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Fluchtmigrantinnen und -migranten – Bildung und Arbeitsmarkt

Auf der Flucht vor Krieg und politischer Verfolgung verlassen viele Menschen ihr Heimatland und suchen Schutz und neue Perspektiven in Deutschland und beantragen Asyl. Die Beteiligung am Arbeitsmarkt wird häufig als Schlüssel für die gesellschaftliche Integration der Fluchtmigrantinnen und -migranten gesehen. Welche Qualifikationen bringen die Menschen mit, welche arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen sind hilfreich? Wie gehen die einzelnen Bundesländer damit um, welche Auswirkungen auf die deutsche Wirtschaft und die Sozialsysteme sind zu erwarten, wie sieht die Situation in anderen Ländern aus?
Dieses Themendossier stellt wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zum Thema zusammen und ermöglicht den Zugang zu weiterführenden Informationen sowie zu Positionen der politischen Akteure.
Literatur zur besonderen Situation der Geflüchteten aus der Ukraine finden Sie im Themendossier Auswirkungen des Krieges gegen die Ukraine auf Wirtschaft, Arbeitsmarkt und Fluchtmigration in Deutschland

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Settlement, Return, or Onward Migration? An Intersectional Perspective on Migration Decisions (2026)

    Gallegos Torres, Katia ; Kanas, Agnieszka ; Kosyakova, Yuliya ;

    Zitatform

    Gallegos Torres, Katia, Agnieszka Kanas & Yuliya Kosyakova (2026): Settlement, Return, or Onward Migration? An Intersectional Perspective on Migration Decisions. (SocArXiv papers), 36 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/a38zj_v1

    Abstract

    "Out-migration is a central yet understudied dimension of migration processes, with important implications for labor supply, integration trajectories, and population composition. This paper examines how out-migration intentions vary across migrant groups and how economic ties, socio-cultural embeddedness, and transnational ties are associated with return and onward migration. Using recent data on immigrants in Germany, the analysis shows that out-migration intentions are shaped by multiple mechanisms rather than a single dominant factor. Socio-cultural embeddedness is the strongest correlate of lower mobility, whereas economic resources and transnational ties have more heterogeneous associations. Return and onward migration are linked to distinct configurations of attachments, and these patterns vary systematically by gender and migration motive. Men are more likely to report onward migration, and economic migrants exhibit higher overall mobility than family migrants and refugees. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of distinguishing between forms of mobility and moving beyond purely economic explanations to better understand migrant retention and mobility dynamics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Gallegos Torres, Katia ; Kosyakova, Yuliya ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    The effect of health on refugees' labor market integration: Evidence from a natural experiment in Germany (2026)

    Goßner, Laura ; Kosyakova, Yuliya ; Jaschke, Philipp ;

    Zitatform

    Goßner, Laura, Philipp Jaschke & Yuliya Kosyakova (2026): The effect of health on refugees' labor market integration: Evidence from a natural experiment in Germany. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 21, H. 4, 2026-04-06. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0346936

    Abstract

    "This paper analyzes the role of health for refugees’ integration into host countries’ labor markets. We exploit the quasi-random dispersal policies of refugees across regions in Germany to analyze the causal effect of health on employment. Based on regional and temporal heterogeneity in a policy adoption that provided earlier access to healthcare services through electronic health cards (eHCs), combined with the regional availability of healthcare services and pre-migration health status, we construct instrumental variables (IVs) providing plausibly exogenous variation in refugees’ post-arrival health status. Our results reveal that favorable physical health (PCS) improves refugees’ employment probability. Favorable mental health (MCS) increases only females’ employment rates, although this effect must be scrutinized due to weak instruments. Regarding potential mechanisms, we provide evidence that better health increases language course participation and German language proficiency for female refugees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Unequal returns: gendered and origin-based disparities in initial refugee employment trajectories in Germany (2026)

    Hartmann, Jörg ; Kosyakova, Yuliya ;

    Zitatform

    Hartmann, Jörg & Yuliya Kosyakova (2026): Unequal returns: gendered and origin-based disparities in initial refugee employment trajectories in Germany. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, S. 1-26. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2026.2669616

    Abstract

    "This article examines origin- and gender-based disparities in labour-market integration of refugees in Germany, comparing Ukrainian refugees with refugees from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Using longitudinal data from the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Refugee Survey and the IAB-BiB/FReDA-BAMF-SOEP Ukrainian Refugee Survey, we trace labour-force participation (LFP) and employment rates during the first three years after arrival. Our findings confirm the expected origin and gender gaps. Ukrainians outperform MENA refugees, and men outperform women in both LFP and employment rates. However, decomposition analyses reveal that these gaps are driven less by differences in pre-migration human capital, post-migration investments, caregiving responsibilities, or legal conditions as endowments. Instead, disparities in LFP are largely explained by differential returns to similar characteristics, particularly duration of stay and, for women, returns to language skills and not having children. Once selection into the labour force is accounted for, most employment gaps are reversed or disappear, indicating that early inequalities primarily arise from differential entry into LFP rather than unequal employment chances among participants. Overall, the findings highlight labour-force selection and unequal returns – rather than resource deficits – as central mechanisms shaping early refugee labour-market integration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Taylor&Francis) ((en))

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Kosyakova, Yuliya ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Beschäftigung Geflüchteter in deutschen Betrieben: Einfache Tätigkeiten überwiegen (2026)

    Hohendanner, Christian ; Zimmermann, Florian ;

    Zitatform

    Hohendanner, Christian & Florian Zimmermann (2026): Beschäftigung Geflüchteter in deutschen Betrieben: Einfache Tätigkeiten überwiegen. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 07/2026), Nürnberg, 17 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2607

    Abstract

    "Die Erwerbsintegration von Geflüchteten wurde bislang selten mit Blick auf die Arbeitgeberseite untersucht. Um diese Lücke zu schließen, wird im vorliegenden Forschungsbericht anhand von Daten des IAB-Betriebspanels untersucht, in welchen Betrieben Geflüchtete Beschäftigung finden. Im Mittelpunkt steht ein Vergleich zweier Phasen der Fluchtmigration nach Deutschland: die Jahre 2017 und 2018, also nach Beginn des Bürgerkriegs in Syrien 2015, sowie die Jahre 2022 bis 2025, also nach Beginn des russischen Angriffskrieges gegen die Ukraine. Neben der zeitlichen Entwicklung wird die strukturelle Verteilung der Geflüchteten auf Branchen, Sektoren, Betriebe unterschiedlicher Größe sowie Regionen betrachtet. Das IAB-Betriebspanel ermöglicht dabei eine repräsentative Betrachtung der Arbeitgeberseite, die in der bisherigen Forschung zur Arbeitsmarktintegration von Geflüchteten vergleichsweise selten vorgenommen wurde. Ein zentrales Ergebnis des Berichts ist, dass sich die Zusammensetzung der Betriebe, in denen die Geflüchteten aus den beiden Phasen der Fluchtmigration nach Deutschland jeweils beschäftigt sind, trotz erheblicher Unterschiede in der demografischen Zusammensetzung der beiden Geflüchtetengruppen, kaum voneinander unterscheidet. Während es sich bei den Geflüchteten der großen Flüchtlingsbewegung ab 2015 überwiegend um junge Männer mit geringem formalem Bildungsniveau handelte, sind unter den ukrainischen Geflüchteten Frauen überrepräsentiert. Auch das formelle Qualifikationsniveau ist deutlich höher. Gleichwohl fällt die Branchenverteilung beider Gruppen nahezu identisch aus. Ein erheblicher Teil der Erklärung dürften die bei beiden Gruppen vorhandenen Sprachbarrieren sein sowie die häufig fehlende Anerkennung ausländischer Berufsabschlüsse, die den Zugang zu qualifikationsadäquaten Tätigkeiten erschweren. In beiden Zeiträumen konzentriert sich die Beschäftigung Geflüchteter auf wenige Branchen mit geringen formalen Zugangsvoraussetzungen. Besonders stark überrepräsentiert sind die Arbeitnehmerüberlassung sowie Wach- und Sicherheitsdienste und der Garten- und Landschaftsbau (je nach betrachtetem Jahr 16 bis 26 Prozent) und das Gastgewerbe (je nach betrachtetem Jahr 14 bis 18 Prozent), während diese Branchen zusammen je nach betrachtetem Jahr nur rund 10 bis 12 Prozent der Gesamtbeschäftigung in Deutschland ausmachen. Demgegenüber sind Geflüchtete in Branchen mit hohen Sprach- und Qualifikationsanforderungen, darunter das Gesundheits- und Sozialwesen, die öffentliche Verwaltung sowie unternehmensnahe Dienstleistungen, gemessen an ihrem Anteil an der Gesamtbeschäftigung deutlich unterrepräsentiert. Dies gilt bei den ukrainischen Geflüchteten auch für den frauendominierten sozialen Sektor, obwohl dieser Sektor einen erheblichen Fachkräftebedarf aufweist und der Frauenanteil unter den ukrainischen Geflüchteten hoch ist. Zugleich arbeiten Geflüchtete beider Kohorten häufiger in kleinen und mittleren Betrieben als in Großbetrieben, obwohl letztere gemessen an der Gesamtbeschäftigung erheblich bedeutsamer sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung verknüpft mit BA-Beschäftigungsstatistik: Deutliche Fortschritte bei der Arbeitsmarktintegration ukrainischer Geflüchteter (2026)

    Kosyakova, Yuliya ; Jaschke, Philipp ; Wagner, Simon ;

    Zitatform

    Kosyakova, Yuliya, Philipp Jaschke & Simon Wagner (2026): IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung verknüpft mit BA-Beschäftigungsstatistik: Deutliche Fortschritte bei der Arbeitsmarktintegration ukrainischer Geflüchteter. (IAB-Kurzbericht 03/2026), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2603

    Abstract

    "Der russische Angriffskrieg gegen die Ukraine dauert bereits fast vier Jahre an und hat seit dem 24. Februar 2022 die größte Fluchtbewegung in Europa seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg ausgelöst. Ende 2024 suchten rund 6,7 Millionen Ukrainer*innen Schutz im Ausland, davon etwa eine Million in Deutschland. Wie sich die Arbeitsmarktintegration ukrainischer Geflüchteter seit ihrer Ankunft in Deutschland entwickelt hat, zeigen Analysen auf der Grundlage von Daten der IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung von Geflüchteten, die hierfür mit den Daten der Integrierten Erwerbsbiografien verknüpft wurden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    From the integration paradox to migration aspirations: Return migration, onward migration, or immobility? (2026)

    Kosyakova, Yuliya ; Witte, Nils ;

    Zitatform

    Kosyakova, Yuliya & Nils Witte (2026): From the integration paradox to migration aspirations: Return migration, onward migration, or immobility? (SocArXiv papers), 48 S. DOI:10.17605/OSF.IO/MYZU3

    Abstract

    "Despite extensive research on the integration paradox, its behavioral consequences remain largely unexamined. Although integration is expected to foster long-term settlement, structurally integrated migrants often report heightened discrimination. We argue that these experiences increase aspirations to leave, but their translation into migration plans depends on migrants’ capabilities. Building on an aspirations–capabilities framework, we conceptualize education as a key determinant of migration capabilities distinguishing between absolute and relative education. Absolute education captures skill transferability across destinations, whereas relative education reflects migrants’ position within the origin-country distribution and associated status expectations. We further argue that return and onward migration follow distinct evaluative logics: return is shaped by relative status considerations vis-à-vis the origin country, while onward migration reflects perceived skill transferability in alternative destinations. Using data from the International Mobility Panel of Migrants (IMPa), a large-scale survey of immigrants in Germany (N=41,600), we show migrants with higher absolute education are more likely to respond to alienation by planning onward migration. Contrary to our expectations, higher relative education is also associated with increased onward migration, while those with lower relative education are more likely to consider return." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Kosyakova, Yuliya ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Education and the Recalibration of Pull Factors: Ukrainian Exceptionalism in Forced Migration? (2026)

    Liudmyla, Yuzva; Długosz, Piotr;

    Zitatform

    Liudmyla, Yuzva & Piotr Długosz (2026): Education and the Recalibration of Pull Factors: Ukrainian Exceptionalism in Forced Migration? In: Journal of International Migration and Integration, S. 1-25. DOI:10.1007/s12134-026-01361-6

    Abstract

    "This article explores the migration and settlement decisions of Ukrainian refugees in Germany following the 2022 Russian invasion. Applying Everett Lee’s push–pull theory, it focuses on parents (reflecting the predominance of women travelling with children)—the largest displaced group—and investigates whether access to children’s education emerges not only as a domain of integration but asa significant pull factor within a broader constellation of drivers shaping settlement intentions. The analysis draws on original survey data collected in late 2024 (n = 1075), using an SMS-recruited online questionnaire administered across several host countries. Findings indicate that while war-related threats (e.g. bombardments, destruction of housing) were the primary push factors prompting departure from Ukraine, the decision to settle in Germany was strongly influenced by pull factors such as safety, social support, and access to schooling. Respondents in Germany were more likely to cite long-term motives—such as improved living standards and educational prospects—than those in neighbouring countries. Education emerges not only as a sphere of integration but also as a as part of an institutional bundle, especially for parents of minors. Dual-schooling models (local and Ukrainian), parental assessments of system quality, and children’s adaptation shaped settlement choices. These dynamics show the role of education in refugee agency and family strategy. The article argues that Ukrainian migration to Germany illustrates the interplay between structural pressures and personal decision-making. Push factors triggered large-scale displacement; pull factors and individual evaluations shaped longer-term trajectories. These findings contribute to migration theory by demonstrating the centrality of education in forced migration contexts and by highlighting the heterogeneity of refugee profiles within a single national cohort." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    A Female Refugees' Career: A Review and Agenda for Future Research (2026)

    Žukauskienė, Rūta; Andrijauskienė, Meda ; Savanevičienė, Asta ; Šakytė-Statnickė, Gita ; Mažeikienė, Natalija; Čiutienė, Rūta ;

    Zitatform

    Žukauskienė, Rūta, Meda Andrijauskienė, Asta Savanevičienė, Natalija Mažeikienė, Gita Šakytė-Statnickė & Rūta Čiutienė (2026): A Female Refugees' Career: A Review and Agenda for Future Research. In: Societies, Jg. 16, H. 4. DOI:10.3390/soc16040128

    Abstract

    "Recent geopolitical events have led to an increased research focus on the experiences of female refugees. As careers play a crucial role in socio-economic integration, this study aims to examine the scope and characteristics of research findings on the careers of refugee women in host countries. Following the general research questions for bibliometric analysis, the major trends and intellectual structures of the research field of women refugees’ careers were identified. Four hundred and fifty-three articles selected from the Web of Science database (search by title, abstract, and keywords) for the period 2000–2023 were analyzed using VOSviewer (1.6.20). The results show that key challenges faced by forcibly displaced women include mental health disorders, language barriers, discrimination, downward career mobility, and pressure of traditional gender roles. The research reveals that critical enablers for female refugees’ workforce participation and economic independence are language training, culturally sensitive healthcare, and access to childcare. Simultaneously, empowerment strategies, including entrepreneurship and participation in professional networks, are proved to foster resilience and create pathways for successful career steps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    10 Jahre Fluchtmigration 2015: Was Integration fördert und was sie bremst (2025)

    Brücker, Herbert ; Kosyakova, Yuliya ; Jaschke, Philipp ;

    Zitatform

    Brücker, Herbert, Philipp Jaschke & Yuliya Kosyakova (2025): 10 Jahre Fluchtmigration 2015: Was Integration fördert und was sie bremst. In: IAB-Forum H. 25.08.2025, 2025-08-25. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20250825.01

    Abstract

    "Die Arbeitsmarktintegration ist ein zentraler Gradmesser für die wirtschaftliche und soziale Teilhabe von Geflüchteten. Daten der IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung von Geflüchteten, die mit den Sozialversicherungsdaten der Bundesagentur für Arbeit verknüpft wurden, zeigen: Zehn Jahre nach dem Zuzug haben sich die Beschäftigungsquoten der Schutzsuchenden bereits stark an den Bevölkerungsdurchschnitt angenähert. Dennoch bestehen weiterhin zahlreiche Herausforderungen. Erfolgsfaktoren sind vor allem beschleunigte Asylverfahren, Sprach- und Integrationskurse sowie arbeitsmarktnahe Förderung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    10 Jahre Fluchtmigration 2015: Haben wir es geschafft? Eine Analyse aus Sicht des Arbeitsmarktes (2025)

    Brücker, Herbert ; Jaschke, Philipp ; Kosyakova, Yuliya ;

    Zitatform

    Brücker, Herbert, Philipp Jaschke & Yuliya Kosyakova (2025): 10 Jahre Fluchtmigration 2015: Haben wir es geschafft? Eine Analyse aus Sicht des Arbeitsmarktes. (IAB-Kurzbericht 17/2025), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2517

    Abstract

    "Die Frage, ob „wir es geschafft haben“, lässt sich angesichts der vielschichtigen Dimensionen von Integration und unklarer Erfolgskriterien nicht eindeutig beantworten. Dieser IAB-Kurzbericht beleuchtet die Arbeitsmarktintegration der 2015 zugezogenen Geflüchteten – einen zentralen Indikator wirtschaftlicher und sozialer Teilhabe. Daten der IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung von Geflüchteten verknüpft mit der Beschäftigungsstatistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit zeigen: Die Beschäftigungsquoten der 2015 zugezogenen Geflüchteten haben sich weitgehend dem Niveau des Bevölkerungsdurchschnitts in Deutschland angenähert. Bei den Verdiensten besteht jedoch weiterhin ein deutlicher Rückstand." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Arbeitsmarktintegration von geflüchteten Frauen – großes Potenzial und viele Herausforderungen (2025)

    Fendel, Tanja ; Goßner, Laura ; Gatskova, Kseniia ;

    Zitatform

    Fendel, Tanja, Kseniia Gatskova & Laura Goßner (2025): Arbeitsmarktintegration von geflüchteten Frauen – großes Potenzial und viele Herausforderungen. In: IAB-Forum H. 25.06.2025, 2025-06-24. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20250625.01

    Abstract

    "Die Erwerbstätigenquoten geflüchteter Frauen sind im Durchschnitt deutlich geringer als die geflüchteter Männer. Studien zu Geflüchteten, die in den letzten Jahren nach Deutschland gekommen sind, belegen, dass Sorgepflichten, fehlende Deutschkenntnisse und die Anerkennung ausländischer Abschüsse die zentralen geschlechtsbedingten Hürden darstellen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Barriers to humanitarian migration, victimization and integration outcomes: Evidence from Germany (2025)

    Freitas Monteiro, Teresa ; Ludolph, Lars ;

    Zitatform

    Freitas Monteiro, Teresa & Lars Ludolph (2025): Barriers to humanitarian migration, victimization and integration outcomes: Evidence from Germany. In: World Development, Jg. 186, 2024-11-01. DOI:10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106833

    Abstract

    "Asylum seekers who migrate from developing countries to Europe frequently experience victimization events during their journey. The consequences of these events for their economic integration into destination countries are not yet well explored. In this paper, we analyze how victimization during asylum seekers’ journeys affects their labor market integration in Germany by using survey data collected in the aftermath of the 2015 refugee crisis. Our data allow us to account for the exact timing and geography of migration, such that samples of physically victimized and nonvictimized refugees are balanced along a wide range of characteristics. We find that, compared to nonvictimized refugees, refugees who were physically victimized during their journey to Germany favor joining the labor force and taking up low-income employment rather than investing in host country human capital. To explain these findings, we explore a range of potential mechanisms and find suggestive evidence that experiencing physical victimization in vulnerable situations is not only associated with a decline in mental health but also with a “loss of future orientation” among physically victimized refugees, leading them to discount future payoffs more heavily." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Elsevier) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Staying, Leaving, or Returning? Conflict Resolution Preferences and Migration Among Ukrainian Women (2025)

    Kogan, Irena ; Tubergen, Frank van ; Kosyakova, Yuliya ;

    Zitatform

    Kogan, Irena, Yuliya Kosyakova & Frank van Tubergen (2025): Staying, Leaving, or Returning? Conflict Resolution Preferences and Migration Among Ukrainian Women. In: Studies of transition states and societies, Jg. 17, S. 117-145., 2025-06-16. DOI:10.58036/stss.v17i0.1336

    Abstract

    "Little is known in the literature about non-economic factors that might shape migrant selectivity. This study examines how preferences for resolving the Russian-Ukrainian conflict relate to the migration patterns and intentions of Ukrainians following the Russian full-scale aggression. Drawing on the concepts of place utility and migration decision-making models, we analyze data from the OneUA survey, which was collected around six months after Russia’s full-scale invasion among almost 25,000 Ukrainian women residing in Ukraine and abroad. Our results, based on a series of logistic regressions, suggest that Ukrainian women favoring a military solution to the conflict are more likely to remain in their pre-war residence in Ukraine rather than being internally displaced (i.e., IDP) or moving abroad (i.e., refugees). Moreover, among women forced to leave the country as refugees, those who favor a military solution exhibit a stronger intention to return. Conversely, among women still in Ukraine, those who favour a military solution less are more likely to consider international migration. Our study advances research on self-selection into migration based on non-economic factors, emphasising the role of political perceptions in displacement and resettlement patterns in conflict-affected regions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Kosyakova, Yuliya ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Lebenssituation und Teilhabe ukrainischer Geflüchteter in Deutschland: Ergebnisse der IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung (2025)

    Kosyakova, Yuliya ; Biddle, Louise ; Gatskova, Kseniia ; Siegert, Manuel ; Sommer, Elena; Rother, Nina ; Bartig, Susanne; Koch, Theresa; Büsche, Matteo Jacques; Kosyakova, Yuliya ; Cumming, Philippa; Marchitto, Andrea; Zinn, Sabine ; Zinn, Sabine ; Cardozo Silva, Adriana; Rother, Nina ; Schwanhäuser, Silvia ; Tanis, Kerstin ; Eckhard, Jan ; Süttmann, Felix;

    Zitatform

    Kosyakova, Yuliya, Nina Rother & Sabine Zinn (Hrsg.); Bartig, Susanne, Louise Biddle, Matteo Jacques Büsche, Adriana Cardozo Silva, Philippa Cumming, Jan Eckhard, Kseniia Gatskova, Theresa Koch, Yuliya Kosyakova, Andrea Marchitto, Silvia Schwanhäuser, Manuel Siegert, Elena Sommer, Felix Süttmann, Kerstin Tanis, Nina Rother & Sabine Zinn (2025): Lebenssituation und Teilhabe ukrainischer Geflüchteter in Deutschland: Ergebnisse der IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 05/2025 (de)), Nürnberg, 127 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2505

    Abstract

    "Hintergrund der Studie und Datengrundlage: - Die russische Invasion der Ukraine hat seit dem 24. Februar 2022 eine massive Fluchtbewegung ausgelöst, bei der überwiegend Frauen und Kinder in europäische Länder, einschließlich Deutschland, geflüchtet sind. Rund eine Million Menschen aus der Ukraine leben inzwischen in Deutschland. - Um die Lebenssituation dieser Menschen differenziert und fundiert erfassen zu können, ist eine robuste Datenbasis unerlässlich. Hochwertige, belastbare Daten, die auf einem sorgfältig entwickelten Erhebungsdesign beruhen, sind entscheidend, um die Herausforderungen und Bedarfe der geflüchteten Menschen adäquat zu analysieren und evidenzbasierte Maßnahmen ableiten zu können. - Die IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung erfüllt diese hohen Anforderungen. Als jährliche Panel-Haushaltsbefragung umfasst sie seit 2023 auch ukrainische Geflüchtete und schafft damit die Grundlage für eine empirisch fundierte Analyse ihrer Lebensrealitäten. Die Betrachtung zweier Zuzugskohorten (Zuzug von Februar bis Ende Mai 2022 und Zuzug ab Juni 2022) erlaubt zudem die Analyse von Veränderungen in der Zusammensetzung der Gruppe ukrainischer Geflüchteter. - Die Befragung, die zwischen Juli 2023 und Anfang Januar 2024 stattfand, erfolgte primär durch persönlich-mündliche Interviews (77,2 Prozent der Interviews), ergänzt durch rechnergestützte Selbstinterviews (computer assisted self interview, 15,4 Prozent) und Online-Befragungen (computer assisted web interview, 7,4 Prozent). Insgesamt wurden 3.403 Personen aus 2.219 Haushalten befragt. - Die Daten umfassen sowohl die Haushalts- als auch Personenebene mit Inhalten zu Lebenssituation, Sprache, Erwerbssituation, Integration und Bleibeabsichten. Erstbefragte beantworteten zusätzlich einen Lebenslauffragebogen. - Stichproben- und Gewichtungsverfahren auf der Grundlage des Ausländerzentralregisters (AZR) stellen die Repräsentativität der Daten für ukrainische Geflüchtete im Erhebungszeitraum sicher. - Die IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung von Geflüchteten ist ein gemeinsames Projekt des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt und Berufsforschung (IAB), des Forschungszentrums des Bundesamtes für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF-FZ) und des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) am DIW Berlin." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Living Conditions and Participation of Ukrainian Refugees in Germany: Findings from the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees (2025)

    Kosyakova, Yuliya ; Rother, Nina ; Gatskova, Kseniia ; Koch, Theresa; Zinn, Sabine ; Kosyakova, Yuliya ; Biddle, Louise ; Marchitto, Andrea; Cardozo Silva, Adriana; Schwanhäuser, Silvia ; Eckhard, Jan ; Siegert, Manuel ; Bartig, Susanne; Sommer, Elena; Cumming, Philippa; Süttmann, Felix; Büsche, Matteo Jacques; Tanis, Kerstin ; Rother, Nina ; Zinn, Sabine ;

    Zitatform

    Kosyakova, Yuliya, Nina Rother & Sabine Zinn (Hrsg.); Bartig, Susanne, Louise Biddle, Matteo Jacques Büsche, Adriana Cardozo Silva, Philippa Cumming, Jan Eckhard, Kseniia Gatskova, Theresa Koch, Yuliya Kosyakova, Andrea Marchitto, Silvia Schwanhäuser, Manuel Siegert, Elena Sommer, Felix Süttmann, Kerstin Tanis, Nina Rother & Sabine Zinn (2025): Living Conditions and Participation of Ukrainian Refugees in Germany: Findings from the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 05/2025 (en)), Nürnberg, 119 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2505en

    Abstract

    "Hintergrund der Studie und Datengrundlage: - Die russische Invasion der Ukraine hat seit dem 24. Februar 2022 eine massive Fluchtbewegung ausgelöst, bei der überwiegend Frauen und Kinder in europäische Länder, einschließlich Deutschland, geflüchtet sind. Rund eine Million Menschen aus der Ukraine leben inzwischen in Deutschland. - Um die Lebenssituation dieser Menschen differenziert und fundiert erfassen zu können, ist eine robuste Datenbasis unerlässlich. Hochwertige, belastbare Daten, die auf einem sorgfältig entwickelten Erhebungsdesign beruhen, sind entscheidend, um die Herausforderungen und Bedarfe der geflüchteten Menschen adäquat zu analysieren und evidenzbasierte Maßnahmen ableiten zu können. - Die IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung erfüllt diese hohen Anforderungen. Als jährliche Panel-Haushaltsbefragung umfasst sie seit 2023 auch ukrainische Geflüchtete und schafft damit die Grundlage für eine empirisch fundierte Analyse ihrer Lebensrealitäten. Die Betrachtung zweier Zuzugskohorten (Zuzug von Februar bis Ende Mai 2022 und Zuzug ab Juni 2022) erlaubt zudem die Analyse von Veränderungen in der Zusammensetzung der Gruppe ukrainischer Geflüchteter. - Die Befragung, die zwischen Juli 2023 und Anfang Januar 2024 stattfand, erfolgte primär durch persönlich-mündliche Interviews (77,2 Prozent der Interviews), ergänzt durch rechnergestützte Selbstinterviews (computer assisted self interview, 15,4 Prozent) und Online-Befragungen (computer assisted web interview, 7,4 Prozent). Insgesamt wurden 3.403 Personen aus 2.219 Haushalten befragt. - Die Daten umfassen sowohl die Haushalts- als auch Personenebene mit Inhalten zu Lebenssituation, Sprache, Erwerbssituation, Integration und Bleibeabsichten. Erstbefragte beantworteten zusätzlich einen Lebenslauffragebogen. - Stichproben- und Gewichtungsverfahren auf der Grundlage des Ausländerzentralregisters (AZR) stellen die Repräsentativität der Daten für ukrainische Geflüchtete im Erhebungszeitraum sicher. - Die IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung von Geflüchteten ist ein gemeinsames Projekt des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt und Berufsforschung (IAB), des Forschungszentrums des Bundesamtes für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF-FZ) und des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) am DIW Berlin." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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    Germany as a stopover? Insights into return and International Mobility Panel of Migrants in Germany (IMPa) (2025)

    Kosyakova, Yuliya ; Wagner, Simon ; Gallegos Torres, Katia ; Hammer, Luisa ; Koch, Theresa; Olbrich, Lukas ;

    Zitatform

    Kosyakova, Yuliya, Lukas Olbrich, Katia Gallegos Torres, Luisa Hammer, Theresa Koch & Simon Wagner (2025): Germany as a stopover? Insights into return and International Mobility Panel of Migrants in Germany (IMPa). (IAB-Forschungsbericht 15/2025 (en)), Nürnberg, 92 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2515en

    Abstract

    "Temporary migration of people who have immigrated to Germany is a frequently observed phenomenon, and the trend is rising. Between 2014 and 2023, the average emigration rate among foreign nationals ranged from 6 to 11 percent, depending on the data source. At the same time, Germany requires a net annual immigration of around 400,000 people to stabilize its labor force potential. The high mobility propensity among immigrants can challenge this goal - with far-reaching consequences for securing skilled labor, integration, and the long-term viability of the welfare state. To gain robust insights into the causes, patterns, and effects of mobility, the International Mobility Panel of Migrants in Germany (IMPa) has been established as a new longitudinal online survey. It includes first-time surveys every two years, complemented by annual follow-up surveys over a four-year period. In the first wave (December 2024 to April 2025), around 50,000 immigrants participated. The first follow-up survey is scheduled for the second half of 2025. Using statistical weighting procedures, the data allow for representative statements about individuals in Germany who immigrated by April 2, 2024, are registered in the data of the Federal Employment Agency (e.g. via employment, benefit receipt, or participation in labor market programs), and are in working age (18 to 65 years). Key findings from the first wave indicate: A narrow majority of immigrants (57 percent, roughly 5.7 million people) plan to stay in Germany permanently. Around 1.2 million (12 percent) aim for a temporary stay, and roughly 3 million (30 percent) remain uncertain. About 2.6 million people (26 percent) reported having considered leaving Germany in the last 12 months; approximately 300,000 (3 percent) already have concrete emigration plans - split roughly equally between return migration and onward migration. Given Germany's structural need for skilled labor, the political priority in migration policy is shifting: not only immigration, but also the long-term retention of immigrants is becoming a key challenge. The data reveal that emigration intentions vary widely. Those intending to return primarily target European countries such as Poland or Romania but also Turkey, while onward migrants tend to prefer Switzerland, the United States, or Spain. Motivations also differ: family reasons dominate returns to the country of origin, while economic opportunities play a key role in onward migration. Main reasons for emigration considerations include political dissatisfaction, personal preferences, tax burdens, and bureaucracy. These motives are present among labor migrants, education- and family-based migrants alike; refugees also frequently cite discrimination as a major reason. Overall, the findings suggest that state measures such as reducing bureaucracy, simplifying administrative procedures, and offering tax incentives could help lower emigration intentions. Regarding sociodemographic and migration-specific factors, the IMPa results highlight their central role in shaping emigration intentions. Men report higher rates of temporary stay intentions, emigration considerations, and concrete migration plans than women. Region of origin and reason for migration significantly influence mobility patterns: refugees and individuals with family reunification backgrounds express considerably lower emigration tendencies, while migrants from EU countries and those who came for work or education show higher mobility. Furthermore, immigrants with permanent residence status or EU/German citizenship are more likely to consider leaving - probably due to broader legal mobility options. The IMPa results highlight that labor market factors and economic integration also play a critical but nuanced role in shaping emigration intentions. Education emerges as a key predictor: highly educated individuals more frequently express thoughts of leaving or make concrete plans than those with lower educational levels. Qualifications obtained in Germany or third countries - as well as foreign qualifications recognized in Germany - are more strongly associated with emigration considerations, likely due to their higher international transferability. Employed individuals are more likely to report temporary stay intentions than those who are not employed or are in training. Sectors where the outmigration risk among immigrants is particularly high-such as IT and technical services-are also those facing significant skilled labor shortages. Furthermore, it is notable that in other sectors vulnerable to labor shortages-such as healthcare, construction, public administration, or retail-, emigration tendencies are not above average, but they are still relevant. Higher incomes are also associated with stronger emigration considerations and plans, which indicates that migrants who are particularly well integrated into the labor market want to leave Germany again. Another important factor is job satisfaction: the less satisfied individuals are with their work, the more frequently they express temporary intentions to stay, thoughts of emigration, and concrete emigration plans. Job satisfaction thus acts as a stabilizing factor. Language skills show differentiated effects: while descriptive findings suggest that individuals with poor German skills have lower intentions to stay permanently and higher mobility plans, multivariate analyses indicate that good German skills are associated with increased mobility. Good English skills also tend to increase emigration intentions, likely due to better international labor market options. Social integration and societal participation are also crucial: family ties in Germany and regular contact with German nationals have a stabilizing effect. A strong emotional attachment to Germany stabilizes the intention to stay, whereas a strong connection to the country of origin increases the likelihood of emigration. A strong subjective sense of welcome and low perceptions of discrimination significantly reduce the probability of emigration considerations and plans. Conversely, perceptions of discrimination - especially in interactions with authorities, police, and at the workplace - greatly increases emigration tendencies. Political dissatisfaction also significantly raises the likelihood of emigration-related thoughts and plans. In summary, emigration intentions do not arise randomly but are the result of a complex interplay of individual characteristics, social integration, economic anchoring, and perceived societal acceptance. One of the central findings of the IMPa survey is that those who came to Germany for work or education, better educated, more economically successful, and more linguistically integrated are the ones most likely to consider leaving or already have concrete plans to do so. In other words: those most urgently needed to secure Germany's future labor supply are also those most inclined to leave. This selective mobility endangers the country's long-term ability to retain skilled labor. It is therefore essential to offer this group a meaningful perspective and to position Germany not only as a place of immigration but as a country in which people want to stay and build their future. This includes faster and more transparent recognition of qualifications, a determined reduction of bureaucratic hurdles, family-friendly integration policies, and targeted measures against everyday and workplace discrimination. Only when immigrants feel like fully included members of society - with real opportunities for participation and professional advancement - are they likely to choose Germany as their long-term home and pursue both personal and professional goals here. So far, only about one fifth of those with emigration plans have taken concrete steps towards leaving. At the same time, roughly one fifth express a long-term wish to return to Germany, one third rule it out, and about half remain undecided. This means that around two thirds of those considering emigration are potentially open to returning in the future. Activating and supporting this return potential could become a valuable component of Germany's strategic labor policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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    Beschäftigungs(un)fähig? Mythen zu geflüchteten Musliminnen am Arbeitsmarkt (2025)

    Menke, Katrin ;

    Zitatform

    Menke, Katrin (2025): Beschäftigungs(un)fähig? Mythen zu geflüchteten Musliminnen am Arbeitsmarkt. In: Vierteljahreshefte zur Arbeits- und Wirtschaftsforschung, Jg. 2, H. 4, S. 477-491. DOI:10.3790/vaw.2025.1473404

    Abstract

    "Frauen, die bis 2022 aus überwiegend arabischen Herkunftsländern nach Deutschland flüchteten, werden von diversen lokalen Arbeitsmarktakteuren mit dem Mythos einer fehlenden oder nur eingeschränkten Beschäftigungsfähigkeit belegt. Dieser speist sich aus hiesigen antimuslimischen sexistisch-rassistischen Narrativen, die die Vermittlung dieser Frauen in prekäre Arbeitsmarktsegmente begünstigen. Der Beitrag greift den Mythos samt seiner Narrative auf Grundlage qualitativ erhobener Daten in Form von Interviews mit lokalen Arbeitsmarktakteuren sowie geflüchteten Musliminnen auf und stellt dessen historischen Kontext, seine innere Logik und die daraus folgenden Wirkungsweisen dar. Weil aus einem soziologischen Verständnis heraus Mythen gesellschaftliche Funktionen erfüllen – sie bieten Ordnung, (Selbst-)Vergewisserung von Identitäten und Zugehörigkeiten sowie Legitimationen gesellschaftlicher Machtverhältnisse (Hero 2022: o. S.) –, befragt der Beitrag die dargestellten Mythen darüber hinaus auf ihre (möglichen) Funktionen für die christlich, weiße, sesshafte Mehrheitsgesellschaft in Deutschland." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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    Refugee Women’s Transition to VET in Germany: Examining the Role of Gender Norms and Human Capital Endowments (2025)

    Meyer, Franziska ;

    Zitatform

    Meyer, Franziska (2025): Refugee Women’s Transition to VET in Germany: Examining the Role of Gender Norms and Human Capital Endowments. In: Social Inclusion, Jg. 13. DOI:10.17645/si.9559

    Abstract

    "The article examines the extent to which gender roles as well as the human capital resources acquired in the country of origin are associated with refugee women’s chances of taking up vocational education and training (VET) in Germany. It follows the assumption that traditional gender roles, which assign women to the domestic sphere, can affect refugee women’s behavior either directly or through social contacts who impose these roles upon them. Additionally, it argues that the human capital that refugee women acquired in their country of origin can affect the trainers’ decision to hire them as trainees. The focus of the investigation is women between the ages of 18 and 30 who applied for asylum in Germany between 2015 and 2019 and mainly originate from Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Iran (N = 945). By applying a piecewise constant exponential model to monthly data from the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees, the analysis shows that neither the women’s endowment with human capital acquired in their country of origin (i.e., level of education and work experience) nor their own gender role attitudes, having children, or the frequency of contact with persons from the same country of origin are significantly associated with their chances of transitioning to VET. Having a partner is, however, associated with almost 60% lower chances of refugee women entering VET." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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    Refugee men and women in the segmented VET market in Germany: on their career prospects and the role of resource inequality (2025)

    Meyer, Franziska ; Winkler, Oliver ;

    Zitatform

    Meyer, Franziska & Oliver Winkler (2025): Refugee men and women in the segmented VET market in Germany: on their career prospects and the role of resource inequality. In: Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training, Jg. 17. DOI:10.1186/s40461-025-00197-1

    Abstract

    "Vocational education and training (VET) systems are characterized by both gender-specific occupational segregation and vertical occupational segmentation, leading to considerable differences in income and employment stability prospects across individual training occupations. For refugee men and women in particular, whose labor market positioning is crucial for their socio-economic integration in the host country, it is therefore not only important that they enter VET, but also which specific occupation they enter. This article investigates, first, whether the dual training occupations pursued in Germany by men and women with a refugee background differ from those pursued by those from the majority population in terms of prospective income and employment stability; and second, whether these differences are mediated by variations in search and application strategies as well as network resources, on the one hand, and differences in school-leaving qualifications, on the other. Drawing on data from the BA/BIBB Applicants Survey and the Refugee Migration Study (N = 6,055), the results show that men and women with a refugee background are more likely to enter training occupations with significantly lower occupation-specific salaries than their counterparts in the majority population. Refugee men also tend to pursue occupations with higher occupation-specific unemployment rates, whereas no such difference is found for women. These disparities are only marginally mediated by variations in search and application strategies and network resources, but are largely explained by differences in school-leaving qualifications. When controlling for these resources, women with a refugee background are more likely to enter training occupations with even lower unemployment rates than women from the majority population." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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    The Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) Strategy for Sustainable Job Creation in a Changing World of Work (2025)

    Santayana, Maria Teresa Gutierrez;

    Zitatform

    Santayana, Maria Teresa Gutierrez (2025): The Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) Strategy for Sustainable Job Creation in a Changing World of Work. (DIFIS-Impuls 2025,7), Duisburg ; Bremen, 4 S.

    Abstract

    "Germany has supported Syrian refugees through international and national initiatives. Starting in 2012, the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and the German Development Bank (KfW) helped Germany become the second-largest bilateral donor to Syria, contributing more than half a billion euros annually. During the 2015 crisis, Germany took in a large influx of Syrians; according to the German Office of Statistics, around 973,000 were living in Germany by the end of 2023. A total of 712,000 were granted refugee status, 41 % of them being women. The current impulse focuses on the mechanisms developed by the International Labour Organization (ILO) for job creation through public investment (JCPI) and implemented in partnership with the Federal Government of Germany as donor. The aim is to facilitate equal access to labour markets and promote the social and economic integration of Syrian refugees in both Jordan and Germany as host countries. The document seeks to contribute to DIFIS social policy research Field 2, which calls for inclusive strategies for a sustainable transition through social policies that mitigate the effects of the changing world of work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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