauer, Frank; Lietzmann, Torsten ; Bruckmeier, Kerstin ; Lehmer, Florian ; Wolff, Joachim ; Leber, Ute ; Wenzig, Claudia; Lang, Julia ; Wanger, Susanne ; Kubis, Alexander; Vicari, Basha ; Kruppe, Thomas ; Trappmann, Mark ; Janssen, Simon ; Seibert, Holger ; Janser, Markus ; Rauch, Angela ; Jahn, Elke ; Brücker, Herbert ; Hutter, Christian ; Zika, Gerd ; Hohendanner, Christian ; Weber, Enzo ; Gürtzgen, Nicole ; Trenkle, Simon ; Gartner, Hermann ; Reims, Nancy ; Fuchs, Johann ; Braun, Wolfgang; Fitzenberger, Bernd ; Walwei, Ulrich ; Dietz, Martin ; Ramos Lobato, Philipp ; Dietrich, Hans ; Stephan, Gesine ; Dengler, Katharina ; Wiemers, Jürgen ; Dauth, Christine ;Zitatform
Achatz, Juliane, Frank Bauer, Mario Bossler, Wolfgang Braun, Kerstin Bruckmeier, Herbert Brücker, Christine Dauth, Katharina Dengler, Hans Dietrich, Martin Dietz, Bernd Fitzenberger, Johann Fuchs, Hermann Gartner, Nicole Gürtzgen, Christian Hohendanner, Christian Hutter, Elke Jahn, Markus Janser, Simon Janssen, Thomas Kruppe, Alexander Kubis, Julia Lang, Ute Leber, Florian Lehmer, Torsten Lietzmann, Michael Oberfichtner, Britta Matthes, Joachim Wolff, Claudia Wenzig, Susanne Wanger, Basha Vicari, Mark Trappmann, Holger Seibert, Angela Rauch, Gerd Zika, Enzo Weber, Simon Trenkle, Nancy Reims, Ulrich Walwei, Philipp Ramos Lobato, Gesine Stephan & Jürgen Wiemers (2021): Zentrale Befunde zu aktuellen Arbeitsmarktthemen 2021/2022. Nürnberg, 20 S.
Abstract
"Digitalisierung, Dekarbonisierung und demografischer Wandel werden den Arbeitsmarkt in den kommenden Jahren erheblich verändern. Handlungsbedarf besteht beispielsweise bei der Sicherung des Arbeitskräftebedarfs – und damit verbunden bei der Förderung der Aus- und Weiterbildung –, bei der Reform der Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende und bei der sozialen Absicherung von Solo-Selbständigen. Die Covid-19-Pandemie hat die Situation in mancherlei Hinsicht zusätzlich verschärft. Zu all diesen und zahlreichen weiteren wichtigen Themen fasst die IAB-Broschüre „Zentrale Befunde zu aktuellen Arbeitsmarktthemen“ die zentralen wissenschaftlichen Befunde kompakt zusammen. Sie bietet zudem Handlungsempfehlungen für die Arbeitsmarktpolitik, die aus den wissenschaftlichen Befunden abgeleitet wurden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Bossler, Mario ; Oberfichtner, Michael ; Matthes, Britta ; Bauer, Frank; Lietzmann, Torsten ; Bruckmeier, Kerstin ; Lehmer, Florian ; Wolff, Joachim ; Leber, Ute ; Wenzig, Claudia; Lang, Julia ; Wanger, Susanne ; Kubis, Alexander; Vicari, Basha ; Trappmann, Mark ; Janssen, Simon ; Seibert, Holger ; Janser, Markus ; Rauch, Angela ; Jahn, Elke ; Brücker, Herbert ; Hutter, Christian ; Zika, Gerd ; Hohendanner, Christian ; Weber, Enzo ; Gürtzgen, Nicole ; Trenkle, Simon ; Gartner, Hermann ; Reims, Nancy ; Braun, Wolfgang; Fitzenberger, Bernd ; Walwei, Ulrich ; Dietz, Martin ; Ramos Lobato, Philipp ; Dietrich, Hans ; Stephan, Gesine ; Dengler, Katharina ; Wiemers, Jürgen ; Dauth, Christine ; -
Literaturhinweis
Flache Erfahrungskurvenprofile von ausländischen Beschäftigten in Deutschland (2021)
Zitatform
Brunow, Stephan & Oskar Jost (2021): Flache Erfahrungskurvenprofile von ausländischen Beschäftigten in Deutschland. In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 101, H. 11, S. 889-893., 2021-11-01. DOI:10.1007/s10273-021-3047-6
Abstract
"Dieser Beitrag widmet sich der Entlohnungsstruktur von ausländischen und deutschen sozialversicherungspflichtig Vollzeitbeschäftigten und zielt auf die Lohnzuwächse durch die Aneignung von zusätzlicher Erfahrung auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt. Bisherige Erkenntnisse für Deutschland deuten darauf hin, dass Arbeitsmarkterfahrung bei Ausländern im Vergleich zu deutschen Beschäftigten zu keinen oder nur geringen Lohnzuwächsen führt. Wir identifizieren und diskutieren Ursachen und Erklärungen für diese flacheren Erfahrungskurvenprofile, was insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund der Einkommensungleichheit zwischen beiden Gruppen relevant ist." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)
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Literaturhinweis
Foreign Vs. German Wage Differentials in Germany: Does the Home Country Matter? (2021)
Zitatform
Brunow, Stephan & Oskar Jost (2021): Foreign Vs. German Wage Differentials in Germany: Does the Home Country Matter? In: W. Cochrane, M. P. Cameron & O. Alimi (Ed.) (2021): Labor Markets, Migration, and Mobility, Singapur, Springer S. 55-76, 2020-10-10. DOI:10.1007/978-981-15-9275-1_3
Abstract
"The German labour force is expected to shrink in the next two decades due to a decline in population. Therefore, the immigration of workers from abroad could compensate for potential negative consequences of such population decline. Is Germany competitive for immigration—i.e., do German employers pay enough to make it attractive as a destination country? We explore the wage gap between foreigners and German employees in particular and focus on different countries of origin to better understand issues related to wage setting among these groups. For this purpose, a threefold Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition is performed using comprehensive data with a vast amount of information on a large number of workers and firms. The results suggest that most of the wage gap can be explained by observed characteristics, and in most cases, very little difference remains unexplained. We provide evidence on differences specific to the country of origin which could be taken into consideration to attract people from abroad to better integrate them into the German labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Inhaltsverzeichnis des Sammelwerks -
Literaturhinweis
Real Exchange Rates and the Earnings of Immigrants (2021)
Zitatform
Dustmann, Christian, Hyejin Ku & Tanya Surovtseva (2021): Real Exchange Rates and the Earnings of Immigrants. (CReAM discussion paper 2021,10), London, 59 S.
Abstract
"Higher price levels in the destination relative to the origin increase the effective real wages of immigrants, thereby affecting immigrants' reservation and entry wages as well as their subsequent career trajectories. Based on micro-level longitudinal administrative data from Germany and exploiting within-country and across-cohort variations in the real exchange rate (RER) between Germany and countries that newly joined the European Union in the 2000s, we find that immigrants arriving with high RERs initially settle for lower paying jobs than comparable immigrants arriving with low RERs. In subsequent periods, however, wages of high RER arrivals catch up to that of their low RER counterparts, convergence achieved primarily through changes to better paying occupations and firms. Our findings thus point to the persistent regional price differences as one possible reason for Immigrants' downgrading, with implications for immigrant' career profiles and the assessment of labor market impacts of immigration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effect of housework on wages - A study of migrants and native-born individuals in Germany (2021)
Zitatform
Fendel, Tanja (2021): The effect of housework on wages - A study of migrants and native-born individuals in Germany. In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Jg. 42, H. 3, S. 473-488., 2020-10-22. DOI:10.1007/s10834-020-09733-5
Abstract
"To increase labour market participation among migrants, an increase in female labour market participation is important, with wages being a significant incentive. In research on the gender wage gap, the consideration of housework has been a milestone. Gender differences in housework time have always been much greater among migrants than among native-born individuals. Based on data obtained from the German Socio-Economic Panel from 1995 to 2017, this study questioned whether housework affects the wages of migrant full-time workers differently than those of their native-born counterparts. To consider the possible endogeneity of housework in the wage equation, the analysis estimated, in addition to an OLS model, a hybrid model to estimate within effects. Significant negative effects of housework on wages resulted for migrant women and native-born individuals. The effects for migrant men were significantly smaller or insignificant, which could not be explained by threshold effects. The greater amount of time spent on housework by migrant women than by native-born women will in general lead to a larger wage decrease due to housework for migrant women than for native-born women. The results further showed that the observed variables explained very little of the migrants’ gender wage gap, in contrast to the gap of native-born individuals. Human capital returns, including education and work experiences, were much lower for migrant women than for native-born women, whereas differences in housework equally contributed to the explained share of the gap for both groups, indicating the greater relevance of housework for migrants’ wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
What explains immigrant–native gaps in European labor markets: The role of institutions (2021)
Zitatform
Guzi, Martin, Martin Kahanec & Lucia Mýtna Kureková (2021): What explains immigrant–native gaps in European labor markets: The role of institutions. In: Migration Studies, Jg. 9, H. 4, S. 1823-1856. DOI:10.1093/migration/mnab044
Abstract
"The understanding of how institutional and policy contexts affect immigrant integration is essential for any effort to foster a sustainable and effective migration and integration policy framework. Immigrant–native labor market gaps may arise not only due to differences in human capital or other socio-economic and demographic characteristics, but also due to differentiated impacts of institutions and policies on otherwise similar immigrants and natives. Different integration policy approaches are needed to close the gaps arising through these different mechanisms. This article exploits the variation across Europe to study the institutional and policy determinants of immigrant–native gaps in host labor markets. Using the EU Labor Force Survey as the primary source of data and a novel analytical approach, we study immigrant–native gaps in labor force participation, unemployment, low-skilled employment, and temporary employment and measure the contribution of institutional and policy contexts to the part of these gaps that cannot be explained by immigrant–native differences in characteristics. Our findings confirm that institutional and policy contexts play a significant role in immigrant integration and highlight the importance of tailoring policy approaches with regard to the causes of immigrant–native gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Who Suffers the Greatest Loss? Costs of Job Displacement for Migrants and Natives (2021)
Illing, Hannah; Koch, Theresa;Zitatform
Illing, Hannah & Theresa Koch (2021): Who Suffers the Greatest Loss? Costs of Job Displacement for Migrants and Natives. (IAB-Discussion Paper 08/2021), Nürnberg, 63 S.
Abstract
"Wir sind die ersten, die empirische Belege für Unterschiede in den individuellen Kosten des Arbeitsplatzverlustes für Migranten im Vergleich zu Einheimischen in Deutschland liefern. Unter Verwendung von verknüpften Arbeitgeber-Arbeitnehmer-Daten für den Zeitraum 1996-2017 berechnen wir die Verdienst-, Lohn- und Beschäftigungsverluste jedes entlassenen Arbeitnehmers nach einer Massenentlassung im Vergleich zu einem nicht-entlassenen Kontrollarbeiter. Wir stellen fest, dass Migranten aufgrund höherer Lohn- und Beschäftigungsverluste wesentlich höhere Einkommensverluste hinnehmen müssen als Einheimische. Unterschiede in den individuellen Merkmalen und die unterschiedliche Selektion nach Branchen und Berufen können den Unterschied bei den Lohnverlusten vollständig erklären, nicht aber die Unterschiede bei der Beschäftigung nach der Entlassung. Entlassene Migranten haben sowohl eine geringere Wahrscheinlichkeit, wieder eingestellt zu werden, als auch weniger Arbeitstage als entlassene Einheimische. In Bezug auf diverse Kanäle zeigen wir, dass i) Migranten sich in schlechtere Betriebe sortieren und ii) die etwas geringere geografische Mobilität von Migranten zwischen den Bundesländern einen Teil ihres geringeren Wiederbeschäftigungserfolgs erklären kann; iii) unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Konkurrenz durch andere Migranten und nicht durch Einheimische negativ zu den Kosten des Arbeitsplatzverlustes von Migranten beiträgt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Zugewanderte haben nach einer Massenentlassung schlechtere Arbeitsmarktperspektiven als Einheimische (2021)
Illing, Hannah; Koch, Theresa;Zitatform
Illing, Hannah & Theresa Koch (2021): Zugewanderte haben nach einer Massenentlassung schlechtere Arbeitsmarktperspektiven als Einheimische. In: IAB-Forum H. 04.11.2021 Nürnberg, o. Sz., 2021-11-02.
Abstract
"Massenentlassungen haben für die Betroffenen langfristig negative Konsequenzen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Das betrifft sowohl die Verdienstmöglichkeiten als auch die Beschäftigungschancen. Aus verschiedenen Gründen trifft dies für Zugewanderte noch stärker zu als für Einheimische." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The immigrant-native wage gap in Germany revisited (2021)
Zitatform
Ingwersen, Kai & Stephan L. Thomsen (2021): The immigrant-native wage gap in Germany revisited. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 19, H. 4, S. 825-854. DOI:10.1007/s10888-021-09493-8
Abstract
"This study provides new evidence on the levels of economic integration experienced by foreigners and naturalised immigrants relative to native Germans from 1994 to 2015. We decompose the wage gap using the method for unconditional quantile regression models by employing a regression of the (recentered) influence function (RIF) of the gross hourly wage on a rich set of explanatory variables. This approach enables us to estimate contributions made across the whole wage distribution. To allow for a detailed characterisation of labour market conditions, we consider a comprehensive set of socio-economic and labour-related aspects capturing influences of, e.g., human capital quality, cultural background, and the personalities of immigrants. The decomposition results clearly indicate a significant growing gap with higher wages for both foreigners (13.6 to 17.6%) and naturalised immigrants (10.0 to 16.4%). The findings further display a low explanation for the wage gap in low wage deciles that is even more pronounced within immigrant subgroups. Cultural and economic distances each correlate strongly with wages. A different appreciation of foreign educational qualifications, however, widens the wage gap substantially by 4.5%points on average. Moreover, we observe an indication of deterioration of immigrants' human capital endowments over time relative to those of native Germans." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
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Literaturhinweis
Inder haben die höchsten Medianlöhne in Deutschland (2021)
Plünnecke, Axel;Zitatform
Plünnecke, Axel (2021): Inder haben die höchsten Medianlöhne in Deutschland. (IW-Kurzberichte / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2021,83), Köln, 3 S.
Abstract
"Seit 2012 hat die qualifizierte Zuwanderung aus Drittstaaten stark zur Fachkräftesicherung in den akademischen Berufen beigetragen. In der Folge ist zu beobachten, dass der Medianmonatslohn von allen in Vollzeit sozialversicherungspflichtig beschäftigten Indern in Deutschland mit 4.824 Euro fast 1.300 Euro über dem entsprechenden Medianwert der Deutschen in Höhe von 3.541 Euro liegt. In akademischen MINT-Berufen liegen die Medianlöhne von Indern im Alter zwischen 25 und unter 45 Jahren mit 5.276 Euro etwa auf dem Niveau der Deutschen mit 5.207 Euro." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Cultural differences and immigrants' wages (2021)
Zitatform
Raux, Morgan (2021): Cultural differences and immigrants' wages. (Discussion paper / Université du Luxembourg. Department of Economics and Management 2021-02), Luxembourg, 52 S.
Abstract
"In this paper, I investigate how cultural differences affect the labor-market performance of immigrant workers in Germany. I document a negative relationship between hourly wages and the cultural distance between immigrants' countries of origin and Germany. This result is robust across the three main indicators used in the gravity literature: linguistic, religious, and genetic distances. This cultural wage penalty disappears after five to ten years spent in Germany. Controlling for language proficiency as well as for selective in- and out-migration, these results highlight the cultural integration of immigrant workers. I finally provide evidence suggesting that lower wage progression may be explained by fewer job-to-job transitions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The labor market integration of immigrant women in Europe: context, theory and evidence (2021)
Zitatform
Schieckoff, Bentley & Maximilian Sprengholz (2021): The labor market integration of immigrant women in Europe. Context, theory and evidence. (Working Paper / Universität Konstanz, Cluster of Excellence "The Politics of Inequality" 02), Konstanz, 52 S.
Abstract
"Women represent an important component of the immigration population in Europe and have increasingly been a group of interest in academic studies, especially with regard to their integration outcomes. In this overview, we seek to provide a comprehensive resource for scholars of female immigrant labor market integration in Europe, to act both as a reference and a roadmap for future studies in this domain. We begin by presenting a contextual history of immigration to and within Europe since the Second World War, before outlining the major theoretical assumptions about immigrant women's labor market disadvantage from economics and sociology. We then synthesize the empirical findings published between 2000 and 2020 and analyze how they line up with the theoretical predictions. We also present descriptive analyses with data from 2019, which expose any discrepancies between the current situation in European countries and the situation during the time periods considered in the reviewed studies. As a group, immigrant women are often reported to experience significant disadvantages in their labor market integration, both compared to immigrant men and to native women. However, this type of approach glosses over the substantial heterogeneity in immigrant women's experiences. Instead, our overview points to a selective disadvantage for immigrant women that is highly dependent on their country of origin and the reception context they encounter after immigration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labour migration and increasing inequality in Norway (2021)
Slettebak, Marie H.;Zitatform
Slettebak, Marie H. (2021): Labour migration and increasing inequality in Norway. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 64, H. 3, S. 314-330. DOI:10.1177/0001699320930261
Abstract
"This paper explores the contested relationship between migration and income inequality, using labour migration to Norway as a case. The enlargements of the European Union starting in 2004 were followed by an unprecedented increase in labour migration to Norway. In particular, many rural regions, previously unfamiliar with immigration, have experienced a large influx of labour migrants. In the same period, income inequality has increased. This paper uses register data on the municipality level from 2005-2016 to discuss (a) the direction of the relationship between labour migration and income inequality; (b) the degree to which labour migration affects inequality (in general and within the native population) compared to other immigrant groups; and (c) whether the effects are different in rural and urban municipalities. Findings show that labour migration from the "new" European Union countries is followed by higher income inequality in Norway. No support is found for the reversed causal relationship that increasing inequality causes higher numbers of labour migrants. The effect of labour migration on overall inequality is considerable, but not as strong as the effect of refugees. However, as opposed to refugees, labour migration also affects income inequality within the native population, but this effect is only significant in rural areas." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Navigating Institutions for Integration: Perceived Institutional Barriers of Access to the Labour Market among Refugee Women in Sweden (2021)
Zitatform
Spehar, Andrea (2021): Navigating Institutions for Integration: Perceived Institutional Barriers of Access to the Labour Market among Refugee Women in Sweden. In: Journal of Refugee Studies, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 3907-3925. DOI:10.1093/jrs/feaa140
Abstract
"Sweden may in many respects be regarded as one of the most gender-equal countries in the world today. However, when looking at the situation of immigrant women a more unsettling picture emerges. Employment rates illustrate large gaps between native and immigrant women, as well as significant gender gaps between immigrant men and women. When investigating plausible explanations for underrepresentation of immigrant women in the labour market, scholars have mainly focussed on cultural and individual explanatory factors. In contrast, this article casts our analytical gaze towards institutional factors by examining the experiences of refugee women who, despite expressing a positive attitude and strong willingness to establish themselves on the Swedish labour market, had not succeeded in finding secure employment. Drawing upon in-depth interviews with refugee women, the results suggest that the insufficient institutional support during the first years in Sweden, devaluation of competence and challenges with ‘starting over’ are perceived as central barriers hindering their access to the Swedish labour market. To facilitate higher labour force participation among refugee women in Sweden it is crucial to develop and implement gender-sensitive measures that target different groups of immigrant women and meet their distinct experiences, needs, and interests." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Task specialization and the native-foreign wage gap: Evidence from worker-level data (2021)
Zitatform
Storm, Eduard (2021): Task specialization and the native-foreign wage gap: Evidence from worker-level data. (Ruhr economic papers 928), Essen, 36 S. DOI:10.4419/96973086
Abstract
"Running RIF regressions to decompose wage differences along the distribution, this is the first study documenting that worker-level variation in tasks has played a key role in the widening of the German Native-Foreign Wage Gap. Comparing variation in Individual- vs Occupation-level task measures suggests idiosyncratic differences account for up to 34% of the explained wage gap. Importantly, natives specialize in high-paying interactive activities not only between but also within occupations. In contrast, foreign workers specialize in low-paying manual activities. This enhanced degree of task specialization accounts for 11% of the gap near the top of the distribution and 25% near the bottom, thus offering new insight into sources for imperfect substitution of native and foreign workers in the production function and consequently small migration-induced wage effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
spätere (möglw. abweichende) Version erschienen in: Labour -
Literaturhinweis
US Permanent Residency, Job Mobility, and Earnings (2021)
Wang, Xuening;Zitatform
Wang, Xuening (2021): US Permanent Residency, Job Mobility, and Earnings. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 39, H. 3, S. 639-671. DOI:10.1086/709689
Abstract
"One concern regarding US immigration policies is that skilled workers on temporary visas may be bound to their employers in “indentured servitude,” giving rise to monopsony power. I investigate this concern by estimating the effect of acquiring permanent residency on the job mobility and earnings of these workers. Using fixed effects models, I find an immediate upsurge in mobility upon permanent residency receipt, primarily driven by voluntary moving being depressed during the employer-sponsored immigration process. Job lock reduces the earnings of male workers by 4.7%, which translates to a 2% surplus for firms after extra hiring costs are subtracted." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Affluent Lives Beyond the Border? Individual Wage Change Through Migration (2021)
Zitatform
Witte, Nils & Jean Guedes Auditor (2021): Affluent Lives Beyond the Border? Individual Wage Change Through Migration. In: M. Erlinghagen, A. Ette, N. F. Schneider & N. Witte (Hrsg.) (2021): ¬The¬ Global Lives of German Migrants, S. 121-138. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-67498-4_7
Abstract
"This chapter investigates individual wage changes of German emigrants. The analytical strategy is twofold. First, we compare hourly wage changes among emigrants with wage changes among stayers. We estimate the Difference-in-Difference of mean net hourly wages between stayers and emigrants over time and account for the positive selection of emigrants on observable characteristics through entropy balancing. Second, we explore the heterogeneity of wage changes among emigrants. To that end, we calculate linear regressions on the log net hourly wage change through migration. The first analysis suggests substantial wage increases of 8 euros through migration. The second analysis provides evidence that characteristics of employment and of destination countries account for differences in the wage change among emigrants. Among individual characteristics, only age is negatively correlated, while education and gender do not account for differences. Our analysis rely on the first wave of the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study. The German Socio-Economic Panel Study yields our reference population of stayers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Socio-Economic Disparities in the Integration Process of Immigrants in Western Europe: A Comparative Study for Six EU Countries (2021)
Özdemir, Erhan;Zitatform
Özdemir, Erhan (2021): Socio-Economic Disparities in the Integration Process of Immigrants in Western Europe. A Comparative Study for Six EU Countries. (Border Studies 4), Brüssel: Peter Lang, 377 S.
Abstract
"International migration is one of the prominent facts in the contemporary world, which affects the political, socio-economic and cultural processes both in origin and destination countries. Historically, Western Europe has been one of the most attractive destinations for migrants because of the level of socio-economic development and political stability. However, there are many complex institutional, socio-economic and cultural issues to be addressed to achieve the integration of migrants and to eliminate social inequalities between the native populations and migrants in these host countries. In this respect, this book examines some aspects of socio-economic disparities between native populations and the migrants in Belgium, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Different migration histories, labour market features and welfare state characteristics of these countries are expected to provide insight about how the integration-related and inequality-related issues emerge in diverse social and institutional settings. The study covers the empirical analyses of the disparities in the labour market and accessing the social benefits between 2004 and 2016 by using comparable cross- country survey data. These analyses attempt to demonstrate the relationships between these two domains. The study has a comparative approach, which aims at providing comparable evidence both across the countries and over time in each of the selected countries." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Inhaltsverzeichnis vom Verlag -
Literaturhinweis
On the foreign to native wage differential in Germany: Does the home country matter? (2020)
Zitatform
Brunow, Stephan & Oskar Jost (2020): On the foreign to native wage differential in Germany: Does the home country matter? (IAB-Discussion Paper 26/2020), Nürnberg, 26 S.
Abstract
"Es ist zu erwarten, dass die Anzahl der Erwerbstätigen in Deutschland in den nächsten beiden Dekaden erheblich schrumpfen wird. Migrationsströme aus dem Ausland können die damit verbundenen negativen Effekte kompensieren. Damit geht die Frage einher, ob Deutschland für Migranten ein attraktives Ziel darstellt – zahlen Arbeitgeber genug, um für Migranten attraktiv genug zu sein? Wir analysieren das Lohngefälle zwischen ausländischen und deutschen Beschäftigten in Vollzeit und berücksichtigten dabei das Herkunftsland, um etwaige landesspezifische Unterschiede in der Lohnsetzung und Lohnstrukturen besser zu verstehen. Hierfür nutzen wir eine dreiteilige Oaxaca-Blinder Zerlegung und einen umfangreichen Datensatz mit diversen Informationen zu Individuen und Firmen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Großteil der Lohnlücke auf Unterschiede in den beobachtbaren Charakteristiken zurückgeführt werden kann und zumeist nur sehr wenig unerklärt bleibt. Weiterhin zeigen wir Unterschiede zwischen den Herkunftsländern, die bei der Anwerbung der Beschäftigten berücksichtigt werden sollten, um die Personen besser in den Arbeitsmarkt zu integrieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Der Arbeitsmarkterfolg von Migranten und Migrantinnen und Geflüchteten: Ergebnisse, Gründe und Wege zur Überwindung der Benachteiligung (2020)
Zitatform
Burkert, Carola & Alfred Garloff (2020): Der Arbeitsmarkterfolg von Migranten und Migrantinnen und Geflüchteten. Ergebnisse, Gründe und Wege zur Überwindung der Benachteiligung. In: A. Rauch (Hrsg.) & S. Tophoven (Hrsg.) (2020): Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt, Stuttgart, Kohlhammer S. 130-158, 2020-02-15.
Abstract
"In diesem Kapitel lernen Sie, dass Migrantinnen und Migranten häufig am Arbeitsmarkt schwächere Ergebnisse erzielen als Einheimische. Wir zeigen Ihnen auf, dass es hierfür unterschiedliche Gründe gibt und dass Diskriminierung nicht zwangsläufig der Hauptgrund sein muss. Sie lernen theoretische Erklärungsansätze kennen, warum Migrantinnen und Migranten schwächere Ergebnisse erzielen, unterlegt mit einigen empirischen Erkenntnissen. Sie werden auch Erklärungsfaktoren kennenlernen, die deutlich machen, warum selbst in Deutschland geborene Migrantinnen und Migranten im Durchschnitt nicht die gleichen Erfolge erzielen wie in Deutschland geborene Einheimische. Schließlich erfolgt eine kurze Darstellung des staatlichen Unterstützungssystems, und Sie werden damit vertraut gemacht, welche Strategien zur Bekämpfung der Ungleichheiten herangezogen werden und welche als erfolgreich gelten können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Migrantinnen und Migranten am deutschen Arbeitsmarkt: Qualität der Arbeitsplätze als wichtiger Gradmesser einer gelungenen Integration (2020)
Zitatform
Gundert, Stefanie, Yuliya Kosyakova & Tanja Fendel (2020): Migrantinnen und Migranten am deutschen Arbeitsmarkt: Qualität der Arbeitsplätze als wichtiger Gradmesser einer gelungenen Integration. (IAB-Kurzbericht 25/2020), Nürnberg, 12 S.
Abstract
"Die Arbeitsmarktintegration von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund ist ein wichtiges Thema im öffentlichen Diskurs in Deutschland. Ob und wie schnell Zugewanderte und deren Nachkommen am Arbeitsmarkt Fuß fassen, ist maßgeblich für ihre gesellschaftliche Integration und ihre Chancen auf soziale und wirtschaftliche Teilhabe. Eine besonders wichtige Rolle spielt dabei die Qualität der Arbeitsplätze, die hier für abhängig Beschäftigte mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund vergleichend untersucht wird. Die Studie zeigt, dass sich Zugewanderte bezüglich der Arbeitsplatzqualität deutlich unterscheiden von Beschäftigten ohne Migrationshintergrund, insbesondere in den ersten Jahren nach dem Zuzug. Untersucht werden objektive und subjektive Faktoren wie Einkommen, berufliche Stellung, intrinsische Arbeitsqualität, psychosoziale und physische Belastungen oder Arbeitsplatzsicherheit. Die Befunde deuten darauf hin, dass die Arbeitsqualität mit der Aufenthaltsdauer und über Generationen hinweg steigt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Einwanderungspolitik
- Auswirkungen von Migration
- Wanderungsmotivation und Rückwanderung
- Arbeitslosigkeit und Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Qualifikation, Bildung und Beschäftigung
- Integration und soziale Teilhabe
- internationale Aspekte
- Personengruppen