matching – Suchprozesse am Arbeitsmarkt
Offene Stellen bei gleichzeitiger Arbeitslosigkeit - was Arbeitsmarkttheorien u. a. mit "unvollkommener Information" begründen, ist für Unternehmen und Arbeitsuchende oft nur schwer nachzuvollziehen: Unternehmen können freie Stellen nicht besetzen, trotzdem finden Arbeitsuchende nur schwer den passenden Job. Wie gestalten sich die Suchprozesse bei Unternehmen und Arbeitsuchenden, welche Konzessionen sind beide Seiten bereit einzugehen, wie lässt sich das "matching" verbessern?
Diese Infoplattform bietet wissenschaftliche Literatur zur theoretischen und empirischen Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema.
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Literaturhinweis
Decomposing Variations in Labor Market Mismatch (2026)
Zitatform
Bauer, Anja & Enzo Weber (2026): Decomposing Variations in Labor Market Mismatch. (IAB-Discussion Paper 03/2026), Nürnberg, 19 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.DP.2603
Abstract
"Dieses Diskussionspapier zeigt, wie Veränderungen des Arbeitsmarkt-Mismatch auf die Komponenten Arbeitslosigkeit, offene Stellen und Matchingeffizienz zurückgeführt werden können. Wir stellen fest, dass die Arbeitslosigkeit der wichtigste Faktor ist und auch die zyklischen Schwankungen bestimmt, während die Beiträge der offenen Stellen geringer und antizyklisch sind. Wir unterscheiden nach der Ursache der Arbeitslosigkeit und zeigen, dass Ströme gegenüber der Beschäftigung den Mismatch verstärken, während dies für Nichtbeschäftigung und Ausbildung / Weiterbildung nicht der Fall ist." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Wage effects of skill mismatches across domains: the importance of ICT skills (2026)
Zitatform
Bischof, Stephan & Rolf van der Velden (2026): Wage effects of skill mismatches across domains: the importance of ICT skills. In: Oxford economic papers. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpag001
Abstract
"To date, it is unclear in which skills mismatches are most relevant for individuals’ wages, and whether surpluses or deficits in one domain can offset those in another. This study addresses these gaps by examining how mismatches in five key skill domains (ICT, reading, mathematics, science, and reasoning) are linked to individuals’ wages. Utilizing data from the 2016 wave of the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS) Adult Cohort, our findings reveal that skill deficits consistently result in lower wages, whereas surpluses do not pay off in each domain. Notably, mismatches in ICT skills are most significant for individuals’ wages: ICT deficits not only reduce wages, but can also negate wage benefits from surpluses in other skills. Conversely, ICT surpluses can compensate for wage penalties associated with deficits in other domains. These findings underscore the importance of digital skills for productivity and wage potential in the modern labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor Demand on a Tight Leash (2026)
Zitatform
Bossler, Mario & Martin Popp (2026): Labor Demand on a Tight Leash. In: ILR review, S. 1-35. DOI:10.1177/00197939261435961
Abstract
"Using detailed information on vacancies and job seekers, the authors study the effect of labor market tightness on labor demand for the near-universe of German firms. To this end, novel Bartik instruments are constructed that combine firms’ predetermined employment shares with nationwide shifts at the occupational level. The results show that tightness significantly reduces firms’ labor demand, implying that the observed doubling in tightness between 2012 and 2019 reduced employment by 5%. At the aggregate level, the negative tightness effect creates search externalities, which reduce the own-wage elasticity of labor demand from −0.7 to −0.5 through reallocation of workers between firms. To guide the analysis, the authors embed elements of the canonical search-and-matching model into a labor demand equation, while allowing vacancy posting costs to increase in tight markets. Through the lens of this model, the pre-match component of hiring costs amounts to 16–24% of annual wage payments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Sage) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Finding a job through social networks: monetary and nonmonetary returns for employed and unemployed job seekers (2026)
Zitatform
Drasch, Katrin & Gerhard Krug (2026): Finding a job through social networks: monetary and nonmonetary returns for employed and unemployed job seekers. In: European Societies, S. 1-34. DOI:10.1162/euso.a.106
Abstract
"This study examines the impact of job vacancy information obtained through personal contacts on monetary and nonmonetary job search outcomes. We hypothesise that the effects will be positive for both kinds of outcome, and that these effects may depend on employment status prior to finding a new job. Additionally, we hypothesise that information from professional personal contacts will lead to better job search outcomes than information from private personal contacts. We use panel data from the German Panel Study “Labour Market and Social Security” (PASS) and fixed effects regressions to test these hypotheses. Monetary outcomes are measured by wages and nonmonetary outcomes by job satisfaction. Overall, we find that the employed tend to benefit more than the unemployed. However, the specific pattern differs depending on whether vacancy information stems from personal or professional contacts and on the type of outcome (monetary or nonmonetary)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Matching for three: The search activities of workers, firms, and employment services (2026)
Zitatform
Hartl, Tobias, Christian Hutter & Enzo Weber (2026): Matching for three: The search activities of workers, firms, and employment services. In: Economic Modelling, Jg. 155, 2025-12-08. DOI:10.1016/j.econmod.2025.107434
Abstract
"The standard labour market matching function neglects a substantial variation of hirings. A crucial driver of this latent part is the search intensity of job seekers and firms, as well as the placement intensity of employment agencies. However, there is still a lack of integration of all three search and placement intensities into a unified theoretical framework. Their combined labour market effects have not been estimated so far. We feed all three intensities into the theoretical framework of a labour market matching function to estimate their impact on the job finding rate – effects which are not settled a priori. This could provide important stylised facts for subsequent theory building. For measuring the search and placement intensities, we use big data on online activity obtained from the job exchange of the German Federal Employment Agency and from its internal placement-software. The results show that all three intensities significantly contribute to the variation in job findings beyond vacancies and unemployment. During the COVID-19 crisis, reduced search intensities accounted for 44 percent of lost hirings and 16 percent of the labour market related increase in unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Projecting Labour Market Imbalances and Skill Mismatch Under Demographic Change in the EU (2026)
Zitatform
Marois, Guillaume, Michaela Potancoková, Agnieszka Bezat & Jesús Crespo Cuaresma (2026): Projecting Labour Market Imbalances and Skill Mismatch Under Demographic Change in the EU. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 42, H. 1. DOI:10.1007/s10680-025-09758-2
Abstract
"We assess long-term labour mismatches in the European Union (EU27) by projecting the occupational distribution of workers and skill-specific labour demand up to 2060. Using a dynamic microsimulation approach (Link4Skills-Mic ), we jointly model demographic, educational, and labour force dynamics at the individual level and combine country-specific projections of labour supply with projections of occupational demand. The analysis highlights growing imbalances: although the supply of highly educated workers continues to rise, shifts in demand are not evenly distributed across skill levels. Consequently, underutilization of high-skilled workers is projected to coexist with persistent vacancies in medium- and low-skilled occupations. Rather than indicating widespread labour shortages, these trends point to structural mismatches driven by the misalignment of worker qualifications, job characteristics, and hiring practices. To explore potential responses, we examine a series of policy scenarios such as expanded immigration, education reform, mid-career retraining, delayed retirement, and employer-led automation and upskilling. The findings show that, while certain policies can reduce specific mismatches, no single intervention closes all the gaps that emerge. Notably, automation reduces vacancies but increases underutilization, whereas human capital strategies shift mismatches across skill levels. These results suggest that addressing future labour mismatches will require coordinated, comprehensive and varied strategies that integrate demographic realities with evolving job demands in Europe’s ageing and increasingly digitalized and knowledge-based economies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Machine learning for labor market matching (2026)
Zitatform
Mühlbauer, Sabrina & Enzo Weber (2026): Machine learning for labor market matching. In: Machine learning with applications, Jg. 23, 2026-02-03. DOI:10.1016/j.mlwa.2026.100861
Abstract
"This paper develops a large-scale machine learning framework to improve labor market matching using rich administrative data. Matching is defined as a job seeker entering employment in a specific occupational field. We exploit comprehensive employment biographies from Germany, covering individual characteristics and job-related information, to estimate employment probabilities across occupations and generate personalized job recommendations. The contribution lies in demonstrating why machine learning methods are particularly well suited for administrative labor market data and outperform traditional statistical approaches. We compare logit, ordinary least squares (OLS), k-nearest neighbors, and random forest (RF). RF consistently achieves the highest predictive performance. Its advantage is rooted in key methodological properties: RF builds an ensemble of decision trees trained on bootstrap samples, introduces random feature selection at each split, and aggregates predictions through majority voting. This enables RF to capture nonlinear relationships and complex interactions, remain robust in high-dimensional settings, and reduce overfitting — features that are particularly relevant for heterogeneous and imbalanced administrative data. Compared to conventional models, RF better exploits the full informational content of employment histories, especially when estimating on all employment spells rather than restricting the sample to unemployment-to-employment transitions. The sample comprises approximately 55 million spells, representing about 6 percent of the German workforce from 2012 to 2018. Our results suggest that ML-based matching, relative to standard statistical approaches, could hypothetically reduce the unemployment rate by up to 0.3 percentage points, highlighting the practical relevance of RF-based decision support for labor market policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Impact of Higher Education on Employer Perceptions (2026)
Zitatform
Stans, Renske, Laura Ehrmantraut, Malin Siemers & Pia Pinger (2026): The Impact of Higher Education on Employer Perceptions. In: The Economic Journal, Jg. 136, H. 674, S. 602-625. DOI:10.1093/ej/ueaf061
Abstract
"Do employers seek to attract individuals with more education because it enhances human capital or because it signals higher levels of pre-existing traits? We experimentally vary master’s degree completion rates on applicant résumés and examine how this influences candidates’ desirability and employer perceptions of their productive characteristics. Our findings show that while a completed master’s degree increases desirability, an incomplete master’s degree is perceived by human resource managers as less favorable than a bachelor’s degree. This suggests that employersprefer candidates with higher education mainly because they view the degree as a signal of pre-existing productive traits. Consistent with this, employers perceive both cognitive and non-cognitive traits as stronger in master graduates but non-cognitive traits as weaker in master dropouts compared to bachelor’s degree holders. Overall, perceived cognitiveand non-cognitive traits play a larger role in determining a candidate ’s attractiveness than expertise. This paper thus provides causal evidence on the origins of the education premium." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Older Worker’s Job Search Activities and Employment Transition (2026)
Zitatform
Yeo, Hyesu (2026): Older Worker’s Job Search Activities and Employment Transition. In: Research on Aging, Jg. 48, H. 1, S. 28-43. DOI:10.1177/01640275251343107
Abstract
"This study investigated job search patterns among American older workers. Data from the 2016-2018 Health and Retirement Study included 1501 individuals aged 50+ who were looking for jobs in 2016. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was conducted to identify job search patterns based on nine types of job search activities. Multinomial logistic regression was then used to examine membership in each class. Five job search patterns emerged from the LCA analysis, including No Ads, Ads only, Friends & Ads, Phone & Ads, and Agencies & Ads. Employment transitions were related to job search patterns. Unemployed older workers, despite utilizing more diverse job search methods, were less likely to secure new jobs compared to their employed peers. These findings highlight the need for workforce development programs to focus on workplace skill-building training and educational opportunities before becoming unemployed and age-friendly workforce development tailored to older workers with low-skilled and low income." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Männer nutzen persönliche Netzwerke zur Jobsuche etwas häufiger und gezielter als Frauen (2026)
Zitatform
Zimmermann, Florian & Matthias Collischon (2026): Männer nutzen persönliche Netzwerke zur Jobsuche etwas häufiger und gezielter als Frauen. In: IAB-Forum H. 18.05.2026. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20260518.01
Abstract
"Kontakte zu Verwandten und Bekannten spielen bei der Jobsuche sowohl für Männer als auch für Frauen eine wichtige Rolle. Dies zeigt eine IAB-Befragung von Personen, die innerhalb von vier Wochen vor der Befragung eine neue Stelle gesucht hatten. Allerdings werden Frauen deutlich seltener als Männer einem Arbeitgeber vorgestellt oder empfohlen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Women use Social Networks for Job Search more often than Men, but Men use them more intensely (2026)
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Zimmermann, Florian & Matthias Collischon (2026): Women use Social Networks for Job Search more often than Men, but Men use them more intensely. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 259, 2025-12-18. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2025.112795
Abstract
"Research has long highlighted the role of social capital for labor market outcomes, but gendered processes received surprisingly little attention. Employing representative German survey data, we analyze differences in job search via social networks. Contrary to expectations, we find that women report using social networks more often at the extensive margin compared to men, but men are more likely utilize networks in ways requiring more effort, such as being introduced to employers. Thus, we highlight the importance of investigating social networks in detail to understand the role of social networks for generating or sustaining gender inequalities in the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How did you find your job? Effects of the job search channels on labour market outcomes in Germany (2025)
Zitatform
Afonina, Mariya & Anna Zaharieva (2025): How did you find your job? Effects of the job search channels on labour market outcomes in Germany. In: Verein für Socialpolitik (Hrsg.) (2025): Revival of Industrial Policy. Beiträge zur Jahrestagung des Vereins für Socialpolitik 2025.
Abstract
"We study the effect of finding a job through one’s social contact on starting wages. Using combined SOEP-INKAR data for Germany and propensity score analysis - both matching and weighting - we document that referral hiring is associated with a wage penalty of 10%. This penalty is stable over time. Separating by the type of the social contact, we find that referrals from former colleagues are associated with a 9% wage premium compared to a direct formal application. In contrast, referrals from friends are associated with a 7% wage penalty. Our results highlight persistent self-selection of workers on observable and unobservable characteristics. Using information from a short test of cognitive abilities (symbol digit test) we document that workers recommended by former colleagues perform best in the ability test, consistent with the predictions from a sorting model. The lowest performance is recorded for those relying on the help of their friends. The effects are primarily driven by the sub-sample of women. No significant differences across search channels are found for personality traits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Auszubildende über Social Media finden (2025)
Arndt, Franziska; Herzer, Philip; Risius, Paula;Zitatform
Arndt, Franziska, Philip Herzer & Paula Risius (2025): Auszubildende über Social Media finden. (KOFA kompakt / Kompetenzzentrum Fachkräftesicherung 2025,01), Köln, 6 S.
Abstract
"Die Lage am Ausbildungsmarkt ist angespannt: Viele Unternehmen können ihre Ausbildungsplätze nicht besetzen, während gleichzeitig zahlreiche Jugendliche ohne Ausbildungsplatz bleiben. Um diese Passungsprobleme zu überwinden, ist es wichtig, dass Unternehmen ihre Ausbildungsplätze dort bewerben, wo Jugendliche suchen. Besonders wichtig sind für Jugendliche Online-Stellenanzeigen und die Vermittlungsangebote der Bundesagentur für Arbeit. An dritter Stelle stehen Social-Media-Kanäle. Die passgenaue Auswahl von Social-Media-Kanälen und -Inhalten kann Unternehmen somit näher an Jugendliche bringen. Doch: Während Jugendliche vor allem über Instagram, YouTube und WhatsApp suchen, nutzen Unternehmen neben Instagram eher Facebook, LinkedIn und Xing. Gerade Facebook ist für Jugendliche jedoch kaum relevant. Die direkte Ansprache von Jugendlichen mit Haupt- und Realschulabschluss bietet besonders großes Potenzial, denn es zeigt sich, dass Haupt- und Realschüler:innen anders suchen als Abiturient:innen: Haupt- und Realschüler:innen nutzen neben Online-Stellenanzeigen besonders analoge Formate. In den sozialen Medien nutzen sie vorwiegend Instagram, WhatsApp und YouTube." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Job Applications and Labor Market Flows (2025)
Zitatform
Birinci, Serdar, Kurt See & Shu Lin Wee (2025): Job Applications and Labor Market Flows. In: The Review of Economic Studies, Jg. 92, H. 3, S. 1438-1496. DOI:10.1093/restud/rdae064
Abstract
"Job applications have risen over time, yet job-finding rates remain unchanged. Meanwhile, separations have declined. We argue that increased applications raise the probability of a good match rather than the probability of job-finding. Using a search model with multiple applications and costly information, we show that when applications increase, firms invest in identifying good matches, reducing separations. Concurrently, increased congestion and selectivity over which offer to accept temper increases in job-finding rates. Our framework contains testable implications for changes in offers, acceptances, reservation wages, applicants per vacancy, and tenure, objects that enable it to generate the trends in unemployment flows." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Hiring opportunities for new firms and the business cycle (2025)
Zitatform
Brixy, Udo & Martin Murmann (2025): Hiring opportunities for new firms and the business cycle. In: Small business economics, Jg. 64, H. 3, S. 1387-1413., 2024-06-24. DOI:10.1007/s11187-024-00948-6
Abstract
"Whether firms founded during or outside economic crises have greater growth potential is an important question for both prospective entrepreneurs and policy makers. Existing research offers conflicting answers, and mostly either focuses on aggregate cohort-level effects or selectively excludes small new firms from the analyses. Using extensive linked employer-employee data on young German firms around and during the Global Financial Crisis, a period of sharply reduced access to external capital and recession, we show that young firms respond to cyclical conditions in highly heterogeneous ways. Our firm-level results reveal that the average new firm found it easier to hire its first employees when it was founded during the crisis. These firms achieved countercyclical growth by hiring career entrants. More specifically, hiring in very young (<1.5 years) and small to medium-sized (below the 90th percentile) young firms was countercyclical, while this was not the case for older and larger young firms. Thus, the firm-specific effects for young entrepreneurial firms may be very different from those reported in previous research. Our results suggest that market entry during a crisis may facilitate hiring and that policies that promote entrepreneurship may usefully complement policies that encourage labor hoarding by incumbents during recessions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Job search under changing labour taxes (2025)
Zitatform
Bryson, Alex & Harald Dale-Olsen (2025): Job search under changing labour taxes. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 95. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102750
Abstract
"Workers’ job mobility decisions are related to firms’ wage policies but also depend on tax schedules. Using Norwegian population-wide administrative linked employer-employee data for 2010–2019, we study how the job-to-job turnover of employees is affected by marginal taxes and firms’ pay policies, thus drawing inferences on job search behaviour. By paying higher wages, job-to-job separation rates drop, but this negative relationship is weakened when income taxes increase, consistent with higher taxes reducing search activity. However, consistent with theory, the tax effect is smaller where workers receive performance bonuses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Analysepotenziale von OnlineStellenanzeigen und Methoden Maschinellen Lernens am Beispiel der Mindestlohnforschung: Hat der Mindestlohn die Nachfrage von Kompetenzen durch Arbeitgeber verändert? (2025)
Busch, Anne; Krieger, Benedikt; Krusee, Sebastian; Goluchowicz, Kerstin; Baumann, Fabienne-Agnes;Zitatform
Busch, Anne, Fabienne-Agnes Baumann, Benedikt Krieger, Kerstin Goluchowicz & Sebastian Krusee (2025): Analysepotenziale von OnlineStellenanzeigen und Methoden Maschinellen Lernens am Beispiel der Mindestlohnforschung. Hat der Mindestlohn die Nachfrage von Kompetenzen durch Arbeitgeber verändert? (iit Perspektive / Institut für Innovation und Technik 80), Berlin, 17 S. DOI:10.23776/2025_09
Abstract
"Diese iit-perspektive beleuchtet das Potenzial innovativer Datenzugänge (Online-Stellenanzeigen) und Analysemethoden (Methoden des maschinellen Lernens) für sozialwissenschaftliche Fragestellungen am Beispiel der Mindestlohnforschung. So ist es mit Online-Stellenanzeigen als Datengrundlage beispielsweise möglich zu untersuchen, inwieweit die Einführung bzw. Erhöhung des Mindestlohns die von Arbeitgebern geforderten beruflichen Kompetenzen verändert hat." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Essays on Wages and Minimum Wages in Frictional Labor Markets (2025)
Börschlein, Erik-Benjamin;Zitatform
Börschlein, Erik-Benjamin (2025): Essays on Wages and Minimum Wages in Frictional Labor Markets. 237 S. DOI:10.5283/epub.76880
Abstract
"In Deutschland ist das Zusammenspiel zwischen Löhnen und institutionellen sowie marktbedingten Friktionen ein zentrales Thema wirtschaftspolitischer Debatten. Diese Dissertation untersucht in drei empirischen Studien kausale Zusammenhänge zwischen Löhnen und Mindestlöhnen, Matchingfriktionen und Arbeitsmarktanspannung. Die Analysen basieren auf umfangreichen administrativen Daten der Bundesagentur für Arbeit und nutzen fortgeschrittene ökonometrische Methoden zur kausalen Inferenz. Die ersten beiden Kapitel betrachten institutionelle Effekte – insbesondere die Einführung des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns im Jahr 2015 – während das dritte Kapitel den Fokus auf veränderte Marktbedingungen legt, insbesondere den zunehmenden Fachkräftemangel. Ziel ist es, die Wirkungsmechanismen zwischen Löhnen und Arbeitsmarktfriktionen differenziert darzustellen. Kapitel 1 Dieses Kapitel entwickelt einen innovativen Machine-Learning-Ansatz zur verbesserten Schätzung langfristiger Lohneffekte des Mindestlohns. Übliche Studien basieren auf einem fixen Pre-Treatment-Indikator („Bite“), basierend auf Löhnen vor der Politikmaßnahme, der die Betroffenheit von der Mindestlohneinführung nur kurzfristig akkurat abbildet. Um langfristige dynamische Veränderungen zu erfassen, werden hier ein zeitvariable Bite-Indikatoren mittels LASSO-basierter Vorhersagemodelle konstruiert, welche die Inzidenz und die Intensität der Mindestlohnbetroffenheit abbilden. Basierend auf administrativen Daten der Jahre 2010–2014 wird die Mindestlohnbetroffenheit für den Zeitraum 2015–2020 vorhergesagt. In der anschließenden Differenz-von-Differenzen-Analyse zeigen sich signifikant positive Lohneffekte, die im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Methoden jedoch geringer ausfallen und über die Zeit konstant bleiben. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass traditionelle Evaluierungen die Effekte überschätzen könnten, da sie dynamische Selektionseffekte und mindestlohnunabhängige Lohnentwicklungen nicht ausreichend berücksichtigen. Kapitel 2 In diesem Kapitel wird untersucht, wie sich die Einführung des Mindestlohns auf offene Stellen und damit verbundene Friktionen im Matching-Prozess ausgewirkt hat. Die Analyse basiert auf administrativen Vakanzdaten und Erwerbsbiographien. Die Analyse erfolgt auf der Berufsebenen für den Zeitraum 2013–2019 und nutzt ein Differenz-von-Differenzen-Design. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Anzahl neu gemeldeter Stellen durch die Mindestlohneinführung insgesamt nicht zurückging. Jedoch stieg der Anteil stornierter Vakanzen um 4–9 Prozent, und die Dauer erfolgreicher Besetzungsprozesse erhöhte sich um 5–6 Prozent. Dies deutet auf verstärkte Such- und Matchingfriktionen hin, etwa durch höhere Einstellungsstandards oder reduzierte berufliche Mobilität. Ergänzende Analysen zeigen geringere Übergänge zwischen Arbeitgebern, insbesondere bei Berufswechseln. Somit wird deutlich, dass die Mindestlohneinführung zwar nur geringe Auswirkungen auf die Beschäftigung hatte, aber dennoch Matchingprozesse erheblich beeinflusst hat. Kapitel 3 Dieses Kapitel wechselt die Perspektive und untersucht, wie zunehmende Arbeitsmarktanspannung – gemessen als Verhältnis von offenen Stellen zu Arbeitssuchenden – die Lohnentwicklung beeinflusst hat. Mithilfe eines Leave-One-Out-Instruments wird der kausale Effekt lokaler Arbeitsmarktanspannung in beruflichen Arbeitsmärkten auf Löhne geschätzt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen moderate, aber signifikant positive Lohneffekte, die etwa 7–19 Prozent des realen Lohnwachstums in Deutschland zwischen 2012 und 2022 erklären. Besonders stark profitieren neu Eingestellte, Hochqualifizierte, Beschäftigte im Dienstleistungssektor und Arbeitnehmer in Ostdeutschland. Zudem steigt der Lohn in Niedriglohnunternehmen überdurchschnittlich stark, was auf eine Verringerung der Lohnungleichheit hindeutet. Im Gesamtfazit werden die Erkenntnisse der drei Studien zusammengeführt. Die Arbeit zeigt, wie institutionelle Eingriffe wie der Mindestlohn einerseits Löhne anheben, gleichzeitig aber neue Friktionen erzeugen können. Andererseits können veränderte Marktbedingungen auch ohne staatliche Eingriffe Löhne steigern – wie etwa bei hoher Arbeitsmarktanspannung. Methodisch hebt die Dissertation die Bedeutung administrativer Mikrodaten und robuster kausaler Analyseverfahren in der Arbeitsmarktforschung hervor." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Börschlein, Erik-Benjamin; -
Literaturhinweis
Is labor matching effectiveness dependent on education level, age or gender? (2025)
Zitatform
Cheregi, Valentina Ioana (2025): Is labor matching effectiveness dependent on education level, age or gender? In: Baltic journal of economics, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1080/1406099x.2024.2442841
Abstract
"This paper explores the role of employment pool composition on labor matching effectiveness in ten Central and Eastern European countries from 2005 to 2023. We control for the structure of the labor force in terms of education, age, and gender. The results point towards a significant impact of labor force structure on labor market outcomes. In particular, an improvement in labor matching is associated with a larger share of the labor force with advanced education. In contrast, the opposite is true for the share of women and younger persons in the labor force. The results are robust to different specifications of the model when we control for the role of institutional factors in regulating national labor markets. From a policy perspective, this study highlights the need for targeted policies to increase the efficiency of the matching process aimed at specific structures of the labor force." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Marshallian agglomeration, labour pooling and skills matching (2025)
Zitatform
Corradini, Carlo, David Morris & Enrico Vanino (2025): Marshallian agglomeration, labour pooling and skills matching. In: Cambridge Journal of Economics, Jg. 49, H. 3, S. 527-557. DOI:10.1093/cje/beaf010
Abstract
"Better skills matching has long been proposed as one of the key advantages of agglomeration economies. Yet, support for this improved matching has remained largely founded upon indirect proxies for skills such as wages and education. This paper contributes to the literature by offering novel empirical evidence on the relationship between specific measures of localised skills deficiencies and agglomeration economies, in the form of industrial density. Developing an instrumental variable approach and controlling for unobserved heterogeneity and other region-industry idiosyncratic effects across a panel dataset for the period 2009–2019 in England and Wales, our analysis reveals a positive effect of agglomeration economies in reducing both skills gaps within the employed workforce and skills shortages in the labour market external to the firm. We consider these findings in the context of persistent regional imbalances and the importance of strengthening skills provision within current regional industrial strategies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Job Mismatch and Early Career Success (2025)
Zitatform
Cullen, Julie Berry, Gordon B. Dahl & Richard De Thorpe (2025): Job Mismatch and Early Career Success. (CESifo working paper 12104), München, 47 S.
Abstract
"How does being over- or underqualified at the beginning of a worker's career affect skill acquisition, retention, and promotion? Despite the importance of mismatch for the labor market, self-selection into jobs has made estimating these effects difficult. We overcome endogeneity concerns in the context of the US Air Force, which allocates new enlistees to over 130 different jobs based, in part, on test scores. Using these test scores, we create simulated job assignments based on factors outside of an individual's control: the available slots in upcoming training programs and the quality of other recruits entering at the same time. These factors create quasi-random variation in job assignment and hence how cognitively demanding an individual's job is relative to their own ability. We find that being overqualified for a job causes higher attrition, both during technical training and afterward when individuals are working in their assigned jobs. It also results in more behavioral problems, worse performance evaluations, and lower scores on general knowledge tests about the military taken by all workers. On the other hand, overqualification results in better performance relative to others in the same job: job-specific test scores rise both during technical training and while on the job, and these individuals are more likely to be promoted. Combined, these patterns suggest that overqualified individuals are less motivated, but still outperform others in their same job. Underqualification results in a polar opposite set of findings, suggesting these individuals are motivated to put forth more effort, but still struggle to compete when judged relative to others. Consistent with differential incentives, individuals who are overqualified are in jobs which are less valuable in terms of outside earnings potential, while the reverse is true for those who are underqualified." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Regionaler Mismatch: Arbeitskräftemobilität steigern (2025)
Zitatform
Dauth, Wolfgang, Andreas Mense & Katja Wolf (2025): Regionaler Mismatch: Arbeitskräftemobilität steigern. In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 105, H. 10, S. 690-690., 2025-10-16. DOI:10.2478/wd-2025-0176
Abstract
"Arbeitslose und passende offene Stellen sind in Deutschland oft räumlich voneinander getrennt. Die dynamischsten Arbeitsmärkte finden sich in Großstädten wie Berlin, Hamburg, München und generell im Süden, wo die sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung stetig wächst. Demgegenüber stehen hohe Arbeitslosenquoten in Städten wie Gelsenkirchen oder Bremerhaven, sowie in ländlichen Regionen Ostdeutschlands, Nordrhein-Westfalens und Niedersachsens. Andrea Nahles, Vorstandsvorsitzende der Bundesagentur für Arbeit, betonte auf der diesjährigen Tagung des Vereins für Socialpolitik, dass die geringe Mobilität – vor allem infolge von Wohnungsknappheit in den Ballungsräumen – die Vermittlung von Arbeitskräften erschwere." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeitsplatzattraktivität: Zwischen Wunsch und Versprechen: Eine Analyse auf Basis der IW-Beschäftigtenbefragung und Online-Stellenanzeigen (2025)
Engler, Jan; Mertens, Armin; Stettes, Oliver;Zitatform
Engler, Jan, Armin Mertens & Oliver Stettes (2025): Arbeitsplatzattraktivität: Zwischen Wunsch und Versprechen. Eine Analyse auf Basis der IW-Beschäftigtenbefragung und Online-Stellenanzeigen. (IW-Report / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2025,53), Köln, 50 S.
Abstract
"Auch wenn die Arbeitsnachfrage in jüngster Vergangenheit gesunken ist und die Arbeitslosigkeit zugenommen hat, wodurch ein potenziell größeres Arbeitsangebot besteht, fällt es Unternehmen weiterhin schwer, offene Stellen adäquat zu besetzen. Zusätzlich wird, bedingt durch den demografischen Wandel, auch der Mangel an Fachkräften mit qualifizierter Berufsausbildung in den kommenden Jahren weiter zunehmen. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt sich die Frage, wie Unternehmen sich im Ringen um qualifiziertes Personal behaupten können. Betriebliche Zusatzleistungen, die über das Gehalt hinausgehen, können bei der Entscheidung von Bewerberinnen und Bewerbern den Unterschied machen. Hierbei stellt sich die Frage, was Arbeitgeber aus Sicht von Beschäftigten attraktiv macht, und mit welchen Arbeitsplatzmerkmalen Unternehmen werben, um sich von Wettbewerbern um Arbeitskräfte abzuheben. Auf Basis der IW-Beschäftigtenbefragung 2024 und einer KI-gestützten Analyse von Stellenanzeigen untersucht die Studie die Diskrepanz zwischen den Arbeitsplatzpräferenzen von Beschäftigten und den von Unternehmen beworbenen Merkmalen. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass Arbeitsplatzmerkmale wie Beschäftigungssicherheit, die Möglichkeit, Wissen und Können einzubringen, kurze Pendelzeiten, betriebliche Altersversorgung und eine Tarifbindung sowohl von Beschäftigten als auch in Stellenanzeigen häufig genannt werden. Unterschiede in Präferenzen bestehen je nach Geschlecht, Alter, Grad der Behinderung und Qualifikationsniveau. Für jüngere Beschäftigte sind Angebote in der betrieblichen Altersversorgung besonders relevant, für ältere dagegen eine Tarifbindung des Betriebs. Beide Merkmale werden auch von Menschen mit Behinderung als wichtig erachtet. Wechselbereite Beschäftigte zeigen keine signifikant anderen Präferenzen. Mit guten Transformationserfahrungen beim bisherigen Arbeitgeber steigen die Ansprüche. Auch wenn das Muster von Arbeitsplatzmerkmalen, die in Stellenausschreibungen beworben werden, in großen Teilen dem Bewertungsraster von Beschäftigten entspricht, fällt bei der Gegenüberstellung auf, dass mit einer leistungsabhängigen Vergütung und großen Entscheidungsspielräumen zwei Charakteristika zwar einen hohen Stellenwert bei Beschäftigten einnehmen, von Unternehmen aber nur relativ zurückhaltend hervorgehoben werden. Hier stellt sich die Frage, ob eine leistungsabhängige Vergütung als Teilkomponente des Gehalts erst im Nachgang zu erfolgten Bewerbungen und im Rahmen von Vorstellungsgesprächen genannt wird. Ebenso bleibt die Frage offen, ob große Entscheidungsspielräume eher implizit von Unternehmen kommuniziert werden (z. B. im Verbund mit der Stellenbezeichnung Führungskraft, Leitung etc.) und deshalb methodisch schwerer erfasst werden können. Insgesamt zeigt die Analyse deutliche Unterschiede sowohl innerhalb der Präferenzen von Beschäftigten als auch in den beworbenen Arbeitsplatzmerkmalen in Stellenanzeigen auf. Da sich diese Präferenzen sowohl nach Alter, Geschlecht, Grad der Behinderung und Qualifikationsniveau, aber auch hinsichtlich der Branchenzugehörigkeit, Führungsverantwortung und KI-Einsatz zum Teil deutlich unterscheiden, sollten Unternehmen bei der Gestaltung von Stellenanzeigen die Präferenzen spezifischer Beschäftigtengruppen bewusst sein. Die Studie liefert wichtige Hinweise darauf, wo Unternehmen die Wünsche potenzieller Bewerberinnen und Bewerber bereits adäquat berücksichtigen und wo noch Potenziale bestehen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
How to Attract Talent? Field-Experimental Evidence on Emphasizing Flexibility and Career Opportunities in Job Advertisements (2025)
Zitatform
Fuchs, Larissa, Matthias Heinz, Pia Pinger & Max Thon (2025): How to Attract Talent? Field-Experimental Evidence on Emphasizing Flexibility and Career Opportunities in Job Advertisements. (CEPR discussion paper / Centre for Economic Policy Research 20916), London, 80 S.
Abstract
"We conduct a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with a leading technology firm to study how highlighting flexibility and career advancement in job advertisements causally affects the applicant pool. Highlighting career advancement increases the number of applications from men for entry-level positions and attracts additional applicants with strong qualifications and a good fit, which in turn leads to more interview invitations. By contrast, highlighting flexibility increases applications from both women and men at the entry level but provides limited evidence of attracting higher-quality or better-fit applicants. A complementary survey experiment among STEM students shows how job advertisements shape beliefs about the firm’s job characteristics and work environment. Overall, our results show that the amenities firms choose to highlight can powerfully influence both the size and characteristics of their applicant pool." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Output costs of education and skill mismatch in OECD countries (2025)
Zitatform
Garibaldi, Pietro, Pedro Gomes & Thepthida Sopraseuth (2025): Output costs of education and skill mismatch in OECD countries. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 250. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2025.112278
Abstract
"We quantify the output costs of education and skills mismatch for 17 OECD economies, using a calibrated model of vertical mismatch. Eliminating the frictions generating mismatch would raise output by 3% to 4% on average, varying between 0.5% to 9% across countries. Although the education and skill mismatch measures are constructed using different methods and differ in size, the output costs are similar between the two measures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Fast sechs von zehn Betrieben gingen im ersten Halbjahr 2024 Kompromisse bei der Einstellung von Fachkräften ein (2025)
Grau, Katrin; Schwengler, Barbara; Leber, Ute;Zitatform
Grau, Katrin, Ute Leber & Barbara Schwengler (2025): Fast sechs von zehn Betrieben gingen im ersten Halbjahr 2024 Kompromisse bei der Einstellung von Fachkräften ein. In: IAB-Forum H. 10.12.2025, 2025-12-05. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20251210.01
Abstract
"Die Rekrutierung von Fachkräften stellt die Betriebe weiterhin vor große Herausforderungen. Viele Stellen für qualifizierte Tätigkeiten bleiben unbesetzt, und auch wenn Betriebe Personal einstellen, entspricht deren Profil nicht immer den betrieblichen Vorstellungen. Daher geht der Großteil der Betriebe bei der Einstellung von Fachkräften Kompromisse ein. Besonders häufig akzeptieren sie einen höheren Einarbeitungsaufwand." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Estimation of the wage offer distribution using both accepted and rejected offers (2025)
Zitatform
Guo, Junjie (2025): Estimation of the wage offer distribution using both accepted and rejected offers. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 96. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102756
Abstract
"This paper estimates the wage offer distribution using workers who received multiple offers in a short period of time, including both accepted and rejected offers. We show that, after accounting for worker heterogeneity and measurement error, each wage offer is a random draw from the same distribution, and a normal distribution with a standard deviation of 0.137 is consistent with data. The dispersion is smaller than most estimates in the literature, increasing in the unemployment rate for workers without a bachelor’s degree, but not significantly related to a worker’s age or employment status." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Search and multiple jobholding (2025)
Zitatform
Lalé, Etienne (2025): Search and multiple jobholding. In: Economic Theory, Jg. 80, H. 3, S. 891-939. DOI:10.1007/s00199-025-01647-3
Abstract
"This paper develops an equilibrium model of the labor market that incorporates hours worked, off- and on-the-job search, and both single and multiple jobholders. Central to the model’s mechanism is that taking on a second job ties the worker to her primary employer, while simultaneously providing the worker with a stronger outside option when bargaining with the secondary employer. The model quantitatively accounts for both the incidence of multiple jobholding and worker flows in and out of second jobs. It also sheds light on how multiple jobholding shapes outcomes that are typically the focus of search models. Multiple jobholding has opposing effects on job-to-job transitions, which largely offset each other. At the same time, the option of holding second jobs extends the survival of a worker’s main job, thereby reducing job separations and increasing the employment rate. These findings have significant implications for calibrating standard search models that ignore multiple jobholding." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Workplace variation in migrant job searches: cohesion unites, bonuses do not divide (2025)
Zitatform
Mandemakers, Luuk, Eva Jaspers & Tanja van der Lippe (2025): Workplace variation in migrant job searches: cohesion unites, bonuses do not divide. In: European Societies, S. 1-46. DOI:10.1162/euso.a.70
Abstract
"Dutch workplaces suffer from labor shortages and interest in diverse workforces is growing, making the retention of employees with a migration background vital. Yet, migrant employees continue to experience exclusion in the workplace, making them more prone to search for different jobs than non-migrant employees. This article is novel as it locates drivers of migrant job searches at the organizational level and examines the impact of indicators of relative distances between groups within organizations. First it assesses whether workplace cohesion mitigates differences between migrant and non-migrant employees, as cohesion may reduce intergroup distances through positive inter-ethnic contact. Second, it is examined whether workplaces that divide resources through bonus payment systems have lager job search disparities, as in such workplaces individual performance based incentives may reinforce intergroup conflict. Using unique employer-employee linked data from the Netherlands, this research finds that migrants search for jobs more often than non-migrants, that being part of cohesive workplaces as a migrant mitigates this gap and that the prevalence of bonus payment systems has no effect. To retain migrant employees and to improve the diversity of workforces, organizations should invest in increasing workplace cohesion. Further implications for theory, research and practice are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Fiscal tightening and skills mismatch (2025)
Zitatform
Mavrigiannakis, Konstantinos, Andreas Vasilatos & Eugenia Vella (2025): Fiscal tightening and skills mismatch. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 174. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2025.104984
Abstract
"The paper establishes a new link between fiscal tightening and the vertical skills mismatch rate, defined as the share of over-qualified workers. Using cross-country evidence for Europe, we show that fiscal tightening can increase skills mismatch. We then introduce the latter in a DSGE model with heterogeneous households, capital-skill complementarity (CSC) and labor frictions. We calibrate the model for Greece, where the over-qualification rate exceeds one-third. A fiscal tightening shock raises the mismatch rate in the model, in line also with SVAR analysis. Skills mismatch can act as a buffer for high-skilled workers during recessions induced by tax shocks and is more counter-cyclical when CSC is weak. We also use the model to conduct welfare and policy analyses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Beschäftigungsaufnahmen von Personen in der Grundsicherung: Entfernung zwischen bisherigem Wohnort und Arbeitsort (2025)
Zitatform
Mense, Andreas & Katja Wolf (2025): Beschäftigungsaufnahmen von Personen in der Grundsicherung: Entfernung zwischen bisherigem Wohnort und Arbeitsort. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 16/2025), Nürnberg, 26 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2516
Abstract
"Vor dem Hintergrund aktueller Reformüberlegungen zur Zumutbarkeit von Arbeit nach § 10 SGB II untersucht dieser Forschungsbericht, welche Entfernungen zwischen Wohnort und Arbeitsort bei Beschäftigungsaufnahmen von Personen im Grundsicherungsbezug typischerweise auftreten. Im Fokus stehen dabei systematische Unterschiede nach Personengruppen. Grundlage der Analysen sind administrative Daten aus den Integrierten Erwerbsbiografien (IEB) und der Leistungshistorik Grundsicherung (LHG) für das Jahr 2022. Untersucht werden erwerbsfähige Leistungsberechtigte im SGB II, die aus dem Grundsicherungsbezug heraus eine sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung aufgenommen haben. Ergänzend werden Befragungsdaten aus der ersten Welle des Online-Panel for Labour Market Research (OPAL) des IAB verwendet, um das beobachtete Verhalten mit den Selbstangaben von Grundsicherungsbeziehenden zu ihrem Arbeitssuchverhalten abzugleichen. Die Mehrheit nimmt eine Beschäftigung in Wohnortnähe auf. In 69 Prozent der Fälle liegt der Arbeitsort weniger als 15 km entfernt, in 17 Prozent zwischen 15 und 50 km. Gleichzeitig nimmt ein nicht unerheblicher Anteil auch größere Distanzen in Kauf: In 8,7 % der Fälle liegt der neue Arbeitsort mehr als 100 km vom bisherigen Wohnort entfernt. Die durchschnittliche Entfernung variiert deutlich zwischen unterschiedlichen Personengruppen. Alleinerziehende, Eltern minderjähriger Kinder, Ältere sowie Personen mit gesundheitlichen Einschränkungen nehmen im Mittel kürzere Distanzen in Kauf. Auch Teilzeitbeschäftigte verbleiben häufiger in der Nähe ihres bisherigen Wohnorts. Umgekehrt nehmen junge, alleinstehende oder hochqualifizierte Personen im Mittel Arbeitsstellen in durchschnittlich größerer Entfernung an. Ähnliche Unterschiede zeigen sich auch bei der Wahrscheinlichkeit, eine Beschäftigung in mehr als 100 km Entfernung aufzunehmen. Die meisten dürften dafür umziehen. Die Analysen basieren auf multivariaten Regressionsmodellen, die eine Vielzahl potenziell relevanter Merkmale kontrollieren. Die Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen bleiben auch nach Kontrolle dieser Merkmale bestehen und decken sich mit den Ausnahmeregelungen des § 10 Abs. 2 SGB II. Diese sehen vor, dass bei der Prüfung der Zumutbarkeit persönliche, familiäre und gesundheitliche Gründe zu berücksichtigen sind. Die OPAL-Befragungsdaten bestätigen diese Befunde tendenziell. So zeigen sich ähnliche gruppenspezifische Muster bei der Selbsteinschätzung zur Bereitschaft, längere Pendelzeiten oder einen Umzug in Kauf zu nehmen. Frauen, ältere Personen, Alleinerziehende und Personen, die eine Teilzeitbeschäftigung suchen, geben seltener an, für eine Stelle über 60 Minuten pendeln oder umziehen zu wollen. Gleichzeitig zeigen Personen mit Hochschulabschluss sowie ausländischer Staatsangehörigkeit eine höhere Bereitschaft zu räumlicher Mobilität. Die in den administrativen Daten erkennbaren Unterschiede in den Entfernungen zwischen Wohn- und Arbeitsort lassen sich also durch Unterschiede im Arbeitssuchverhalten plausibel erklären. Diese Befunde lassen sich weniger als Folge der aktuellen gesetzlichen Ausnahmeregelungen interpretieren, sondern vielmehr als deren empirische Grundlage: Denn § 10 SGB II trägt den gruppenspezifisch variierenden Mobilitätsmöglichkeiten Rechnung. Die Ausnahmetatbestände in § 10 SGB II wurden eben gerade deshalb geschaffen, weil Alleinerziehende und andere räumlich weniger mobile Personen seltener weite Pendelwege oder einen Umzug in Kauf nehmen können oder wollen. Es erscheint daher sinnvoll, bestehende Mobilitätshemmnisse gezielt abzubauen, die Bereitschaft zu überregionaler Mobilität bei der Vermittlung zu berücksichtigen und so individuelle Vermittlungsstrategien zu stärken. Zudem sollte die Politik die institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen – etwa Möglichkeiten zur Kinderbetreuung, den Wohnungsmarkt, und die Verkehrssituation – in den Blick nehmen, um die Mobilitätsbereitschaft zu erhöhen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
What makes a good place to work? The effect of internal corporate social responsibility on word-of-mouth for employers (2025)
Zitatform
Mutter, Anna, Jasmin Afrahi & Thomas Armbrüster (2025): What makes a good place to work? The effect of internal corporate social responsibility on word-of-mouth for employers. In: The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Jg. 36, H. 11, S. 1807-1833. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2025.2534339
Abstract
"Word-of-mouth for employers (WOME; i.e., employees talking positively about their employer organization) is a valuable corporate means of recruitment in times of employee shortage and war for talent. However, research on the determinants of WOME is fragmented, and the identification of success factors is incomplete. Based on research on word-of-mouth mechanisms and social exchange theory, which explains exchange relationships between sender and receiver, we elaborate on a model of WOME that comprises classic and emerging factors of workplace attractiveness (monetary compensation, work environment, and workplace fun) and internal corporate social responsibility (ICSR). We hypothesize that ICSR exhibits the greatest explanatory power for WOME. We tested our assumption with a data set of 132,995 participants from 13 industrial sectors in Germany and ran a multiple linear regression analysis with four independent variables and WOME as the dependent variable. ICSR proved to have the greatest effect on WOME, which we consider a result of employees’ interest in a fair exchange relationship with their employers, followed by workplace fun, the work environment, and monetary compensation. We discuss the results in terms of the above-mentioned theories and point out directions for future research as well as practical implications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Business cycle models with labour market frictions: the role of the matching function (2025)
Naraidoo, Ruthira; Paez-Farrell, Juan;Zitatform
Naraidoo, Ruthira & Juan Paez-Farrell (2025): Business cycle models with labour market frictions: the role of the matching function. (Sheffield economic research paper series / The University of Sheffield, Department of Economics 2025006), Sheffield, 25 S.
Abstract
"Standard business cycle models with search and matching frictions in the labour market increasingly rely on the assumption that firms face hiring, as opposed to, search costs in recruiting workers. We show that although this modification im-proves the model's empirical performance, it causes the matching function to play no role in macroeconomic dynamics. Assuming both costs can overcome this short-coming but for reasonable parameter values it implies that matching efficiency shocks have no effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
More Than a Match: “Fit” as a Tool in Hiring Decisions (2025)
Zitatform
Nichols, Bethany J., David S. Pedulla & Jeff T. Sheng (2025): More Than a Match: “Fit” as a Tool in Hiring Decisions. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 52, H. 2, S. 175-203. DOI:10.1177/07308884231214279
Abstract
"The concept of “fit” has become important for understanding hiring decisions and labor market outcomes. While social scientists have explored how fit functions as a legitimized evaluative criterion to match candidates to jobs in the hiring process, less is known about how fit functions as a hiring tool to aid in decision-making when hiring decisions cannot—or should not—be justified. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 53 hiring professionals, we develop a theoretical argument that hiring professionals can use fit as a tool to circumvent legitimized hiring criteria and justify their hiring goals. Specifically, we show how hiring professionals use fit as a tool to explain their hiring decisions when these decisions cannot or should not be justified and we outline two mechanisms through which this process occurs: (1) fit as a tool for circumventing human capital concerns, and (2) fit as a tool to circumvent hiring policies based upon social characteristics. We argue that fit is more than an evaluative criterion for matching individuals to jobs. Hiring professionals deploy fit as a tool to justify their decisions amid uncertainty and constraint. Fit, then, becomes a placeholder when these hiring decisions are not able to be justified through legitimized means. Our findings reveal some of the potential negative consequences of using fit during the hiring process and contribute important theoretical insights about the role of fit in scholarship on inequality and labor markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Post-pandemic recovery: Search and matching, market power, and endogenous labor demand (2025)
Zitatform
Platonov, Konstantin (2025): Post-pandemic recovery: Search and matching, market power, and endogenous labor demand. In: Economic Modelling, Jg. 151. DOI:10.1016/j.econmod.2025.107183
Abstract
"Following the COVID-19 pandemic, United States (US) output rebounded quickly, labor productivity rose above pre-pandemic levels, profit rates increased, and the labor market tightened, all despite high unemployment. These observations can be reconciled in a search and matching model of the labor market with two new assumptions of strong firm market power and endogenous labor demand. Market power encourages firm entry when prices rise, while endogenous labor demand enables firms to adapt to shocks rather than shut down. Two regimes arise: one with weak market power, representing the pre-pandemic era and another with strong market power, explaining the post-pandemic recovery. Under strong market power, firm entry drives recovery following recessions, the labor market becomes tight, wages and producer prices rise, and the average firm size shrinks, which is consistent with the post-pandemic data. This study demonstrates how a typical business cycle can be reconciled with US post-pandemic recovery within a unified model, highlighting the non-trivial role of firms’ market power in shaping macroeconomic outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Testing for wage-specific search intensity (2025)
Zitatform
Rendon, Silvio (2025): Testing for wage-specific search intensity. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 59. DOI:10.1186/s12651-024-00389-4
Abstract
"Most job search intensity models assume uniform search effort across all potential wage offers. I depart from this conventional assumption by proposing that agents allocate wage-specific search intensity, strategically avoiding effort on low-paying, unacceptable jobs or high-paying, improbable ones. This alternative model generates wage distributions at acceptance that differ markedly from the truncated distributions typical of models with constant arrival rates for wage offers. I leverage these distinct empirical predictions to develop two new nonparametric tests, applied to NLSY97 data, both of which reject the hypothesis of constant search intensity across wages. Furthermore, I estimate the structural parameters identifiable in each model, revealing that wage-specific search leads to greater total search effort, faster transitions into the upper tail of the wage distribution, and ultimately higher accepted wages—more than a 25% increase following unemployment. For low wages, the classic random search model delivers a fair replication of the actual data, but for higher wages targeted search is better. Wage-specific search suggests that job seekers not only need to search more, but also search better. This insight has important implications for employment policy, particularly in promoting job search literacy among the unemployed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Anonymous job applications and hiring discrimination: Blind recruitment can level the playing field in access to jobs but cannot prevent all forms of discrimination (2025)
Zitatform
Rinne, Ulf (2025): Anonymous job applications and hiring discrimination. Blind recruitment can level the playing field in access to jobs but cannot prevent all forms of discrimination. (IZA world of labor 48,3), Bonn, o. Sz. DOI:10.15185/izawol.48.v3
Abstract
"Anonymisierte Bewerbungsverfahren sind potenziell geeignet, Einstellungshindernisse aufgrund von Diskriminierung einzelner Arbeitsmarktgruppen abzubauen. Bei effektiver Umsetzung sorgen solche Verfahren für Chancengleichheit im Bewerbungsprozess, da sie den Fokus der Personalentscheider auf die Qualifikationen und Fähigkeiten der Bewerber lenken. Allerdings sind anonyme Bewerbungen weder in allen Fällen sinnvoll umsetzbar, noch können sie jegliche Form der Bewerberdiskriminierung verhindern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IZA world of labor, 454 -
Literaturhinweis
Betriebliche Ausbildung: IAB-Betriebspanel Report Hessen 2024 (2025)
Sielschott, Stephan; Lauxen, Oliver; Larsen, Christa;Zitatform
Sielschott, Stephan, Oliver Lauxen & Christa Larsen (2025): Betriebliche Ausbildung. IAB-Betriebspanel Report Hessen 2024. (IAB-Betriebspanel Hessen 2/2024), Frankfurt am Main, 24 S.
Abstract
"In den kommenden Jahren gehen in Deutschland und in Hessen viele Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer aus den geburtenstarken Jahrgängen in den Ruhestand, während kleinere Alterskohorten nachrücken. Bis zum Jahr 2030 könnten in Hessen gut 240.000 Fachkräfte fehlen. Zwei Drittel davon werden voraussichtlich Fachkräfte mit Berufsabschluss und ein Drittel Fachkräfte mit akademischem Abschluss sein. Gleichzeitig wird bei den Arbeitskräften ohne Berufs- oder Studienabschluss ein Überhang von knapp 18.000 Personen prognostiziert (Larsen et al. 2024). Für Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft ergibt sich somit die doppelte Herausforderung, einerseits die Gewinnung und Bindung von Fachkräften mit Berufs- oder Studienabschluss zu organisieren und andererseits Arbeitslosigkeit bei Arbeitskräften ohne Berufs- und Studienabschluss entgegenzuwirken. Die Berufsausbildung bildet ein zentrales Handlungsfeld bezüglich beider Herausforderungen. Das von der Hessischen Landesregierung initiierte und im April 2025 bis 2029 verlängerte „Bündnis Ausbildung Hessen“ zielt ausdrücklich darauf ab, Fachkräftesicherung durch duale berufliche Ausbildung voranzutreiben. Ein besonderes Augenmerk liegt dabei auf der „Unterstützung von individuell oder strukturell benachteiligten Menschen, die am Übergang von der Schule in den Beruf oft vor zusätzlichen Herausforderungen stehen“ (Hessisches Ministerium für Wirtschaft, Energie, Verkehr, Wohnen und ländlichen Raum 2025). In Deutschland ist die Zahl der neu abgeschlossenen Verträge für duale Ausbildungsstellen im Jahr 2023 im Vergleich zum Vorjahr um 3 Prozent gestiegen, in Hessen sogar um 6 Prozent auf knapp 36.000. Dabei nahm die Anzahl der Neuverträge in Industrie und Handel um 6 Prozent, im Handwerk sogar um 7 Prozent zu. Das Vor-Corona-Niveau konnte damit aber immer noch nicht wieder erreicht werden. Abermals zurückgegangen – in Hessen wie im Bund – ist die Zahl der dual ausbildenden Betriebe. In Hessen ist der Rückgang um 1 Prozent gegenüber dem Vorjahr auf gut 30.000 Betriebe allein auf Kleinstbetriebe mit bis zu 9 Beschäftigten zurückzuführen (Kuse 2024). Hier stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit Betriebe nicht ausbilden dürfen oder wollen und welche Gründe sie ggf. für ihren Ausbildungsverzicht geltend machen. Der Berufsbildungsbericht 2024 zeigt für den Bund, dass Betriebe mit freien Ausbildungsplätzen und noch unversorgte Bewerbende im Jahr 2023 häufig nicht zueinander gefunden haben (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung 2024). Ohne Ausbildungsplatz und in der Folge ohne beruflichen Abschluss bleiben insbesondere junge Erwachsene, die keinen Schulabschluss erreicht haben. Das hat Folgen: Die Arbeitslosenquote von Personen ohne abgeschlossene Berufsausbildung fiel nach Angaben der Bundesagentur für Arbeit (2024) im Jahr 2023 mehr als sechs Mal so hoch aus wie bei Personen mit beruflichem oder akademischem Abschluss. In Hessen lag der Anteil der Schulabgehenden ohne Hauptschulabschluss im Jahr 2023 bei 6 Prozent (Statistisches Bundesamt 2024). Es stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit Betriebe bereit sind, Kompromisse einzugehen, indem freie Ausbildungsplätze an Bewerbende ohne Schulabschluss vergeben werden und welche Voraussetzungen hierfür gegeben sein müssen. Die Auswertungen zum IAB-Betriebspanel 2024 stehen unter dem Rahmenthema „Betrieblicher Alltag zwischen (schmerzhaften) Kompromissen und neuen Herausforderungen in den Betrieben in Hessen“. Der erste Report hat die aktuelle Personalsituation der Betriebe in Hessen in den Blick genommen. Der hier vorliegende zweite Report fokussiert auf die betriebliche Ausbildung. Kapitel 1 widmet sich der Ausbildungsbeteiligung der Betriebe und den im abgeschlossenen Ausbildungsjahr 2023/24 angebotenen und besetzten bzw. nicht besetzten Ausbildungsplätzen. Anschließend thematisiert Kapitel 2 Ausbildungsabschlüsse und Übernahmequoten. Im dritten Kapitel erfolgt eine Analyse der im neuen Ausbildungsjahr 2024/25 abgeschlossenen Ausbildungsverträge. Kapitel 4 untersucht die Berücksichtigung von Bewerberinnen und Bewerbern ohne Schulabschluss bei der Vergabe von Ausbildungsplätzen, und in Kapitel 5 werden die Gründe für den Ausbildungsverzicht ausbildungsberechtigter Betriebe analysiert. Der Report wird mit einem Resümee abgeschlossen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Infografiken -
Literaturhinweis
"IAB-Kompetenz-Kompass“ Bereitstellung von Stellentext-Daten als strukturierter Datensatz (2025)
Stops, Michael ; Klevinghaus, Hauke; Raabe, Pauline; Malfertheiner, Verena; Heckel, Marie-Christine; Metzger, Lina-Jeanette ; Heß, Pascal ; Peede, Lennert; EzElDin, Asma Ahmed; Ungerer, Kathrin;Zitatform
Stops, Michael, Asma Ahmed EzElDin, Marie-Christine Heckel, Pascal Heß, Hauke Klevinghaus, Verena Malfertheiner, Lina-Jeanette Metzger & Lennert Peede (2025): "IAB-Kompetenz-Kompass“ Bereitstellung von Stellentext-Daten als strukturierter Datensatz. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 01/2025), Nürnberg, 259 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2501
Abstract
"Dieser Forschungsbericht beschreibt die Ergebnisse eines zweijährigen Projektes, in dem Methoden zur Gewinnung von strukturierten Informationen aus Stellenanzeigen weiterentwickelt und neu erarbeitet wurden. Das Projekt wurde durch das Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales (BMAS) im Rahmen der Datenlabor-Initiative der Bundesregierung mit Mitteln des Programms „NextGenerationEU“ der Europäischen Union ermöglicht und baut auf der „Machbarkeitsstudie Kompetenz-Kompass“ auf (Stops et al., 2020). Im Rahmen dieses Projekts wurde ein Datensatz erstellt, der auf allen zwischen April 2019 und Dezember 2023 zugegangenen Stellenanzeigen bei der Bundesagentur für Arbeit (BA) basiert, die auf der Stellenwebseite der BA veröffentlicht oder für die ein Vermittlungsauftrag für die BA bestand. Aus Vergleichen mit der IAB-Stellenerhebung geht hervor, dass der Datensatz Analysen zu vielen Fragestellungen erlaubt, die repräsentativ für den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt sind. Wir beschreiben die Entwicklung der Nachfrage nach fachlichen Kompetenzen; Sprachkenntnissen; Kompetenzen, die mit Technologien der Künstlichen Intelligenz sowie Wasserstofftechnologie im Zusammenhang stehen. Außerdem untersuchen wir das Angebot an Home-Office. Der Bericht schließt mit einem Ausblick auf die mögliche inhaltliche und methodische Weiterentwicklung der Forschung mit Stellendaten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
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Literaturhinweis
Optimal unemployment insurance with multiple applications (2025)
Wee, Shu Lin;Zitatform
Wee, Shu Lin (2025): Optimal unemployment insurance with multiple applications. In: Journal of monetary economics, Jg. 154. DOI:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2025.103798
Abstract
"This paper examines how unemployment transfers should be allocated over the business cycle. When risk-averse workers can submit multiple applications, the optimal UI policy is countercyclical. In contrast, optimal policy in a standard search model featuring one-to-one matching is procyclical. In the latter, more generous UI during a downturn discourages search effort, dampening job creation. In the former, decreased search effort aids job creation. Because firms cannot coordinate and commit to not making the same worker an offer, lower search effort by reducing the number of applications sent mitigates this coordination friction. This in turn boosts job creation incentives, supporting employment outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Hiring intentions at the intersection of gender, parenthood, and social status. A factorial survey experiment in the UK labour market (2025)
Zitatform
Zamberlan, Anna, Filippo Gioachin & Paolo Barbieri (2025): Hiring intentions at the intersection of gender, parenthood, and social status. A factorial survey experiment in the UK labour market. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 41, H. 3, S. 395-410. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcae043
Abstract
"Extant literature points to the gender, parenthood, and social status of job applicants as crucial factors influencing employers’ hiring preferences and behaviors. However, little is known about whether and to what extent the intersection of these attributes leads to specific forms of hiring discrimination. This study aims to fill this research gap by examining whether labor market (dis)advantages related to gender, parenthood, and social status occur in an additive or interactive relationship. We conducted a factorial survey experiment in which more than 2,500 UK-based individuals with recruiting experience rated the profiles of fictitious candidates for various job vacancies. We found significant and substantial discrimination against mothers, indicating the existence of a cumulative disadvantage between being a woman and having children, while high-status candidates were more favourably positioned, albeit with noteworthy differences depending on how social status was signalled. Most interestingly, the motherhood penalty was significantly reduced (up to almost half) for high-status candidates, suggesting a compensatory effect of signalling a high status. This novel evidence in the British context highlights the importance of examining the intersection of different dimensions of discrimination and inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Words matter: Experimental evidence from job applications (2024)
Zitatform
Abraham, Lisa, Johannes Hallermeier & Alison Stein (2024): Words matter: Experimental evidence from job applications. In: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Jg. 225, S. 348-391. DOI:10.1016/j.jebo.2024.06.013
Abstract
"If women are more sensitive to listed qualifications in job ads, does lowering the bar draw in relatively more women and increase diversity in the applicant pool? We examine this question by randomizing 60,000 viewers into one of two job ad versions for over 600 corporate jobs at Uber, where the treatment removed optional and superfluous qualifications. There are two main findings. First, job seekers of both genders respond to qualifications: applications increase by 7%, owing to similar increases in the number of applications from men and women. Second, reducing the qualifications impacts the type of individual who chooses to apply differently by gender. Reducing the qualifications draws in less skilled women and causes an outflow of some highly skilled women. Conversely, the treatment draws in men from across the skill distribution, including the upper end. We find gender differences in application behavior and explore potential mechanisms in a separate, large-scale survey using the RAND American Life Panel. These results highlight that sensitivity to listed requirements is complex, and simply lowering the qualifications in job postings is not guaranteed to increase applicant diversity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Pay and Non-Pay Content of Job Ads (2024)
Zitatform
Audoly, Richard, Manudeep Bhuller & Tore Adam Reiremo (2024): The Pay and Non-Pay Content of Job Ads. (arXiv papers 2407.13204), 54 S.
Abstract
"How informative are job ads about the actual pay and amenities offered by employers? Using a comprehensive database of job ads posted by Norwegian employers, we develop a methodology to systematically classify the information on both pay and non-pay job attributes advertised in vacancy texts. We link this information to measures of employer attractiveness, which we derive from a job search model estimated on observed wages and worker mobility flows. About 55 percent of job ads provide information related to pay and nearly all ads feature information on non-pay attributes. We show that publicly advertised job attributes are meaningful predictors of employer attractiveness, and non-pay attributes are about as predictive as pay-related attributes. High-pay employers mention pay-related attributes more often, while high-amenity employers are more likely to advertise flexible working hours and contract duration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Skill Signals in a Digital Job Search Market and Duration in Employment Gaps (2024)
Zitatform
Baird, Matthew, Paul Ko & Nikhil Gahlawat (2024): Skill Signals in a Digital Job Search Market and Duration in Employment Gaps. In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 45, H. 3, S. 403-435. DOI:10.1007/s12122-024-09363-y
Abstract
"With the rise of the digital job search market, new opportunities for signaling skills and competencies to employers have emerged. In this paper, we examine listed skills on individuals’ LinkedIn profiles in the United States between 2015 and 2021, both those members add themselves and skills for which they are endorsed from others in their network. We use an inverse probability weighted proportional hazards model with time varying covariates to estimate the relationship between listed skills on shortening employment gaps (time between jobs). We find that, for self-added and peer-endorsed skills respectively, an additional ten skills on the profile decreases median employment gap duration by about 0.7 and 0.4 months, from a median baseline of around 6 months gap. Individuals with no education listed on their profile have the largest benefit from listed skills in terms of reducing employment gaps. Disruptive tech and soft skills also are related to higher returns. Additionally, skills added during the employment break have a substantially stronger relationship than pre-existing added skills. More experienced workers have larger returns than less experienced workers, consistent with the hypothesis that these skills are otherwise difficult to signal to potential employers. These findings are consistent with online job markets’ use of technology offering more efficient ways to signal skills, shortening time to reemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Shifting Reasons for Beveridge Curve Shifts (2024)
Zitatform
Barlevy, Gadi, R. Jason Faberman, Bart Hobijn & Ayşegül Şahin (2024): The Shifting Reasons for Beveridge Curve Shifts. In: The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Jg. 38, H. 2, S. 83-106. DOI:10.1257/jep.38.2.83
Abstract
"We discuss how the relative importance of factors that contribute to movements of the US Beveridge curve has changed from 1959 to 2023. We review these factors in the context of a simple flow analogy used to capture the main insights of search and matching theories of the labor market. Changes in inflow rates, related to demographics, accounted for Beveridge curve shifts between 1959 and 2000. A reduction in matching efficiency, that depressed unemployment outflows, shifted the curve outwards in the wake of the Great Recession. In contrast, the most recent shifts in the Beveridge curve appear driven by changes in the eagerness of workers to switch jobs. Finally, we argue that, while the Beveridge curve is a useful tool for relating unemployment and job openings to inflation, the link between these labor market indicators and inflation depends on whether and why the Beveridge curve shifted. Therefore, a careful examination of the factors underlying movements in the Beveridge curve is essential for drawing policy conclusions from the joint behavior of unemployment and job openings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Firm Human Resource Practices and Educational Mismatch (2024)
Zitatform
Berloffa, Gabriella, Daniela Piazzalunga & Fabio Pieri (2024): Firm Human Resource Practices and Educational Mismatch. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17424), Bonn, 46 S.
Abstract
"The paper introduces a new measure of educational mismatch at the firm level, constructed by merging firm and individual data at the sector-firm size-year level. This measure captures both the intensity of mismatch and its type – whether overeducation, undereducation, or a mix of the two. We assess the role of human resource practices in reducing the intensity of educational mismatch in Italian firms by estimating econometric models that control for a rich set of firm characteristics, as well as year and industry-region fixed effects. Firm-fixed effects and instrumental variable models complement the analysis. Findings indicate that the use of private recruitment agencies, on-the-job training, and structured supervision is associated with a reduction in mismatch intensity. The impact of other practices varies by mismatch type: higher job turnover rates correlate with lower undereducation but increased overeducation, while second-level bargaining increases undereducation and reduces overeducation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A Simple Explanation of Countercyclical Uncertainty (2024)
Zitatform
Bernstein, Joshua, Michael Plante, Alexander W. Richter & Nathaniel A. Throckmorton (2024): A Simple Explanation of Countercyclical Uncertainty. In: American Economic Journal. Macroeconomics, Jg. 16, H. 4, S. 143-171. DOI:10.1257/mac.20220134
Abstract
"This paper documents that labor search and matching frictions generate countercyclical uncertainty because the inherent nonlinearity in the flow of new matches makes employment uncertainty increasing in the number of people searching for work. Quantitatively, this mechanism is strong enough to explain uncertainty and real activity dynamics, including their correlation. Through this lens, uncertainty fluctuations are endogenous responses to changes in real activity that neither affect the severity of business cycles nor warrant policy intervention, in contrast with leading theories of the interaction between uncertainty and real activity dynamics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Mismatch Unemployment During COVID-19 and the Post-Pandemic Labor Shortages (2024)
Zitatform
Birinci, Serdar, Yusuf Mercan & Kurt See (2024): Mismatch Unemployment During COVID-19 and the Post-Pandemic Labor Shortages. (Working paper / Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2024-025), Saint Louis, MO, 35 S. DOI:10.20955/wp.2024.025
Abstract
"We examine the extent to which mismatch unemployment—employment losses relative to an efficient allocation where the planner can costlessly reallocate unemployed workers across sectors to maximize output—shaped labor market dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent recovery episode characterized by labor shortages. We find that, for the first time in our sample, mismatch unemployment turned negative at the onset of the pandemic. This result suggests that the efficient allocation of job seekers would involve reallocating workers toward longer-tenure and more-productive jobs, even at the expense of fewer hires. We show that sectoral differences in job separations were the main driver behind this result, while differences in vacancies caused positive mismatch unemployment during the recovery episode. We also establish an empirical link between mismatch unemployment and the surge in the labor cost during the recovery, documenting that sectors with larger mismatch unemployment experienced higher employment cost growth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Test-based measurement of skill mismatch: a validation of five different measurement approaches using the NEPS (2024)
Zitatform
Bischof, Stephan (2024): Test-based measurement of skill mismatch: a validation of five different measurement approaches using the NEPS. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 58. DOI:10.1186/s12651-024-00370-1
Abstract
"Skill mismatch is a key indicator of labour market research that has received significant attention. To date, various approaches of test-based measurement of skill mismatch have been used in research, generating differing results. However, it remains unclear which method is the most valid for measuring skill mismatch. This study provides a comparative validation of five commonly used approaches to test-based measurement of skill mismatches in reading and mathematics to detect the most valid method. Drawing on the 2016 wave of the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS) Adult Cohort, I find significantly varying distributions for the different measurement approaches, and highly valid skill mismatch measures for the statistical and the mixed approach. Overall, the mixed approach emerges as the most valid method. The findings highlight the critical importance of measurement approaches in skill mismatch research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Asymmetric market power and wage suppression (2024)
Zitatform
Blumkin, Tomer & David Lagziel (2024): Asymmetric market power and wage suppression. In: The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Jg. 126, H. 1, S. 38-59. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12545
Abstract
"We study a labor market in which two identical firms compete over a pool of homogenous workers. Firms pre-commit to their outreach to potential employees, either through their informative advertising choices, or through their screening processes, before engaging in a wage competition ('a la Bertrand). Although firms are homogeneous, the unique pure-strategy equilibrium is asymmetric: one firm maximizes its outreach whereas the other compromises on a significantly smaller market share. The features of the asymmetric equilibrium extend to a general oligopsony with any finite number of firms. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor Demand on a Tight Leash (2024)
Zitatform
Bossler, Mario & Martin Popp (2024): Labor Demand on a Tight Leash. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16837), Bonn, 99 S.
Abstract
"We develop a labor demand model that encompasses pre-match hiring cost arising from tight labor markets. Through the lens of the model, we study the effect of labor market tightness on firms’ labor demand by applying novel shift-share instruments to the universe of German firms. In line with theory, we find that a doubling in tightness reduces firms’ employment by 5 percent. Taking into account the resulting search externalities, the wage elasticity of firms’ labor demand reduces from -0.7 to -0.5 through reallocation effects. In light of our results, pre-match hiring cost amount to 40 percent of annual wage payments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Re-assessing the Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis (2024)
Zitatform
Card, David, Jesse Rothstein & Moises Yi (2024): Re-assessing the Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 32252), Cambridge, Mass, 25 S.
Abstract
"We use detailed location information from the Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics (LEHD) database to develop new evidence on the effects of spatial mismatch on the relative earnings of Black workers in large US cities. We classify workplaces by the size of the pay premiums they offer in a two-way fixed effects model, providing a simple metric for defining “good” jobs. We show that: (a) Black workers earn nearly the same average wage premiums as whites; (b) in most cities Black workers live closer to jobs, and closer to good jobs, than do whites; (c) Black workers typically commute shorter distances than whites; and (d) people who commute further earn higher average pay premiums, but the elasticity with respect to distance traveled is slightly lower for Black workers. We conclude that geographic proximity to good jobs is unlikely to be a major source of the racial earnings gaps in major U.S. cities today." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Effect of Wages on Job Vacancy Duration: Evidence from a Spatial Discontinuity (2024)
Zitatform
Carter, Charles, Judith M. Delaney & Kerry L. Papps (2024): The Effect of Wages on Job Vacancy Duration: Evidence from a Spatial Discontinuity. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17273), Bonn, 30 S.
Abstract
"We exploit a spatial discontinuity in the wages paid by the United Kingdom's National Health Service to examine how wages affect the duration of time a vacancy is advertised. NHS workers in inner London are mandated by law to be paid an extra 4.3% more than those who work in outer London. We use a regression discontinuity design and estimate an elasticity of duration with respect to wages of -6.3. This number is larger than reported by previous studies and suggests that firms can fill worker shortages faster by raising wages. This also highlights the importance this margin of worker recruitment when analysing firm search and job match. Our results are robust to various checks including a placebo test using fictitious borders and are robust to changes in the bandwidth and the duration measure. The estimates are similar across all occupational groups in the NHS and are not limited to jobs that require specific skills such as nurses and therapists. Our results provide evidence for policy makers which suggests that increasing the wages paid to NHS workers may lead to increased cost savings by reducing the need to hire expensive agency staff and may also lead to better health outcomes of the population through reduced staff shortages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Occupational reallocation and mismatch in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic: Cross-country evidence from an online job site (2024)
Ciminelli, Gabriele ; Samek, Lea; Haramboure, Antton; Sinclair, Tara; Schwellnus, Cyrille ; Shrivastava, Allison;Zitatform
Ciminelli, Gabriele, Antton Haramboure, Lea Samek, Cyrille Schwellnus, Allison Shrivastava & Tara Sinclair (2024): Occupational reallocation and mismatch in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic: Cross-country evidence from an online job site. (OECD productivity working papers 35), Paris, 29 S. DOI:10.1787/128b92aa-en
Abstract
"Employment has recovered strongly from the COVID-19 pandemic despite large structural changes in labor markets, such as the widespread adoption of digital business models and remote work. We analyse whether the pandemic has been associated with labor reallocation across occupations and triggered mismatches between occupational labor demand and supply using novel data on employers' job postings and jobseekers' clicks across 19 countries from the online job site Indeed. Findings indicate that, on average across countries, the pandemic triggered large and persistent reallocation of postings and clicks across occupations. Occupational mismatch initially increased but was back to pre-pandemic levels at the end of 2022 as employers and workers adjusted to structural changes. The adjustment was substantially slower in countries that resorted to short-time work schemes to preserve employment during the pandemic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Occupation-Industry Mismatch in the Cross Section and the Aggregate (2024)
Zitatform
Darougheh, Saman (2024): Occupation-Industry Mismatch in the Cross Section and the Aggregate. In: Journal of Political Economy Macroeconomics, Jg. 2, H. 3, S. 375-408. DOI:10.1086/731536
Abstract
"I define occupations that are employed in more industries as “broader ” occupations. I study the implications of broadness for mismatch of the unemployed and vacancies across occupations and industries. I empirically find that workers in broader occupations are better insured against industry specific shocks. A recent literature has found that mismatch did not significantly contribute to the rise in unemployment during the Great Recession. I build a general equilibrium model that uses occupational broadness as a microfoundation of mismatch. The model uncovers a general equilibrium channel that realigns the strong crosssectional effects of mismatch with its missing aggregate impact. I argue that mismatch across occupations and industries cannot significantly contribute to aggregate unemployment fluctuations" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Application Flows (2024)
Zitatform
Davis, Steven J. & Brenda Samaniego de la Parra (2024): Application Flows. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16903), Bonn, 61 S.
Abstract
"We build and analyze a new U.S. database that links 125 million applications to job vacancies and employer-side clients on Dice.com, an online platform for jobs and workers in software design, computer systems, engineering, financial analysis, management consulting, and other occupations that require technical skills. We find, first, that posting durations are quite short, often only two or three days, with a median of seven days. Second, labor market tightness has tiny effects on posting durations. Third, job seekers display a striking propensity to target new postings, with almost half of applications flowing to openings posted in the past 48 hours. Fourth, applications per posting are much too uneven to reflect random search, even within narrow market segments and job categories. Moreover, posted offer wages play no role in explaining the deviations from a random-search benchmark. Fifth, intermediaries play a huge role on both sides of the platform: Recruitment and staffing firms account for two-thirds of all postings and attract most of the applications. We relate these and other findings to theories of labor market search." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
In search of a job—But which one? How unemployed people revise their occupational expectations (2024)
Zitatform
Demazière, Didier (2024): In search of a job—But which one? How unemployed people revise their occupational expectations. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 58, H. 7, S. 1025-1041. DOI:10.1111/spol.13011
Abstract
"Conducting a job search implies the identification of a target—an intended job. However, this assumption has been little studied, and just two main conclusions have been drawn, namely: jobseekers have an incentive to adjust their targets to the jobs available, and returning to work tends to lead to occupational downgrading. This article explores how job search experiences shape and alter targets. Biographical interviews were conducted with 57 unemployed people registered with the French public employment service. Ultimately, all of them revise their occupational expectations as, faced with the uncertainties inherent to the job search and experiencing difficulties in reaching their priority targets, they try to adapt and define more realistic goals. Four contrasting processes of expectation revision are used to track these tensions between desirability and realism. In conclusion, we stress the following facts: that unemployed people are flexible and develop rationales in order to adapt to the labour market; that their experience of failure, alongside advice and beliefs arising in the course of the job search feed directly into these revisions, and that these revisions both vary in magnitude and reflect inequalities in the defining process of target jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
"New Plan", berufliche Weiterentwicklung und die Rolle von Informationen (2024)
Zitatform
Dohmen, Thomas, Eva Kleifgen, Steffen Künn & Gesine Stephan (2024): "New Plan", berufliche Weiterentwicklung und die Rolle von Informationen. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 01/2024), Nürnberg, 33 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2401
Abstract
"In der sich wandelnden Arbeitswelt reicht es in der Regel nicht mehr aus, einmal im Leben einen Beruf zu erlernen. Oft ist im bisherigen Beruf eine Weiterentwicklung sinnvoll oder sogar erforderlich; eventuelle Berufswechsel erfordern dann häufig den Erwerb neuer Kenntnisse und Fähigkeiten. Um die Chancen und Herausforderungen einschätzen zu können, ist eine gute Informationsbasis erforderlich. Die Bundesagentur für Arbeit (BA) hat im Rahmen ihrer Berufsberatung im Erwerbsleben (BBiE) das Online-Tool New Plan entwickelt. Dieses soll Menschen dabei helfen im Beruf voranzukommen, die eigenen Stärken zu erkennen und neue Perspektiven zu finden. Das Tool besteht aus drei Bereichen: „Möglichkeiten testen“, „Inspirieren lassen“, „Weiterbildung suchen“. Der Bereich „Inspirieren“ stellt dabei auf Berufsebene umfassende Informationen für eine mögliche berufliche Umorientierung zur Verfügung. Dieser Forschungsbericht stellt Ergebnisse aus einer Online-Befragung von Beschäftigten und Personen, die Arbeitslosengeld bezogen, vor. Die Befragung hat unter anderem erhoben, ob Personen New Plan kannten und nutzten, an beruflicher Weiterentwicklung interessiert waren und sich gut über ihre Verdienst- und Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten informiert fühlten. Der Bericht geht zudem der Frage nach, ob Personen diese Fragen anders beantworteten, wenn sie zuvor ein Informationsschreiben zu New Plan erhalten hatten. Zu der Befragung wurden im Juni 2022 Personen eingeladen, die im Januar 2022 zu einer der folgenden vier Gruppen gehörten: sozialversicherungspflichtig Vollzeitbeschäftigte (einschließlich Personen in Helfertätigkeiten), sozialversicherungspflichtig Vollzeitbeschäftigte in Helfertätigkeiten, Arbeitslosengeldempfänger*innen (einschließlich Personen ohne Berufsabschluss), Arbeitslosengeldempfänger*innen ohne Berufsabschluss. Insgesamt umfasst das hier ausgewertete Analysesample gut 4.400 Personen. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass New Plan den Vollzeitbeschäftigten im Schnitt deutlich seltener bekannt war als den Personen, die zum damaligen Zeitpunkt bzw. davor Arbeitslosengeld bezogen hatten – ohne vorheriges Informationsschreiben betrugen die Anteile rund 2 bzw. 11 Prozent. Der Bekanntheitsgrad von New Plan stieg deutlich, wenn Personen zuvor ein Informationsschreiben erhalten hatten – bei den Vollzeitbeschäftigten und Arbeitslosengeldempfänger*innen nahm der Bekanntheitsgrad jeweils um 14 Prozentpunkte zu. Vollzeitbeschäftigte hatten New Plan ohne vorheriges Informationsschreiben mit 0,3 Prozent anteilig deutlich seltener angeschaut als Arbeitslosengeldempfänger*innen mit 8 Prozent. Hochgerechnet auf die aktuellen Grundgesamtheiten hätten demnach etwa 63.000 Vollzeitbeschäftigte und 61.000 Arbeitslosengeldempfänger*innen New Plan bereits einmal angeschaut. Auch hier zeigt sich, dass das vorher verschickte Informationsschreiben den Anteil der Befragten, der das Tool bereits angeschaut hatte, um etwa 10 Prozentpunkte erhöhen konnte. Die Befragung zeigt auch: Vollzeitbeschäftigte waren – mit knapp zwei Drittel – in etwas geringerem Ausmaß an beruflicher Weiterentwicklung interessiert als Arbeitslosengeldempfänger*innen. Deren Anteil lag hier bei knapp drei Vierteln – relativ unabhängig davon, ob die Befragten vorher ein Informationsschreiben erhalten hatten oder nicht. Die befragten Vollzeitbeschäftigten fühlten sich schließlich zu deutlich mehr als 50 Prozent (eher) gut über ihre Verdienst- und – in etwas höherem Umfang – über ihre Beschäftigungschancen informiert. Auch bei den Arbeitslosengeldempfänger*innen fühlten sich mehr als 50 Prozent (eher) gut informiert, bei wiederum nur geringen Unterschieden zwischen Personen mit oder ohne vorherigem Informationsschreiben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Search, unemployment, and the Beveridge curve: Experimental evidence (2024)
Zitatform
Duffy, John & Brian C. Jenkins (2024): Search, unemployment, and the Beveridge curve: Experimental evidence. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 87. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102518
Abstract
"We report on a laboratory experiment testing the predictions of the Diamond–Mortensen–Pissarides (DMP) search-and-matching model, which is a workhorse, decentralized model of unemployment and the labor market. We focus on the job vacancy posting problem that firms face in the DMP model. We explore the model’s comparative statics predictions concerning variations in the separation rate, the vacancy posting cost, and the firm’s surplus earned per employee. Across all treatments, we find strong evidence for an inverse relationship between vacancies and unemployment, consistent with the Beveridge curve. We also find that the results of our various comparative statics exercises are in-line with the predictions of the theory." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Effect of Wealth on Worker Productivity (2024)
Zitatform
Eeckhout, Jan & Alireza Sepahsalari (2024): The Effect of Wealth on Worker Productivity. In: The Review of Economic Studies, Jg. 91, H. 3, S. 1584-1633. DOI:10.1093/restud/rdad059
Abstract
"We propose a theory that analyzes how a workers’ asset holdings affect their job productivity. In a labor market with uninsurable risk, workers choose to direct their job search trading off productivity and wages against unemployment risk. Workers with low asset holdings have a precautionary job search motive, they direct their search to low productivity jobs because those offer a low risk at the cost of low productivity and a low wage. Our main theoretical contribution shows that the presence of consumption smoothing can reconcile the directed search model with negative duration-dependence on wages, a robust empirical regularity that the canonical directed search model cannot rationalize. We calibrate the infinite horizon economy and find this mechanism to be quantitatively important. We evaluate a tax financed unemployment insurance (UI) scheme and analyze how it affects welfare. Aggregate welfare is inverted U-shaped in benefits: the insurance effect UI dominates the incentive effects for low levels of benefits and vice versa for high benefits. In addition, when UI increases, total production falls in the economy while worker productivity increases." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Directed Search, Wages, and Non-wage Amenities: Evidence from an Online Job Board (2024)
Zitatform
Escudero, Verónica, Hannah Liepmann & Damián Vergara (2024): Directed Search, Wages, and Non-wage Amenities: Evidence from an Online Job Board. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17211), Bonn, 38 S.
Abstract
"We leverage rich data from a prominent online job board in Uruguay to assess directed search patterns in job applications, focusing on posted wages and advertised non-wage amenities. We find robust evidence of directed search based on posted wages in the crosssection, with stark heterogeneity by occupation: the wage-application correlation is driven by vacancies attached to lower-skill occupations, with applications to vacancies attached to higher-skill occupations showing no responsiveness to posted wages. By applying text analysis to the job ads, we elicit advertised non-wage amenities and find evidence of directed search based on non-wage amenities. Applications to vacancies attached to lower-skill occupations are consistent with lexicographic application preferences: amenities predict applications to these vacancies only when wages are not posted. Finally, we exploit industry-by-occupation minimum wage variation to demonstrate that the observed occupational heterogeneity in directed search patterns is supported by quasi-experimental difference-in-differences estimates of the impact of wages on job applications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeitslose im Grundsicherungsbezug: Väter nehmen ungünstige Arbeitszeiten und lange Arbeitswege eher in Kauf als Mütter (2024)
Zitatform
Frodermann, Corinna (2024): Arbeitslose im Grundsicherungsbezug: Väter nehmen ungünstige Arbeitszeiten und lange Arbeitswege eher in Kauf als Mütter. In: IAB-Forum H. 20.11.2024. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20241120.01
Abstract
"Daten des Panels „Arbeitsmarkt und soziale Sicherung“ (PASS) zeigen, dass Arbeitslose, die Leistungen der Grundsicherung beziehen, eine hohe Bereitschaft haben, eine neue Arbeitsstelle auch unter schlechteren Bedingungen anzunehmen. Bei dieser sogenannten Konzessionsbereitschaft gibt es allerdings große Unterschiede zwischen Männern und Frauen, vor allem unter Berücksichtigung des familiären Kontextes." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Social media and hiring: a survey experiment on discrimination based on online social class cues (2024)
Zitatform
Galos, Diana Roxana (2024): Social media and hiring: a survey experiment on discrimination based on online social class cues. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 40, H. 1, S. 116-128. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcad012
Abstract
"Discrimination based on social class is challenging to study, and therefore likely to be underappreciated due to its subtle nature. Social class is often difficult to gauge from traditional resumes, yet, the expansion of social networking platforms provides employers with an additional source of information. Given that many individuals have a social media presence today, employers can increasingly rely on additional information gleaned from such online platforms (e.g., Twitter, Instagram), which may alter hiring decisions. To study the role of social networking platforms vis-à-vis potential discrimination based on social class cues, I leverage an original online survey experiment in the United States. The aim of the investigation is (i) to measure the effect of cultural markers of social class expressed on social media profiles in a hypothetical hiring situation and (ii) to analyse potential channels that might explain class-based discrimination. I show that subjects favour the upper-class-signalling candidate over the lower-class-signalling candidate and that perceived competence and perceived warmth are two channels through which class-based discrimination may occur. The individual’s online presence might not be part of the formal application process, yet it seems to shape inferences about individuals’ employability, competence, and warmth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Age-Related Differences in Job Search Behavior: Do Older Jobseekers Need a Larger Social Network? (2024)
Guillemyn, Inés; Horemans, Jeroen;Zitatform
Guillemyn, Inés & Jeroen Horemans (2024): Age-Related Differences in Job Search Behavior: Do Older Jobseekers Need a Larger Social Network? In: Work, Aging and Retirement, Jg. 10, H. 3, S. 213-224. DOI:10.1093/workar/waad003
Abstract
"Increasing the employment rate of individuals aged 55+ is a key challenge in many OECD countries. While labor market discrimination and policy measures have been put forward as possible explanations, the role of job search remains largely unexplored. Yet, it determines to a large extent the match between supply and demand on the labor market. In this paper, we examine age-related differences in job search behavior. As skills have often become outdated for older workers, but job mobility may enhance their employment, we analyze search behavior for the unemployed as well as the employed adopting multiple parameters: job search intensity, use of the public employment agency, and social networking. The results indicate that jobseekers of different age employ different search methods, and that this relationship should be analyzed within the employment context of the jobseeker." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
IAB-Monitor Arbeitskräftebedarf 2/2024: Rund 400.000 offene Stellen weniger als im Vorjahresquartal (Serie "Arbeitskräftesicherung") (2024)
Zitatform
Gürtzgen, Nicole, Alexander Kubis & Martin Popp (2024): IAB-Monitor Arbeitskräftebedarf 2/2024: Rund 400.000 offene Stellen weniger als im Vorjahresquartal (Serie "Arbeitskräftesicherung"). In: IAB-Forum H. 16.09.2024 Nürnberg. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20240916.01
Abstract
"Das gesamtwirtschaftliche Stellenangebot ist gegenüber dem Vorjahresquartal weiterhin rückläufig. Im zweiten Quartal 2024 liegt die Zahl der offenen Stellen insgesamt 23 Prozent unter dem Niveau des Vorjahres. Gerade kleinere Betriebe halten sich derzeit am Arbeitsmarkt zurück und suchen weniger Personal." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Do employers learn more from referrals than from other recruitment channels? (2024)
Zitatform
Gürtzgen, Nicole & Laura Pohlan (2024): Do employers learn more from referrals than from other recruitment channels? In: Labour Economics, Jg. 89, 2024-05-16. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102574
Abstract
"We study whether referrals deliver better information about the productivity of new hires than other recruiting channels. Using combined vacancy-register data, we document that referrals are associated with less screening and lower search costs. We demonstrate that the referral wage premium is informative on referrals’ information advantage only if differences in screening are accounted for. Consistent with the predictions from a learning model, referrals increase new hires’ job stability and wages, with the effects diminishing over time. Results suggest that the referral information advantage is particularly pronounced for males and when employers use referrals as the only search channel." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Information Frictions and Skill Signaling in the Youth Labor Market (2024)
Zitatform
Heller, Sara B. & Judd B. Kessler (2024): Information Frictions and Skill Signaling in the Youth Labor Market. In: American Economic Journal. Economic Policy, Jg. 16, H. 4, S. 1-33. DOI:10.1257/pol.20220544
Abstract
"This paper provides evidence that information frictions limit the labor market trajectories of US youth. We provide credible skill signals— recommendation letters based on supervisor feedback—to a random subset of 43,409 participants in New York’s summer jobs program. Letters increase employment the following year by 3 percentage points (4.5 percent). Earnings effects grow over four years to a cumulative $1,349 (4.9 percent). We find little evidence of increased job search or confidence; instead, signals may help employers better identify successful matches with high-productivity workers. Pulling youth into the labor market can, however, hamper on-time graduation, especially among low-achieving students." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
New Empirical Findings about the Interaction between Public Employment Agency and Private Search Effort (2024)
Zitatform
Holzner, Christian & Makoto Watanabe (2024): New Empirical Findings about the Interaction between Public Employment Agency and Private Search Effort. (CESifo working paper), München, 46 S.
Abstract
"The Public Employment Agency (PEA) helps unemployed to find work and mediates PEAregistered job vacancies to job seekers via vacancy referrals. Using the spatial and temporal variation resulting from the regional roll-out of the Hartz 3 reform we are able to show that Hartz 3, which changed the counseling process of unemployed, decreased the fraction of unemployed that received vacancy referrals, increased the job-finding probability of unemployed without vacancy referrals, left the job-finding probability of unemployed with vacancy referrals unaffected, and increased average wages of newly hired, previously unemployed. Since the existing literature is not able to explain this set of findings, we develop a simple theoretical directed search model, which does. It does so by considering the interaction between the private market and the intermediation provided by the PEA." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Skill vs. education types of labor mismatch and their association with earnings (2024)
Iakovlev, Vsevolod;Zitatform
Iakovlev, Vsevolod (2024): Skill vs. education types of labor mismatch and their association with earnings. (Accountancy, Economics, and Finance Working Papers / Heriot-Watt University, Department of Accountancy, Economics, and Finance 2024,12), Edinburgh, 82 S.
Abstract
"This work aims to determine whether the difference between skill and education-based measures of labor mismatch affects the estimates of the labor mismatch-earnings relationship as specified by Verdugo and Verdugo's (1989) version of over, required and undereducation (ORU) Mincer earnings function. The analysis employs crossectional data for 26 countries from the 1st Cycle of the OECD Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) conducted between 2011 and 2012. The preliminary results of the graphical analysis show that education and skill mismatch may exhibit opposite relationships with earnings at the country level. Specifically, over and under-education are found to be positively associated with median earnings, whereas over and under-skilling show a negative association. To investigate the source of the opposite correlations, an error components model is used. Additionally, the paper explores the heterogeneity in earnings and labor mismatch across a set of commonly used controls. The analysis produces mixed coefficient estimates for under and over-education but predominantly negative estimates for under and over-skilling at both individual and market levels. The market-level unobserved heterogeneity is found to be driving the coefficients away from zero. Although removing it often leads to a slight loss of magnitude, some exceptions exhibit a change of sign or loss of statistical significance. It is, thus, concluded that education and skill mismatch should be distinguished both conceptually and empirically and, if used as a proxy for each other, are unlikely to produce accurate results in the analysis of the Mincer earnings function." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeits- und Fachkräftemangel trotz Arbeitslosigkeit (2024)
Klaus, Anton; Beckmann, Ralf;Zitatform
Klaus, Anton & Ralf Beckmann (2024): Arbeits- und Fachkräftemangel trotz Arbeitslosigkeit. (Berichte: Arbeitsmarkt kompakt / Bundesagentur für Arbeit), Nürnberg, 19 S.
Abstract
"• Trotz konjunktureller Schwäche klagen viele Unternehmen über Fachkräftemangel. Die letzte Fachkräfteengpassanalyse der Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit weist für das Jahr 2022 200 Engpassberufe aus. Da stellt sich die Frage: Wie ist das mit einer Zahl von 2,6 Millionen Arbeitslosen im Jahresdurchschnitt 2023 zu vereinbaren?
ÐA• Arbeitslosigkeit ist kein statischer Block. Am Arbeitsmarkt gibt es viel Bewegung. Von Januar bis Dezember 2023 haben sich in Deutschland mehr als 2,2 Millionen Menschen im Anschluss an eine Erwerbstätigkeit arbeitslos gemeldet. Im selben Zeitraum haben 1,7 Millionen Arbeitslose eine Beschäftigung aufgenommen.
ÐA• In der Arbeitslosenversicherung sind die Wechsel zwischen Beschäftigung und Arbeitslosigkeit deutlich dynamischer als in der Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende.
ÐA• In der Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende, in der zwei Drittel der Arbeitslosen betreut werden, ist deshalb die durchschnittliche Dauer der Arbeitslosigkeit länger und der Anteil an Langzeit-arbeitslosen mit 47 Prozent sehr viel höher.
ÐA• Dies lässt sich unter anderem auf häufig auftretende multiple Vermittlungshemmnisse zurückführen. Knapp die Hälfte der Arbeitslosen im SGB II hat mindestens zwei vermittlungs-hemmende Merkmale wie zum Beispiel keine formale Berufsausbildung und langzeitarbeitslos.
ÐA• Der Arbeitsmarktausgleich wird darüber hinaus durch einen erheblichen Mismatch erschwert. Dieser lässt sich statistisch vor allem aus qualifikatorischer, beruflicher oder auch regionaler Sicht beschreiben.
ÐA• Über die Hälfte der Arbeitslosen sucht eine Beschäftigung auf Helferniveau. Jedoch richten sich fast 80 Prozent der gemeldeten Stellen an Fachleute.
ÐA• Während auf Ebene der Helfer rein rechnerisch rund 9 Arbeitslose auf eine Stelle kommen, liegt die Relation bei qualifiziertem Fachpersonal bei knapp 2:1.
ÐA• Engpässe sind vor allemin Pflege-, Gesundheits- und Sozialberufen, in Bau- und Handwerks-berufen oder auch in IT-Berufen auszumachen. Dagegen gibt es zum Beispiel in Büroberufen, in der Lagerlogistik oder auch in künstlerisch-kreativen Berufen vergleichsweise viele Arbeitslose auf wenige gemeldete Stellen.
ÐA• Regional fallen vor allem Unterschiede zwischen den Flächenländern und den Stadtstaaten auf. Während es in Bayern rechnerisch gesehen weniger arbeitslose Fachkräfte als gemeldete Stellen gibt, treffen in Hamburg oder Berlin im Schnitt gut 3 bis 5 arbeitslose Fachkräfte auf eine gemeldete Stelle.
ÐA• Als Potenzial für die Besetzung offener Stellen kommen nicht nur Arbeitslose in Frage, sondern auch beispielsweise nichtarbeitslose Arbeitsuchende, (junge) Menschen, die in Kürze einen beruflichen Abschluss erwerben, Personen aus der Stillen Reserve oder auch zugewanderte Menschen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)Weiterführende Informationen
Link zur aktuellen Version, ältere Fassungen online nicht mehr verfügbar. -
Literaturhinweis
Social capital, job search and labor market outcomes (2024)
Zitatform
Krug, Gerhard (2024): Social capital, job search and labor market outcomes. In: S. McDonald, R. Côté & J. Shen (Hrsg.) (2024): The Handbook on Inequality and Social Capital, 2023-02-01. DOI:10.4337/9781802202373.00034
Abstract
"This chapter gives an overview of the role of social capital in job search. Based on the conceptual distinction between accessed, activated and mobilized social capital, the author first posits a theoretical model of how social capital relates to individuals’ job search behavior and shapes labor market outcomes. This model is used to specify the contributions of a variety of empirical studies from disciplines such as sociology, labor market economics and social psychology to the social capital literature. The author also reviews empirical studies on employers’ use of social capital and social networks and studies on the role of personal contacts as intermediaries between job seekers and employers seeking to fill a vacancy. The chapter concludes with a discussion of frequently encountered methodological problems in research on social capital and job search and of possible directions for future research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Elgar) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unemployed Job Search across People and over Time: Evidence from Applied-for Jobs (2024)
Zitatform
Maibom, Jonas, Nikolaj Harmon, Anita Glenny & Jonas Fluchtmann (2024): Unemployed Job Search across People and over Time: Evidence from Applied-for Jobs. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 42, H. 4, S. 1175-1217. DOI:10.1086/725165
Abstract
"Using data on applied-for jobs for the universe of Danish UI recipients, we examine variation in job search behavior both across individuals and over time during unemployment spells. We find large differences in the level of applied-for wages across individuals but over time all individuals adjust wages downward in the same way. The decline in applied-for wages over time is descriptively small but economically important in standard models of job search. We find similar results when examining variation in the non-wage characteristics of applied-for jobs and in the search methods used to find them. We discuss implications for theory." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Recruiting mid-qualified workers in product-innovating firms: Which personality traits matter? (2024)
Zitatform
Minssen, Luisa, Mark Levels, Harald Pfeifer & Caroline Wehner (2024): Recruiting mid-qualified workers in product-innovating firms: Which personality traits matter? In: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, Jg. 112. DOI:10.1016/j.socec.2024.102267
Abstract
"Change in the work context is an important characteristic of product-innovating firms, and the innovation's profitability often depends on the workers’ adaptive capability to cope with change. Personality traits shape the individual adaptive capability. Nevertheless, the current economic recruitment literature does not discuss personality trait-oriented recruitment in product-innovating firms. We investigate whether recruiters in product-innovating firms prefer mid-qualified job applicants with certain Big Five personality traits. We conduct a discrete choice experiment among 799 firms in Germany and use mixed logit models to estimate the heterogeneous personality preferences of recruiters by distinguishing between firms performing i) radical and ii) incremental product innovations. We find that recruiters prefer more emotionally stable workers regardless of the firm's innovation type. However, recruiters from firms engaging in radical innovations also prefer more conscientious applicants. Our findings have practical implications for firms, applicants and policy makers designing training curricula, because we show that recruiters from product-innovating firms consider personality trait-oriented recruitment not only for high-qualified workers but also for mid-qualified workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
On the Job Search and Business Cycles (2024)
Zitatform
Moscarini, Giuseppe & Fabien Postel-Vinay (2024): On the Job Search and Business Cycles. In: Revue economique, Jg. Vol. 51, H. 1, S. 73-112. DOI:10.3917/reco.751.0073
Abstract
"We propose a highly tractable way of analyzing business cycles in an environment with random job search both off- and on-the-job (OJS). Heterogeneity in productivity across jobs generates a job ladder. Firms Bertrand-compete for employed workers, as in the Sequential Auctions protocol of Postel-Vinay and Robin [2002]. We identify three channels through which OJS amplifies and propagates aggregate shocks: 1) a higher estimated elasticity of the matching function when allowing for OJS; 2) the differential returns to hiring employed and unemployed job applicants, whose proportions naturally vary over the business cycle; 3) the slow reallocation of workers through OJS across rungs of the job ladder, generating endogenous, slowly evolving opportunities for further poaching, which feed back on job creation incentives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Vacancy Durations and Entry Wages: Evidence from Linked Vacancy–Employer–Employee Data (2024)
Zitatform
Mueller, Andreas I., Damian Osterwalder, Josef Zweimüller & Andreas Kettemann (2024): Vacancy Durations and Entry Wages: Evidence from Linked Vacancy–Employer–Employee Data. In: The Review of Economic Studies, Jg. 91, H. 3, S. 1807-1841. DOI:10.1093/restud/rdad051
Abstract
"This article explores the relationship between the duration of a vacancy and the starting wage of a new job, using linked data on vacancies, the posting establishments, and the workers eventually filling the vacancies. The unique combination of large-scale, administrative worker, establishment, and vacancy data is critical for separating establishment- and job-level determinants of vacancy duration from worker-level heterogeneity. Conditional on observables, we find that vacancy duration is negatively correlated with the starting wage and its establishment component, with precisely estimated elasticities of −0.07 and −0.21, respectively. While the negative relationship is qualitatively consistent with search-theoretic models where firms use the wage as a recruiting device, these elasticities are small, suggesting that firms’ wage policies can account only for a small fraction of the variation in vacancy filling across establishments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Predicting Job Match Quality: A Machine Learning Approach (2024)
Zitatform
Mühlbauer, Sabrina & Enzo Weber (2024): Predicting Job Match Quality: A Machine Learning Approach. (IAB-Discussion Paper 09/2024), Nürnberg, 25 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.DP.2409
Abstract
"Dieses Papier beschäftigt sich mit einer groß angelegten Datenanalyse um die Matching‑Qualität auf dem Arbeitsmarkt zu untersuchen. Hierfür verwenden wir einen sehr umfangreichen administrativen Datensatz zu Arbeitsmarktbiographien in Deutschland. Die Schätzungen werden sowohl mit maschinellem Lernen (extreme gradient boosting), als auch mit traditionellen statistischen Methoden (OLS, logit) durchgeführt. Bei der Gegenüberstellung beider Methoden wird deutlich, dass maschinelles Lernen insbesondere in den Bereichen Mustererkennung, Analyse von sehr großen Datensätzen und Minimierung der Fehlerrate deutliche Vorteile gegenüber den herkömmlichen Methoden aufweist. Schließlich werden die Prognosen für Matching‑Qualität (Stabilität und Löhne) mit Matching‑Wahrscheinlichkeiten kombiniert. Anhand dieser Ergebnisse wird für jede arbeitssuchende Person eine Liste mit Berufsvorschlägen generiert. Damit können Arbeitsvermittlern und Arbeitssuchenden Alternativen aufgezeigt werden, wodurch sich ihr Suchverhalten auf dem Arbeitsmarkt erweitern könnte." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Skill mismatch and the costs of job displacement (2024)
Zitatform
Neffke, Frank, Ljubica Nedelkoska & Simon Wiederhold (2024): Skill mismatch and the costs of job displacement. In: Research Policy, Jg. 53. DOI:10.1016/j.respol.2023.104933
Abstract
"Establishment closures have lasting negative consequences for the workers displaced from their jobs. We study how these consequences vary with the amount of skill mismatch that workers experience after job displacement. Developing new measures of occupational skill redundancy and skill shortage, we analyze the work histories of individuals in Germany between 1975 and 2010. We estimate difference-in-differences models, using a sample of displaced workers who are matched to statistically similar non-displaced workers. We find that displacements increase the probability of occupation change eleven-fold. Moreover, the magnitude of post-displacement earnings losses strongly depends on the type of skill mismatch that workers experience in such job switches. Whereas skill shortages are associated with relatively quick returns to the earnings trajectories that displaced workers would have experienced absent displacement, skill redundancy sets displaced workers on paths with permanently lower earnings. We show that these differences can be attributed to differences in mismatch after displacement, and not to intrinsic differences between workers making different post-displacement career choices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Immigration and Worker-Firm Matching (2024)
Zitatform
Orefice, Gianluca & Giovanni Peri (2024): Immigration and Worker-Firm Matching. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, S. 1-45. DOI:10.1162/rest_a_01476
Abstract
"Positive assortative matching increases both the wages of more productive workers and wage dispersion. We study the effect of immigration on positive assortative matching using French employer-employee data from 1995 to 2005. We find that increases in the share of immigrants, driven by historical networks across local labor markets, generated stronger positive assortative matching between workers and firms. We present evidence suggesting that this effect was associated to higher wages for more productive workers and that the findings are consistent with increased workers' screening by firms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © MIT Press Journals) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Nonparametric Estimation of Matching Efficiency and Mismatch in Labor Markets via Public Employment Security Offices in Japan, 1972-2024 (2024)
Otani, Suguru;Zitatform
Otani, Suguru (2024): Nonparametric Estimation of Matching Efficiency and Mismatch in Labor Markets via Public Employment Security Offices in Japan, 1972-2024. (arXiv papers 2407.20931), 29 S.
Abstract
"I examine changes in matching efficiency and elasticities in Japan's labor market via Hello Work for unemployed workers from January 1972 to April 2024 using a nonparametric identification approach by y Lange and Papageorgiou (2020). I find a declining trend in matching efficiency, consistent with decreasing job and worker finding rates. The implied match elasticity with respect to unemployment is 0.5-0.9, whereas the implied match elasticity with respect to vacancies varies between -0.4 and 0.4. Decomposing aggregate data into full-time and part-time ones, I find that the sharp decline of matching efficiency after 2015 shown in the aggregate trend is driven by the decline of both full-time and part-time ones. Second, I extend the mismatch index proposed by Sahin et al (2014) to the nonparametric version and develop the computational methodology. I find that the mismatch across occupations is more severe than across prefectures and the original Cobb-Douglas mismatch index is underestimated." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Destabilizing search technology (2024)
Potter, Tristan;Zitatform
Potter, Tristan (2024): Destabilizing search technology. In: Journal of monetary economics, Jg. 145. DOI:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2024.103557
Abstract
"Modern job search technologies enable job seekers to monitor the arrival of newly posted vacancies. This paper conceptualizes search as a monitoring decision and shows that monitoring technologies give rise to a novel source of strategic complementarities in search and can thus lead to potentially destabilizing multiplicity of equilibria. The model provides a theory of belief-driven fluctuations in labor supply that can permanently shift the path of the economy, and offers an explanation for persistently weak wage growth despite low unemployment during the recovery from the Great Recession." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Feeling Observed? A Field Experiment on the Effects of Intense Survey Participation on Job Seekers’ Labour Market Outcomes (2024)
Zitatform
Stephan, Gesine, Clemens Hetschko, Julia Schmidtke, Michael Eid & Mario Lawes (2024): Feeling Observed? A Field Experiment on the Effects of Intense Survey Participation on Job Seekers’ Labour Market Outcomes. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17347), Bonn, 29 S.
Abstract
"We ran a field experiment to causally identify the effects of intense survey participation on key labor market outcomes. We randomly excluded individuals willing to sign up for the German Job Search Panel, a high-frequency survey with a focus on job search and wellbeing. Using administrative data on labor market outcomes (e.g., employment, earnings), we find that, on average, survey participation had no effect on labor market outcomes during the year after signing up. Furthermore, there is no strong heterogeneity across subgroups. Overall, this is good news for the validity of survey-based research involving labor market outcomes. We also demonstrate that a comparison of individuals signing up for the survey with individuals not responding to the invitation could have been misleading. Even when controlling for a wide range of observable characteristics, survey participation and the subsequent take up of training programs correlate significantly. This speaks to the importance of experimental research designs in our context." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Matching Candidates to Culture: How Assessments of Organisational Fit Shape the Hiring Process (2024)
Zitatform
Tholen, Gerbrand (2024): Matching Candidates to Culture: How Assessments of Organisational Fit Shape the Hiring Process. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 38, H. 3, S. 705-722. DOI:10.1177/09500170231155294
Abstract
"Organisational fit represents a crucial criterion in the hiring process. This article aims to understand how employers and external recruitment consultants define and apply organisational fit in professional labour markets, such as engineering, marketing and finance. It also investigates how the use of organisational fit in hiring can lead to social bias within these labour markets. It relies on semi-structured interviews with 47 external recruitment consultants who assist employers in these sectors. The article draws on Relational Inequality Theory to demonstrate how hiring managers and consultants use organisational fit to create and justify boundaries between acceptable and unacceptable candidates. Claim-making supports the rationalisation and legitimisation in the exclusion of groups of candidates. The article critically informs human resource management, business and psychology literature that perceive organisational fit as a largely benign criterion for recruitment. It also extends sociological and critical management literature by delineating three main exclusionary mechanisms in matching candidates for organisational fit." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeitslose im Fokus: Wege zur Fachkräftesicherung (2024)
Tiedemann, Jurek; Werner, Dirk;Zitatform
Tiedemann, Jurek & Dirk Werner (2024): Arbeitslose im Fokus: Wege zur Fachkräftesicherung. (KOFA kompakt / Kompetenzzentrum Fachkräftesicherung 2024,01), Köln, 5 S.
Abstract
"Nicht für alle Arbeitslosen gibt es zum Zeitpunkt ihrer Arbeitssuche eine offene Stelle in ihrem angestrebten oder erlernten Beruf. Der vorliegende KOFA Kompakt beleuchtet die Entwicklung dieses Arbeitslosenüberhangs." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Job search intensity and wage rigidity in business cycles (2024)
Zitatform
Uemura, Yuki (2024): Job search intensity and wage rigidity in business cycles. In: Journal of macroeconomics, Jg. 82. DOI:10.1016/j.jmacro.2024.103624
Abstract
"Search intensity, as well as the aggregate economic condition, is a crucial factor that determines unemployed workers’ success in job searches. Their search intensity is predicted to be procyclical in standard search and matching models. However, many empirical studies show that search intensity is countercyclical. This study examines the job search behavior of unemployed workers over business cycles using a search and matching model that incorporates wage rigidity and a generalized matching function. Unlike previous studies, the proposed model can generate both procyclical and countercyclical search intensities by introducing wage rigidity. This study calibrates the model to the U.S. economy and provides various impulse response analyses. The numerical exercises show that the model successfully and simultaneously reproduces countercyclical search efforts and sizable labor market fluctuations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Skill Demand and Wages: Evidence From Linked Vacancy Data (2024)
Zitatform
Ziegler, Lennart (2024): Skill Demand and Wages: Evidence From Linked Vacancy Data. In: Benjamin Elsner; Solomon W. Polachek (eds.) (2024): Big Data Applications in Labor Economics, Part B, Cheltenham, S. 101-130. DOI:10.1108/S0147-91212024000052B025
Abstract
"This study provides new evidence on skill requirements in the labor market and shows to what extent skill demand is associated with wages and vacancy duration. In a sample of more than 1.5 million job postings administered by the Austrian public employment service, I identify the most common skill requirements mentioned in job descriptions. Accounting for a broad set of detailed job characteristics, there exists a robust association between the number of skill requirements and wages. In particular, jobs with many skill requirements pay substantially higher wages. While I estimate large effects for managerial and analytical skills, associations with most soft skills are small. Employers also need longer to fill vacancies with many skill requirements. Robustness tests show that measurement error is unlikely to explain these results and that the estimates can be replicated using vacancy postings from another job board." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum Wage and Skills - Evidence from Job Vacancy Data (2023)
Andrieu, Elodie; Kuczera, Malgorzata;Zitatform
Andrieu, Elodie & Malgorzata Kuczera (2023): Minimum Wage and Skills - Evidence from Job Vacancy Data. (TPI working papers / The Productivity Institute 034), Manchester, 62 S.
Abstract
"Low-wage occupations tend to be populated by workers with low levels of education. An increase in the minimum wage, while designed to protect workers in the lower part of the wage distribution, might result in unintended consequences for those same workers. In this paper, we study firms’ reaction to higher minimum wages, exploiting a change to the minimum-wage policy in the UK in 2016. We document how an increase in the minimum wage affects the labour hiring for different education and technical skill levels of workers. The results show that an increase in the minimum wage compressed both the demand for low educated workers and the demand for workers with low levels of technical skills (tech workers) for graduates in low and middle skilled occupations. Using a difference-in-differences framework, we find that a large and unexpected change to the minimum wage led to a 11 percentage point decrease in the proportion of non-graduate vacancies and a 15 percentage point decline in the share of low-tech ads. There is evidence for labour-labour substitution at the low-end of the skill distribution and labour-technology substitution for more educated workers as a way to compensate for labour costs increases." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
But which skills? Natural Language Processing tools and the identification of high-demand skills in online Job advertisements (2023)
Anelli, Gianni;Zitatform
Anelli, Gianni (2023): But which skills? Natural Language Processing tools and the identification of high-demand skills in online Job advertisements. In: Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation, Jg. 17, H. 2, S. 91-104.
Abstract
"Skills assessment is essential for today’s labor market.There are many factors hat change the requirements for the workplace. More than ever, it is important to monitor which skills are in high demand so that workers stay employed and ompanies do not lose productivity. This research discusses the relevance of data from online job portals for this task. It then uses a skill extractor in online ob advertisements from Chile to identify and extract the skills employers place n their online job advertisements through skills dictionaries. The study shows modest results when using the European Skills, Competences and Occupations 28ESCO) dictionary but an enhanced and much-improved result when adding an inductively constructed dictionary of the national labor market. Using this method would allow a new input of information to be incorporated into labor arket information systems that would enable better decisions to be made by he various actors in the labor market." (Author's a bstract, IAB-Doku, © Pluto Journals Ltd.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Educational mismatches of newly hired workers: Short- and medium-term effects on wages (2023)
Zitatform
Araújo, Isabel & Anabela Carneiro (2023): Educational mismatches of newly hired workers: Short- and medium-term effects on wages. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 162, H. 3, S. 355-383. DOI:10.1111/ilr.12374
Abstract
"This paper examines the short- and medium-term effects of over- and undereducation on individual wages using a matched employer-employee dataset from 1998 to 2012 and a novel measure of educational mismatch based on the flows of newly hired workers. The findings reveal that the wage differential between adequately matched and mismatched workers decreases substantially once the unobserved heterogeneity of the worker and the firm is considered. Workers' unobserved characteristics explain a large proportion of both the overeducated wage penalty and the undereducated wage premium. Additionally, variations in firms' pay policies contribute to the wage gap among mismatched workers. Finally, findings show that job mismatches have the greatest impact on early-career individuals' wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender-age differences in hiring rates and prospective wages: Evidence from job referrals to unemployed workers (2023)
Zitatform
Bamieh, Omar & Lennart Ziegler (2023): Gender-age differences in hiring rates and prospective wages. Evidence from job referrals to unemployed workers. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 83. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102395
Abstract
"This paper uses matched worker-vacancy data to study gender differences in hiring outcomes of jobseekers in Austria. When registered at the public employment office, jobseekers are assigned caseworkers who refer them to suitable vacancies. Our findings show that female and male jobseekers are equally likely to get hired via such a referral, but it takes women longer to get a job offer. Most of the observed gender differences stem from younger jobseekers (below age 35) and are explained by rejections of employers. Young women are also less often hired for better-paying jobs. We argue that these differences are consistent with hiring discrimination against women in their fertile age. Our analysis shows that young female jobseekers are much more likely to go on parental leave in the future, while men almost never take extended parental leave. Consistent with this hypothesis, we find that hiring differences are larger for jobs associated with higher replacement costs and smaller in tight labor markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Shifting Reasons for Beveridge-Curve Shifts (2023)
Zitatform
Barlevy, Gadi, Bart Hobijn, Jason Faberman & Ayşegül Şahin (2023): The Shifting Reasons for Beveridge-Curve Shifts. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16517), Bonn, 29 S.
Abstract
"We discuss how the relative importance of factors that contribute to movements of the U.S. Beveridge curve has changed from 1960 to 2023. We review these factors in the context of a simple flow analogy used to capture the main insights of search and matching theories of the labor market. Changes in inflow rates, related to demographics, accounted for Beveridge curve shifts between 1960 and 2000. A reduction in matching efficiency, that depressed unemployment outflows, shifted the curve outwards in the wake of the Great Recession. In contrast, the most recent shifts in the Beveridge curve appear driven by changes in the eagerness of workers to switch jobs. We argue that, while the Beveridge curve is a useful tool for relating unemployment and vacancies to inflation, the link between these labor market indicators and inflation depends on whether and why the Beveridge curve shifted. Therefore, a careful examination of the factors underlying movements in the Beveridge curve is essential for drawing policy conclusions from the joint behavior of unemployment and job openings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Vacancy duration and wages (2023)
Zitatform
Bassier, Ihsaan, Alan Manning & Barbara Petrongolo (2023): Vacancy duration and wages. (CEP discussion paper / Centre for Economic Performance 1943), London, 45 S.
Abstract
"We estimate the elasticity of vacancy duration with respect to posted wages, using data from the near-universe of online job adverts in the United Kingdom. Our research design identifies duration elasticities by leveraging firm-level wage policies that are plausibly exogenous to hiring difficulties on specific job vacancies, and control for job and market-level fixed-effects. Wage policies are defined based on external information on pay settlements, or on sharp, internally-defined, firm-level changes. In our preferred specifications, we estimate duration elasticities in the range −3 to −5, which are substantially larger than the few existing estimates." (Résumé d'auteur, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Competing for Jobs: How COVID-19 Changes Search Behavior in the Labor Market (2023)
Zitatform
Bauer, Anja, Kristin Keveloh, Mariano Mamertino & Enzo Weber (2023): Competing for Jobs: How COVID-19 Changes Search Behavior in the Labor Market. In: German Economic Review, Jg. 24, H. 4, S. 323-347., 2023-11-13. DOI:10.1515/ger-2021-0010
Abstract
"We provide insights on how job search changed in the Covid-19-crisis by analyzing data from the LinkedIn professional network for Germany. We find that competition among workers for jobs strongly increased – which is due to additional job seekers rather than higher search intensity. Furthermore, the LinkedIn data show that people from industries particularly affected by the crisis applied much more frequently and there had been a substantial shift in the target industries for applications. Finally, we find that at the onset of the Covid-19-crises applications were made significantly more often below and significantly less often above a person’s level of seniority." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © De Gruyter) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
What Makes Hiring Difficult? Evidence from Linked Survey-Administrative Data (2023)
Zitatform
Bertheau, Antoine, Birthe Larsen & Zeyu Zhao (2023): What Makes Hiring Difficult? Evidence from Linked Survey-Administrative Data. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16268), Bonn, 56 S.
Abstract
"We design a survey that asks firms about the obstacles that discourage them from hiring despite having potential needs. Using Danish administrative data and subjective beliefs elicited from our survey, we show how hiring obstacles vary across firms. Over two-thirds of employers agree that skill shortages are a hiring obstacle. One-third of employers consider labor costs, the time to find candidates, and the time to train new recruits as hiring obstacles. High-wage firms are less discouraged by labor costs, while younger or smaller firms are more discouraged by search and training time. Around thirty percent of employers prefer to hire the already employed over the unemployed because they believe that unemployed workers have lower abilities due to negative selection or skill depreciation during unemployment. Firms with such preferences are more likely to report hiring obstacles." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor Demand on a Tight Leash (2023)
Zitatform
Bossler, Mario & Martin Popp (2023): Labor Demand on a Tight Leash. (IAB-Discussion Paper 02/2023), Nürnberg, 90 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.DP.2302
Abstract
"In diesem Aufsatz stellen wir ein Arbeitsnachfrage-Modell auf, das Einstellungskosten berücksichtigt, die aufgrund eines angespannten Arbeitsmarktes bei der Besetzung offener Stellen anfallen. Darauf aufbauend schätzen wir den Effekt der Arbeitsmarktanspannung auf die betriebliche Arbeitsnachfrage, indem wir neuartige Bartik-Instrumente sowie administrative Beschäftigungsdaten für Deutschland heranziehen. Im Einklang mit der Theorie deuten die IV-Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass ein zehnprozentiger Anstieg der Arbeitsmarktanspannung die betriebliche Beschäftigung um rund 0,5 Prozent reduziert. Außerdem zeigt sich, dass die betriebliche Lohnelastizität der Arbeitsnachfrage durch Einbeziehung von Suchexternalitäten auf der aggregierten Ebene von -0,7 auf -0,5 sinkt. In Bezug auf die Einführung des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns im Jahr 2015 implizieren die Elastizitäten nur geringfügig negative Beschäftigungseffekte, was die Ergebnisse empirischer Ex-Post-Evaluationen widerspiegelt. Darüber hinaus führte die Verdoppelung der Arbeitsmarktanspannung in Deutschland zwischen 2012 und 2019 zu einer Verringerung des Beschäftigungswachstums um rund 1,1 Millionen Arbeitsplätze." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Demand for Personality Traits, Tasks, and Sorting (2023)
Zitatform
Brencic, Vera & Andrew McGee (2023): Demand for Personality Traits, Tasks, and Sorting. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16576), Bonn, 69 S.
Abstract
"In job ads, employers express demand for personality traits when seeking workers to perform tasks that can be completed with different behaviors (e.g., communication, problem-solving) but not when seeking workers to perform tasks involving narrowly prescribed sets of behaviors such as routine and mathematics tasks. For many tasks, employers appear to demand narrower personality traits than those measured at the Big Five factor level. The job ads also exhibit substantial heterogeneity within occupations in the tasks mentioned. Workers may thus sort based on personality-derived comparative advantages in tasks into jobs rather than occupations. In the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, we confirm that personality sorting based on tasks occurs at both the occupation and job levels. In this sample, however, there is little evidence of task-specific wage returns to personality traits, which would influence the supply of traits to jobs with particular tasks. This may explain why personality sorting based on tasks in the sample is very limited in spite of the correlations between tasks and employers' demands for traits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Heterogeneity in firms’ recruitment practices: New evidence from representative employer data (2023)
Zitatform
Brändle, Tobias, Philipp Grunau, Michael Haylock & Patrick Kampkötter (2023): Heterogeneity in firms’ recruitment practices: New evidence from representative employer data. In: German Journal of Human Resource Management, Jg. 37, H. 2, S. 107-136., 2022-07-21. DOI:10.1177/23970022221118346
Abstract
"The hiring and recruitment process is one of the main challenges to the success of companies and a significant driver of total labor costs. We use representative employer data for German private-sector establishments with at least 50 employees to explore recent developments in employer search, selection, and screening activities over the years of 2012–2018. We document changes in hiring policies over time and address heterogeneity across establishments related to size, ownership, and industry sector. Our results show that although establishment characteristics are correlated with different facets of hiring behavior, there is no homogeneous pattern for employer search and selection instruments. We highlight differences of hiring practices targeted at managerial versus non-managerial new hires. Finally, we outline potential mechanisms and research gaps for future work and discuss managerial implications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © SAGE) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Entrepreneurship, the initial labor force, and the location of new firms (2023)
Zitatform
Carias, Cristina, Steven Klepper & Rui Baptista (2023): Entrepreneurship, the initial labor force, and the location of new firms. In: Small business economics, Jg. 60, H. 3, S. 865-890. DOI:10.1007/s11187-022-00618-5
Abstract
"We propose that new firm founders locate their firms close to their home region in order to hire workers they know about through their prior employment, since it is easier to find high productivity employees among talent pools for which you have significant personal experience. We test our proposition using a matched employer–employee dataset for Portugal. Consistent with our predictions, new firms in the same industry as their founder's prior employer (i.e., spinoffs) are more likely to locate in their founder's home region, to hire workers from the founder's prior employer and other firms in the same region and industry, to employ them longer, and to perform better than other new firms. Results suggest that the agglomeration of high performing spinoffs next to their parent firms should facilitate the emergence of successful industrial clusters." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Matching Through Search Channels (2023)
Zitatform
Carillo-Tudela, Carlos, Leo Kaas & Benjamin Lochner (2023): Matching Through Search Channels. (IAB-Discussion Paper 10/2023), Nürnberg, 85 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.DP.2310
Abstract
"Firmen und Arbeitnehmer/-innen finden überwiegend über Stellenanzeigen, persönliche Kontaktnetzwerke oder die Bundesagentur für Arbeit zueinander. All diese Suchkanäle tragen dazu bei, Friktionen am Arbeitsmarkt zu verringern. In diesem Papier untersuchen wir, inwieweit diese Suchkanäle unterschiedliche Auswirkungen auf den Arbeitsmarkt haben. Anhand einer neuen Datenverknüpfung aus administrativer Daten und Umfragedaten zeigen wir: (i) Niedriglohnfirmen und Niedriglohnbeziehende finden vermehrt über Netzwerke oder die Bundesagentur für Arbeit zueinander, währendessen Hochlohnfirmen und Hochlohnbeziehende häufiger über Stellenanzeigen zusammenkommen. (ii) Dabei nutzen Firmen Stellenanzeigen vor allem bei der Abwerbung und Gewinnung von Hochlohnbeziehenden. Im Vergleich zu anderen Suchkanälen, werden Stellenanzeigen auch vermehrt von Beschäftigten beim Aufstieg auf der Karriereleiter genutzt. Um die Auswirkungen dieser Beobachtungen auf die aggregierte Beschäftigung, die Löhne und die Arbeitsmarktsortierung zu bewerten, schätzen wir strukturell ein Gleichgewichtsmodell, das sich durch Karriereleitern, zweiseitige Heterogenität, mehrere Suchkanäle und endogene Einstellungsintensität auszeichnet. Die Schätzung zeigt, dass Netzwerke der kosteneffizienteste Kanal sind, der es Firmen ermöglicht, schnell einzustellen, aber auch Arbeitskräfte mit geringeren durchschnittlichen Fähigkeiten anzuziehen. Stellenanzeigen sind der kostspieligste Kanal, erleichtern die Einstellung von Arbeitnehmern/-innen mit höheren Fähigkeiten und sind für die Sortierung zwischen Beschäftigten und Firmen am wichtigsten. In kontrafaktischen Berechnungen zeigt sich, dass obwohl die Bundesagentur für Arbeit die geringste Einstellungswahrscheinlichkeit bietet, ihre hypothetische Abschaffung beträchtliche Folgen hätte. Die Gesamtbeschäftigung würde um mindestens 1,4 Prozent sinken und die Lohnungleichheit steigen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Matching through Search Channels (2023)
Zitatform
Carrillo-Tudela, Carlos, Leo Kaas & Benjamin Lochner (2023): Matching through Search Channels. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16583), Bonn, 37 S.
Abstract
"Firms and workers predominately match via job postings, networks of personal contacts or the public employment agency, all of which help to ameliorate labor market frictions. In this paper we investigate the extent to which these search channels have differential effects on labor market outcomes. Using novel linked survey-administrative data we document that (i) low-wage firms and low-wage workers are more likely to match via networks or the public agency, while high-wage firms and high-wage workers succeed more often via job postings; (ii) job postings help firms the most in poaching and attracting high-wage workers and help workers the most in climbing the job ladder. To evaluate the implications of these findings for employment, wages and labor market sorting, we structurally estimate an equilibrium job ladder model featuring two-sided heterogeneity, multiple search channels and endogenous recruitment effort. The estimation reveals that networks are the most cost-effective channel, allowing firms to hire quickly, yet attracting workers of lower average ability. Job postings are the most costly channel, facilitate hiring workers of higher ability, and matter most for worker-firm sorting. Although the public employment agency provides the lowest hiring probability, its removal has sizeable consequences, with aggregate employment declining by at least 1.4 percent and rising bottom wage inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Recruitment Policies, Job-Filling Rates and Matching Efficiency (2023)
Zitatform
Carrillo-Tudela, Carlos, Hermann Gartner & Leo Kaas (2023): Recruitment Policies, Job-Filling Rates and Matching Efficiency. In: Journal of the European Economic Association, Jg. 21, H. 6, S. 2413-2459., 2023-01-09. DOI:10.1093/jeea/jvad034
Abstract
"Recruitment intensity is important for the matching process in the labor market. Using unique linked survey-administrative data, we investigate the relationships between hiring and recruitment policies at the establishment level. Faster hiring goes along with higher search effort, lower hiring standards and more generous wages. We develop a directed search model that links these patterns to the employment adjustments of heterogenous firms. The model provides a novel structural decomposition of the matching function that we use to evaluate the relative importance of these recruitment policies at the aggregate level. The calibrated model shows that hiring standards play an important role in explaining differences in matching efficiency across labor markets defined as region/skill cross products and for the impact of labor market policy, whereas search effort and wage policies play only a minor role." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))