Digitale Arbeitswelt – Chancen und Herausforderungen für Beschäftigte und Arbeitsmarkt
Der digitale Wandel der Arbeitswelt gilt als eine der großen Herausforderungen für Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Wie arbeiten wir in Zukunft? Welche Auswirkungen hat die Digitalisierung und die Nutzung Künstlicher Intelligenz auf Beschäftigung und Arbeitsmarkt? Welche Qualifikationen werden künftig benötigt? Wie verändern sich Tätigkeiten und Berufe? Welche arbeits- und sozialrechtlichen Konsequenzen ergeben sich daraus?
Dieses Themendossier dokumentiert Forschungsergebnisse zum Thema in den verschiedenen Wirtschaftsbereichen und Regionen.
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- Gesamtbetrachtungen/Positionen
- Arbeitsformen, Arbeitszeit und Gesundheit
- Qualifikationsanforderungen und Berufe
- Arbeitsplatz- und Beschäftigungseffekte
- Wirtschaftsbereiche
- Arbeits- und sozialrechtliche Aspekte / digitale soziale Sicherung
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- Besondere Personengruppen
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Literaturhinweis
On automation, labor reallocation and welfare (2025)
Zitatform
Auray, Stéphane & Aurélien Eyquem (2025): On automation, labor reallocation and welfare. In: Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Jg. 177. DOI:10.1016/j.jedc.2025.105129
Abstract
"We develop an open-economy model of endogenous automation with heterogeneous firms and labor-market reallocation to quantify the contribution of various trends to the adoption of robots in the U.S. economy. The decline in the relative price of robots is the major trend leading to automation, but interacts with other trends that either hinder (rising entry costs, rising markups) or slightly foster (rising labor productivity, declining trade costs) the adoption of robots. Taken alone, the decline in the relative price of robots produces moderate welfare gains in the long run, but less than labor productivity growth. We then exploit our model to show that a decline in the relative price of robots (i) generates small positive cross-country automation spillovers and (ii) produces inefficient labor-market reallocation since a small subsidy on robots combined with a training subsidy can generate small welfare gains. Our main conclusion is that automation can not be simply modeled as an exogenous decline in the price of robots, and must be analyzed in a broader framework taking into account trends affecting firms, such as the decline in business dynamism and the rise in markups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Expertise (2025)
Autor, David; Thompson, Neil;Zitatform
Autor, David & Neil Thompson (2025): Expertise. In: Journal of the European Economic Association, Jg. 23, H. 4, S. 1203-1271. DOI:10.1093/jeea/jvaf023
Abstract
"When job tasks are automated, does this augment or diminish the value of labor in the tasks that remain? We argue the answer depends on whether removing tasks raises or reduces the expertise required for remaining non-automated tasks. Since the same task may be relatively expert in one occupation and inexpert in another, automation can simultaneously replace experts in some occupations while augmenting expertise in others. We propose a conceptual model of occupational task bundling that predicts that changing occupational expertise requirements have countervailing wage and employment effects: automation that decreases expertise requirements reduces wages but permits the entry of less expert workers; automation that raises requirements raises wages but reduces the set of qualified workers. We develop a novel, content-agnostic method for measuring job task expertise, and we use it to quantify changes in occupational expertise demands over four decades attributable to job task removal and addition. We document that automation has raised wages and reduced employment in occupations where it eliminated inexpert tasks, but lowered wages and increased employment in occupations where it eliminated expert tasks. These effects are distinct from—and in the case of employment,opposite to—the effects of changing task quantities. The expertise framework resolves the puzzle of why routine task automation has lowered employment but often raised wages in routine task-intensive occupations. It provides a general tool for analyzing how task automation and new task creation reshape the scarcity value of human expertise within and across occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Winners and losers when firms robotize: wage effects across occupations and education (2025)
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Barth, Erling, Marianne Røed, Pål Schøne & Janis Umblijs (2025): Winners and losers when firms robotize: wage effects across occupations and education. In: The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, S. 1-30. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12593
Abstract
"This paper analyses the impact of robots on workers' wages in the manufacturing sector, with a particular focus on relative wages for workers with different levels of education and in different occupations. Using high-quality matched employer–employee register data with firm-level information on the introduction of industrial robots, we identify the effects of robotization on relative wages within firms. Skilled blue-collar workers with a vocational degree experience a decline in wages when firms introduce robots, while there are only small effects for the other groups of workers. These results suggest that robots are substitutes for tasks undertaken by skilled blue-collar workers in manufacturing, and furthermore that the adoption of robots contributes to a polarization of the labor market and a hollowing out of the wage distribution, rather than to skill-biased technical change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The dynamics of automation adoption: Firm-level heterogeneity and aggregate employment effects (2025)
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Bisio, Laura, Angelo Cuzzola, Marco Grazzi & Daniele Moschella (2025): The dynamics of automation adoption: Firm-level heterogeneity and aggregate employment effects. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 173. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2024.104943
Abstract
"We investigate the impact of investment in automation-related goods on adopting and non-adopting firms in the Italian economy during 2011–2019. We integrate datasets on trade activities, firms’, and workers’ characteristics for the population of Italian importing firms and estimate the effects on adopters ’ outcomes within a difference-in-differences design exploiting import lumpiness in product categories linked to automation technologies (including robots). We find a positive average adoption effect on the adopters’ employment: firms are, on average, around 3% larger in terms of employment after an automation spike. Crucially, the employment effect is heterogeneous across firms: a positive effect is predominant among small firms, which are around 5% larger five years after the spike; on the contrary, a negative displacement effect is predominant among medium and large firms, with an employment contraction at five years of around -4%. This result can shed light on one potential reason behind the mixed results in the literature, i.e. different size distribution of the samples used. We complete the framework with a 5-digit sector-level analysis showing that adopting automation technologies has an overall weak negative effect on aggregate employment, and with an analysis of the competition effects of automation, showing that non-adopters suffer a loss in sales and employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Re‐Skilling in the Age of Skill Shortage: Adult Education Rather Than Active Labor Market Policy (2025)
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Bonoli, Giuliano, Patrick Emmenegger & Alina Felder-Stindt (2025): Re‐Skilling in the Age of Skill Shortage: Adult Education Rather Than Active Labor Market Policy. In: Regulation and governance, S. 1-13. DOI:10.1111/rego.70065
Abstract
"European economies face the task of providing the necessary skills for the “twin transition ” in a period of skill shortage. As a result, we may expect countries to reorient their labor market policy towards re-skilling. We look for evidence of a reorientation in two relevant policy fields: active labor market policy (ALMP) and adult education (AE). We explore general trends in both fields based on quantitative indicators and compare recent policy developments in four countries with strong ALMP and AE sectors: Denmark, France, Germany, and Sweden. We do not observe clear evidence of a general movement away from activation and towards re-skilling in ALMP. However, in AE, we identify several re-skilling initiatives that address skill shortages. Relying on insights from queuing theories of hiring and training, we argue that due to changes in the population targeted by ALMP, the locus of re-skilling policy is increasingly moving towards AE." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Automation and segmentation: Downgrading employment quality among the former “insiders” of Western European labour markets (2025)
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Buzzelli, Gregorio (2025): Automation and segmentation: Downgrading employment quality among the former “insiders” of Western European labour markets. In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 34, H. 2. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.70011
Abstract
"The literature on labor market segmentation traditionally looks at servitisation as the main structural driver behind the rise of employment precariousness, overlooking another crucial engine of the knowledge-economy transition: the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) revolution. This paper proposes a task-based approach to complement the skill-biased framework usually applied to labor market segmentation, investigating the correlation between occupational exposure to the risk of automation and low-quality employment. The empirical analysis, based on 14 countries sampled from ESS (2002–2018), shows a strong correlation between technological replaceability and low income across all of Western Europe, especially after the Great Recession, while its association with atypical employment is mainly driven by fixed-term contracts in Central and Southern Europe and by part-time arrangements in Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian countries. Overall, a “recalibrated” dualisation emerges in Western European labor markets, characterized by the diffusion of low labor earnings and atypical contracts among mid-skill routine workers, besides the low-skill service precariat." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Technological innovations and workers’ job insecurity: the moderating role of human resource strategies (2025)
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Caselli, Mauro, Andrea Fracasso, Arianna Marcolin & Sergio Scicchitano (2025): Technological innovations and workers’ job insecurity: the moderating role of human resource strategies. In: Journal of industrial and business economics, Jg. 52, H. 1, S. 153-176. DOI:10.1007/s40812-024-00329-w
Abstract
"In this paper, we empirically assess the impact of firms’ technological innovations on the workers’ perceived probability of job loss. We take advantage of a unique dataset based on a large and representative cross-sectional survey covering several characteristics of Italian workers and their firms. We find that a firm ’s technological adoption reduces job insecurity among its surviving workers, and the effect is stronger when the innovation makes tasks simpler and their execution more precise. We also find that the relationship between technological innovation and job insecurity is moderated by human resource strategies, such as training programs, labor-saving automation and dismissal plans adopted after the introduction of the innovation. Thus, workers’ perceptions of job insecurity vary significantly across innovative firms, and firms’ human resource strategies act as arelevant moderating factors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
What workers and robots do: An activity-based analysis of the impact of robotization on changes in local employment (2025)
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Caselli, Mauro, Andrea Fracasso, Sergio Scicchitano, Silvio Traverso & Enrico Tundis (2025): What workers and robots do: An activity-based analysis of the impact of robotization on changes in local employment. In: Research Policy, Jg. 54, H. 1. DOI:10.1016/j.respol.2024.105135
Abstract
"This work investigates the impact that changes in the local exposure to robots had on changes in Italian employment over the period 2011–2018. It contributes to the debate by providing novel and granular evidence on the impact of robot adoption on new activity-based groups of occupations and by focusing on the overlap between the functional similarities of robot applications and occupations. This framework, consistently centered on workers ’ and robots’ activities, reveals highly heterogeneous effects of robotization, ranging from positive to negative across different groups of occupations, thereby supporting a nuanced and granular reading of this debated phenomenon. In particular, the local share of robot operators increases where the increase in robot adoption is larger, while the local share of workers using intensively their torso decreases." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How welfare states influence online platform work in Europe (2025)
Zitatform
Chueri, Juliana & Petter Törnberg (2025): How welfare states influence online platform work in Europe. In: Journal of European Social Policy, S. 1-17. DOI:10.1177/09589287251357463
Abstract
"Digital labor platforms are reshaping global labor markets by enabling the transnational contracting of service workers. While the dominant perspective emphasizes market forces, predicting that lower-wage countries will dominate the supply side, this view overlooks the institutional context in which platform labor emerges. This paper advances the argument that national welfare institutions are key to shaping participation in the platform economy. We provide the first large-scale cross-national comparative analysis of platform labor, combining micro-level data from one of the world’s largest remote work platforms with country-level indicators from 26 European countries. In line with market expectations, we find that lower-wage countries supply most low-skilled labor, while higher-wage countries show a more balanced distribution between low- and high-skilled workers. Crucially, however, our analysis reveals that greater welfare state generosity is associated with lower levels of platform participation, especially in low-skilled occupations. We argue that platform labor cannot be understood solely as a function of technological change or wage differentials. It is also an expression of structural constraints: where social protections are weak, people are more likely to turn to precarious forms of online work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Equalising the effects of automation? The role of task overlap for job finding (2025)
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Dabed, Diego, Sabrina Genz & Emilie Rademakers (2025): Equalising the effects of automation? The role of task overlap for job finding. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 96. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102766
Abstract
"This paper investigates whether task overlap can equalise the distributional effects of automation for unemployed job seekers displaced from routine jobs. Using a language model, we establish a novel job-to-job task similarity measure. Exploiting the resulting job network to define job markets flexibly, we find that only the most similar jobs affect job finding. Since automation-exposed jobs overlap with other highly exposed jobs, task-based reallocation provides little relief for affected job seekers. We show that this is not true for more recent software exposure, for which task overlap lowers the inequality in job finding." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Authors. Published byElsevier B.V.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Macroeconomic and Labor Market Drivers of AI Adoption in Europe: A Machine Learning and Panel Data Approach (2025)
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Drago, Carlo, Alberto Costantiello, Marco Savorgnan & Angelo Leogrande (2025): Macroeconomic and Labor Market Drivers of AI Adoption in Europe: A Machine Learning and Panel Data Approach. In: Economies, Jg. 13, H. 8. DOI:10.3390/economies13080226
Abstract
"This article investigates the macroeconomic and labor market conditions that shape the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies among large firms in Europe. Based on panel data econometrics and supervised machine learning techniques, we estimate how public health spending, access to credit, export activity, gross capital formation, inflation, openness to trade, and labor market structure influence the share of firms that adopt at least one AI technology. The research covers all 28 EU members between 2018 and 2023. We employ a set of robustness checks using a combination of fixed-effects, random-effects, and dynamic panel data specifications supported by Clustering and supervised learning techniques. We find that AI adoption is linked to higher GDP per capita, healthcare spending, inflation, and openness to trade but lower levels of credit, exports, and capital formation. Labor markets with higher proportions of salaried work, service occupations, and self-employment are linked to AI diffusion, while unemployment and vulnerable work are detractors. Cluster analysis identifies groups of EU members with similar adoption patterns that are usually underpinned by stronger economic and institutional fundamentals. The results collectively suggest that AI diffusion is shaped not only by technological preparedness and capabilities to invest but by inclusive macroeconomic conditions and equitable labor institutions. Targeted policy measures can accelerate the equitable adoption of AI technologies within the European industrial economy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Narrowing the digital divide: Economic and social convergence in Europe’s digital transformation (2025)
Duff, Cían; Soldi, Rossella; Hyland, Marie; Cavallini, Simona; Peruffo, Eleonora; Krieg, Marielena;Zitatform
Duff, Cían, Marie Hyland, Marielena Krieg, Eleonora Peruffo, Simona Cavallini & Rossella Soldi (2025): Narrowing the digital divide. Economic and social convergence in Europe’s digital transformation. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, 822 S. DOI:10.2806/1764165
Abstract
"Digitalization has been on the EU policy agenda since 2000. While great strides have been made in this area over the past two decades, the digital transformation is not yet complete. This report seeks to deepen our understanding of the evolution towards a digital Europe. By applying the lens of convergence, the report assesses the progress of Member States towards the EU ’s policy targets, where Member States are growing together and wheredigital gaps are expanding. It also considers the gaps in the progress of digitalization between socioeconomic groups and regions. According to almost all indicators analysed, historically lower-performing Member States have been catching up with the digital leaders. However, at a more granular level, digitalization of businesses has been uneven and significant inequalities persist between regions and socioeconomic groups. The report shines a light on the role of digitalization in the EU’s economic convergence and considers the progress in and benefits of digitalisation for the private sector. The findings show that access is still an issue for vulnerable groups, in particular low-income households, older individuals and those with lower levels of education. Importantly, these are the groups that are more reliant on public services, and they may struggle to access e-government. While progress is being made, some groups remain at risk of being left behind in the digital transition. Considering this, the report highlights a range of policy approaches being deployed across Europe that aim to narrow the digital divide." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Industrial robots and employment change in manufacturing: A decomposition analysis (2025)
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Eder, Andreas, Wolfgang Koller & Bernhard Mahlberg (2025): Industrial robots and employment change in manufacturing: A decomposition analysis. In: Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Jg. 74, S. 591-602. DOI:10.1016/j.strueco.2025.05.014
Abstract
"This paper examines the contribution of industrial robots to employment change in manufacturing in a sample of 17 European countries and the USA over the period 2004 to 2019. We combine index decomposition analysis (IDA) and production-theoretical decomposition analysis (PDA). First, we use IDA to decompose employment change in the manufacturing industry into changes in (aggregate) manufacturing output, changes in the sectoral structure of the manufacturing industry, and changes in labor intensity (the inverse of labor productivity) which is a composite index of labour intensity change within each of the nine sub-sectors of total manufacturing. Second, we use PDA to further decompose labor intensity change to isolate the contribution of technical efficiency change, technological change, human capital change, change in non-robot capital intensity and change in robot capital intensity to employment change. In almost all of the countries considered, labour intensity is falling in entire manufacturing, exerting a dampening effect on employment. Robotization contributes to this development by reducing labor intensities and employment in all countries and sub-sectors, though to varying degrees. Manufacturing output, in turn, grows in all countries except Greece, Spain and Italy, which increases employment and counteracts or in some countries even more than offsets the dampening effect of declining labor intensities. The structural change within manufacturing has an almost neutral effect in many countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Cross-country skills-technology policy debates through large language models (2025)
Einhoff, Jan; López Trejos, Isabella; Paunov, Caroline;Zitatform
Einhoff, Jan, Isabella López Trejos & Caroline Paunov (2025): Cross-country skills-technology policy debates through large language models. (OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2025,20), Paris, 43 S. DOI:10.1787/d5f669be-en
Abstract
"Language models, this paper conducts a cross-country comparative innovation policy analysis of skills-technology policy debates across seven OECD member countries (Austria, Canada, Finland, Germany, Korea, Sweden, and the United Kingdom). Results highlight the dominance of STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) and digital skills in these policy debates, the relative neglect of green skills, and the emphasis on soft skills across all technology fields. The analysis also identifies common policy instruments, which include collaborative platforms and direct financial support. Overall, the paper shows how large language models can help policy analysts identify patterns and gaps in extensive policy texts that nonetheless critically demands expert oversight and careful interpretation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The digital skill premium: Evidence from job vacancy data (2025)
Garcia-Lazaro, Aida ; Mendez-Astudillo, Jorge ; Newnes, Linda ; Larkin, Charles ; Lattanzio, Susan ;Zitatform
Garcia-Lazaro, Aida, Jorge Mendez-Astudillo, Susan Lattanzio, Charles Larkin & Linda Newnes (2025): The digital skill premium: Evidence from job vacancy data. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 250. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2025.112294
Abstract
"This paper examines the relationship between digital skills demand and posted wages in the UK using novel vacancy data. Digital skills — classified into basic, intermediate, and advanced using an XGBoost model — are linked to significant wage premiums. Within occupations, they are associated with 5.8% higher wages, with advanced and intermediate skills increasing wages by up to 8.9% when listed in job postings. Each additional digital skill increases wages by 1%, rising to 1.6% for advanced and intermediate skills. Artificial intelligence (AI) and cybersecurity skills yield particularly high returns, increasing wages by 8.6%–9.7% when listed and by 4.8%–5.4% per additional skill." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Governing the Digital Transition: The Moderating Effect of Unemployment Benefits on Technology‐Induced Employment Outcomes (2025)
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Golboyz, Mark (2025): Governing the Digital Transition: The Moderating Effect of Unemployment Benefits on Technology‐Induced Employment Outcomes. In: Social Inclusion, Jg. 13. DOI:10.17645/si.10114
Abstract
"The digital transition shapes work in numerous ways. For instance, by affecting employment structures. To ensure that the digital transition results in better employment opportunities in terms of socio-economic status, labor markets have to be guided appropriately. The European Pillar of Social Rights can be the political framework to foster access to employment and tackle inequalities that result from the digital transition. Current research primarily examines scenarios of occupational upgrading and employment polarisation. In the empirical literature, there is no consensus on which of these developments prevail. Findings vary between countries and across different study periods. Accordingly, this article provides a theoretical explanation for the conditions under which occupational upgrading and employment polarization become more likely. Further, this article examines how the use of information and communication technology (ICT) capital in the production of goods and services affects the socio-economic status of individuals and, more importantly, whether unemployment benefits moderate this effect. Methodologically, the article uses multilevel maximum likelihood regression models with an empirical focus on 12 European countries and 19 industries. The analysis is based on data from the European Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS), the European Union Level Analysis of Capital, Labour, Energy, Materials, and Service Inputs (EU-KLEMS) research project, and the Comparative Welfare Entitlements Project (CWEP). The results of the article indicate that generous unemployment benefits are associated with occupational upgrading. This implies that educational and vocational labor market policies need to be developed to prevent the under-skilled from being left behind and to enable these groups to benefit from the digital transition. Consequently, it is not only the extent to which work involves routine tasks or the skills of workers that determine how technological change affects employment, but also social rights shape employment through unemployment benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does the Technological Transformation of Firms Go Along With More Employee Control Over Working Time? Empirical Findings From an EU-Wide Combined Dataset (2025)
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Greenan, Nathalie & Silvia Napolitano (2025): Does the Technological Transformation of Firms Go Along With More Employee Control Over Working Time? Empirical Findings From an EU-Wide Combined Dataset. In: Review of Political Economy, Jg. 37, H. 2, S. 500-522. DOI:10.1080/09538259.2024.2445096
Abstract
"We investigate the links between the technological transformation of firms and employee control over working time. We conduct EU-wide analysis at the meso-level by relating information from the European Company Survey 2019 (Eurofound and Cedefop) with the Labour Force Survey ad hoc module 2019 (Eurostat). This dataset allows analysing the technological transformation of firms as a relationship between three types of investments (in R&D, digital technologies and learning capacity of the organisation) that spur innovation outputs. We then study the consequences of the technological transformation on the spread of unfavourable working time arrangements, distinguishing between individual and organisation-oriented arrangements. Our model considers the direct effects of investments in Digital technologies adoption and use and Learning capacity of the organisation and the mediating role of firms' innovation strategies. Results indicate that the Learning capacity of the organisation is directly associated with more individual-oriented working time flexibility, but entails higher organisation-oriented working time flexibility. The effect of Digital technologies adoption and use depends instead on firms' innovation strategy: product innovation leads to more employee control over working time, while marketing innovation has the opposite outcome. Process and organisational innovations yield mixed consequences buffering employees from organisation-oriented working time flexibility in more time-constrained work environments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Diverging paths: AI exposure and employment across European regions (2025)
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Guarascio, Dario, Jelena Reljic & Roman Stöllinger (2025): Diverging paths: AI exposure and employment across European regions. In: Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Jg. 73, S. 11-24. DOI:10.1016/j.strueco.2024.12.010
Abstract
"This study explores exposure to artificial intelligence (AI) technologies and employment patterns in Europe. First, we provide a thorough mapping of European regions focusing on the structural factors—such as sectoral specialisation, R&D capacity, productivity and workforce skills—that may shape diffusion as well as economic and employment effects of AI. To capture these differences, we conduct a cluster analysis which group EU regions in four distinct clusters: high-tech service and capital centres, advanced manufacturing core, southern and eastern periphery. We then discuss potential employment implications of AI in these regions, arguing that while regions with strong innovation systems may experience employment gains as AI complements existing capabilities and production systems, others are likely to face structural barriers that could eventually exacerbate regional disparities in the EU, with peripheral areas losing further ground." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Robots vs. Workers: Evidence From a Meta‐Analysis (2025)
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Guarascio, Dario, Alessandro Piccirillo & Jelena Reljic (2025): Robots vs. Workers: Evidence From a Meta‐Analysis. In: Journal of Economic Surveys, S. 1-18. DOI:10.1111/joes.12699
Abstract
"This study conducts a meta-analysis to assess the effects of robotization on employment and wages, synthesizing the evidence from 33 studies (644 estimates) on employment and a subset of 19 studies (195 estimates) on wages. The results challenge the alarmist narrative about the risk of widespread technological unemployment, suggesting that the overall relationship between robotization and employment or wages is minimal. However, the effects are far from uniform, with adverse outcomes observed in specific contexts, such as the United States, manufacturing sectors, and middle-skilled occupations. The analysis also identifies a publication bias favoring negative wage effects, though correcting for this bias confirms the negligible impact of robotization." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Generative AI's Impact on Student Achievement and Implications for Worker Productivity (2025)
Zitatform
Hausman, Naomi, Oren Rigbi & Sarit Weisburd (2025): Generative AI's Impact on Student Achievement and Implications for Worker Productivity. (CESifo working paper 11843), München, 39 S.
Abstract
"Student use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in higher education is reshaping learning and redefining the skills of future workers. Using student-course data from a top Israeli university, we examine the impact of generative AI tools on academic performance. Comparisons across more and less AI-compatible courses before and after ChatGPT's introduction show that AI availability raises grades, especially for lower-performing students, and compresses the grade distribution, eroding the signal value of grades for employers. Evidence suggests gains in AI-specific human capital but possible losses in traditional human capital, highlighting benefits and costs AI may impose on future workforce productivity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Large Language Models, Small Labor Market Effects (2025)
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Humlum, Anders & Emilie Vestergaard (2025): Large Language Models, Small Labor Market Effects. (BFI Working Papers / University of Chicago, Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics 2025,56), Chicago, 64 S. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.5219933
Abstract
"We examine the labor market effects of AI chatbots using two large-scale adoption surveys (late 2023 and 2024) covering 11 exposed occupations (25,000 workers, 7,000 workplaces), linked to matched employer-employee data in Denmark. AI chatbots are now widespread —most employers encourage their use, many deploy in-house models, andtraining initiatives are common. These firm-led investments boost adoption, narrow demographic gaps in take-up, enhance workplace utility, and create new job tasks. Yet, despite substantial investments, economic impacts remain minimal. Using difference-in-differences and employer policies as quasi-experimental variation, we estimate precise zeros: AI chatbots have had no significant impact on earnings or recorded hours in any occupation, with confidence intervals ruling out effects larger than 1%. Modest productivity gains (average time savings of 3%), combined with weak wage pass-through, help explain these limited labor market effects. Our findings challenge narratives of imminent labor market transformation due to Generative AI." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: NBER working paper, 33777 -
Literaturhinweis
Robots & AI exposure and wage inequality: a within occupation approach (2025)
Zitatform
Jaccoud, Florencia (2025): Robots & AI exposure and wage inequality: a within occupation approach. In: Eurasian business review. DOI:10.1007/s40821-025-00306-w
Abstract
"This paper examines the linkages between occupational exposure to recent automation technologies and inequality across 19 European countries. Using data from the European Union Structure of Earnings Survey (EU-SES), a fixed-effects model is employed to assess the association between occupational exposure to artificial intelligence (AI) and to industrial robots–two distinct forms of automation–and within-occupation wage inequality. The analysis reveals that occupations with higher exposure to robots tend to have lower wage inequality, particularly among workers in the lower half of the wage distribution. In contrast, occupations more exposed to AI exhibit greater wage dispersion, especially at the top of the wage distribution. We argue that this disparity arises from differences in how each technology complements individual worker abilities: robot-related tasks often complement routine physical activities, while AI-related tasks tend to amplify the productivity of high-skilled, cognitively intensive work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Robots, AI, and unemployment (2025)
Zitatform
Kudoh, Noritaka & Hiroaki Miyamoto (2025): Robots, AI, and unemployment. In: Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Jg. 174. DOI:10.1016/j.jedc.2025.105069
Abstract
"Do robots and artificial intelligence (AI) cause joblessness? We develop a dynamic general equilibrium model with search-matching frictions. In our model, robots substitute routine human tasks, and AI substitutes abstract human tasks. We find a cutoff level for the elasticity of substitution between routine labor input and robots, above which an increase in robot productivity leads to increased unemployment. We examine a scenario in which AI-driven automation of abstract tasks transforms high-skilled workers into unskilled ones. A substantial productivity gain through AI is required to offset the output loss associated with this labor displacement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Upgrading jobs for all: How welfare states shape differences in life satisfaction between the winners and losers of structural change (2025)
Zitatform
Küstermann, Leon (2025): Upgrading jobs for all: How welfare states shape differences in life satisfaction between the winners and losers of structural change. In: Socio-economic review, S. 1-27. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwaf029
Abstract
"Structural economic change transforms occupational structures in a way that has benefited college-educated knowledge economy workers while creating risks for workers in routine and interpersonal service jobs. However, looking beyond economic outcomes, it is striking that differences in life satisfaction between these occupational groups in some European countries are much smaller than in others. To explain this pattern, I analyze data from the European Social Survey and the European Working Conditions Survey for twenty-five countries. I show that these life satisfaction differences are smaller in countries where jobs in “losing” occupations are designed similarly to jobs in “winning” occupations. Further, I demonstrate that both social investment and social protection reduce this life satisfaction gap by equalizing job satisfaction and job design between occupational groups. Hence, my results support the argument that welfare states achieve inclusive outcomes in the context of structural economic change through their interactions with workplaces." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Good Jobs or Bad Jobs? Immigrant Workers in the Gig Economy (2025)
Zitatform
Liu, Cathy Yang & Rory Renzy (2025): Good Jobs or Bad Jobs? Immigrant Workers in the Gig Economy. In: International migration review, S. 1-25. DOI:10.1177/01979183241309585
Abstract
"New work arrangements enabled by online platforms, or gig work, saw substantive growth during the COVID-19 pandemic. Various estimates have suggested the wide participation of workers in the gig economy, with minority and immigrant workers well represented. The quality of work is a multi-dimensional concept that goes beyond earnings. One framework of good jobs and bad jobs centers on control over work schedule, content and duration, stability, safety, benefits and insurance, as well as career advancement opportunities. Using a newly released national survey focused on entrepreneurs and workers in the United States, we find that about 18.5 percent immigrant workers and 21.1 percent native-born workers participated in the gig economy as their primary or secondary job. In terms of job quality, immigrant gig workers work shorter hours and have significantly less fringe benefits than non-gig workers as well as U.S.-born gig workers, reflecting a double disadvantage. However, they tend to have higher entrepreneurial aspirations, suggesting the transient nature of gig arrangements and potential for career advancements. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the characteristics and implication of immigrants’ engagement with the gig economy and offers policy and theoretical discussions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Do robots decrease humans’ wages? (2025)
Zitatform
Logchies, Thomas, Tom Coupé & W. Robert Reed (2025): Do robots decrease humans’ wages? In: Applied Economics Letters, S. 1-5. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2025.2466748
Abstract
"While there are studies that show a positive or negative impact of robots on wages, a meta-analysis of 2,586 estimates from 52 studies in this paper finds that when one looks at the literature as a whole, there is no clear evidence of a sizable impact of robots on wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
AI innovation and the labor share in European regions (2025)
Zitatform
Minniti, Antonio, Klaus Prettner & Francesco Venturini (2025): AI innovation and the labor share in European regions. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 177. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2025.105043
Abstract
"This paper examines how the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) affects the distribution of income between capital and labor, and how these shifts contribute to regional income inequality. To investigate this issue, we analyze data from European regions dating back to 2000. We find that for every doubling of regional AI innovation, the labor share declines by 0.5% to 1.6%, potentially reducing it by 0.09 to 0.31 percentage points from an average of 52%, solely due to AI. This new technology has a particularly negative impact on high- and medium-skill workers, primarily through wage compression, while for low-skill workers, employment expansion induced by AI mildly offsets the associated wage decline. The effect of AI is not driven by other factors influencing regional development in Europe or by the concentration of the AI market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Just another cog in the machine? A worker‐level view of robotization and tasks (2025)
Zitatform
Nikolova, Milena, Anthony Lepinteur & Femke Cnossen (2025): Just another cog in the machine? A worker‐level view of robotization and tasks. In: Economica, Jg. 92, H. 368, S. 1101-1148. DOI:10.1111/ecca.70006
Abstract
"Technological change has led to a decline in the share of routine and physical jobs, and a rise in the share of abstract and social ones at the economy level. However, much less is known about how these trends unfold at the individual level. Do workers' tasks become more or less routine and physical? Do workers shift towards more social and abstract activities? This paper is the first to explore these questions in the context of robotization. We use survey data from 20 European countries to develop worker-level indices of physical, routine, abstract and social tasks, which we link to industry-level robotization exposure. Using instrumental variable techniques, we find that robotization reduces physically demanding tasks but increases routine tasks, while also limiting opportunities for cognitively challenging work and human interaction. This study provides a worker-centric perspective on the relationship between technology and task composition, revealing insights that aggregate analyses miss." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Benign effects of technological change on the labour share: evidence from European regions (2025)
Zitatform
Pialli, Guido (2025): Benign effects of technological change on the labour share: evidence from European regions. In: Cambridge Journal of Economics, Jg. 49, H. 4, S. 795-824. DOI:10.1093/cje/beaf021
Abstract
"The labor share across European regions has shown significant variation since the late 1990s. This paper explores the role of technological change in explaining this regional variation. Specifically, this paper proposes and tests the hypothesis that the recent shift in technological change is labor-intensive, driven by a localized, bottom-up process that exploits the skills and learning processes of the workforce. The empirical analysis, using data from 171 European regions over the period 1999–2015, supports the theoretical framework, showing that technological change has a positive and economically significant impact on the labor share." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Occupational Autonomy and Wage Divergence: Evidence From European Survey Data (2025)
Zitatform
Rabensteiner, Thomas & Alexander Guschanski (2025): Occupational Autonomy and Wage Divergence: Evidence From European Survey Data. In: BJIR, S. 1-18. DOI:10.1111/bjir.70003
Abstract
"Wages across occupations in Western Europe have diverged, resulting in increased wage inequality. However, existing theories such as routine-biased technological change (RBTC) or task offshoring fail to explain this trend. We propose a new explanation based on occupational autonomy. Autonomy measures workers' control and influence over their work process based on the tasks required in an occupation. Analysing individual-level data from the EU Survey of Income and Living Conditions, we reveal a rising autonomy wage premium, that is, higher wage growth for occupations with higher autonomy, which accurately predicts the observed occupational wage divergence. We also find that the autonomy premium increases more rapidly in countries and industries with greater employee monitoring and outsourcing, as well as in countries with declining minimum wages. These findings imply that low-autonomy occupations have been disadvantaged by recent socioeconomic trends that have altered power relations in the workplace. Notably, our analysis does not support previous explanations for occupational wage trends based on RBTC or task offshoring." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
European regional employment and exposure to labour-saving technical change: results from a direct text similarity measure (2025)
Zitatform
Riccio, Federico, Jacopo Staccioli & Maria Enrica Virgillito (2025): European regional employment and exposure to labour-saving technical change: results from a direct text similarity measure. (LEM working paper series / Laboratory of Economics and Management 2025/19), Pisa, 34 S. DOI:10.57838/sssa/02jp-b197
Abstract
"Does labor-saving technological change pose a threat to European employment, and if so, to what extent? This study investigates the degree of employment exposure to labor-saving technological change across NUTS-2 regions in Europe. We construct a cross-walked metric between the SOC and ISCO classification systems to adapt the direct measure of occupational exposure developed by Montobbio et al. (2024) for the US economy and apply it to the European context. This methodology enables us to generate detailed insights into the exposure of European occupations by leveraging the similarity rankings between technological classifications in the USPTO (CPCs) and task descriptions. To evaluate the transmission from occupational exposure to employment outcomes, we utilise data from the European Structure of Earnings Survey (EU-SES), thereby constructing exposure indices at both sectoral and regional levels. Finally, we examine the industrial and geographical diffusion of labor-saving technological change in recent years and provide robust econometric evidence indicating that low-wage regions, as well as deindustrialising areas heavily integrated into global value chains, are disproportionately vulnerable to the threat of substitution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Sociotechnical imaginaries of social inequality in the design and use of AI recruitment technology (2025)
Zitatform
Sartori, Laura & Clementine Collett (2025): Sociotechnical imaginaries of social inequality in the design and use of AI recruitment technology. In: European Societies, Jg. 27, H. 3, S. 409-432. DOI:10.1162/euso_a_00035
Abstract
"Through interviewing 12 companies in Italy which either design (vendors) or use (clients) AI recruitment technology systems, we explore how these companies perceive their systems to interact with issues of social inequality and how these perceptions, in practice, carry societal impacts. Three sociotechnical imaginaries (Jasanoff and Kim, 2015) were consistently embedded within these companies’ visions of this intersection: the third eye, the river, and the car bonnet. Through critically analyzing these imaginaries, we find that they exhibit an overriding desire for productivity and talent capture from clients, and a consequential de-prioritization of addressing social inequality and scrutinizing the ways it could be reproduced from both vendors and clients. It demonstrates that the current ‘desired’ futures, shown by the sociotechnical imaginaries which vendors and clients share for AI-tec-tech are really leading us towards an ‘undesirable’ future of hiring which continues to perpetuate social inequality. This study contributes one of the first pieces of empirical work to simultaneously assess the perceptions of AI-rec-tech vendors ’ and clients’ surrounding social inequality, to shed light on the priorities for design and the motivations for usage, and to reflect upon how this impacts society. This is a significant and original contribution to the evolving body of literature on AI-rec-tech in sociology, critical data studies, and communications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Artificial Intelligence and Technological Unemployment (2025)
Zitatform
Wang, Ping & Tsz-Nga Wong (2025): Artificial Intelligence and Technological Unemployment. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 33867), Cambridge, Mass, 53 S.
Abstract
"How large is the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on labor productivity and unemployment? This paper introduces a labor-search model of technological unemployment, conceptualizing the generative aspect of AI as a learning-by-using technology. AI capability improves through machine learning from workers and in turn enhances their labor productivity, but eventually displaces workers if wage renegotiation fails. Three distinct equilibria emerge: no AI, some AI with higher unemployment, or unbounded AI with sustained endogenous growth and little impact on employment. By calibrating to the U.S. data, our model predicts more than threefold improvements in productivity in some-AI steady state, alongside a long-run employment loss of 23%, with half this loss occurring over the initial five-year transition. Plausible change in parameter values could lead to global and local indeterminacy. The mechanism highlights the considerable uncertainty of AI's impacts in the presence of labor-market frictions. In the unbounded-AI equilibrium, technological unemployment would not occur. We further show that equilibria are inefficient despite adherence to the Hosios condition. By improving job-finding rate and labor productivity, the optimal subsidy to jobs facing the replacement risk of AI can generate a welfare gain from 26.6% in the short run to over 50% in the long run." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Effects of digital innovation on income inequality among different workforces: evidence from Chinese industries (2025)
Zhou, Yongguang; Xie, Weihong; Li, Qun; Li, Jingwu;Zitatform
Zhou, Yongguang, Weihong Xie, Jingwu Li & Qun Li (2025): Effects of digital innovation on income inequality among different workforces: evidence from Chinese industries. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 57, H. 22, S. 2809-2821. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2024.2331424
Abstract
"To understand the impact of digital innovation on the workforce and its role in achieving common prosperity, this paper uses data from Chinese A-share listed companies during 2006–2021 to investigate the effects of digital innovation on income inequality among different industry-level groups. We find that digital innovation significantly reduces income inequality among employees across industries, but it does not significantly impact income inequality within management groups. Through mechanistic analysis, we find that digital innovation decreases income inequality among ordinary employees whose incomes are closely linked to company performance and thereby for the entire workforce by narrowing the income gap across industries. However, as digital innovation does not significantly influence evaluation systems (e.g. educational degrees) for management income, it does not contribute to reducing income inequality among managerial levels. These findings provide valuable insights to develop policies for common prosperity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Digital labour and welfare regimes: The impact of the institutional context on the prevalence of platform work (2025)
Zitatform
Zwysen, Wouter & Bianca Luna Fabris (2025): Digital labour and welfare regimes: The impact of the institutional context on the prevalence of platform work. In: Competition and Change, S. 1-21. DOI:10.1177/10245294251349484
Abstract
"Platform work is on the rise across Europe, but not similarly across countries as shown from the as yet limited cross-national research. This study sets out to analyze how structural differences in the organization of the economy and welfare state shape individual’s engagement with platform work and particularly (1) the take-up of platform work; and (2) the extent to which the more economically vulnerable are overrepresented. In a context where the labour market is more regulated, workers are more protected, and there is a more generous safety net, there is less need to engage in generally precarious platform work. This study makes use of two comparable cross-national datasets on engagement in platform work across Europe. We find indications that platform work is generally less likely in countries where there is greater social spending and redistribution, higher passive labour market policy spending, and lower labour market dualization. Such factors, namely, social security and the regulation of the labour market, particularly protect more vulnerable workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
New technology and workers’ perceived impact on job quality: Does labor organization matter? (2025)
Zitatform
ten Berge, Jannes & Fabian Dekker (2025): New technology and workers’ perceived impact on job quality: Does labor organization matter? In: Economic and Industrial Democracy, Jg. 46, H. 2, S. 619-654. DOI:10.1177/0143831x241265911
Abstract
"There is an emerging literature focusing on the impact of technological change on work quality. This study contributes to the literature by examining (1) workers’ expectations regarding the effect of technological change on perceived job insecurity, as well as physical and psychological job demands, and (2) how these expectations are shaped by the degree of labor organization within countries. The article uses cross-national data for 25 OECD countries. It is found that labor organization decreases perceived levels of job insecurity related to technological change, but also lowers workers’ expectations of technology improving the quality of their work. These findings may indicate that in environments where technological change is less strongly moderated by organized labor, workers put greater emphasis on technology as a driver of (short-term) work changes. Alternatively, these findings may signal a lack of ‘worker power’ of organized labor to enforce technologies that improve the quality of employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Learning from Ricardo and Thompson: Machinery and Labor in the Early Industrial Revolution, and in the Age of AI (2024)
Zitatform
Acemoglu, Daron & Simon Johnson (2024): Learning from Ricardo and Thompson: Machinery and Labor in the Early Industrial Revolution, and in the Age of AI. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 32416), Cambridge, Mass, 45 S. DOI:10.3386/w32416
Abstract
"David Ricardo initially believed machinery would help workers but revised his opinion, likely based on the impact of automation in the textile industry. Despite cotton textiles becoming one of the largest sectors in the British economy, real wages for cotton weavers did not rise for decades. As E.P. Thompson emphasized, automation forced workers into unhealthy factories with close surveillance and little autonomy. Automation can increase wages, but only when accompanied by new tasks that raise the marginal productivity of labor and/or when there is sufficient additional hiring in complementary sectors. Wages are unlikely to rise when workers cannot push for their share of productivity growth. Today, artificial intelligence may boost average productivity, but it also may replace many workers while degrading job quality for those who remain employed. As in Ricardo's time, the impact of automation on workers today is more complex than an automatic linkage from higher productivity to better wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Automation and Rent Dissipation: Implications for Wages, Inequality, and Productivity (2024)
Zitatform
Acemoglu, Daron & Pascual Restrepo (2024): Automation and Rent Dissipation: Implications for Wages, Inequality, and Productivity. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 32536), Cambridge, Mass, 79 S. DOI:10.3386/w32536
Abstract
"This paper studies the effects of automation in economies with labor market distortions that generate worker rents—wages above opportunity cost—in some jobs. We show that automation targets high-rent tasks, dissipating rents and amplifying wage losses from automation. It also reduces within-group wage dispersion for exposed groups. Automation-driven rent dissipation is inefficient and reduces (and could even negate) the productivity gains from automation. Using data for the US from 1980 to 2016, we find evidence of sizable rent dissipation and reduced within-group wage dispersion due to automation. Using these estimates and accounting for equilibrium effects, we estimate that automation accounts for 52% of the increase in between-group inequality in the US since 1980, with rent dissipation being responsible for a fifth of this contribution. We also estimate that inefficient rent dissipation offset 60–90% of the productivity gains from automation since 1980." (Author'sabstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A Relational Work Perspective on the Gig Economy: Doing Creative Work on Digital Labour Platforms (2024)
Zitatform
Alacovska, Ana, Eliane Bucher & Christian Fieseler (2024): A Relational Work Perspective on the Gig Economy: Doing Creative Work on Digital Labour Platforms. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 38, H. 1, S. 161-179. DOI:10.1177/09500170221103146
Abstract
"Based on interviews with 49 visual artists, graphic designers and illustrators working on two leading global digital labour platforms, this article examines how creative workers perform relational work as a means of attenuating labour commodification, precarity, and algorithmic normativity. The article argues that creative work on online labour platforms, rather than being entirely controlled by depersonalised, anonymised and algorithm-driven labour market forces, is also infused in relational infrastructures whose upkeep, solidity and durability depends on the emotional efforts undertaken by workers to match economic transactions and their media of exchange to meaningful client relations. By applying a relational work perspective from economic sociology to the study of platform-mediated gig work, the article elucidates the micro-foundations of creative work in the digital gig economy, including how labour inequalities are produced and reproduced within and around micro-level interpersonal interactions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of ICT and robots on labour market outcomes of demographic groups in Europe (2024)
Zitatform
Albinowski, Maciej & Piotr Lewandowski (2024): The impact of ICT and robots on labour market outcomes of demographic groups in Europe. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 87. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102481
Abstract
"We study the age- and gender-specific labour market effects of two key modern technologies, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and robots. Our sample includes 14 European countries between 2010 and 2018. We use the variation in technology adoption between industries and apply the instrumental variables strategy proposed by Acemoglu and Restrepo (2020) to identify the causal effects of technology adoption. We find that exposure to ICT and robots increased the shares of young and prime-aged women in employment and in the wage bills of particular sectors. However, it reduced the shares of older women and prime-aged men. We do not detect significant effects of technology adoption on the relative wages of most demographic groups. Between 2010 and 2018, the growth in ICT capital played a larger role than robot adoption in the changes in the withinsector labor market outcomes of demographic groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, ©2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does Artificial Intelligence Help or Hurt Gender Diversity? Evidence from Two Field Experiments on Recruitment in Tech (2024)
Zitatform
Avery, Mallory, Andreas Leibbrandt & Joseph Vecci (2024): Does Artificial Intelligence Help or Hurt Gender Diversity? Evidence from Two Field Experiments on Recruitment in Tech. (CESifo working paper 10996), München, 70 S.
Abstract
"The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in recruitment is rapidly increasing and drastically changing how people apply to jobs and how applications are reviewed. In this paper, we use two field experiments to study how AI recruitment tools can impact gender diversity in the male-dominated technology sector, both overall and separately for labor supply and demand. We find that the use of AI in recruitment changes the gender distribution of potential hires, in some cases more than doubling the fraction of top applicants that are women. This change is generated by better outcomes for women in both supply and demand. On the supply side, we observe that the use of AI reduces the gender gap in application completion rates. Complementary survey evidence suggests that anticipated bias is a driver of increased female application completion when assessed by AI instead of human evaluators. On the demand side, we find that providing evaluators with applicants' AI scores closes the gender gap in assessments that otherwise disadvantage female applicants. Finally, we show that the AI tool would have to be substantially biased against women to result in a lower level of gender diversity than found without AI." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: Monash Economics Working Papers, 2023-09 -
Literaturhinweis
Labour Market Engineers: Reconceptualising Labour Market Intermediaries with the Rise of the Gig Economy in the United States (2024)
Zitatform
Baber, Ashley (2024): Labour Market Engineers: Reconceptualising Labour Market Intermediaries with the Rise of the Gig Economy in the United States. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 38, H. 3, S. 723-743. DOI:10.1177/09500170221150087
Abstract
"Gig work – accessing job opportunities through an app – has brought renewed attention to precarious non-standard labour arrangements. Scholars have begun to consider the intermediary role that platforms such as Uber, Lyft and Doordash play in exploiting and controlling workers. Yet, literature on labour market intermediaries has muddied conceptions of their role, impact and outcomes for workers by lumping a variety of institutions under the same umbrella term. Drawing from previous theoretical and empirical works throughout the temporary help and gig industries, this article proposes a reconceptualisation of labour market intermediaries as labour market engineers highlighting four mutually reinforcing features. This sociological reconceptualisation updates the understanding of for-profit labour market intermediaries by demonstrating the market making behaviours of firms of on-demand labour in the US context. Likewise, this reconceptualisation notes how gig firms have adapted and expanded these features in ways that increase precarity for workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Which Migrant Jobs are Linked with the Adoption of Novel Technologies, Robotization, and Digitalization? (2024)
Zitatform
Barišić, Antea, Mahdi Ghodsi & Robert Stehrer (2024): Which Migrant Jobs are Linked with the Adoption of Novel Technologies, Robotization, and Digitalization? (WIIW working paper 241), Wien, 66 S.
Abstract
"In recent decades, the development of novel technologies has intenzified due to globalization, prompting countries to enhance competitiveness through innovation. These technologies have significantly improved global welfare, particularly in sectors like healthcare, where they have facilitated tasks and boosted productivity, for example playing a crucial role in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. However, certain technologies, such as robots, can negatively impact employment by replacing workers and tasks. Additionally, the emergence of artificial intelligence as digital assets not only replaces specific tasks but also introduces complexities that may displace employees who are unable to adapt. While the existing literature extensively explores the heterogeneous effects of these technologies on labor markets, studies of their impact on migrant workers remain scarce. This paper presents pioneering evidence on the effects of various novel technologies on migrant employment in the European Union. The analysis covers 18 EU member states from 2005 to 2019 focusing on the impact of novel innovations, robot adoption, three types of digital assets, and total factor productivity, on migrant employment. The key findings reveal that innovations measured by the number of granted patents increase both the number and proportion of migrant workers relative to the overall workforce. While robots do replace jobs, their impact on native workers surpasses that of migrant workers, resulting in a higher share of migrant workers following robot adoption. Total factor productivity positively influences migrant workers, while the effects of digital assets are heterogeneous. Moreover, the impacts of these technologies on migrant workers vary significantly across different occupation types and educational levels." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
New Technologies, Migration and Labour Market Adjustment: An Intra-European Perspective (2024)
Zitatform
Barišić, Antea, Mahdi Ghodsi, Michael Landesmann, Alireza Sabouniha & Robert Stehrer (2024): New Technologies, Migration and Labour Market Adjustment: An Intra-European Perspective. (WIIW policy notes and reports 77), Wien, 26 S.
Abstract
"In this note, we study the relationship between the use of new technologies (e.g. robots and various ICT assets), labor demand and migration patterns. The adoption of new technologies might change the demand for labor in various ways, which in turn will have an impact on skill composition and wage levels of different types of workers. We report the main results from a study that first analyses the impact of robot adoption on wages by sector and skills. Second, we study the impact of robot adoption in manufacturing industries on the attraction of migrants while controlling for other factors in the labor demand function. This is followed by an analysis of push and pull factors of bilateral migration that focuses on the impact of relative automation gaps across countries. Finally, using the OeNB Euro Survey, we examine determinants of the intention to migrate and the role of income differentials between the countries of origin and destination." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Robots and firms' labour search: The role of temporary work agencies (2024)
Beneito, Pilar; Wilemme, Guillaume; Vicente-Chirivella, Oscar; Garcia-Vega, Maria;Zitatform
Beneito, Pilar, Maria Garcia-Vega, Oscar Vicente-Chirivella & Guillaume Wilemme (2024): Robots and firms' labour search: The role of temporary work agencies. (Research paper / Nottingham Centre for Research on Globalisation and Economic Policy 2024,02), Nottingham, 55 S.
Abstract
"We study the impact of industrial robots on the use of labor intermediaries or temporary work agencies (TWAs) and firm productivity. We develop a theoretical framework where new technologies increase the need for quality match workers. TWAs help firms to search for workers who better match their technologies. The model predicts that using robots increases TWA use, which increases robots' productivity. We test the model implications with panel data of Spanish firms from 1997 to 2016 with information on robot adoption and TWA use. Using staggered difference-in-difference (DiD) estimations, we estimate the causal effects of robot adoption on TWAs. We find robot adopters increase the probability of TWA use compared to non-adopters. We also find that firms that combine robots with TWAs achieve higher productivity than those who adopt robots without TWAs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of AI on the workforce: Tasks versus jobs? (2024)
Bonney, Kathryn; Foster, Lucia; Haltiwanger, John ; Buffington, Catherine ; Kroff, Zachary; Goldschlag, Nathan ; Breaux, Cory; Dinlersoz, Emin; Savage, Keith;Zitatform
Bonney, Kathryn, Cory Breaux, Catherine Buffington, Emin Dinlersoz, Lucia Foster, Nathan Goldschlag, John Haltiwanger, Zachary Kroff & Keith Savage (2024): The impact of AI on the workforce: Tasks versus jobs? In: Economics Letters, Jg. 244. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2024.111971
Abstract
"Will the adoption of AI by businesses substitute for worker tasks or jobs? This is a core question for which relatively scarce evidence exists—especially in the wake of recent advances in generative AI. Using a new large-scale business survey by the U.S. Census Bureau, we find that AI use is having a much greater impact on worker tasks than on employment levels at the firm level. About 27% of firms using AI report replacing worker tasks, but only about 5% experience employment change due to AI use. These rates are expected to increase to nearly 35% and 12%, respectively, in the near future." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Spatial and Occupational Mobility of Workers Due to Automation (2024)
Zitatform
Burzyński, Michał (2024): Spatial and Occupational Mobility of Workers Due to Automation. (LISER working papers), Esch-sur-Alzette, 52 S.
Abstract
"Automation of labor tasks is one of the most dynamic aspects of recent technological progress. This paper aims at improving our understanding of the way that automation affects labor markets, analyzing the example of European countries. The quantitative theoretical methodology proposed in this paper allows to focus on automation-induced migration of workers, occupation switching and income inequality. The key findings include that automation in the first two decades of the 21st century had a significant impact on job upgrading of native workers and generated gains in many local labor markets. Even though net migration of workers was attenuated due to convergence in incomes across European regions, mobility at occupation levels had a sizeable impact on transmitting welfare effects of automation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unveiling the automation—wage inequality nexus within and across regions (2024)
Zitatform
Capello, Roberta, Simona Ciappei & Camilla Lenzi (2024): Unveiling the automation—wage inequality nexus within and across regions. In: The Annals of Regional Science, Jg. 73, H. 4, S. 1729-1756. DOI:10.1007/s00168-024-01317-7
Abstract
"Since the1800s, automation technologies have been interpreted as a source of displacement effects, largely conceptualised and empirically proved in a vast literature. This paper claims that, despite their non-manufacturing nature, metropolitan regions are not exempted by the negative effects of automation on wage inequalities across workers’ groups. The paper empirically proves this statement by analysing the effects on jobs and wage differentials among groups of workers associated with the diffusion of robot technologies in Italian NUTS3 regions in the period 2012–2019. Results show that automation technologies in the form of robotisation do displace jobs, harming particularly low-skilled workers in non-metropolitan manufacturing regions, where inter-group wage inequalities increase. However, through the creation of high-skilled jobs, also cities experience a rise of inter-group workers inequalities. These results call for appropriate policies to cope with the changing occupational profiles requested by the labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Digital Technologies and Firms' Employment and Training (2024)
Zitatform
Caselli, Mauro, Edwin Fourrier-Nicolai, Andrea Fracasso & Sergio Scicchitano (2024): Digital Technologies and Firms' Employment and Training. (CESifo working paper 11056), München, 63 S.
Abstract
"This study examines the causal influence of digital technologies, specifically operational (ODT) and information digital technologies (IDT), on firms' employment structure using Italian firm-level data. It employs a unique empirical approach, constructing instrumental variables based on predetermined employment composition and global technological progress, proxied by patents. Findings indicate that IDT investment positively affects employment, favoring a skilled, IT-competent workforce, as supported by firms' training and recruitment plans. Conversely, ODT investment does not significantly alter total employment but skews the workforce towards temporary contracts. The study contributes methodologically by distinguishing between ODT and IDT and highlighting nuanced employment dynamics within firms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unemployment and the direction of technical change (2024)
Zitatform
Casey, Gregory (2024): Unemployment and the direction of technical change. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 168. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2024.104802
Abstract
"I construct and analyze a growth model in which technical change can increase unemployment. I first analyze the forces that deliver a constant steady state unemployment rate in this setting. Labor-saving technical change increases unemployment, which lowers wages and creates incentives for future investment in labor-using technologies. In the long run, this interaction generates a balanced growth path that is observationally equivalent to that of the standard neoclassical growth model, except that it also incorporates a positive steady state level of unemployment and a falling relative price of investment. I also study the effects of a permanent increase in the ability of R&D to improve labor-saving technologies. In the long run, this change leads to faster growth in output per worker and wages, but it also yields higher unemployment and a lower labor share of income. In the short run, this change exacerbates existing inefficiencies and slows economic growth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Intellectualization and substitution elasticity of capital on the labour force in logistics enterprises: evidence from China and the United States (2024)
Zitatform
Chen, Xi, Xiang Wen Cai, Xu Ding, Le Song & Cheng Chen (2024): Intellectualization and substitution elasticity of capital on the labour force in logistics enterprises: evidence from China and the United States. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 31, H. 5, S. 395-400. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2022.2136615
Abstract
"This paper addresses the substitution elasticity of capital on the labor force in the context of the development of intellectualization. Given the substitution of capital for labor, China's benchmark listed logistics companies are compared with an American company to discuss the evolution of capital - labor substitution. A large-scale intellectualization process began in 2017, and based on a variable elasticity of substitution, this paper creates an econometric model of substitution elasticity between capital and labor and its evolution between 2017 and 2021. The American logistics company UPS maintains a relatively high level of substitution elasticity, and Chinese logistics companies are quickly catching up. The substitution elasticity of capital on labor in Chinese enterprises trends upward year after year. In 2021, the capital - labor substitution elasticity of logistics enterprises in both countries showed considerable growth. The calculation model of substitution elasticity presented in this paper can be extended to different regions and industries to measure intelligent development levels and the relationship between capital and the labor force." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Digital technologies, labor market flows and training: Evidence from Italian employer-employee data (2024)
Zitatform
Cirillo, Valeria, Andrea Mina & Andrea Ricci (2024): Digital technologies, labor market flows and training: Evidence from Italian employer-employee data. In: Technological forecasting & social change, Jg. 209. DOI:10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123735
Abstract
"New technologies can shape the production process by affecting the way in which inputs are embedded in the organization, their quality, and their use. Using an original employer-employee dataset that merges firm-level data on digital technology adoption and other characteristics of production with employee-level data on worker entry and exit rates from the administrative archive of the Italian Ministry of Labor, this paper explores the effects of new digital technologies on labor flows in the Italian economy. Using a Difference-in-Difference approach, we show that digital technologies lead to an increase in the firm-level hiring rate – particularly for young workers - and reduce the firm-level separation rate. We also find that digital technologies are positively associated with workplace training, proxied by the share of trained employees and the amount of training costs per employee. Furthermore, we explore the heterogeneity of effects related to different technologies (robots, cybersecurity and IoT). Our results are confirmed through several robustness checks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wishing for More: Technological Change, the Rise of Involuntary Part-Time Employment and the Role of Active Labour Market Policies (2024)
Zitatform
Doorn, Lars Van & Olaf van Vliet (2024): Wishing for More: Technological Change, the Rise of Involuntary Part-Time Employment and the Role of Active Labour Market Policies. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 53, H. 3, S. 751-771. DOI:10.1017/S0047279422000629
Abstract
"Technological change has squeezed the demand for middle-skill jobs, which typically involve routine-intense tasks. This squeeze has coincided with an increase in the number of part-time working individuals who wish to work more hours. We argue that these two trends are linked. Due to the decline of middle-skill employment, medium-educated workers shift into low-skill employment, increasing the supply of labor for jobs in this segment of the labor market. This pushes those dependent on these jobs to accept part-time jobs, even if these involve fewer hours than they prefer. To empirically assess this claim, we analyze involuntary part-time employment across 16 European countries between 1999 and 2010. Our analysis confirms that a decline in middle-skill employment is associated with an increase in involuntary part-time employment at the bottom end of the labor market. This finding implies that the automation of routine-intense labour worsens employment possibilities in this segment of the labor market. However, we show that training and job creation schemes mitigate this effect. These programs cushion competition either by providing medium-educated workers with the necessary skills to shift into high-skill jobs or by increasing employment possibilities. Thus, governments have the tools to support workers facing challenges in the knowledge economy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Migrant Women in the UK’s Digital Economy: The Elimination of Labour Market Barriers in the Digital Labour Market (2024)
Erinc Oztas, Miray;Zitatform
Erinc Oztas, Miray (2024): Migrant Women in the UK’s Digital Economy: The Elimination of Labour Market Barriers in the Digital Labour Market. In: Social Sciences, Jg. 13, H. 9. DOI:10.3390/socsci13090494
Abstract
"This research paper delves into the complexities migrant women face within the UK labor market, with a specific focus on the digital economy’s role as both a barrier and a conduit for employment opportunities. Migrant women in the UK encounter dual barriers to labour market entry: systemic challenges rooted in migration and gender biases, and the digital divide that exacerbates access and inclusion issues within the burgeoning digital economy. Through an exploratory descriptive analysis, this study explores how digitalism—defined as the integration of digital technologies into economic and societal practices—circumvents traditional labor market entry barriers such as languages barriers. By setting out the grounds for a potential hypothesis and further research in the era of AI, this paper underlines how through the implementation of AI tools, traditional barriers such as language barriers are eliminated in the digital labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effects of automation in the apparel and automotive sectors and their gender dimensions (2024)
Fana, Marta ; Tejani, Sheeba; Kucera, David; Esquivel, Valeria ; Bárcia De Mattos, Fernanda; Anzolin, Guendalina;Zitatform
Fana, Marta, Fernanda Bárcia De Mattos, Valeria Esquivel, Guendalina Anzolin, David Kucera & Sheeba Tejani (2024): The effects of automation in the apparel and automotive sectors and their gender dimensions. (JRC science for policy report 136639), Brüssel, 66 S.
Abstract
"This report is the final output of a research project investigating the effects of automation on employment in the automotive, apparel and footwear industries in five countries, namely Germany, Indonesia, Mexico, Romania, and Spain. The main objective of this project has been to improve our understanding of how ongoing processes of technological upgrading, particularly automation, impact women's and men's employment and work in these industries. Our findings suggest that, in the short term, close to the introduction of new automation technology, the impact on employment takes the form of reassignment of workers directly involved in automated processes to other positions, tasks, and occupations. This study also explored the impact of automation in terms of work organization and working conditions. Across the case studies, it emerged that the adoption of automation technologies has reduced heavy and repetitive tasks and improved health and safety for workers directly concerned by automation. Another interesting and related common finding is the reduction of workers' autonomy who are now subject to more standardization of tasks together with an ongoing process of deskilling of operators. Finally, in the apparel and footwear sector, we did not find evidence of defeminisation at the establishment level as well as the automotive factories remains highly male-dominated. Cultural norms and stereotypes which influence not only the jobs women and men apply to and get hired for, but also which training and education they engage in, contribute to this gender segregation in both sectors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Job Satisfaction and the Digital Transformation of the Public Sector: The Mediating Role of Job Autonomy (2024)
Zitatform
Fleischer, Julia & Camilla Wanckel (2024): Job Satisfaction and the Digital Transformation of the Public Sector: The Mediating Role of Job Autonomy. In: Review of Public Personnel Administration, Jg. 44, H. 3, S. 431-452. DOI:10.1177/0734371X221148403
Abstract
"Worldwide, governments have introduced novel information and communication technologies (ICTs) for policy formulation and service delivery, radically changing the working environment of government employees. Following the debate on work stress and particularly on technostress, we argue that the use of ICTs triggers “digital overload” that decreases government employees’ job satisfaction via inhibiting their job autonomy. Contrary to prior research, we consider job autonomy as a consequence rather than a determinant of digital overload, because ICT-use accelerates work routines and interruptions and eventually diminishes employees’ freedom to decide how to work. Based on novel survey data from government employees in Germany, Italy, and Norway, our structural equation modeling (SEM) confirms a significant negative effect of digital overload on job autonomy. More importantly, job autonomy partially mediates the negative relationship between digital overload and job satisfaction, pointing to the importance of studying the micro-foundations of ICT-use in the public sector." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Assessing the impact of new technologies on wages and labour income shares (2024)
Zitatform
Ghodsi, Mahdi, Robert Stehrer & Antea Barišić (2024): Assessing the impact of new technologies on wages and labour income shares. In: Technological forecasting & social change, Jg. 209. DOI:10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123782
Abstract
"This paper advances the literature on the impacts of new technologies on labor markets, focusing on wage and labor income shares. Using a dataset from 32 countries and 38 industries, we analyze the effects of new technologies – proxied by patents, information and communication technology (ICT) capital usage, and robot intensity – on average wages and labour income shares over time. Our results indicate a positive correlation between patents and wage levels along with a minor negative impact on labor income shares, suggesting that technology rents are not fully passed on to labor. Robot intensity is positively associated with labor income shares, while ICT capital has an insignificant effect. These effects persist over time and are reinforced by global value chain (GVC) linkages. Our conclusions align with recent research indicating that new technologies have a generally limited impact on wages and labour income shares." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Will robot replace workers? Assessing the impact of robots on employment and wages with meta-analysis (2024)
Zitatform
Guarascio, Dario, Alessandro Piccirillo & Jelena Reljic (2024): Will robot replace workers? Assessing the impact of robots on employment and wages with meta-analysis. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 1395), Essen, 31 S.
Abstract
"This study conducts a meta-analysis to assess the effects of robotization on employment and wages, compiling data from 33 studies with 644 estimates on employment and a subset of 19 studies with 195 estimates on wages. We identify a publication bias towards negative outcomes, especially concerning wages. After correcting for this bias, the actual impact appears minimal. Thus, concerns about the disruptive effects of robots on employment and the risk of widespread technological unemployment may be exaggerated or not yet empirically supported. While this does not preclude that robots will be capable of gaining greater disruptive potential in the future or that they are not already disruptive in specific contexts, the evidence to date suggests their aggregate effect is negligible." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Will robot replace workers? Assessing the impact of robots on employment and wages with meta-analysis (2024)
Zitatform
Guarascio, Dario, Alessandro Piccirillo & Jelena Reljic (2024): Will robot replace workers? Assessing the impact of robots on employment and wages with meta-analysis. (LEM working paper series / Laboratory of Economics and Management 2024,03), Pisa, 31 S.
Abstract
"This study conducts a meta-analysis to assess the effects of robotization on employment and wages, compiling data from 33 studies with 644 estimates on employment and a subset of 19 studies with 195 estimates on wages. We identify a publication bias towards negative outcomes, especially concerning wages. After correcting for this bias, the actual impact appears minimal. Thus, concerns about the disruptive effects of robots on employment and the risk of widespread technological unemployment may be exaggerated or not yet empirically supported. While this does not preclude that robots will be capable of gaining greater disruptive potential in the future or that they are not already disruptive in specific contexts, the evidence to date suggests their aggregate effect is negligible." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Job computerization, occupational employment and wages: A comparative study of the United States, Germany, and Japan (2024)
Zitatform
Heluo, Yuxi & Oliver Fabel (2024): Job computerization, occupational employment and wages: A comparative study of the United States, Germany, and Japan. In: Technological forecasting & social change, Jg. 209. DOI:10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123772
Abstract
"This study adds to the growing literature on wage and employment responses to the risk of job computerization. Specifically, it revisits the original occupational perspective and inquires into the nature of the adjustments of occupational wages and employment, i.e., the potential benefits and costs associated with professional careers in such occupations. The investigation further aims at identifying whether these adjustment processes are universal - as suggested by the global availability of the respective technology - or reflect country-specific peculiarities. To this end, it conducts a comparative analysis with data from the United States, Germany, and Japan, three G7 lead countries which share the commitment to fostering technological progress, but which are also characterized by distinctly different labor market institutions and approaches to industrial policies. Generally consistent with the country-specific employment institutions and common corporate strategies, transmission channels - as reflected by the relationship between adjustments of occupational employment and wages - differ between countries. In all three countries, though, higher risks of computerization are associated with relative wage losses in occupations which require low levels of formal education or training." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does robotization improve the skill structure? The role of job displacement and structural transformation (2024)
Zitatform
Hu, Shengming, Kai Lin, Bei Liu & Hui Wang (2024): Does robotization improve the skill structure? The role of job displacement and structural transformation. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 56, H. 28, S. 3415-3430. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2023.2206623
Abstract
"The literature generally focuses on the impact of robots or artificial intelligence on the employment and wages, but ignores the effect of robotization on the skill structure and its underlying mechanisms and lacks empirical evidence from developing countries. We theoretically develop a task model by introducing the skill structure and empirically investigate the effect of robotization on the skill structure based on Chinese provincial panel data from 2006 to 2018. Results show that: (1) the development of robotization in China is conducive to improving the skill structure, and the baseline conclusion still holds even though adopting multiple indexes of skill structure and controlling the endogeneity bias. (2) Robotization generates not only job displacement effect by displacing unskilled workers with robots but also structural transformation effect by increasing the proportion of technology-intensive industries, which can improve the skill structure. (3) In coastal provinces with strong Internet foundation, information transmission capacity and labour protection intensity, high labour cost and ageing rate, robotization plays a stronger role in improving the skill structure. Moreover, robotization can induce the employment polarization. These conclusions can help avoid technical unemployment and promote the upgrading of the skill structure in China." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Demographic change, secular stagnation, and inequality: automation as a blessing? (2024)
Zitatform
Jacobs, Arthur & Freddy Heylen (2024): Demographic change, secular stagnation, and inequality: automation as a blessing? In: Journal of demographic economics, S. 1-41. DOI:10.1017/dem.2024.10
Abstract
"We study whether the increased adoption of available automation technologies allows economies to avoid the negative effect of aging on per capita output. We develop a quantitative theory in which firms choose to which extent they automate in response to a declining workforce and rising old-age dependency. An important element in our model is the integration of two capital types: automation capital that acts as a substitute to human labor, and traditional capital that is a complement to labor. Empirically, our model's predictions largely match data regarding automation (robotization) density across OECD countries. Simulating the model, we find that aging-induced automation only partially compensates the negative growth effect of aging in the absence of technical progress in automation technology. One reason is that automated tasks are no perfect substitutes for non-automated tasks. A second reason is that automation raises the interest rate and thus inhibits positive behavioral reactions to aging (later retirement and investment in human capital). Moreover, increased automation generates a falling net labor share of income and rising welfare inequality. We evaluate alternative policy responses to cope with this inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Automation and Offshoring on Wage Inequality in Japan (2024)
Kikuchi, Shinnosuke; Kikuchi, Shinnosuke;Zitatform
Kikuchi, Shinnosuke (2024): Automation and Offshoring on Wage Inequality in Japan. (RIETI discussion paper 24046), Tokyo, 24 S.
Abstract
"I examine the effect of task displacement from automation technology and offshoring on wage inequality using data for Japan since 1980. First, I do not find evidence that task displacement from automation increases wage inequality, which contrasts with the finding for the US. Second, I find that the rise in offshoring has distributional consequences and is progressive after the mid-1990s. The surge in offshoring is concentrated in industries where ex-ante low-wage workers work and disproportionally increases their wages. This increase in wages is due to the increases in monthly payroll, decreases in hours worked, decreases in employment rate, and decreases in the share of offshorable occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Is the wage premium on using computers at work gender-specific? (2024)
Zitatform
Kristal, Tali, Efrat Herzberg-Druker & Adena White (2024): Is the wage premium on using computers at work gender-specific? In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 89. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100890
Abstract
"Past research on the relationship between computers and wages has revealed two stylized facts. First, workers who use a computer at work earn higher wages than similar workers who do not (termed as ‘the computer wage premium’). Second, women are more likely to use a computer at work than are men. Given the recognized computer wage premium and women’s advantage in computer use at work, we ask: Is the wage premium on using computers at work gender- or non-gender-specific? Given gendered processes operating at both the occupational and within-occupation levels, we expect that returns to computer usage are gender-bias. This contrasts the skill-biased technological change (SBTC) theory assumption that the theorized pathways through which computers boost earnings are non-gender-specific productivity-enhancing mechanisms. Analyzing occupational data on computer use at work from O*NET attached to the 1979–2016 Current Population Surveys (CPS) and individual-level data from the 2012 Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC), we find that the computer wage premium is biased in favor of men at the occupation level. We conclude by suggesting that computer-based technologies relate to reproducing old forms of gender pay inequality due to gendered processes that operate mainly at the structural level (i.e., occupations) rather than at the individual level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Automation, Bargaining Power, and Labor Market Fluctuations (2024)
Zitatform
Leduc, Sylvain & Zheng Liu (2024): Automation, Bargaining Power, and Labor Market Fluctuations. In: American Economic Journal. Macroeconomics, Jg. 16, H. 4, S. 311-349. DOI:10.1257/mac.20220181
Abstract
"We argue that the threat of automation weakens workers’ bargaining power in wage negotiations, dampening wage adjustments and amplifying unemployment fluctuations. We make this argument based on a business cycle model with labor market search frictions, generalized to incorporate automation decisions. In the model, procyclical automation threats create endogenous real wage rigidity that amplifies labor market fluctuations. The automation mechanism is consistent with empirical evidence. It is also quantitatively important for explaining the large volatilities of unemployment and vacancies relative to that of real wages, a puzzling observation through the lens of standard business cycle models." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Reshoring, Automation, and Labor Markets Under Trade Uncertainty (2024)
Zitatform
Leduc, Sylvain & Zheng Liu (2024): Reshoring, Automation, and Labor Markets Under Trade Uncertainty. (Working papers series / Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco 2024-16), San Francisco, Calif., 42 S. DOI:10.24148/wp2024-16
Abstract
"We study the implications of trade uncertainty for reshoring, automation, and U.S. labor markets. Rising trade uncertainty creates incentive for firms to reduce exposures to foreign suppliers by moving production and distribution processes to domestic producers. However, we argue that reshoring does not necessarily bring jobs back to the home country or boost domestic wages, especially when firms have access to labor-substituting technologies such as automation. Automation improves labor productivity and facilitates reshoring, but it can also displace jobs. Furthermore, automation poses a threat that weakens the bargaining power of low-skilled workers in wage negotiations, depressing their wages and raising the skill premium and wage inequality. The model predictions are in line with industry-level empirical evidence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Embracing artificial intelligence in the labour market: the case of statistics (2024)
Zitatform
Liu, Jin, Kaizhe Chen & Wenjing Lyu (2024): Embracing artificial intelligence in the labour market: the case of statistics. In: Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Jg. 11. DOI:10.1057/s41599-024-03557-6
Abstract
"In an era marked by rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), the dynamics of the labor market are undergoing significant transformation. A common concern amidst these changes is the potential obsolescence of traditional disciplines due to AI-driven productivity enhancements. This study delves into the evolving role and resilience of these disciplines within the AI-influenced labor market. Focusing on statistics as a representative field, we investigate its integration with AI and its interplay with other disciplines. Analyzing 279.87 million online job postings in the United States from 2010 to 2022, we observed a remarkable 31-fold increase in the demand for AI-specialized statistical talent, diversifying into 932 distinct AI-related job roles. Additionally, our research identified four major interdisciplinary clusters, encompassing 190 disciplines with a statistical focus. The findings also highlight a growing emphasis on specific hard skills within these AI roles and the differences in demand for AI talent in statistics across economic sectors and regions. Contrary to the pessimistic view of traditional disciplines’ survival in the AI age, our study suggests a more optimistic outlook. We recommend that professionals and organizations proactively adapt to AI advancements. Governments and academic institutions should collaborate to foster interdisciplinary skill development and evaluation for AI talents, thereby enhancing the employability of individuals from traditional disciplines and contributing to broader economic growth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effects of automation on workers’ wages (2024)
Zitatform
Madoń, Karol (2024): The effects of automation on workers’ wages. (IBS working paper / Instytut Badan Strukturalnych 2024,06), Warszawa, 35 S.
Abstract
"This study examines the impact of automation on workers’ wages across 20 European countries between 2010–2018. Overall, it identifies a net positive effect of robot adoption on average wages at the sectoral level, especially pronounced among routine manual and nonroutine manual occupations. Importantly, these effects differ between countries- workers in Eastern European countries benefit twice as much from automation as their Western European counterparts. In Western European countries, higher average wages are associated with a decreasing share of routine workers. Results are robust to the exclusion of different capital measures, a battery of fixed effects, a change of instrument and an alternative measure of wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Coverage for platform workers and the self-employed in case of unemployment in Switzerland: Access to protection and ways of improvement (2024)
Zitatform
Magoga-Sabatier, Sabrine (2024): Coverage for platform workers and the self-employed in case of unemployment in Switzerland: Access to protection and ways of improvement. In: European Journal of Social Security, Jg. 26, H. 2, S. 198-213. DOI:10.1177/13882627241256003
Abstract
"Whether they are self-employed, atypical employees, or self-employed using an umbrella company, there is still almost no social protection against unemployment or partial loss of activity in Switzerland for platform workers. The same can be said for the self-employed in general. This contribution shows that platform workers, irrespective of their exact legal status, and the self-employed in general, risk sanctions for taking on unsuitable work, for being insufficiently available for decent work or unable to prove a loss of income. However hard they try, they cannot even contribute to a voluntary unemployment insurance scheme. We show that the Swiss social protection scheme, a product of years of federal direct democracy, is hardly able to adapt to the fast-moving platform work environment, thus increasing the risks of precariousness and the burden on the cantons' social assistance for the next generation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Robots, meaning, and self-determination (2024)
Zitatform
Nikolova, Milena, Femke Cnossen & Boris Nikolaev (2024): Robots, meaning, and self-determination. In: Research Policy, Jg. 53, H. 5. DOI:10.1016/j.respol.2024.104987
Abstract
"This paper is the first to examine the impact of robotization on work meaningfulness, autonomy, competence, and relatedness, which are essential to motivation and well-being at work. Using surveys of workers and robotization data for 14 industries in 20 European countries spanning 2005–2021, we find a consistent negative impact of robotization on perceived work meaningfulness and autonomy. Using instrumental variables, we find that doubling robotization leads to a 0.9 % decrease in work meaningfulness and a 1 % decline in autonomy. To put this in perspective, if the robotization levels of the top 5 industry were to match those of the leading industry in terms of robot adoption in 2020 (equivalent to a 7.5-fold increase), it would result in a decline of 6.8 % in work meaningfulness and 7.5 % in autonomy. The link between robotization, competence, and relatedness is also negative but less robust. We also examine how tasks, skills, and socio-demographic characteristics moderate the main relationships. We find that workers with routine tasks experience an even greater negative effect of robotization in terms of declines in their autonomy, competence, and relatedness. However, we also discover that utilizing computers as tools for independent work can help workers maintain a sense of autonomy, competence, and relatedness in industries and job roles that adopt robots. Our results highlight that by deteriorating work meaningfulness and self-determination, robotization can impact work life above and beyond its consequences for employment and wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Robotization and returns to tasks (2024)
Parmentier, Lucas;Zitatform
Parmentier, Lucas (2024): Robotization and returns to tasks. In: Economics Bulletin, Jg. 44, H. 4, S. 1545-1551.
Abstract
"I provide new evidence of the impacts of robotization on the returns to tasks in US labor markets between 1990 and 2007. I find that the adoption of one robot per thousand workers increases the changes in the returns to abstract and routine tasks by 0.049 and 0.066 percentage points, respectively, relative to manual tasks. These magnitudes imply that the adoption of one robot per thousand workers has substantial effects on wages since it increases wages by 1.70% due to the positive impact of robotization on the returns to abstract tasks, and by 3.76% due to the positive effects on the returns to routine tasks. The results are robust to various specifications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of a decade of digital transformation on employment, wages, and inequality in the EU: A “conveyor belt” hypothesis (2024)
Richiardi, Matteo ; Neysan, Khabirpour; Caterina, Astarita; Ekkehard, Ernst; Leonie, Westhoff; Lorenzo, Pelizzari; Clare, Fenwick;Zitatform
Richiardi, Matteo, Westhoff Leonie, Astarita Caterina, Ernst Ekkehard, Fenwick Clare, Khabirpour Neysan & Pelizzari Lorenzo (2024): The impact of a decade of digital transformation on employment, wages, and inequality in the EU: A “conveyor belt” hypothesis. (CeMPA working paper series / Centre for Microsimulation and Policy Analysis (CeMPA) 5/24), Centre for Microsimulation and Policy Analysis at the Institute for Social and Economic Research 54 S.
Abstract
"We study the effects of digital transformation in the EU on individual employment outcomes, wage growth, and income inequality, during the decade 2010-2019. Our results allow us to formulate a “conveyor belt” hypothesis, whereas digital skills are important for finding a job, but less so for retaining it. The ability of out-of-work individuals with higher digital skills to jump back on the labour market is reduced for those with higher education, suggesting a faster depreciation of their digital skills. A similar effect, although of limited size, is found for earning growth: out-of-work individuals with higher digital skills are not only more likely to find a job, but experience higher earning growth, compared to their peers with lower digital skills. Our results point to a vulnerability of workers “left behind” from the digital transformation and the labour market. The overall effects on inequality are, however, limited." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The job demands-resources model as a theoretical lens for the bright and dark side of digitization (2024)
Zitatform
Scholze, Alexander & Achim Hecker (2024): The job demands-resources model as a theoretical lens for the bright and dark side of digitization. In: Computers in Human Behavior, Jg. 155. DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108177
Abstract
"With digitization continuing to reshape work environments, organizations must confront the challenges of comprehending its “bright side” and “dark side” effects. A growing imperative exists to comprehend how digitization affects employee well-being and to create sustainable health-centric workplaces. The established Job Demands-Resources model offers a pertinent theoretical framework for gaining fresh insights into alterations in job demands and resources caused by digitization. This study extends the Job Demands-Resources model to include digital job demands and resources by utilizing a sample of 898 white-collar employees. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling was employed to investigate digitization's interrelationships and dependencies within an organizational context. The results confirm that the Job Demands-Resources model offers a holistic approach to investigating the concrete effects of the “dark side" and “bright side" of digitization in a concrete work scenario and to classify them in a theoretically structured way. This study offers starting points for the future design of workplaces and strategies for organizations to harness the positive aspects of digitization while concurrently mitigating the psychological stress on employees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Neue Technologien und Löhne: Erste Analysen basierend auf österreichischen Mikrodaten (2024)
Zitatform
Stehrer, Robert (2024): Neue Technologien und Löhne. Erste Analysen basierend auf österreichischen Mikrodaten. (WIIW Forschungsarbeiten in deutscher Sprache 27), Wien, 40 S.
Abstract
"In diesem Bericht wird der Effekt der Verwendung neuer Technologien – von Robotern, 3D-Druck, Big Data und anderer softwarebasierter Anwendungen – auf Löhne und Lohnstrukturen untersucht. Die Untersuchung beruht auf der IKTU-Erhebung und weiteren detaillierten Daten auf Firmen- und Personenebene. Als Methode werden Mincer-Regressionen in einer Querschnittsanalyse geschätzt, in denen für Personen- und Firmenmerkmale kontrolliert wird. Für Letztere wird insbesondere eine Variable verwendet, die anzeigt, ob die Firma neue Technologien (z. B. Roboter) verwendet oder nicht. Die Resultate zeigen, dass die Auswirkungen der neuen Technologien auf Löhne durchaus differenziert betrachtet werden müssen. Die Effekte sind jedoch in allen Fällen gering bzw. insignifikant. Interessanterweise gibt es in so gut wie allen Fällen – mit Ausnahme der Verwendung von Chatservices –- einen positiven Effekt auf die Löhne der Frauen. Über die Bildungsgruppen hinweg zeigen sich leichte Polarisierungsmuster, wobei jedoch die Personen mit mittlerer Qualifikation im Durchschnitt eher positiv betroffen sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Neue Technologien, Firmenperformance und Beschäftigung: Erste Analysen basierend auf österreichischen Firmendaten (2024)
Zitatform
Stehrer, Robert (2024): Neue Technologien, Firmenperformance und Beschäftigung. Erste Analysen basierend auf österreichischen Firmendaten. (WIIW Forschungsarbeiten in deutscher Sprache 26), Wien, 34 S.
Abstract
"Dieser Bericht untersucht basierend auf Firmendaten für Österreich – der IKTU-Erhebung und den LSE-Daten – den Zusammenhang von neuen Technologien mit der Firmenperformance und Beschäftigungsstrukturen. Neue Technologien – untersucht werden der Einsatz von Robotern, 3D-Druck, Big-Data-Analysen, Verwendung von Cloud- und Chat-Services, CRM-Software oder automatisierter Datenaustausch, Verwendung sozialer Medien sowie auch die Beschäftigung von IKT-Spezialisten und -Spezialistinnen bzw. die Durchführung von IKT-Schulungen – korrelieren stark positiv mit der Größe der Firmen gemessen am Umsatz, der Beschäftigung und den Investitionen. Firmen, die neue Technologien verwenden, sind auch durchschnittlich produktiver und zahlen durchschnittlich etwas höhere Löhne. Letzteres gilt jedoch nicht, wenn man auch für die Größe kontrolliert. Es zeigen sich keine signifikanten Wachstumseffekte in Bezug auf diese Variablen, und somit finden sich auch keine signifikanten Beschäftigungseffekte, die – wie oftmals befürchtet – von der Anwendung der neuen Technologien ausgehen. Auch hinsichtlich der Beschäftigungsstrukturen (unter Kontrolle von Firmengröße) – untersucht wurden der Anteil von Frauen, geringfügig bzw. Teilzeitbeschäftigten und der Anteil der Lehrlinge – finden sich kaum signifikante bzw. robuste Resultate dahingehend, dass sich Firmen, die neue Technologien anwenden, von denen unterscheiden, die das nicht tun. Auch hier gibt es keinerlei Hinweise darauf, dass sich die Beschäftigungsanteile bei den beiden Typen der Firmen unterschiedlich stark verändern. Diese Resultate können und sollen auf Basis der hier verwendeten und weiterer Daten als Grundlage für weitere Untersuchungen dienen (z. B. für detailliertere Beschäftigungsstrukturen), um mögliche Auswirkungen der „digitalen Revolution“ auf Beschäftigung auf Firmenebene besser abschätzen zu können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Skill Supply, Technology Diffusion and the Labor Market (2024)
Zitatform
Stepanok, Ignat & Mewael F. Tesfaselassie (2024): Skill Supply, Technology Diffusion and the Labor Market. In: German Economic Review, Jg. 25, H. 2, S. 101-125., 2024-05-28. DOI:10.1515/ger-2023-0098
Abstract
"We analyze the short and long-run effects of an increase in the skill supply on skill-specific wages and unemployment in a model with endogenous, nonlinear diffusion of a general purpose technology (GPT) and labor market frictions. We calibrate and simulate the model using the trend rise in relative skill supply in the U.S. over two decades starting in the early 1970s. The transitional dynamics of the model show (i) an initial slump and long-run rise in the relative wage of high-skill labor and (ii) a long-run rise in the relative level of unemployment of low-skill versus high-skill labor. An increase in the number of skilled individuals reduces hiring costs and increases the incentive for firms to engage in the costly adoption of a new GPT. Stronger labor market rigidity and higher worker bargaining power are shown to have similar effects on relative wages and unemployment: changes in relative wages are more pronounced, whereas the response of relative unemployment is muted. The exact opposite effects are found in the case of a higher degree of substitution between products." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku; © De Gruyter) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Multidimensional heterogeneity and matching in a frictional labor market - An application to polarization (2024)
Zitatform
Tan, Joanne (2024): Multidimensional heterogeneity and matching in a frictional labor market - An application to polarization. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 90. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102604
Abstract
"This paper examines the role that changes in production technology, namely computerization, have played on labor market inequality in the US from the late 1980s to the 2010s. It also demonstrates that such technological change is consistent with the timing of labor market polarization in the US, including the end of the decline in 50∕10 wage percentile ratio and the slowdown of employment growth in high-wage jobs from the 2000s. The paper does so using a model with two key ingredients: 1) directed search and 2) two-sided multidimensional heterogeneity. Calibration results show that the complementarity between a workers’ cognitive skills and the cognitive task intensity of jobs increased while that between manual skill and tasks did not. The full model can fully account for the rise and fall of the 90∕50 and 50∕10 wage percentile ratios respectively. It also generates 72.6 percent of the rise in employment share of high-paying jobs relative to middling jobs and 69 percent of the fall in employment share of middling jobs relative to low-paying jobs. The paper suggests that the end of the decline in the 50∕10 wage ratio may be due to rank-switching between workers across the wage distribution from the 2000s, while the slowdown of employment growth in high-wage jobs may result from the trade-off between the returns to applying for high-wage jobs and the likelihood of being hired." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Bounded Well-Being: Designing Technologies for Workers' Well-Being in Corporate Programmes (2024)
Zitatform
Tirabeni, Lia (2024): Bounded Well-Being: Designing Technologies for Workers' Well-Being in Corporate Programmes. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 38, H. 6, S. 1506-1527. DOI:10.1177/09500170231203113
Abstract
"This article examines the relationship between workers’ well-being and digitalisation at work. It is based on the findings of a qualitative study carried out in a manufacturing company, and it focuses on the development of a wearable device for well-being. Using the analytical concepts of ‘translation’ and ‘inscription’ taken from Actor-Network Theory, it explores how digital technologies for well-being are designed in corporate programmes and shows how the final technology results from processes of inscription and translation performed by the actors involved in the design phase. The end device embodies a concept of well-being that has been called ‘bounded’ to emphasise how well-being at work is limited by organisational constraints. The article invites a rethinking of hedonic well-being at work as a precondition for eudaimonic well-being so that the human being is understood as a psychophysical unit that is part of a rich social context." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Automation and flexible labor contracts: Firm-level evidence from Italy (2024)
Traverso, Silvio; Zaninotto, Enrico; Vatiero, Massimiliano;Zitatform
Traverso, Silvio, Massimiliano Vatiero & Enrico Zaninotto (2024): Automation and flexible labor contracts: Firm-level evidence from Italy. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 1425), Essen, 33 S.
Abstract
"This study examines the association between investments in automation technologies and employment outcomes at the firm level, utilizing a panel dataset of about 10,450 Italian firms. Focusing on the proliferation of non-standard, flexible labor contracts introduced by labor market reforms in the 2000s, we identify a positive relationship between automation investments and the adoption of flexible labor arrangements. With the aid of a conceptual framework, we interpret these findings as evidence of complementarity between flexible capital, represented by automation technologies, and flexible labor, manifested through non-standard contractual arrangements. This complementarity is crucial for enhancing operational flexibility, a critical determinant of firm performance in the modern market environment. However, while this adaptability is beneficial for firms, it raises concerns about job security, the potential for lower wages among workers, and the reduction of workers' incentives to invest in human capital. In terms of policy implications, our analysis underscores the need for measures that safeguard workers' interests without compromising the efficiency gains from automation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Robots and Workers: Evidence from the Netherlands (2023)
Zitatform
Acemoglu, Daron, Hans R. A. Koster & Ceren Ozgen (2023): Robots and Workers: Evidence from the Netherlands. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 31009), Cambridge, Mass, 60 S.
Abstract
"We estimate the effects of robot adoption on firm-level and worker-level outcomes in the Netherlands using a large employer-employee panel dataset spanning 2009-2020. Our firm-level results confirm previous findings, with positive effects on value added and hours worked for robot-adopting firms and negative outcomes on competitors in the same industry. Our worker-level results show that directly-affected workers (e.g., blue-collar workers performing routine or replaceable tasks) face lower earnings and employment rates, while other workers indirectly gain from robot adoption. We also find that the negative effects from competitors' robot adoption load on directly-affected workers, while other workers benefit from this industry-level robot adoption. Overall, our results highlight the uneven effects of automation on the workforce." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
New Technologies and Jobs in Europe (2023)
Zitatform
Albanesi, Stefania, António Dias da Silva, Juan F. Jimeno, Ana Lamo & Alena Wabitsch (2023): New Technologies and Jobs in Europe. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16227), Bonn, 58 S.
Abstract
"We examine the link between labour market developments and new technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and software in 16 European countries over the period 2011- 2019. Using data for occupations at the 3-digit level in Europe, we find that on average employment shares have increased in occupations more exposed to AI. This is particularly the case for occupations with a relatively higher proportion of younger and skilled workers. This evidence is in line with the Skill Biased Technological Change theory. While there exists heterogeneity across countries, only very few countries show a decline in employment shares of occupations more exposed to AI-enabled automation. Country heterogeneity for this result seems to be linked to the pace of technology diffusion and education, but also to the level of product market regulation (competition) and employment protection laws. In contrast to the findings for employment, we find little evidence for a relationship between wages and potential exposures to new technologies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Firm Investments in Artificial Intelligence Technologies and Changes in Workforce Composition (2023)
Babina, Tania; Fedyk, Anastassia; Hodson, James; He, Alex X.;Zitatform
Babina, Tania, Anastassia Fedyk, Alex X. He & James Hodson (2023): Firm Investments in Artificial Intelligence Technologies and Changes in Workforce Composition. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 31325), Cambridge, Mass, 47 S.
Abstract
"We study the shifts in U.S. firms' workforce composition and organization associated with the use of AI technologies. To do so, we leverage a unique combination of worker resume and job postings datasets to measure firm-level AI investments and workforce composition variables, such as educational attainment, specialization, and hierarchy. We document that firms with higher initial shares of highly-educated workers and STEM workers invest more in AI. As firms invest in AI, they tend to transition to more educated workforces, with higher shares of workers with undergraduate and graduate degrees, and more specialization in STEM fields and IT skills. Furthermore, AI investments are associated with a flattening of the firms' hierarchical structure, with significant increases in the share of workers at the junior level and decreases in shares of workers in middle-management and senior roles. Overall, our results highlight that adoption of AI technologies is associated with significant reorganization of firms' workforces." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Evolution of Work from Home (2023)
Zitatform
Barrero, José María, Nicholas Bloom & Steven J. Davis (2023): The Evolution of Work from Home. In: The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Jg. 37, H. 4, S. 23-49. DOI:10.1257/jep.37.4.23
Abstract
"Full days worked at home account for 28 percent of paid workdays among Americans 20–64 years old, as of mid-2023. That’s about four times the 2019 rate and ten times the rate in the mid-1990s. We first explain why the big shift to work from home has endured rather than reverting to prepandemic levels. We then consider how work-from-home rates vary by worker age, sex, education, parental status, industry and local population density, and why it is higher in the United States than other countries. We also discuss some implications for pay, productivity, and the pace of innovation. Over the next five years, US business executives anticipate modest increases in work-from-home rates at their own companies. Other factors that portend an enduring shift to work from home include the ongoing adaptation of managerial practices and further advances in technologies, products, and tools that support remote work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Risks to job quality from digital technologies: Are industrial relations in Europe ready for the challenge? (2023)
Zitatform
Berg, Janine, Francis Green, Laura Nurski & David A. Spencer (2023): Risks to job quality from digital technologies: Are industrial relations in Europe ready for the challenge? In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 29, H. 4, S. 347-365. DOI:10.1177/09596801231178904
Abstract
"We examine job quality effects of new digital technologies, using the European frame of seven job quality domains: Pay, Working Time Quality, Prospects, Skills and Discretion, Work Intensity, Social Environment, and Physical Environment. Theoretical effects are ambivalent across all domains. The analysis of these effects confirms that digital technologies can both improve and harm job quality depending on how they are used. In light of this analysis and to think through the challenge of regulating digital technologies, we review emerging regulations across several European countries. Drawing on the principles of human-centred design, we argue that worker participation is important for securing good job quality outcomes, at both the innovation and adoption stages. We also consider the application of data protection legislation to the regulation of job quality. Overall, the paper extends debate about the future of work beyond employment and pay, on to a consideration of job quality more broadly." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Contradictory effects of technological change across developed countries (2023)
Zitatform
Blien, Uwe, Oliver Ludewig & Anja Rossen (2023): Contradictory effects of technological change across developed countries. In: Review of International Economics, Jg. 31, H. 2, S. 580-608., 2022-08-31. DOI:10.1111/roie.12638
Abstract
"Will productivity gains lead to technological unemployment in a region or to new prosperity? In our article, we formally show that under general assumptions the price elasticity of demand on product markets is decisive: technological change leads to employment growth if product demand is elastic and it leads to employment decline if product demand is inelastic. In our empirical analysis, we use industry-level time series data on output, prices, employment, wages, and national income for nine countries (including Germany, UK, USA) to estimate aggregate Marshallian product demand functions based on IV regressions and state space models with time-varying coefficients. The resulting income and price elasticities are used as inputs in a second step in which we estimate the employment effects of productivity changes as interactions with the elasticities. The results correspond to theoretical expectations: demand is generally inelastic and the employment effect of technological progress is therefore moderately negative." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Wiley) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeitsmarkt und Beruf 2030: Rückschlüsse für Österreich (2023)
Bock-Schappelwein, Julia; Egger, Andrea;Zitatform
Bock-Schappelwein, Julia & Andrea Egger (2023): Arbeitsmarkt und Beruf 2030. Rückschlüsse für Österreich. (AMS-Report / Arbeitsmarktservice Österreich 173), Wien, 110 S.
Abstract
"Demographie, Digitalisierung und Ökologisierung werden die Arbeitswelt in den kommenden Jahren maßgeblich beeinflussen. Mit Hilfe von Literaturanalysen wird im Rahmen dieser mit Jahresmitte 2023 abgeschlossenen Studie im Auftrag der Abt. Arbeitsmarktforschung und Berufsinformation des AMS Österreich von den beiden Autorinnen Julia Bock-Schappelwein (WIFO) und Andrea Egger (abif) nach Berufsfeldern gesucht, in denen sich diese Herausforderungen deutlich abzeichnen und möglicherweise gegenseitig verstärken. Ziel ist es, besonders betroffene Berufsfelder zu identifizieren und damit verbundene Anpassungs- bzw. Qualifizierungsbedarfe aufzuzeigen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Wages, Skills, and Skill-Biased Technical Change: The Canonical Model Revisited (2023)
Zitatform
Bowlus, Audra, Lance Lochner, Chris Robinson & Eda Suleymanoglu (2023): Wages, Skills, and Skill-Biased Technical Change. The Canonical Model Revisited. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 58, H. 6, S. 1783-1819. DOI:10.3368/jhr.0617-8889r1
Abstract
"While influential, the canonical supply–demand model of the wage returns to skill has faced challenges, including theoretically wrong-signed elasticities of substitution, counterintuitive paths for skill-biased technical change (SBTC), and an inability to account for observed deviations in college premia for younger versus older workers. We show that using improved estimates of skill prices and supplies that account for variation in skills across cohorts helps to explain the college premium differences between younger versus older workers and produces better out-of-sample predictions, positive elasticities of substitution between high- and low-skill workers, and a more modest role for SBTC. We further show that accounting for recession-induced jumps and trend adjustments in SBTC and linking SBTC to direct measures of information technology investment expenditures yield an improved fit, no puzzling slowdown in SBTC during the early 1990s, and a higher elasticity of substitution between high- and low-skill workers than previous ad hoc assumptions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does artificial intelligence kill employment growth: the missing link of corporate AI posture (2023)
Zitatform
Bughin, Jacques (2023): Does artificial intelligence kill employment growth: the missing link of corporate AI posture. In: Frontiers in artificial intelligence, Jg. 6. DOI:10.3389/frai.2023.1239466
Abstract
"Introduction An intense debate has been on-going about how artificial intelligence (AI) technology investments have an impact on employment. The debate has often focused on the potential of AI for human task automation, omitting the strategic incentive for firms to cooperate with their workers as to exploit AI technologies for the most relevant benefit of new product and service innovation. Method We calibrate an empirical probit regression model of how changes in employment relate to AI diffusion, based on formalizing a game-theoretical model of a firm exploiting the twin role of AI innovation and AI automation for both absolute and competitive advantage. Results The theoretical game-theory prediction is that employment following AI technology adoption is not negative, and ultimately depends on how AI leads to new success in innovation, competition which defines the competitive reward of innovation and profit sharing between workers and firms. Our estimation, is based on a global survey of 3,000 large companies across 10 countries, demonstrates that a firm employment growth depends on two strategic postures, that is, the firm relative maturity of AI adoption as well as its relative bias toward AI-based product innovation. Discussion The contribution of this research is to highlight the twin role of firm and workers in shaping how technology will affect employment. AI in particular marries the potential of task automation with even more potential for expansion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Fall of the Labor Income Share: the Role of Technological Change and Hiring Frictions (2023)
Zitatform
Carbonero, Francesco, Enzo Weber & Christian J. Offermanns (2023): The Fall of the Labor Income Share: the Role of Technological Change and Hiring Frictions. In: Review of Economic Dynamics, Jg. 49, S. 251-268., 2022-01-09. DOI:10.1016/j.red.2022.09.001
Abstract
"Die Veränderungen in der funktionalen Einkommensverteilung erhalten in der Forschung viel Aufmerksamkeit. Wir dokumentieren einen durchschnittlichen Rückgang des labour share (Anteil des Faktors Arbeit an der Einkommensverteilung) von 8 Prozentpunkten für acht europäische Länder und die USA zwischen 1980 und 2007. Wir untersuchen theoretisch und empirisch zwei Mechanismen: Substitution zwischen Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie (IKT) und Arbeit sowie Friktionen bei Beschäftigungsanpassungen. Wir finden, dass Substitution zwischen IKT und Arbeit wesentlich den Rückgang des labour share erklären kann. Wenn Arbeitsmarktfriktionen berücksichtigt werden, übernehmen diese allerdings einen Teil der Erklärungskraft. Insbesondere spielen Einstellungskosten in Europa eine größere Rolle als in den USA. Schließlich wird die Subsitutionselastizität zwischen IKT und Arbeit als Funktion institutioneller und struktureller Variablen modelliert und festgestellt, dass sie mit dem Anteil von Routine-Berufen positiv und mit dem Anteil hochqualifizierter Arbeiter negativ korreliert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Ähnliche Treffer
frühere (möglw. abweichende) Version: IAB-Discussion Paper 28/2017 -
Literaturhinweis
Occupational Exposure to Capital-Embodied Technical Change (2023)
Zitatform
Caunedo, Julieta, David Jaume & Elisa Keller (2023): Occupational Exposure to Capital-Embodied Technical Change. In: The American economic review, Jg. 113, H. 6, S. 1642-1685. DOI:10.1257/aer.20211478
Abstract
"We study differences in exposure to factor-biased technical change among occupations by providing the first measures of capital-embodied technical change (CETC) and of the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor at the occupational level. We document sizable occupational heterogeneity in both measures, but quantitatively, it is the heterogeneity in factor substitutability that fuels workers' exposure to CETC. In a general equilibrium model of worker sorting across occupations, CETC accounts for almost all of the observed labor reallocation in the US between 1984 and 2015. Absent occupational heterogeneity in factor substitutability, CETC accounts for only 17 percent of it." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Innovation and the Labor Market: Theory, Evidence and Challenges (2023)
Zitatform
Corrocher, Nicoletta, Daniele Moschella, Jacopo Staccioli & Marco Vivarelli (2023): Innovation and the Labor Market: Theory, Evidence and Challenges. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16199), Bonn, 32 S.
Abstract
"This paper deals with the complex relationship between innovation and the labor market, analyzing the impact of new technological advancements on overall employment, skills and wages. After a critical review of the extant literature and the available empirical studies, novel evidence is presented on the distribution of labor-saving automation (namely robotics and AI), based on natural language processing of US patents. This mapping shows that both upstream high-tech providers and downstream users of new technologies—such as Boeing and Amazon—lead the underlying innovative effort." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
AI technologies and employment: micro evidence from the supply side (2023)
Zitatform
Damioli, Giacomo, Vincent Van Roy, Daniel Vertesy & Marco Vivarelli (2023): AI technologies and employment: micro evidence from the supply side. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 30, H. 6, S. 816-821. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2021.2024129
Abstract
"In this work we investigate the possible job-creation impact of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, focusing on the supply side, where the development of these technologies can be conceived as product innovations in upstream sectors. The empirical analysis is based on a worldwide longitudinal sample (obtained by merging the EPO PATSTAT and BvD-ORBIS databases) of more than 3,500 front-runner companies that patented AI-related inventions over the period 2000–2016. Based on system GMM estimates of dynamic panel models, our results show a positive and significant impact of AI patent families on employment, supporting the labour-friendly nature of AI product innovation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The employment impact of AI technologies among AI innovators (2023)
Zitatform
Damioli, Giacomo, Vincent Van Roy, Daniel Vertesy & Marco Vivarelli (2023): The employment impact of AI technologies among AI innovators. (MSI discussion paper / KU Leuwen 2306), KU Leuven, Faculty of Economics and Business (FEB), Department of Management, Strategy and Innovation, Leuven 36 S.
Abstract
"This study supports the labour-friendly nature of product innovation among developers of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. GMM-SYS estimates on a worldwide longitudinal dataset covering 3,500 companies that patented inventions related to AI technologies over the period 2000-2016 show a positive and significant impact of AI patent families on employment. The effect is small in magnitude and limited to service sectors and younger firms, which are front-runners of the AI revolution. We also detect some evidence of increasing returns suggesting that innovative companies more focused on AI technologies are those obtaining larger impacts in terms of job creation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Migration and Migrant Labour in the Gig Economy: An Intervention (2023)
Zitatform
Doorn, Niels van, Fabian Ferrari & Mark Graham (2023): Migration and Migrant Labour in the Gig Economy: An Intervention. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 4, S. 1099-1111. DOI:10.1177/09500170221096581
Abstract
"In urban gig economies around the world, platform labour is predominantly migrant labour, yet research on the intersection of the gig economy and labour migration remains scant. Our experience with two action research projects, spanning six cities on four continents, has taught us how platform work impacts the structural vulnerability of migrant workers. This leads us to two claims that should recalibrate the gig economy research agenda. First, we argue that platform labour simultaneously degrades working conditions while offering migrants much-needed opportunities to improve their livelihoods. Second, we contend that the reclassification of gig workers as employees is by itself not sufficient to counter the precarisation of migrant gig work. Instead, we need ambitious policies at the intersection of immigration, social welfare, and employment regulation that push back against the digitally mediated commodification of migrant labour worldwide." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Automation and the employment elasticity of fiscal policy (2023)
Ebeke, Christian H.; Eklou, Kodjovi M.;Zitatform
Ebeke, Christian H. & Kodjovi M. Eklou (2023): Automation and the employment elasticity of fiscal policy. In: Journal of macroeconomics, Jg. 75. DOI:10.1016/j.jmacro.2023.103502
Abstract
"This paper investigates whether automation (the use of industrial robots in production) makes fiscal policy less powerful for stimulating job creation. It posits that a fiscal stimulus will lead to fewer new jobs if the supplementary demand that it creates can be met by using more robots in production processes. Using data for 18 European countries over recent decades, including data on the use of industrial robots, our results show three main findings. First, the pace of automation for the average country in the sample has halved the sensitivity of employment to fiscal stimulus. Second, manufacturing industry employment reacts less to fiscal stimulus in the presence of rapid automation as the average substituability between labor and machines is relatively higher. Third, low-skill jobs as well as women employment are less sensitive to fiscal stimulus in the presence of rapid robot use. We conclude that the effectiveness of fiscal policy in expanding job creation faces an important challenge in a world undergoing structural changes such as the rapid pace of automation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Routinization of work processes, de-routinization of job structures (2023)
Zitatform
Fernández-Macías, Enrique, Martina Bisello, Eleonora Peruffo & Riccardo Rinaldi (2023): Routinization of work processes, de-routinization of job structures. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 21, H. 3, S. 1773-1794. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwac044
Abstract
"This article investigates changes in routine tasks and computer use in European jobs in the period 1995–2015, putting them in the context of the debates on the future of work and the impact of automation. Digital technologies not only affect employment shifts but also shape work organization. A shift-share analysis combining European Working Conditions Survey and European Labour Force Survey data assesses to what extent recent changes in tasks are the result of changes in the structure of employment (shifts in employment across jobs) or changes in the content of work itself (transformation in the task contents and methods within jobs). The results suggest contrasting trends between observed changes in tasks measures within jobs and compositional shifts in employment for routine tasks indexes. Employment structures are de-routinizing while work itself is becoming more routine. These results seem also related to the increased use of computers at work during the same period." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Evolution of Platform Gig Work, 2012-2021 (2023)
Zitatform
Garin, Andrew, Emilie Jackson, Dmitri K. Koustas & Alicia Miller (2023): The Evolution of Platform Gig Work, 2012-2021. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 31273), Cambridge, Mass, 72 S.
Abstract
"We document the dynamics of tax-based measures of work mediated by online platforms from 2012 through 2021. We present a measurement framework to account for high reporting thresholds on some information returns using returns from states with lower reporting thresholds to provide a more complete estimate of total platform work. Updating data through 2021 allows us to provide the most comprehensive estimates of the COVID-19 pandemic on tax filing behavior. We find that the number of workers receiving information returns not subject to the 1099-K gap increased dramatically during the pandemic, with least 5 million individuals receiving information returns from platform gig work by 2021, nearly all from transportation platforms. We present evidence that the availability of expanded unemployment insurance benefits resulted in many individuals who were platform workers in 2019 not reporting any self-employment income in 2020-2021. At the same time, other services done by platform gig workers increased dramatically by at least 3.1 million people between 2019 and 2021. Interestingly, the broader 1099-contract economy follows a different trend, declining during this period, suggesting the challenges for tax administration are largely concentrated among platform gig workers, at least through 2021." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The puzzle of changes in employment and wages in routine task-intensive occupations (2023)
Zitatform
Ghosh, Pallab & Zexuan Liu (2023): The puzzle of changes in employment and wages in routine task-intensive occupations. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 65, H. 4, S. 1965-1980. DOI:10.1007/s00181-023-02394-x
Abstract
"Autor and Dorn (Am Econ Rev 103(5):1553–1597, 2013) provide an explanation of the polarization of US employment and wages for the period 1980–2005. Using the 1980 Census and 2005 American Community Survey data, this study replicates the estimation results of Autor and Dorn (2013) for employment polarization in all major occupation groups and qualitatively matches the wage polarization results. Also, we investigate the puzzle of why employment and wages changed in opposite directions only in clerical and administrative support occupations in 1980–2005." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Skills or Degree? The Rise of Skill-Based Hiring for AI and Green Jobs (2023)
Zitatform
González Ehlinger, Eugenia & Fabian Stephany (2023): Skills or Degree? The Rise of Skill-Based Hiring for AI and Green Jobs. (CESifo working paper 10817), München, 37 S.
Abstract
"For emerging professions, such as jobs in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) or sustainability (green), labor supply does not meet industry demand. In this scenario of labor shortages, our work aims to understand whether employers have started focusing on individual skills rather than on formal qualifications in their recruiting. By analyzing a large time series dataset of around one million online job vacancies between 2019 and 2022 from the UK and drawing on diverse literature on technological change and labor market signalling, we provide evidence that employers have started so-called “skill-based hiring” for AI and green roles, as more flexible hiring practices allow them to increase the available talent pool. In our observation period the demand for AI roles grew twice as much as average labor demand. At the same time, the mention of university education for AI roles declined by 23%, while AI roles advertise five times as many skills as job postings on average. Our analysis also shows that university degrees no longer show an educational premium for AI roles, while for green positions the educational premium persists. In contrast, AI skills have a wage premium of 16%, similar to having a PhD (17%). Our work recommends making use of alternative skill building formats such as apprenticeships, on-the-job training, MOOCs, vocational education and training, micro-certificates, and online bootcamps to use human capital to its full potential and to tackle talent shortages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Faire Arbeit in der österreichischen Plattformökonomie? (2023)
Zitatform
Griesser, Markus, Martin Gruber-Risak, Benjamin Herr, Leonhard Plank & Laura Vogel (2023): Faire Arbeit in der österreichischen Plattformökonomie? (Materialien zu Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft 242), Wien, 94 S.
Abstract
"Die vorliegende Studie liefert eine branchenübergreifende Darstellung der ortsgebundenen Plattformarbeit in Österreich anhand einer Untersuchung von sechs Unternehmen aus vier unterschiedlichen Branchen (Essenslieferung, Lebensmittellieferung, Personentransport, Reinigungsarbeit). Sie entstand im Kontext des internationalen Fairwork-Netzwerks, das im Sinne der Aktionsforschung zur Verbesserung der Arbeitsbedingungen im Bereich der Plattformökonomie beitragen möchte. Dabei werden Unternehmen entlang von fünf Prinzipien (faire Bezahlung, faire Arbeitsbedingungen, faire Verträge, faire Management-Prozesse, faire Mitbestimmung) auf Basis eines multimethodischen Designs bewertet. Die Ergebnisse der Studie unterstreichen die große Heterogenität von ortsgebundener Plattformarbeit und verdeutlichen, dass die Auswirkungen für Beschäftigte stark von den gewählten Geschäftsmodellen der Unternehmen abhängen. Dabei schneiden jene Plattformen am besten ab, die geschäftliche Risiken und Verantwortung nicht einseitig auf Beschäftigte abschieben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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- Gesamtbetrachtungen/Positionen
- Arbeitsformen, Arbeitszeit und Gesundheit
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