matching – Suchprozesse am Arbeitsmarkt
Offene Stellen bei gleichzeitiger Arbeitslosigkeit - was Arbeitsmarkttheorien u. a. mit "unvollkommener Information" begründen, ist für Unternehmen und Arbeitsuchende oft nur schwer nachzuvollziehen: Unternehmen können freie Stellen nicht besetzen, trotzdem finden Arbeitsuchende nur schwer den passenden Job. Wie gestalten sich die Suchprozesse bei Unternehmen und Arbeitsuchenden, welche Konzessionen sind beide Seiten bereit einzugehen, wie lässt sich das "matching" verbessern?
Diese Infoplattform bietet wissenschaftliche Literatur zur theoretischen und empirischen Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema.
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Literaturhinweis
Decomposing Variations in Labor Market Mismatch (2026)
Zitatform
Bauer, Anja & Enzo Weber (2026): Decomposing Variations in Labor Market Mismatch. (IAB-Discussion Paper 03/2026), Nürnberg, 19 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.DP.2603
Abstract
"Dieses Diskussionspapier zeigt, wie Veränderungen des Arbeitsmarkt-Mismatch auf die Komponenten Arbeitslosigkeit, offene Stellen und Matchingeffizienz zurückgeführt werden können. Wir stellen fest, dass die Arbeitslosigkeit der wichtigste Faktor ist und auch die zyklischen Schwankungen bestimmt, während die Beiträge der offenen Stellen geringer und antizyklisch sind. Wir unterscheiden nach der Ursache der Arbeitslosigkeit und zeigen, dass Ströme gegenüber der Beschäftigung den Mismatch verstärken, während dies für Nichtbeschäftigung und Ausbildung / Weiterbildung nicht der Fall ist." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
On-the-Job Search in Europe and the U.S.: Precautionary vs. Job Ladder Motives (2026)
Zitatform
Bick, Alexander, António Dias da Silva & Marco Weißler (2026): On-the-Job Search in Europe and the U.S.: Precautionary vs. Job Ladder Motives. (Working paper / Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2026-015), Saint Louis, MO, 69 S. DOI:10.20955/wp.2026.015
Abstract
"While employer-to-employer (E2E) transitions are by now well-documented, these data alone cannot reveal what drives mobility: who searches, why, and how search translates into transitions. Using novel panel data from the ECB and NY Fed consumer expectations surveys, we provide the first systematic cross-country analysis of on-the job search (OJS) and E2E transitions across eleven euro area countries and the U.S. Our data uniquely include direct measures of OJS and its motives (job loss expectations for precautionary, pay satisfaction for job ladder) for all workers, not just searchers. We find that OJS is widespread, making employed workers the majority of searchers, and it strongly predicts E2E transitions. Motives differ dramatically: precautionary search dominates in Europe, while the job ladder motive dominates in the U.S. OJS is highly persistent, with 40% continuing to search even after starting a new job." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor Market Shocks and Monetary Policy (2026)
Zitatform
Birinci, Serdar, Fatih Karahan, Yusuf Mercan & Kurt See (2026): Labor Market Shocks and Monetary Policy. In: Journal of monetary economics, Jg. 159. DOI:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2026.103928
Abstract
"We develop a heterogeneous-agent New Keynesian model with a frictional labor market and on-the-job search to study how employer-to-employer (EE) transitions affect macroeconomic outcomes and monetary policy. We show that accounting for market incompleteness quantitatively alters the positive and normative implications of EE fluctuations. Under imperfect self-insurance, when a higher EE rate causes higher inflation and a higher real interest rate, wealthy individuals — who are more sensitive to interest rate changes — cut consumption by more. As a result, an economy with perfect self-insurance overestimates the decline in aggregate demand when the EE rate is higher. The optimal simple monetary policy rule responds to inflationary pressures from a higher EE rate by raising the nominal rate less aggressively when markets are complete relative to a model with imperfect self-insurance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Finding a job through social networks - Monetary and nonmonetary returns for employed and unemployed job seekers (2026)
Zitatform
Drasch, Katrin & Gerhard Krug (2026): Finding a job through social networks - Monetary and nonmonetary returns for employed and unemployed job seekers. (SocArXiv papers), 40 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/kz9e6_v1
Abstract
"This study examines the impact of job vacancy information obtained through personal contacts on monetary and nonmonetary job search outcomes. We hypothesise that the effects will be positive for both kinds of outcome, and that these effects may depend on employment status prior to finding a new job. Additionally, we hypothesise that information from professional personal contacts will lead to better job search outcomes than information from private personal contacts. We use panel data from the German Panel Study "Labour Market and Social Security" (PASS) and fixed effects regressions to test these hypotheses. Monetary outcomes are measured by wages and nonmonetary outcomes by job satisfaction. Overall, we find that the employed tend to benefit more than the unemployed. However, the specific pattern differs depending on whether vacancy information stems from personal or professional contacts and on the type of outcome (monetary or nonmonetary)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Finding a job through social networks: monetary and nonmonetary returns for employed and unemployed job seekers (2026)
Zitatform
Drasch, Katrin & Gerhard Krug (2026): Finding a job through social networks: monetary and nonmonetary returns for employed and unemployed job seekers. In: European Societies, S. 1-28. DOI:10.1162/euso.a.106
Abstract
"This study examines the impact of job vacancy information obtained through personal contacts on monetary and nonmonetary job search outcomes. We hypothesise that the effects will be positive for both kinds of outcome, and that these effects may depend on employment status prior to finding a new job. Additionally, we hypothesise that information from professional personal contacts will lead to better job search outcomes than information from private personal contacts. We use panel data from the German Panel Study “Labour Market and Social Security” (PASS) and fixed effects regressions to test these hypotheses. Monetary outcomes are measured by wages and nonmonetary outcomes by job satisfaction. Overall, we find that the employed tend to benefit more than the unemployed. However, the specific pattern differs depending on whether vacancy information stems from personal or professional contacts and on the type of outcome (monetary or nonmonetary)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Bargaining with Renegotiation in Models with On-the-Job Search (2026)
Gottfries, Axel;Zitatform
Gottfries, Axel (2026): Bargaining with Renegotiation in Models with On-the-Job Search. In: Review of Economic Dynamics, Jg. 61. DOI:10.1016/j.red.2026.101343
Abstract
"I present an on-the-job search model with bargaining and renegotiation in which turnover depends on the contracted wage. There is a unique monotone Markov equilibrium. The model encompasses elements of dynamic monopsony and rent sharing. Firms benefit from the reduced turnover associated with a higher wage and workers extract rents due to their bargaining power. Shorter wage contracts reduce the response of turnover to the contracted wage, reducing a firm’s willingness to increase pay, and thereby the worker’s equilibrium share of the match surplus. As renegotiation becomes continuous, linear surplus sharing is obtained. The model further generates spillover effects from minimum wages due to firms’ incentives to increase contracted wages to reduce turnover. These incentives, and therefore the spillovers, are weaker when wage contracts are shorter. Finally, I endogenize the frequency of renegotiation, and find that, generically, the equilibrium features infrequently renegotiated wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender differences in job seekers’ access, activation, and returns to social capital (2026)
Zitatform
Krug, Gerhard (2026): Gender differences in job seekers’ access, activation, and returns to social capital. (SocArXiv papers), 23 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/sjym4_v1
Abstract
"Persistent gender inequalities in labor markets are often attributed to gendered differences in social capital and the use of social networks during job search. This study examines gender disparities in social capital among job seekers using eighteen waves of the German Panel Study Labour Market and Social Security (PASS) and a novel causal decomposition approach (Yu & Elwert 2025). We distinguish between access to social capital (available network resources), activation (received job search resources), and returns (outcomes such as wages, job satisfaction, and job interviews). While women in the general population have more limited access to weak ties and high-status contacts, these differences narrow substantially among active job seekers. Consistent with this pattern, women and men receive similar levels of network-based job search support. Crucially, we find no evidence of a gender-specific returns deficit in wages or job satisfaction and only limited evidence for job interviews. Overall, the findings suggest that gender inequalities in job search outcomes are not primarily driven by differential access to, activation of, or returns from social capital." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Machine learning for labor market matching (2026)
Zitatform
Mühlbauer, Sabrina & Enzo Weber (2026): Machine learning for labor market matching. In: Machine learning with applications, Jg. 23, 2026-02-03. DOI:10.1016/j.mlwa.2026.100861
Abstract
"This paper develops a large-scale machine learning framework to improve labor market matching using rich administrative data. Matching is defined as a job seeker entering employment in a specific occupational field. We exploit comprehensive employment biographies from Germany, covering individual characteristics and job-related information, to estimate employment probabilities across occupations and generate personalized job recommendations. The contribution lies in demonstrating why machine learning methods are particularly well suited for administrative labor market data and outperform traditional statistical approaches. We compare logit, ordinary least squares (OLS), k-nearest neighbors, and random forest (RF). RF consistently achieves the highest predictive performance. Its advantage is rooted in key methodological properties: RF builds an ensemble of decision trees trained on bootstrap samples, introduces random feature selection at each split, and aggregates predictions through majority voting. This enables RF to capture nonlinear relationships and complex interactions, remain robust in high-dimensional settings, and reduce overfitting — features that are particularly relevant for heterogeneous and imbalanced administrative data. Compared to conventional models, RF better exploits the full informational content of employment histories, especially when estimating on all employment spells rather than restricting the sample to unemployment-to-employment transitions. The sample comprises approximately 55 million spells, representing about 6 percent of the German workforce from 2012 to 2018. Our results suggest that ML-based matching, relative to standard statistical approaches, could hypothetically reduce the unemployment rate by up to 0.3 percentage points, highlighting the practical relevance of RF-based decision support for labor market policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Grundsicherung: Die wahrgenommenen Erfolgsaussichten nehmen mit zunehmender Dauer der Arbeitsuche ab (2026)
Zitatform
Schmidtke, Julia (2026): Grundsicherung: Die wahrgenommenen Erfolgsaussichten nehmen mit zunehmender Dauer der Arbeitsuche ab. In: IAB-Forum H. 20.07.2026. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20260720.01
Abstract
"Eine aktuelle IAB-Befragung zeigt: 63 Prozent derjenigen, die im Frühjahr 2025 Bürgergeld bezogen hatten und mindestens ein Jahr auf Arbeitsuche waren, führten in den letzten vier Wochen vor der Befragung keine Bewerbungsgespräche. Bei denjenigen, die weniger als ein Jahr arbeitsuchend waren, war dieser Anteil mit 45 Prozent deutlich niedriger. Dabei unterscheidet sich die Zahl der Bewerbungen selbst nur moderat." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Older Worker’s Job Search Activities and Employment Transition (2026)
Zitatform
Yeo, Hyesu (2026): Older Worker’s Job Search Activities and Employment Transition. In: Research on Aging, Jg. 48, H. 1, S. 28-43. DOI:10.1177/01640275251343107
Abstract
"This study investigated job search patterns among American older workers. Data from the 2016-2018 Health and Retirement Study included 1501 individuals aged 50+ who were looking for jobs in 2016. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was conducted to identify job search patterns based on nine types of job search activities. Multinomial logistic regression was then used to examine membership in each class. Five job search patterns emerged from the LCA analysis, including No Ads, Ads only, Friends & Ads, Phone & Ads, and Agencies & Ads. Employment transitions were related to job search patterns. Unemployed older workers, despite utilizing more diverse job search methods, were less likely to secure new jobs compared to their employed peers. These findings highlight the need for workforce development programs to focus on workplace skill-building training and educational opportunities before becoming unemployed and age-friendly workforce development tailored to older workers with low-skilled and low income." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Männer nutzen persönliche Netzwerke zur Jobsuche etwas häufiger und gezielter als Frauen (2026)
Zitatform
Zimmermann, Florian & Matthias Collischon (2026): Männer nutzen persönliche Netzwerke zur Jobsuche etwas häufiger und gezielter als Frauen. In: IAB-Forum H. 18.05.2026. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20260518.01
Abstract
"Kontakte zu Verwandten und Bekannten spielen bei der Jobsuche sowohl für Männer als auch für Frauen eine wichtige Rolle. Dies zeigt eine IAB-Befragung von Personen, die innerhalb von vier Wochen vor der Befragung eine neue Stelle gesucht hatten. Allerdings werden Frauen deutlich seltener als Männer einem Arbeitgeber vorgestellt oder empfohlen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Women use Social Networks for Job Search more often than Men, but Men use them more intensely (2026)
Zitatform
Zimmermann, Florian & Matthias Collischon (2026): Women use Social Networks for Job Search more often than Men, but Men use them more intensely. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 259, 2025-12-18. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2025.112795
Abstract
"Research has long highlighted the role of social capital for labor market outcomes, but gendered processes received surprisingly little attention. Employing representative German survey data, we analyze differences in job search via social networks. Contrary to expectations, we find that women report using social networks more often at the extensive margin compared to men, but men are more likely utilize networks in ways requiring more effort, such as being introduced to employers. Thus, we highlight the importance of investigating social networks in detail to understand the role of social networks for generating or sustaining gender inequalities in the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How did you find your job? Effects of the job search channels on labour market outcomes in Germany (2025)
Zitatform
Afonina, Mariya & Anna Zaharieva (2025): How did you find your job? Effects of the job search channels on labour market outcomes in Germany. In: Verein für Socialpolitik (Hrsg.) (2025): Revival of Industrial Policy. Beiträge zur Jahrestagung des Vereins für Socialpolitik 2025.
Abstract
"We study the effect of finding a job through one’s social contact on starting wages. Using combined SOEP-INKAR data for Germany and propensity score analysis - both matching and weighting - we document that referral hiring is associated with a wage penalty of 10%. This penalty is stable over time. Separating by the type of the social contact, we find that referrals from former colleagues are associated with a 9% wage premium compared to a direct formal application. In contrast, referrals from friends are associated with a 7% wage penalty. Our results highlight persistent self-selection of workers on observable and unobservable characteristics. Using information from a short test of cognitive abilities (symbol digit test) we document that workers recommended by former colleagues perform best in the ability test, consistent with the predictions from a sorting model. The lowest performance is recorded for those relying on the help of their friends. The effects are primarily driven by the sub-sample of women. No significant differences across search channels are found for personality traits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Auszubildende über Social Media finden (2025)
Arndt, Franziska; Herzer, Philip; Risius, Paula;Zitatform
Arndt, Franziska, Philip Herzer & Paula Risius (2025): Auszubildende über Social Media finden. (KOFA kompakt / Kompetenzzentrum Fachkräftesicherung 2025,01), Köln, 6 S.
Abstract
"Die Lage am Ausbildungsmarkt ist angespannt: Viele Unternehmen können ihre Ausbildungsplätze nicht besetzen, während gleichzeitig zahlreiche Jugendliche ohne Ausbildungsplatz bleiben. Um diese Passungsprobleme zu überwinden, ist es wichtig, dass Unternehmen ihre Ausbildungsplätze dort bewerben, wo Jugendliche suchen. Besonders wichtig sind für Jugendliche Online-Stellenanzeigen und die Vermittlungsangebote der Bundesagentur für Arbeit. An dritter Stelle stehen Social-Media-Kanäle. Die passgenaue Auswahl von Social-Media-Kanälen und -Inhalten kann Unternehmen somit näher an Jugendliche bringen. Doch: Während Jugendliche vor allem über Instagram, YouTube und WhatsApp suchen, nutzen Unternehmen neben Instagram eher Facebook, LinkedIn und Xing. Gerade Facebook ist für Jugendliche jedoch kaum relevant. Die direkte Ansprache von Jugendlichen mit Haupt- und Realschulabschluss bietet besonders großes Potenzial, denn es zeigt sich, dass Haupt- und Realschüler:innen anders suchen als Abiturient:innen: Haupt- und Realschüler:innen nutzen neben Online-Stellenanzeigen besonders analoge Formate. In den sozialen Medien nutzen sie vorwiegend Instagram, WhatsApp und YouTube." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Gendered Job Search: An Analysis of Gender Differences in Reservation Wages and Job Applications (2025)
Zitatform
Basbug, Gokce & Roberto M. Fernandez (2025): Gendered Job Search: An Analysis of Gender Differences in Reservation Wages and Job Applications. In: ILR review, Jg. 78, H. 1, S. 217-239. DOI:10.1177/00197939241298623
Abstract
"Using a weekly survey of unemployed workers, this study examines gender differences in reservation wages and applied-for occupational categories. The analysis shows that a large portion of the gender difference in reservation wages is attributable to the fact that women and men search for different occupations. Findings further demonstrate that women are more likely to apply to occupations with higher percentages of female incumbents, and they target these occupations from the earlier stages of their job search, rather than adjusting their preferences over the course of unemployment. Further analysis shows that women are more likely to apply for occupational categories that offer greater flexibility in working hours, more opportunities for interpersonal interactions, less critical decision-making, and a less competitive environment. Finally, the analysis reveals that household responsibilities, particularly the number of children, and willingness to take risks are important factors influencing women’s decisions to pursue occupations with less demanding work hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Job search under changing labour taxes (2025)
Zitatform
Bryson, Alex & Harald Dale-Olsen (2025): Job search under changing labour taxes. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 95. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102750
Abstract
"Workers’ job mobility decisions are related to firms’ wage policies but also depend on tax schedules. Using Norwegian population-wide administrative linked employer-employee data for 2010–2019, we study how the job-to-job turnover of employees is affected by marginal taxes and firms’ pay policies, thus drawing inferences on job search behaviour. By paying higher wages, job-to-job separation rates drop, but this negative relationship is weakened when income taxes increase, consistent with higher taxes reducing search activity. However, consistent with theory, the tax effect is smaller where workers receive performance bonuses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Die Bereitschaft zu Zugeständnissen bei der Stellensuche nimmt mit sinkender Arbeitslosenquote ab (2025)
Zitatform
Bähr, Sebastian, Matthias Collischon, Stefan Schwarz & Hannah Sinja Steinberg (2025): Die Bereitschaft zu Zugeständnissen bei der Stellensuche nimmt mit sinkender Arbeitslosenquote ab. In: IAB-Forum – Grafik aktuell H. 25.04.2025, 2025-04-15. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.GA.20250425.01
Abstract
"In den vergangenen 15 Jahren nahm die Bereitschaft zu Zugeständnissen bei der Stellensuche kontinuierlich ab. Diese Entwicklung verlief weitgehend parallel zur sinkenden Arbeitslosenquote. Mit dem Anstieg der Arbeitslosenquote im Jahr 2023 zeigt sich – leicht zeitverzögert – auch bei der Konzessionsbereitschaft tendenziell eine Trendwende." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Bähr, Sebastian ; Steinberg, Hannah Sinja ; Collischon, Matthias ; Schwarz, Stefan ;Weiterführende Informationen
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Literaturhinweis
Firm Pay and Worker Search (2025)
Caldwell, Sydnee; Hägele, Ingrid; Heining, Jörg;Zitatform
Caldwell, Sydnee, Ingrid Hägele & Jörg Heining (2025): Firm Pay and Worker Search. (IAB-Discussion Paper 04/2025), Nürnberg, 141 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.DP.2504
Abstract
"Ob und wie Arbeitnehmer am Arbeitsplatz suchen, hängt von ihren Vorstellungen über die Bezahlung und die Arbeitsbedingungen in anderen Unternehmen ab. Dennoch ist wenig darüber bekannt, wie viel Arbeitnehmer tatsächlich über die Arbeitsentgelte außerhalb ihrer aktuellen Beschäftigung Bescheid wissen. Wir nutzen eine groß angelegte Umfrage unter deutschen Vollzeitbeschäftigten, welche mit Sozialversicherungsdaten verknüpft wurde, um Gehaltserwartungen und Präferenzen gegenüber bestimmten externen Unternehmen zu ermitteln. Arbeitnehmer glauben, dass sie mit erheblicher Heterogenität hinsichtlich der Vergütung bei anderen Unternehmen konfrontiert sind und richten ihre Suche nach einem neuen Arbeitsplatz auf Unternehmen aus, von denen sie ausgehen, dass diese mehr bezahlen. Die von den Arbeitnehmern erwarteten unternehmensspezifischen Lohnaufschläge korrelieren sowohl stark mit den Vergütungsschemata, die sich anhand von administrativen Daten zeigen, als auch mit der Würdigung von firmenspezifischer Annehmlichkeiten. Die meisten Arbeiter sind auch bei einer erheblichen Erhöhung des Gehalts nicht bereit, sich einen neuen Job zu suchen – oder ihr derzeitiges Unternehmen zu verlassen. Die Kosten eines Jobwechsel betragen zwischen 7 und 18 Prozent des Jahreslohns eines Arbeitnehmers. Die Zugehörigkeit zu einem Arbeitgeber variiert je nach Arbeitgeber und kann nicht anhand von Unterschieden in firmenspezifischen Annehmlichkeiten oder den Kosten des Jobwechsels erklärt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
IAB-Monitor Jobsuche: Jede siebte Person in abhängiger Beschäftigung sucht aktiv nach einem anderen Job (2025)
Zitatform
Coban, Mustafa (2025): IAB-Monitor Jobsuche: Jede siebte Person in abhängiger Beschäftigung sucht aktiv nach einem anderen Job. In: IAB-Forum – Grafik aktuell H. 09.04.2025. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.GA.20250409.01
Abstract
"Der neue IAB-Monitor Jobsuche gibt einen Einblick in die unterjährige Arbeitssuche von Beschäftigten und Arbeitslosen. Demnach suchten im Jahr 2024 zwei Drittel der Arbeitslosen und fast jede siebte Person in abhängiger Beschäftigung aktiv nach einer (anderen) Stelle." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
This time it’s different – Generative artificial intelligence and occupational choice (2025)
Zitatform
Goller, Daniel, Christian Gschwendt & Stefan C. Wolter (2025): This time it’s different – Generative artificial intelligence and occupational choice. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 95. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102746
Abstract
"We show the causal influence of the launch of generative artificial intelligence (AI) in the form of ChatGPT on the search behavior of young people for apprenticeship vacancies. To estimate the short- and medium-term effects, we use a variety of methods, including a difference-in-discontinuity approach exploiting the exogenous nature of the unanticipated launch of ChatGPT in 2022. There is a strong short- and medium-term decline in the intensity of searches for vacancies, indicating a notable reduction in the supply of young people actively seeking apprenticeships and suggesting great uncertainty among the affected cohort. Occupations with a high proportion of cognitive tasks and with high demands on language skills were particularly affected by the decline. Interestingly, the revealed preferences in the search behavior of young job seekers contrasted with previous expert assessments on the automation risks of occupations and aligned with the most recent assessments of the AI and language model exposure of occupations – before these new assessments existed. Notably, while the supply decline did not reduce the number of signed apprenticeship contracts, we find evidence of declining applicant quality, particularly for commercial employees, the most widely offered apprenticeship in Switzerland." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))