Niedriglohnarbeitsmarkt
Der Ausbau des Niedriglohnsektors sollte Ende der 1990er Jahre die hohe Arbeitslosigkeit reduzieren. Als Niedriglohn gilt ein Arbeitsentgelt, das trotz Vollzeitbeschäftigung keine angemessene Existenzsicherung gewährleistet – die OECD definiert den ihn als einen Bruttolohn, der unterhalb von zwei Dritteln des nationalen Medianbruttolohns aller Vollzeitbeschäftigten liegt. Betroffen von Niedriglöhnen sind überdurchschnittlich häufig Personen ohne beruflichen Abschluss, jüngere Erwerbstätige und Frauen.
Bietet der Niedriglohnsektor eine Chance zum Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt oder ist er eine Sackgasse? Das IAB-Themendossier erschließt Informationen zum Forschungsstand.
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- Theorie
- Politik und Maßnahmen
- Arbeitsmarkt- und Lohnentwicklung
- Arbeitswelt, Personalpolitik
- Personengruppen
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Literaturhinweis
Unequal Job Security, Unemployment Scarring, and the Distribution of Welfare in a Search and Bargaining Model (2025)
Zitatform
Abrahams, Scott (2025): Unequal Job Security, Unemployment Scarring, and the Distribution of Welfare in a Search and Bargaining Model. In: Labour, Jg. 39, H. 3, S. 189-205. DOI:10.1111/labr.70001
Abstract
"What causes unemployment to concentrate among the same workers over time, and what are the welfare consequences? I demonstrate that unemployment scarring emerges naturally in a frictional labor market when firms with lower-productivity matches have smaller profit margins to absorb negative shocks. I develop a search model with endogenous job termination that reproduces two key empirical regularities: lower-wage jobs are less stable and previous unemployment predicts future job loss. The model captures a crucial non-monotonic pattern I document empirically, where termination risk drops sharply in the left tail of the wage distribution but flattens beyond the median wage. This mechanism increases lifetime wage and unemployment inequality by 7% compared to models with uniform termination risk. Counterfactual experiments reveal that unemployment insurance reduces scarring by enabling workers to wait for higher-quality matches, but simultaneously strengthens workers' bargaining position, which counterintuitively decreases job security at every productivity level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Low-wage employment in France: A cross-country perspective (2025)
Barreto, César; Puymoyen, Agnes; Fluchtmann, Jonas ; Pearsall, Eliza-Jane; Georgieff, Alexandre; Carcillo, Stéphane ; Pacifico, Daniele; Hijzen, Alexander;Zitatform
Barreto, César, Stéphane Carcillo, Jonas Fluchtmann, Alexandre Georgieff, Alexander Hijzen, Daniele Pacifico, Eliza-Jane Pearsall & Agnes Puymoyen (2025): Low-wage employment in France. A cross-country perspective. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 313), Paris, 47 S. DOI:10.1787/82539f44-en
Abstract
"This study investigates factors favoring a possible "smicardization" of French workers - the process of an increasing coverage of workers at the minimum wage. First, the minimum wage is relatively high in France compared with other countries, with the result that a large number of workers are close to it. Second, low wages reflect less the characteristics of firms or sectors than the low skills of workers, the resolution of which requires appropriate education and training policies, effective over the long-term. Finally, an analysis of tax and benefit systems highlights the existence of potential low-wage trap mechanisms, which are particularly significant in France compared to other countries. Nevertheless, analysis of individual trajectories shows that it is no more difficult for low-wage workers to climb the wage ladder in France than in the other selected countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
No one-size-fits-all solution. Effects of social policies on in-work poverty (2025)
Zitatform
Brülle, Jan (2025): No one-size-fits-all solution. Effects of social policies on in-work poverty. In: European Societies, S. 1-29. DOI:10.1162/euso.a.19
Abstract
"The paper studies effects of social policies on in-work poverty risks, distinguishing between measures that either intervene in labor market processes - i.e. predistribution policies - or redistribute towards those with low incomes. The analyses use data from EU-SILC and macro-level indicators from various sources to estimate general as well as household-typespecific effects using longitudinal methods. Results reveal important differences between specific policies: increasing minimum wages contributes to reducing low-wage risks, but has no significant effect on in-work poverty risks. In contrast, there is a negative effect of strict employment protection legislation across almost all household types on in-work poverty, which is consistent with the positive role this measure plays for supporting earnings that are sufficient to provide not only for one person, but also potential dependants in the household. With respect to redistributional policies, both unemployment benefits and benefits to low earners reduce poverty due to their contribution to public poverty-reduction. However, whereas unemployment benefits only reduce in-work poverty among couple households, benefits to low earners mainly contribute to lower poverty risks among employed single parents. Overall, the results underscore that predistributional and redistributional as well as universal and targeted interventions cannot easily substitute each other." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
In-work poverty and family policy in Italy: from a frozen to a thawing landscape? (2025)
Zitatform
Giuliani, Giovanni Amerigo & Nicola De Luigi (2025): In-work poverty and family policy in Italy: from a frozen to a thawing landscape? In: Community, work & family, Jg. 28, H. 4, S. 558-578. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2023.2282356
Abstract
"The article investigates in-work poverty (IWP) in Italy through the lens of family policies. Adopting a longitudinal perspective, the work scrutinizes whether and to what extent the configuration of family policy tools - family allowances, leave and ECEC (Early Childhood Care and Education) - has been effective in contrasting IWP in Italy. Furthermore, it probes whether the Italian family policy has reconfigured over time as a tool for countering IWP. The study shows that family policy can be useful both directly - by providing income support for the most disadvantaged families - and indirectly - by fostering the transition to a dual-earner family model. However, the analysis of the Italian case shows that such positive effects are only potential, and not automatic. In Italy, historically, family policy has been scarcely effective. Nevertheless, in the last few years a pattern of slow change has initiated, and its effectiveness as a device to tackle IWP appears to have increased." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Labor Market Impacts of Fair Work Legislation (2025)
Zitatform
Gruber, Anja (2025): The Labor Market Impacts of Fair Work Legislation. In: ILR review, S. 1-32. DOI:10.1177/00197939251355234
Abstract
"Fair Workweek (FWW) ordinances, which typically require employers to provide workers with advance notice of their schedules and extra pay for last-minute changes, have become an increasingly debated policy tool to address the unpredictability of low-wage work in the United States. In this article, the author studies the labor market impacts of the Oregon FWW law using data on treated workers from the Quarterly Workforce Indicators and American Community Survey, and a variety of empirical approaches that address the factors complicating such a labor market analysis. Taken together, the evidence points to limited effects on the average labor market outcomes of workers covered by the legislation. However, findings indicate increased employment and hours worked for men, and decreased employment and hours worked for women. Also, results show consistent evidence of decreased average monthly earnings for newly hired women at treated employers. Despite the ability of employers to bypass compensation requirements through voluntary standby lists, this study identifies compositional effects on the workforce resulting from FWW legislation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employers and Unemployment Insurance Take-Up (2025)
Zitatform
Lachowska, Marta, Isaac Sorkin & Stephen A. Woodbury (2025): Employers and Unemployment Insurance Take-Up. In: The American economic review, Jg. 115, H. 8, S. 2529-2573. DOI:10.1257/aer.20230195
Abstract
"We quantify the employer's role in unemployment insurance (UI) take-up. Employer effects on claiming and appeals are substantial, and those effects are negatively correlated, consistent with appeals deterring claims. Low-wage workers are less likely to claim and more likely to have their claims appealed than median-wage workers. Employer effects help explain these income gradients, so equalizing employer effects on claiming would increase the progressivity of UI. Finally, the main source of targeting error in UI is that eligible workers do not claim." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Low-pay work and the risk of poverty: a dynamic analysis for European countries (2025)
Zitatform
Mussida, Chiara & Dario Sciulli (2025): Low-pay work and the risk of poverty: a dynamic analysis for European countries. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, S. 1-24. DOI:10.1007/s10888-025-09666-9
Abstract
"This paper explores how householders’ and partners' low-pay conditions affect the risk of poverty ofEuropean households. We use 2016–2019 longitudinal European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions data, model poverty and labour market outcomes, and account for possible endogeneity of low-pay work in the poverty equation. Low-pay work is defined on gross hourly wage basis. We find that low-pay work increases the risk of poverty compared to high-pay conditions. Notably, when compared to non-employment, the effect of low-pay work on poverty differs between householders and partners. The effect tends to be stronger for the former and smaller for the latter, which stresses the leading role of householders in income formation and the added-worker role of partners in households. The risk of poverty for low-pay workers is even reinforced by their higher probability of being employed in job positions with fewer annual working hours, such as part-time and temporary contracts. The magnitude of low-pay effects on poverty appears to be associated with institutions capable of sustaining the wage floor, earnings and income inequalities, and the generosity of social transfers. We find evidence of feedback effects from poverty on future labour market outcomes, suggesting a self-reinforcing mechanism between poverty and poor labour conditions, which along with limited upward mobility in the labour markets, may lead societies toward persistent income segmentation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Class, gender and the work of working‐class women amid turbulent times (2025)
Zitatform
Warren, Tracey, Luis Torres, Clare Lyonette & Ruth Tarlo (2025): Class, gender and the work of working‐class women amid turbulent times. In: The British journal of sociology, Jg. 76, H. 1, S. 96-113. DOI:10.1111/1468-4446.13147
Abstract
"The article focuses on the work of working-class women (WCW) amid turbulent times. Its timespan is just prior to and during the Covid-19 pandemic in the UK. The women's work, and the key skills involved, are fundamental to everyday lives, but both have been under-valued and under-rewarded. The pandemic shone a fresh light on the societal importance of this work and highlighted how its under-valuation and the women's systemic low pay and inferior working conditions have serious ramifications not only for individual workers and their families but for the provision of key services. The article centres WCW, at the intersection of classed and gendered disadvantage, to ask about inequalities in work experiences. Analysing nationally representative samples of thousands of workers in the UK prior to and as Covid-19 rolled out, we compare WCW with other workers. We show that the women faced both persistent and new inequalities at work: enduring low earnings, pandemic-led risks to jobs and paid hours, little opportunity to work from home or flexibly, and stressful key working roles. We reveal the heavily classed nature of some of these findings, show that others were more strongly gendered, while still others were classed and gendered outcomes that require intersectional analyses of the women's working lives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum Wage Effects and Monopsony Explanations (2025)
Zitatform
Wiltshire, Justin, Carl McPherson, Michael Reich & Denis Sosinskiy (2025): Minimum Wage Effects and Monopsony Explanations. In: Journal of labor economics, S. 1-46. DOI:10.1086/735551
Abstract
"We present the first causal analysis of a seven-year run-up of minimum wages to $15. Using a novel stacked county-level synthetic control estimator and data on fast-food restaurants, we find substantial pay growth and no disemployment. Our results hold among lower-wage counties and counties without local minimum wages. Minimum wage increases reduce Separation rates and raise wages faster than prices at McDonald’s stores; both findings imply a monopsonistic labor market with declining rents. In the tight post-pandemic labor market, when laborsupply becomes more elastic, we find positive employment effects. These become larger and statistically significant after addressing pandemic-response confounds." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
In-work poverty in Western Europe. A longitudinal perspective (2024)
Zitatform
Barbieri, Paolo, Giorgio Cutuli & Stefani Scherer (2024): In-work poverty in Western Europe. A longitudinal perspective. In: European Societies, Jg. 26, H. 4, S. 1232-1264. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2024.2307013
Abstract
"This study investigates levels and determinants of in-work poverty (IWP) in Western Europe using EU-SILC longitudinal data 2004-2019. We compared IWP risk and their dynamics across fourteen countries by examining individual labor market positions, household total labor supplies, and employment patterns. We further explored the social class gradient in exposure to IWP, as well as drivers and patterns of longitudinal accumulation of poverty. Relying on a single (standard) earner is often not enough to keep families out of poverty, confirming the importance of dual-earner household arrangements, even if they entail non-standard employment conditions for one partner. This holds particularly true for countries with high levels of IWP and for less privileged social and occupational groups across all contexts. Analyzing IWP inertia, we examined the interplay between genuine state dependence (GSD) and unobserved heterogeneity in the accumulation of economic disadvantage over time. Previous experiences with IWP can lead to future IWP for some, yet this causal effect appears rather small. Our findings have clear implications for the social stratification of risk and policies designed to combat poverty accumulation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Bringing labour market flexibilization under control? Marginal work and collective regulation in the creative industries in the Netherlands (2024)
Zitatform
Been, Wike & Maarten Keune (2024): Bringing labour market flexibilization under control? Marginal work and collective regulation in the creative industries in the Netherlands. In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 30, H. 4, S. 403-420. DOI:10.1177/09596801221127109
Abstract
"The cultural and creative industries (CCI) is a sector where the workforce is highly educated, yet precarious working conditions are prominent. Although flexible and marginal work is often treated as an overall feature of the sector, this study based on register data on all workers in the sector shows that processes of flexibilization and marginalization are highly divergent between its subsectors. In half of the CCI subsectors, some form of collectively bargained response to the ongoing flexibilization and marginalization has emerged. This first of all shows that creative workers do indeed not only care about expressing their creativity but also about their material working and living conditions. Also how employers’ organizations and trade unions respond to these developments by means of collective agreements varies. Where they disagree, concrete action is postponed. Where they align, either counteracting measures are included, or attempts are made to bridge the divide between employees and the self-employed to some extend in the collective agreement. By doing so, they counteract processes of dualization, paving the road for innovative approaches of industrial relations actors. Still, this counts only for part of the CCI as much of it remains not covered by collective agreements." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Revisiting Dualism? The Governance of the Low Pay-Low Skill Labour Market in Four European Countries (2024)
Zitatform
Eichhorst, Werner & Gemma Scalise (2024): Revisiting Dualism? The Governance of the Low Pay-Low Skill Labour Market in Four European Countries. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17378), Bonn, 25 S.
Abstract
"The permanent restructuring of the economy, exacerbated by the digital transition and combined with labour market dualization, is progressively increasing semi- and low-skilled workers' risk of marginalization. This article analyses how countries balance employment and equality concerns in core private services sectors and inquires the policy strategy that governments in Germany, France, Italy and Spain have implemented over the last two decades for workers 'at the margins'. The analysis encompasses multiple policy tools – skill upgrading, social benefits, incentives toreduce barriers to employment and wage regulation – and reveals varied trajectories. A common direction is followed by Germany and Spain, which have adopted policies to mitigate long-standing labor market dualism by implementing protective policies that aim at improving job conditions for low-wage and at-risk workers. France is stuck in its protective approach, focusing on job stabilization through subsidies without addressing the need for skill development, which limits long-term labor market mobility. Italy is exacerbating dualism by failing to improve job quality and training opportunities, leading to persistent low productivity and increasing in-work poverty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Low-wage employment in Central and Eastern European Member States (2024)
Fialová, Kamila;Zitatform
Fialová, Kamila (2024): Low-wage employment in Central and Eastern European Member States. (Social situation monitor), Brussels, 70 S. DOI:10.2767/001750
Abstract
"This research note offers a comprehensive view of low-wage employment. It investigates the nature and extent of low-pay persistence in European countries, using longitudinal data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) spanning 2004 to 2019. The study focuses on the overall EU situation while highlighting differences between CEE and WE countries. It contributes to the limited research on low-wage employment in CEE countries, shedding light on the characteristics of low-wage populations across Europe and adding value for shaping social policies to tackle poverty and in-work poverty. It examines the institutional and macroeconomic factors that contribute to the incidence and persistence of low pay. Understanding the identity of low-wage earners and the drivers of low pay is pivotal in developing strategies to raise wages. The latest EU-SILC data only covers wage information to 2019, impeding a direct analysis of recent trends such as increasing energy costs, high inflation, the Ukraine conflict and related migration, digital and green transition, or the long-term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
DIW Berlin: Niedriglohnsektor in Deutschland schrumpft seit 2017 (2024)
Zitatform
Grabka, Markus M. (2024): DIW Berlin: Niedriglohnsektor in Deutschland schrumpft seit 2017. In: DIW-Wochenbericht H. 5, S. 67-76. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2024-5-1
Abstract
"Die letzten zwei Jahrzehnte waren in Deutschland durch verschiedene wirtschaftliche Krisen geprägt. So ist beispielsweise das reale Bruttoinlandsprodukt in der Finanzmarktkrise 2009 um 5,7 Prozent und im ersten Jahr der Coronapandemie 2020 um 3,8 Prozent gesunken.info Diesen starken Einbrüche standen in den Folgejahren zwar starke Zuwächse gegenüber, aber in der längeren Frist fiel die Veränderung des realen Bruttoinlandsprodukts mit gerade einmal einem Prozent im Jahresdurchschnitt zwischen 2011 und 2021 gering aus.info Wie wirken sich diese Entwicklungen auf die Bruttolöhne und Gehälter der Beschäftigten und die Haushaltsnettoeinkommen der Privathaushalte in Deutschland aus? Hierzu werden Einkommensinformationen des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP)info, das in Zusammenarbeit mit infas – Institut für angewandte Sozialwissenschaft erhoben wird, zurückgegriffen (Kasten). Die Angaben der Löhne beziehen sich auf den Zeitraum 1995 bis 2021, die der Haushaltsnettoeinkommen auf den Zeitraum 1995 bis 2020. Das Jahr 1995 wurde als Startjahr gewählt, da zu diesem Zeitpunkt die Transformation der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft nach der Wiedervereinigung nahezu abgeschlossen war. Ergänzt werden diese durch Informationen des Statistisches Bundesamtes." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Early Career Effects of Entering the Labor Market During Higher Education Expansion (2024)
Zitatform
Göhausen, Johannes & Stephan L. Thomsen (2024): Early Career Effects of Entering the Labor Market During Higher Education Expansion. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17487), Bonn, 74 S.
Abstract
"We evaluate the labor market effects of an increasing supply of high-skilled labor, resulting from a higher education expansion at established German universities. Exploiting variation in exposure across regions and cohorts, we estimate early career effects for labor market entrants. We find that high-skilled wages decline initially, particularly in non-graduate jobs, but recover over the first five years of experience. Medium-skilled workers are barely affected, while low-skilled workers benefit from higher wage growth in non-routineintensive jobs. We explain the dynamics of the effects by two countervailing mechanisms: immediate supply effects and gradual technology effects through increasing skilled labor demand." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Data product DOI: 10.5164/IAB.SIAB7517.de.en.v1 -
Literaturhinweis
Niedriglohnbeschäftigung 2021; Langfristiger Rückgang nur in Ostdeutschland (2024)
Kalina, Thorsten;Zitatform
Kalina, Thorsten (2024): Niedriglohnbeschäftigung 2021; Langfristiger Rückgang nur in Ostdeutschland. (IAQ-Report 2024-03), Duisburg ; Essen, 23 S. DOI:10.17185/duepublico/81751
Abstract
"Das Niedriglohnrisiko ist langfristig betrachtet nur in Ostdeutschland gesunken. In Westdeutschland liegt das Niveau seit 2006 weitgehend konstant bei rund 20 %. Deutliche Steigerungen der Löhne im Niedriglohnbereich gab es nur kurz nach der Einführung des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns in den Jahren 2015 und 2016. Anschließend stagnierten die durchschnittlichen Löhne im Niedriglohnbereich und sind 2021 deutlich hinter der allgemeinen Lohnentwicklung zurückgeblieben. Zum Teil erklären Strukturunterschiede zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschland (z.B. weniger Beschäftigte in Großbetrieben), das nach wie vor höhere Niedriglohnrisiko in Ostdeutschland. Zum Teil wirkt sich auch das niedrigere Lohn- und Preisniveau in Ostdeutschland aus. Eine weitere Anhebung des Mindestlohns kann sicher zu einer Annäherung der Ost- und Westlöhne beitragen. Um den Niedriglohnsektor zu verkleinern, wäre aber zugleich eine Stärkung der Tarifbindung notwendig." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The effects of minimum wages on employment and Prices - Evidence from the hairdressing sector (2024)
Kunaschk, Max;Zitatform
Kunaschk, Max (2024): The effects of minimum wages on employment and Prices - Evidence from the hairdressing sector. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 88, 2024-04-04. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102540
Abstract
"This paper provides comprehensive evidence on the labor and product market effects of a high-impact minimum wage introduction in the highly competitive hairdressing sector. Using detailed administrative data, I find negligible overall employment effects, even though the minimum wage substantially increased hourly wages. However, sub-group analyses reveal considerable heterogeneity in the estimated employment effects and suggest shifts away from marginal towards regular employment. Analyses of the price effects suggest that the reform increased output prices considerably, implying that consumers largely paid for the minimum wage." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Elsevier) ((en))
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Kunaschk, Max; -
Literaturhinweis
“Stepping-Stone” versus “Dead-End” Jobs: Occupational Structure, Work Experience, and Mobility Out of Low-Wage Jobs (2024)
Zitatform
Mouw, Ted, Arne L. Kalleberg & Michael A. Schultz (2024): “Stepping-Stone” versus “Dead-End” Jobs: Occupational Structure, Work Experience, and Mobility Out of Low-Wage Jobs. In: American sociological review, Jg. 89, H. 2, S. 298-345. DOI:10.1177/00031224241232957
Abstract
"Does working in a low-wage job lead to increased opportunities for upward mobility, or is it a dead-end that traps workers? In this article, we examine whether low-wage jobs are “stepping-stones” that enable workers to move to higher-paid jobs that are linked by institutional mobility ladders and skill transferability. To identify occupational linkages, we create two measures of occupational similarity using data on occupational mobility from matched samples of the Current Population Survey (CPS) and data on multiple dimensions of job skills from the O*NET. We test whether work experience in low-wage occupations increases mobility between linked occupations that results in upward wage mobility. Our analysis uses longitudinal data on low-wage workers from the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY) and the 1996 to 2008 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). We test the stepping-stone perspective using multinomial conditional logit (MCL) models, which allow us to analyze the joint effects of work experience and occupational linkages on achieving upward wage mobility. We find evidence for stepping-stone mobility in certain areas of the low-wage occupational structure. In these occupations, low-wage workers can acquire skills through work experience that facilitate upward mobility through occupational changes to skill and institutionally linked occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
More than Money? Job Quality and Food Insecurity among Employed Lone Mother Households in the United States (2024)
Zitatform
Sheely, Amanda (2024): More than Money? Job Quality and Food Insecurity among Employed Lone Mother Households in the United States. In: Social Policy and Society, Jg. 23, H. 1, S. 35-52. DOI:10.1017/S1474746421000877
Abstract
"This article examines the relationship between food insecurity and the uncertainty and inadequate financial resources associated with low quality work among lone mother households in the United States. Food insecurity has increased since the start of the Great Recession and is particularly high among lone mother households. Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, I find that mothers who have been employed part-time involuntarily and experienced job loss have an increased likelihood of experiencing food insecurity. This relationship holds even after controlling for multiple measures of household income, suggesting the relationship between low quality work and food insecurity is not solely determined by low financial resources. Results suggest that, to reduce food insecurity among lone mother families, policymakers must address both the low wages and uncertainty associated with low quality employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of global value chains on wages, employment, and productivity: a survey of theoretical approaches (2024)
Zitatform
Szymczak, Sabina (2024): The impact of global value chains on wages, employment, and productivity: a survey of theoretical approaches. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 58. DOI:10.1186/s12651-024-00367-w
Abstract
"This study presents a systematic literature review to provide a collection of theories explaining the impact of global value chains (GVCs) on labor market outcomes. Due to the complex nature of GVCs and the interconnectedness of wages, employment, and productivity, many direct and indirect effects are at play. To ensure a transparent and systematic flow of the review process, I follow the PRISMA guide. Eventually, 36 records out of 1221 results from Scopus database were selected. This review may be useful for theorists, empirical economists, and policy makers as an overview of theoretical developments and convenient map of potential outcomes expected from involvement in GVCs. It identifies and systematizes a number of effects existing in the literature under various names. The results show that the predictions from the theory are ambiguous. The positive effects which may emerge regardless the characteristics of the GVC are the productivity-enhancing effect and the cross-effect, especially important considering growing servicification of manufacturing. Here lies the critical role of the state and policies to assure that the losses will not exceed the gains in the aggregate terms. One of the main factors shaping the outcome is the power distribution among the GVC’s firms. Additionally, this paper shows the shortcomings of the existing theories. Less aggregated levels of analysis could be a great input to the discussion, as well as addressing different GVCs’ dimensions and types of organization. The understanding of relation between GVC position and labor market is especially worth exploration as the existing evidence adopt different and even contradicting perspectives on the definition of upgrading the GVC position." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Financial hardship while working: A comparison of standard and non-standard workers across Europe (2024)
Zitatform
Visser, Mark, Marleen Damman & Gerbert Kraaykamp (2024): Financial hardship while working: A comparison of standard and non-standard workers across Europe. In: Economic and Industrial Democracy. DOI:10.1177/0143831x241287649
Abstract
"This study examines differences between non-standard (here: temporary employees and solo self-employed people) and standard workers (here: permanent employees) in financial hardship. It also examines whether these differences are conditional on the country context. To this aim, multilevel regression analysis was applied to European Social Survey data, covering 32 countries and the time period 2002–2018. The results show that temporary employees and the solo self-employed report more financial hardship compared to permanent employees, and that temporary employees experience more financial hardship than the solo self-employed. Both macroeconomic decline and higher levels of social protection generally enlarge the gap in financial hardship between non-standard and standard workers. Furthermore, solo self-employed persons are hit harder by macroeconomic adversity and they are not or less entitled to social benefits than temporary employees, reflected by smaller differences in financial hardship between these groups of non-standard workers. The findings are mostly in line with labor market dualization theories." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Persistent or temporary? Effects of social assistance benefit sanctions on employment quality (2024)
Wolf, Markus;Zitatform
Wolf, Markus (2024): Persistent or temporary? Effects of social assistance benefit sanctions on employment quality. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 22, H. 3, S. 1531-1557., 2023-12-11. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwad073
Abstract
"This article analyzes the effects of sanctions for unemployed recipients of the social assistance benefit in Germany. I conduct an analysis using administrative data from 2012 to 2018, applying a dynamic entropy balancing approach. In contrast to most previous analyses of benefit sanction effects, I analyse outcomes over a longer period and assess effects on various dimensions of employment quality, including education (mis)match. The results show, in line with previous research, that benefit sanctions increase the employment probability in the first months after treatment. In the long run, the employment probability and employment quality of sanctioned benefit recipients are lower than those for the comparison group of non-sanctioned benefit recipients, indicating long-lasting negative effects. The negative consequences of benefit sanctions for employment quality are hence not temporary, but persistent." (Authors Abstract, IAB-Doku, © Oxford Acacemic)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Wolf, Markus; -
Literaturhinweis
Escaping from low-wage employment: The role of co-worker networks (2023)
Zitatform
Baranowska-Rataj, Anna, Zoltán Elekes & Rikard Eriksson (2023): Escaping from low-wage employment: The role of co-worker networks. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 83. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2022.100747
Abstract
"Low-wage jobs are often regarded as dead ends in the labour market careers of young people. Previous research focused on disentangling to what degree the association between a low-wage job at the start of working life and limited chances of transitioning to better-paid employment is causal or spurious. Less attention has been paid to the factors that may facilitate the upward wage mobility of low-wage workers. We focus on such mechanisms, and we scrutinize the impact of social ties to higher-educated co-workers. Due to knowledge spillovers, job referrals, as well as firm-level productivity gains, having higher-educated co-workers may improve an individual's chances of transitioning to a better-paid job. We use linked employer-employee data from longitudinal Swedish registers and panel data models that incorporate measures of low-wage workers' social ties to higher-educated co-workers. Our results confirm that having social ties to higher-educated co-workers increases individual chances of transitioning to better-paid employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Is working enough to escape poverty? Evidence on low-paid workers in Italy (2023)
Zitatform
Bavaro, Michele & Michele Raitano (2023): Is working enough to escape poverty? Evidence on low-paid workers in Italy. (ECINEQ working paper series / Society for the Study of Economic Inequality 656), Verona, 32 S.
Abstract
"We investigate the dynamics of incidence, intensity and persistence of low pay in Italy from 1990 to 2018 by exploiting a large administrative sample of employees in the private sector. We refer to various relative and absolute low pay thresholds and assess workers' conditions according to annual earnings, weekly wages and full-time-equivalent (FTE) weekly wages, to depurate low pay dynamics from the influence of changes in worked weeks and hours. Regardless of the chosen threshold, we find that the incidence of low pay is high and steeply increased in the last decades when the focus is on annual earnings and weekly wages. A flat trend emerges instead when low pay is assessed according to FTE weekly wages, signalling that a major role in the low pay dynamics is played by the reduction in the number of hours worked by low-paid individuals because of the increasing spread of part-time contracts. Nevertheless, the share of low-paid workers is rather high even when the focus is on FTE weekly wages. Furthermore, low pay is a persistent status for a large and rising share of workers. These findings reveal a clear worsening of workers' conditions at the bottom of the earnings distribution in Italy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gesellschaftliche Erfolge wahrnehmen – Chancen anerkennen – Brücken nutzen (2023)
Baykal, Benjamin;Zitatform
Baykal, Benjamin (2023): Gesellschaftliche Erfolge wahrnehmen – Chancen anerkennen – Brücken nutzen. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 72, H. 2, S. 171-188. DOI:10.3790/sfo.72.2.171
Abstract
"Die Wahrnehmung gesellschaftlicher Entwicklungen ist ein zentraler Bestandteil der politischen Willensbildung. Allerdings ist eine verzerrte Wahrnehmung gesellschaftlicher Entwicklungen feststellbar, weshalb Handlungsbedarf besteht. Beispielsweise indem arbeitsmarkt- oder verteilungspolitische Themen sachlich und anhand der Datenlage diskutiert werden. Vor der Corona-Pandemie erreichten viele Menschen den (Wieder-)Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt. Außerdem ist die Zahl der „Aufstocker“ rückläufig und der Niedriglohnbereich so klein wie seit rund 15 Jahren nicht mehr. „Flexible Beschäftigungsformen“ verdrängten keine „Normalarbeitsverhältnisse“. Hinzukommen Studienergebnisse, die zeigen, dass Beschäftigte mit einem befristeten Vertrag ein schnellerer Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt gelingen kann und sie nach drei Jahren ein höheres Einkommen erzielen können. Einstiegs- und Aufstiegschancen eines umfassenden Arbeitsmarkts sind anzuerkennen und erzielte Erfolge zu würdigen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Aktuelle Entwicklungen bei der Verteilung der Arbeitseinkommen und Kompetenzen (Podium) (2023)
Bellmann, Lutz ; Dustmann, Christian ; Biewen, Martin ; Fanfani, Bernardo ; Oberfichtner, Michael ; Fitzenberger, Bernd ; Caldwell, Sydnee; Ostermann, Kerstin ; Spitz-Oener, Alexandra; Müller, Steffen ;Zitatform
Bellmann, Lutz; Christian Dustmann, Martin Biewen, Bernardo Fanfani, Michael Oberfichtner, Bernd Fitzenberger, Sydnee Caldwell, Kerstin Ostermann, Alexandra Spitz-Oener & Steffen Müller (sonst. bet. Pers.) (2023): Aktuelle Entwicklungen bei der Verteilung der Arbeitseinkommen und Kompetenzen (Podium). In: IAB-Forum H. 30.10.2023 Nürnberg. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20231030.01
Abstract
"Zu einem besseren Verständnis der Lohnfindung und Lohnverteilung sowie der beruflichen Qualifikationen beizutragen – das war das Ziel der internationalen Konferenz „Recent Developments in Wage Determination, Distribution, and Job Skills“ am IAB." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Bellmann, Lutz ; Dustmann, Christian ; Oberfichtner, Michael ; Fitzenberger, Bernd ; Ostermann, Kerstin ; Spitz-Oener, Alexandra;Ähnliche Treffer
also released in English -
Literaturhinweis
Labor income inequality and in-work poverty: a comparison between euro area countries (2023)
Zitatform
Bovini, Giulia, Emanuele Ciani, Marta De Philippis & Stefania Romano (2023): Labor income inequality and in-work poverty: a comparison between euro area countries. (Questioni di economia e finanza (Occasional papers) / Banca d'Italia 2023,806), Rom, 35 S.
Abstract
"We study inequality in gross labor income among the working-age population, comparing Italy to the other main euro area countries. We use EU-SILC data between 2008 and 2018, the longest period without time breaks. We show that inequality in individual labor income is higher in Italy than in France and Germany. This is mainly a consequence of the lower employment rate, i.e. of the higher share of working-age individuals with no labor income, rather than of wider earnings disparities among workers. Inequality in equivalised household labor income is also higher in Italy than in France in Germany because a lower employment rate translates into a larger share of single or no-earner households. In line with these findings, while in Italy low-earning workers are relatively few, they face a greater risk of poverty than in France or Germany, since they more often live in households where other members are not employed or have low-work-intensity jobs. These results stress the importance of jointly considering earnings and employment dynamics when analyzing labor income inequality, low-pay work, and in-work poverty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Energiepreiskrise: Die geplanten finanziellen Entlastungen dürften das Arbeitsangebot nur wenig beeinflussen (2023)
Zitatform
Bruckmeier, Kerstin & Jürgen Wiemers (2023): Energiepreiskrise: Die geplanten finanziellen Entlastungen dürften das Arbeitsangebot nur wenig beeinflussen. In: IAB-Forum H. 16.01.2023 Nürnberg. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20230116.01
Abstract
"Anfang September 2022 hat sich die Regierungskoalition mit dem dritten Entlastungspaket auf weitere Maßnahmen verständigt, um Haushalte und Betriebe angesichts des Energiepreisschocks zu unterstützen. Haushalte mit geringem Einkommen dürften vor allem durch das höhere Bürgergeld und die Wohngeldreform überproportional profitieren. In der öffentlichen Debatte wird häufig die Befürchtung geäußert, dass durch das höhere Leistungsniveau im Bürgergeld ein hinreichender Lohnabstand nicht mehr gegeben ist, sodass sich Arbeit für Geringverdienende nicht mehr lohnt. Simulationsrechnungen zeigen jedoch, dass sich das höhere Bürgergeld im Zusammenspiel mit anderen Maßnahmen nicht negativ auf das Arbeitsangebot von Geringverdienenden auswirkt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Italy and the trap of GVC downgrading: labour dependence in the European geography of production (2023)
Zitatform
Cresti, Lorenzo, Giovanni Dosi, Federico Riccio & Maria Enrica Virgillito (2023): Italy and the trap of GVC downgrading: labour dependence in the European geography of production. (LEM working paper series / Laboratory of Economics and Management 2023,15), Pisa, 31 S.
Abstract
"How does Italy position inside the European structure of trade relationships? How labour bilateral flows have changed over time? Which type of employment activity has been outsourced? Which insourced? Focusing on a three-country perspective, what are the employment bilateral relationships between Italy-Germany-Poland (descending periphery-core-ascending periphery)? To address these questions we develop a novel set of bilateral labour dependence indicators inside I-O production networks. Overall, we provide evidence of the reconfiguration of Italy as falling into the trap of GVC downgrading, with an increasing number of trade relationships in employment requirements, particularly in the most strategic productions, as insourced from abroad. The offshoring strategy conducted so far has resulted in a weakening of its internal production capacity and employment absorption, even more harshly when compared to other European countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Human capital formation and changes in low pay persistence (2023)
Zitatform
Dasgupta, Kabir & Alexander Plum (2023): Human capital formation and changes in low pay persistence. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 55, H. 56, S. 6583-6604. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2022.2161989
Abstract
"This study presents new empirical evidence on the role of time trends in low pay persistence. We utilize population-wide tax records to track monthly labour market trajectories of initially low-paid workers. By performing age- and qualification-specific regressions, we find that low pay persistence reduces with time. However, the magnitude is highly heterogeneous across workforce characteristics. For a qualified worker in their early 20s, the risk of staying on low-pay declines by, on average, 5–10% points after one year. For a worker in their 50s, persistence remains almost unchanged regardless of their qualification level. We conclude that policy initiatives need to be more nuanced than a simple one-size-fits-all approach by accounting for time trends in low-pay persistence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Niedriglohnbeschäftigung 2020 - Rückgang des Anteils von Niedriglöhnen in den letzten Jahren (2023)
Zitatform
Kalina, Thorsten & Claudia Weinkopf (2023): Niedriglohnbeschäftigung 2020 - Rückgang des Anteils von Niedriglöhnen in den letzten Jahren. (IAQ-Report 2023-02), Duisburg ; Essen, 16 S. DOI:10.17185/duepublico/77382
Abstract
"Der Anteil der Niedriglohnbeschäftigten ist in Deutschland in den letzten Jahren zwar zurückgegangen, lag 2020 mit rund 20 % für Deutschland insgesamt aber immer noch deutlich über dem EU-Durchschnitt von 15 %. Die absolut meisten Niedriglohnbeschäftigten waren im Einzelhandel, im Gesundheitswesen, in der Gastronomie, in der Gebäudebetreuung sowie im Bereich Erziehung und Unterricht beschäftigt. In den aktuellen Tarifverhandlungen konnten in typischen Niedriglohnbranchen (Gastgewerbe, Handel, Gebäudereinigung) Lohnerhöhungen um bis zu 30 % erzielt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Working Poor – empirische Einblicke und sozialstaatstheoretische Überlegungen (2023)
Ritter, Bettina;Zitatform
Ritter, Bettina (2023): Working Poor – empirische Einblicke und sozialstaatstheoretische Überlegungen. In: Soziale Passagen, Jg. 15, H. 2, S. 381-397. DOI:10.1007/s12592-023-00486-0
Abstract
"Working Poor bezeichnet ein (nicht nur) in Deutschland weit verbreitetes Phänomen: Menschen erzielen zwar durch eigene Erwerbstätigkeit ein Einkommen, welches aber so gering ist, dass sie ihren Lebensunterhalt damit nicht bestreiten können. Eine solche sogenannte Erwerbsarmut ist angesichts ihrer dauerhaften und steigenden Existenz längst zur bundesdeutschen Normalität zu zählen. Der plakative Slogan „Arm trotz Arbeit“, mit dem diese Lebenslage in politischen Debatten problematisiert (Meiser 2022) oder offiziell betitelt wird (Statistisches Bundesamt 2022), drückt demgegenüber aus, dass es sich um eine abzulehnende Abweichung von – zumindest für Westeuropa geltenden – normalen Arbeits- und Lebensverhältnissen handelt, da Arbeit eigentlich vor Armut schützen solle (Pradella 2015). Der vorliegende Beitrag geht dieser Annahme mit Blick auf empirische Realitäten und unter Rückgriff auf sozialstaatstheoretische Perspektiven sowie einige marxistisch-feministische Grundannahmen nach und kommt zu einem kritischen Urteil: Zwar stellt sich die Lage bezüglich der einzelnen arbeitenden und von Armut betroffenen Person als „arm trotz Arbeit“ dar, ihre Armut begründet sich gesamtgesellschaftlich allerdings eher „wegen Arbeit“. Zunächst werden das Phänomen und seine Verbreitung in Deutschland beschrieben und zwei Varianten von Betroffenheit genauer in den Blick genommen: Elternschaft und Behinderung. Anschließend wird dem sozialpolitischen Charakter des Phänomens nachgegangen, bevor daraus ableitend Überlegungen zur gesellschaftskonstituierenden Rolle des Sozialstaats sowie eine gesellschaftstheoretische Begründung von Working Poor umrissen werden. Anschließend werden Implikationen bezüglich sozialer Dienste formuliert, bevor ein Fazit den Beitrag abschließt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)
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Literaturhinweis
How Replaceable Is a Low-Wage Job? (2023)
Rose, Evan K.; Shem-Tov, Yotam;Zitatform
Rose, Evan K. & Yotam Shem-Tov (2023): How Replaceable Is a Low-Wage Job? (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 31447), Cambridge, Mass, 104 S.
Abstract
"We study the long-run consequences of losing a low-wage job using linked employer-employee wage records and household surveys. For full-time workers earning $15 per hour or less, job loss due to an idiosyncratic, firm-wide contraction generates a 13% reduction in earnings six years later and over $40,000 cumulative lost earnings. Most of the long-run decrease stems from reductions in employment and hours as opposed to wage rates: job losers are twice as likely to report being unemployed and looking for work. By contrast, workers initially earning $15-$30 per hour see comparable long-run earnings losses driven primarily by reductions in hourly wages. Calibrating a dynamic job ladder model to the estimates implies that the rents from holding a full-time $15 per hour job relative to unemployment are worth about $20,000, more than seven times monthly earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Would Broadening the UI Tax Base Help Low-Income Workers? (2022)
Zitatform
Duggan, Mark, Audrey Guo & Andrew C. Johnston (2022): Would Broadening the UI Tax Base Help Low-Income Workers? (IZA discussion paper 15020), Bonn, 12 S.
Abstract
"The tax base for state unemployment insurance (UI) programs varies significantly in the U.S., from a low of $7,000 annually in California to a high of $52,700 in Washington. Previous research has provided surprisingly little guidance to policy makers regarding the tradeoffs associated with this variation. In this paper, we use 37 years of data for all 50 states and Washington, D.C. to estimate the impact of the UI tax base on labor-market outcomes. We find that the low tax base that exists in California and many other states (and the necessarily higher tax rates that accompany these) negatively affects labor market outcomes for part-time and other low-earning workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Firm-to-Firm Trade: Imports, Exports, and the Labor Market (2022)
Eaton, Jonathan; Kramarz, Francis; Kortum, Samuel S.;Zitatform
Eaton, Jonathan, Samuel S. Kortum & Francis Kramarz (2022): Firm-to-Firm Trade: Imports, Exports, and the Labor Market. (NBER working paper 29685), Cambridge, Mass, 65 S. DOI:10.3386/w29685
Abstract
"Customs data reveal heterogeneity and granularity of relationships among buyers and sellers. A key insight is how more exports to a destination break down into more firms selling there and more buyers per exporter. We develop a quantitative general equilibrium model of firm-to-firm matching that builds on this insight to separate the roles of iceberg costs and matching frictions in gravity. In the cross section, we find matching frictions as important as iceberg costs in impeding trade, and more sensitive to distance. Because domestic and imported intermediates compete directly with labor in performing production tasks, our model also fits the heterogeneity of labor shares across French producers. Applying the framework to the 2004 expansion of the European Union, reduced iceberg costs and reduced matching frictions contributed equally to the increase in French exports to the new members. While workers benefitted overall, those competing most directly with imports gained less, even losing in some countries entering the EU." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Why are Low-Wage Workers Signing Noncompete Agreements? (2022)
Zitatform
Johnson, Matthew S. & Michael Lipsitz (2022): Why are Low-Wage Workers Signing Noncompete Agreements? In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 57, H. 3, S. 689-724. DOI:10.3368/jhr.57.3.0619-10274R2
Abstract
"Policymakers are concerned by evidence that noncompete agreements (NCAs) are widely used in low-wage jobs. We show that firms that would otherwise not use NCAs are induced to use one in the presence of frictions to adjusting wages downward. Using a new survey of salon owners, we find that declines in the terms of trade for employees and increases in the minimum wage lead to higher NCA use, but only at firms for which the employee's cost of an NCA likely exceeds the employer's benefit. Furthermore, minimum wage increases have a negative effect on employment only where NCAs are unenforceable." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Monopsony power and the demand for low-skilled workers (2022)
Zitatform
Kölling, Arnd (2022): Monopsony power and the demand for low-skilled workers. In: The Economic and Labour Relations Review, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 377-395. DOI:10.1177/10353046211042427
Abstract
"This study analyses firms’ labour demand when employers have at least some monopsony power. It is argued that without taking into account (quasi-)monopsonistic structures of the labour market, wrong predictions are made about the effects of minimum wages. Using switching fractional panel probit regressions with German establishment data, I find that slightly more than 80% of establishments exercise some degree of monopsony power in their demand for low-skilled workers. The outcome suggests that a 1% increase in payments for low-skilled workers would, in these firms, increase employment for this group by 1.12%, while firms without monopsony power reduce the number of low-skilled, by about 1.63% for the same increase in remuneration. The study can probably also be used to explain the limited employment effects of the introduction of a statutory minimum wage in Germany and thus leads to a better understanding of the labour market for low-skilled workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © SAGE) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working conditions in essential occupations and the role of migrants (2022)
Zitatform
Nivorozhkin, Anton & Friedrich Poeschel (2022): Working conditions in essential occupations and the role of migrants. In: Economic analysis and policy, Jg. 74, S. 250-261., 2022-02-09. DOI:10.1016/j.eap.2022.02.002
Abstract
"Following a national lockdown in response to the Covid-19 pandemic, state governments in Germany published lists of “essential” occupations that were considered necessary to maintain basic services such as health care, social care, food production and transport. This paper examines working conditions in these essential occupations and identifies clusters of similar jobs. Differences across clusters are highlighted using detailed data on job characteristics including tasks, educational requirements and working conditions. Two clusters with favourable or average working conditions account for more than three-quarters of jobs in essential occupations. Another two clusters, comprising 20% of jobs in essential occupations, are associated with unfavourable working conditions such as low pay, job insecurity, poor prospects for advancement and low autonomy. These latter clusters exhibit high shares of migrants. An Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition is used to investigate which individual characteristics explain why migrants are more likely to have unfavourable working conditions. The results suggest that lacking proficiency in the host-country language is the main barrier to improving migrants’ working conditions." (Author's abstract, © 2022 Economic Society of Australia, Queensland) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Family demographic processes and in-work poverty: A systematic review (2022)
Zitatform
Polizzi, Antonino, Emanuela Struffolino & Zachary Van Winkle (2022): Family demographic processes and in-work poverty: A systematic review. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 52. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2022.100462
Abstract
"This article reviews ever published quantitative evidence on in-work poverty and family demographic processes in OECD and EU-28 countries. Despite the increasing attention to in-work poverty in Europe and beyond, a comprehensive and critical review on how family demographic processes shape in-work poverty risks is still missing. In this systematic review, we first provide a quantitative review of results from analyses that estimated the association between in-work poverty and parental home leaving, union formation, marriage, parenthood, and dissolution of non-marital and marital unions. This allows us to formulate tentative conclusions about whether and in which direction family demographic processes are associated with in-work poverty. Second, we discuss in detail conceptual and methodological advances in in-work poverty research, such as longitudinal analytical designs or attempts to make in-work poverty research more sensitive to policy context, gender, and the life course. Our review highlights theoretical and methodological challenges for future studies linking in-work poverty and family demography." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Erwerbsarmut in Österreich aus Geschlechterperspektive (2022)
Zitatform
Siegert, Christina (2022): Erwerbsarmut in Österreich aus Geschlechterperspektive. In: Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Jg. 47, H. 4, S. 511-535.
Abstract
"Der Beitrag widmet sich anhand österreichischer EU-SILC-Querschnittsdaten (2017—2019) der Frage, ob und wie sich unselbständig beschäftigte Frauen und Männer hinsichtlich ihres Erwerbsarmutsrisikos auf Basis des Personeneinkommens unterscheiden. Dazu werden auf Basis der individuellen Beschäftigungssituation, des gestaffelten Personeneinkommens (Erwerbseinkommen, andere Personeneinkommen, anteilige Haushaltseinkommen) und haushaltsspezifischer Armutsschwellen Erwerbsarmutsquoten für Frauen und Männer ausgewiesen. Ausgehend von Überlegungen zur Arbeitsmarktbenachteiligung und finanzieller Abhängigkeit von Frauen stehen geschlechts- und haushaltsspezifische Beschäftigungsstrategien, erfasst durch Beschäftigungsausmaß und Lohnhöhe, und deren Konsequenzen für das individuelle Erwerbsarmutsrisiko im Zentrum der Analyse. Potenzielle Zusammenhänge werden mit Hilfe von Kontingenz- und logistischen Regressionsanalysen überprüft, womit dieser Beitrag neue Erkenntnisse über die haushalts- und geschlechterspezifische Situation unselbständig beschäftigter working poor in Österreich liefert. Die Resultate weisen darauf hin, dass Frauen häufiger teilzeit- und niedriglohnbeschäftigt sind und in Paarhaushalten mehrheitlich nur einen Zuverdienst zum Haushaltseinkommen leisten, während Männer überwiegend Allein- oder Hauptverdiener sind. Frauen sind stärker als Männer auf Einkommenskomponenten jenseits des eigenen Erwerbseinkommens angewiesen, um Erwerbsarmut zu vermeiden. Aber nicht Frauen per se, sondern ausschließlich (die überwiegend teilzeitbeschäftigten) Mütter sind gegenüber Männern einem erhöhten Erwerbsarmutsrisiko ausgesetzt. Könnten Mütter nur auf ihr Erwerbseinkommen oder andere Personeneinkommen zurückgreifen, wäre mindestens jede Zweite von ihnen working poor." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The standard of living among the poor across Europe. Does employment make a difference? (2022)
Zitatform
Wolf, Fridolin, Henning Lohmann & Petra Böhnke (2022): The standard of living among the poor across Europe. Does employment make a difference? In: European Societies, Jg. 24, H. 5, S. 548-579. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2022.2076892
Abstract
"Employment does not always guarantee sufficient income and a decent standard of living anymore. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between income poverty and material deprivation for employed and unemployed individuals across Europe. To do so, we focus on relevant mechanisms at the individual and institutional levels. We examine how economic, structural and institutional factors shape the relationship between employment, poverty and deprivation. We explore our subject using EU-SILC data from 2015 and cross-national macro-level data from the OECD, Eurostat and UNECE. According to our findings, employment is associated with a higher standard of living even among the poor and when controlling for savings and income level, which may point to the non-monetary benefits of employment. At the macro level, we show that the impact of employment on the living standard of the poor varies according to economic conditions and institutional settings. Our results suggest that policies that promote integration into the labour market without taking into account the quality of jobs and working conditions devalue gainful employment in terms of maintaining a decent standard of living." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The role of low earnings in differing trends in male earnings volatility (2021)
Carr, Michael D.; Wiemers, Emily E.;Zitatform
Carr, Michael D. & Emily E. Wiemers (2021): The role of low earnings in differing trends in male earnings volatility. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 199. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109702
Abstract
"Trends in male earnings volatility vary across studies. Volatility is flat or increasing in most studies using survey data but falling in recent studies using administrative data. This paper uses Survey of Income and Program Participation data linked to administrative earnings histories from the Detailed Earnings Records to investigate the effect of the treatment of low earnings on earnings volatility. We show that volatility trends are sensitive to the treatment of low earnings: when low earnings are treated as is typically done with survey data, volatility is flat or increasing slightly, but when low earnings are treated as in recent studies using administrative earnings data, volatility declines." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2021 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Bottom Incomes and the Measurement of Poverty: A Brief Assessment of the Literature (2021)
Zitatform
Ceriani, Lidia, Vladimir Hlasny & Paolo Verme (2021): Bottom Incomes and the Measurement of Poverty: A Brief Assessment of the Literature. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 914), Maastricht, 17 S.
Abstract
"The paper discusses the main issues related to negative and zero incomes that are relevant for the measurement of poverty. It shows the prevalence of non-positive incomes in high- and middle-income countries, provides an analysis of the sources and structure of these incomes, outlines the various approaches proposed by scholars and statistical agencies to treat non-positive incomes, and explains how non-positive incomes and alternative correction methods impact the measurement of standard poverty indexes. It is argued that negative and zero incomes cannot be treated equally in terms of household well-being and that standard methods used by practitioners fail to recognize this fact likely resulting in overestimations of poverty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: Working Papers, 589 -
Literaturhinweis
When two (or more) do not equal one: an analysis of the changing nature of multiple and single jobholding in Europe (2021)
Zitatform
Conen, Wieteke & Paul de Beer (2021): When two (or more) do not equal one: an analysis of the changing nature of multiple and single jobholding in Europe. In: Transfer, Jg. 27, H. 2, S. 165-180. DOI:10.1177/10242589211002630
Abstract
"Ausmaß und Struktur multipler Arbeitsverhältnisse und ihre Konsequenzen für Menschen in Mehrfachbeschäftigung ändern sich in zahlreichen westlichen Volkswirtschaften. Zurzeit stehen nur begrenzte quantitative empirische Erkenntnisse über die sich ändernden Merkmale multipler Arbeitsverhältnisse und über die Frage zur Verfügung, ob sich die ökonomisch prekäre Lage von Menschen im Laufe der Zeit geändert hat. In dem vorliegenden Artikel befassen wir uns in erster Linie mit der Situation von Menschen in Mehrfachbeschäftigung und den für sie geltenden Trends im Vergleich zum „klassischen” Arbeitnehmer oder Arbeitnehmerin in Europa mit nur einem Arbeitsplatz. Dazu untersuchen wir die Arbeitszeiten und gehen außerdem den Fragen nach, ob Arbeitnehmer:innen gern längere Arbeitszeiten hätten und ob sie trotz ihrer Beschäftigung von Armut bedroht sind. Zu diesem Zweck untersuchen wir Daten, die seit Anfang der 2000er Jahre im Rahmen der EU-Arbeitskräfteerhebung und der EU-Statistik über Einkommen und Lebensbedingungen erfasst wurden. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass multiple Arbeitsverhältnisse ein signifikantes und um sich greifendes Phänomen in den Arbeitsmärkten zahlreicher hoch entwickelter Volkswirtschaften sind, wobei sich die Merkmale ständig ändern. Das gilt zum Beispiel für die geschlechtsspezifische Verteilung und Kombination dieser Arbeitsverträge. Die Armutsgefährdung von Erwerbstätigen ist in atypischen Arbeitsverhältnissen relativ hoch, aber die Ergebnisse belegen keinen negativen Trend. Armut trotz Erwerbstätigkeit scheint bei Single-Arbeitnehmer:innen und Arbeitnehmer:innen in atypischen Beschäftigungsverhältnissen zuzunehmen, dies gilt sowohl für Beschäftigte mit nur einem Job als auch für Mehrfachbeschäftigte." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Trade and Inequality in Europe and the US (2021)
Zitatform
Dorn, David & Peter Levell (2021): Trade and Inequality in Europe and the US. (IZA discussion paper 14914), Bonn, 65 S.
Abstract
"The share of low-income countries in global exports nearly tripled between 1990 and 2015, driven largely by the rapid emergence of China as an exporting powerhouse. While research in economics had long acknowledged that trade with lower-income countries could raise income inequality in Europe and the US, empirical estimates indicated only a modest contribution of trade to growing national skill premia. However, if workers are not highly mobile across firms, industries and locations, then the unequal impacts of trade can manifest along different margins. Recent evidence from countries across Europe and the US shows that growing import competition from China differentially reduced earnings and employment rates for workers in more trade-exposed industries, and for the residents of more trade-exposed geographic regions. These adverse impacts were often largest for lower-skilled individuals. We show that domestic manufacturing employment declined much more in countries that saw a large growth of net imports from China (such as the UK and the US), than in countries that maintained relatively balanced trade with China (such as Germany and Switzerland). Drawing on a new analysis for the UK, we further show that trade with China contributed to job loss in manufacturing, but also to substantial declines in consumer prices. However, while the adverse labour market impacts were concentrated on specific groups of workers and regions, the consumer benefits from trade were widely dispersed in the population, and appear similarly large for high-income and low-income households. Globalisation has thus created pockets of losers, and recent evidence indicates that in addition to financial losses, residents of regions with greater exposure to import competition also suffer from higher crime rates, a deterioration of health outcomes, and a dissolution of traditional family structures. We argue that new import tariffs such as those imposed by the US in 2018 and 2019 are unlikely to help the losers from globalisation. Instead, displaced workers may be better supported by a combination of transfers to avert financial hardship, skills training that facilitate reintegration into the labour market, and place-based policies that stimulate job creation in depressed locations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The minimum wage and annual earnings inequality (2021)
Zitatform
Engelhardt, Gary V. & Patrick J. Purcell (2021): The minimum wage and annual earnings inequality. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 207. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2021.110001
Abstract
"We estimate the impact of the minimum wage on U.S. male annual earnings inequality, using administrative Social Security earnings records from 1981-2015. The minimum wage reduces inequality in the bottom quartile of the earnings distribution, and especially in the bottom decile." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2021 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Der ungleiche Wert geringqualifizierter Arbeit. Erwerbschancen in der Bau- und Reinigungsbranche (2021)
Zitatform
Gonon, Anna & Anna John (2021): Der ungleiche Wert geringqualifizierter Arbeit. Erwerbschancen in der Bau- und Reinigungsbranche. In: Industrielle Beziehungen, Jg. 28, H. 3, S. 260-282. DOI:10.3224/indbez.v28i3.03
Abstract
"Fehlende formale Qualifikationen wirken sich negativ auf Erwerbschancen aus, insbesondere für Frauen. Während die Forschung bisher vor allem makrostrukturelle Faktoren beleuchtete, nimmt dieser Beitrag die Mesoebene in den Blick und fragt danach, wie die Erwerbschancen Geringqualifizierter durch branchenspezifische Formen der Beschäftigung und Arbeitsorganisation beeinflusst werden. Durch den Vergleich zweier geschlechtersegregierter Branchen, dem Bau- und Reinigungsgewerbe in der Schweiz, wird aufgezeigt, wie Systeme der kollektiven Lohnverhandlung, Strategien des Personaleinsatzes sowie Regeln und Praktiken der Beförderung und Weiterbildung zu ungleichen Erwerbschancen beitragen. Analytisch knüpft der Artikel an die Theorie der Unterschätzung von Frauenarbeit an und konzipiert Erwerbschancen als Resultat unterschiedlicher Konstruktionen des Werts von Arbeit. Als empirische Grundlage dienen qualitative Interviews mit Arbeitgebenden, geringqualifizierten Arbeitskräften und Gewerkschaftsvertretern. Zudem wurden die Kollektivverträge der beiden Branchen analysiert. Der Fokus liegt auf Generalunternehmen der Baubranche und auf der Unterhaltsreinigung. Während sich Erstere durch hohe Mindestlöhne sowie institutionalisierte Aufstiegsmöglichkeiten auszeichnen, ist Letztere durch niedrige Löhne, Unterbeschäftigung und mangelnde Möglichkeiten der beruflichen Weiterentwicklung geprägt. Der Beitrag belegt die Vielschichtigkeit der Faktoren, die auf der Ebene von Branchen und Betrieben die Erwerbschancen von Geringqualifizierten beeinflussen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Einkommensungleichheit stagniert langfristig, sinkt aber während der Corona-Pandemie leicht (2021)
Zitatform
Grabka, Markus M. (2021): Einkommensungleichheit stagniert langfristig, sinkt aber während der Corona-Pandemie leicht. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 88, H. 18, S. 307-316. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2021-18-1
Abstract
"Sowohl Löhne als auch bedarfsgewichtete Haushaltseinkommen sind im Zeitraum 2013 bis 2018 real um gut zehn Prozent gestiegen. Hiervon profitierten alle Einkommensgruppen. Die Ungleichheit der Löhne ist seit mehreren Jahren rückläufig und liegt wieder auf dem Niveau wie zu Beginn der 2000er Jahre. Parallel dazu ist der Niedriglohnsektor um zwei Prozentpunkte geschrumpft. Anders verhält es sich bei den Haushaltseinkommen, bei denen sich die Ungleichheit seit vielen Jahren kaum verändert hat. Auch die Niedrigeinkommensquote stagniert. Allerdings ist der Anteil der Personen, die von essentiellem Mangel (materieller Deprivation) betroffen sind, auf ein im europäischen Vergleich niedriges Niveau gesunken. Seit Ausbruch der Covid-19-Pandemie hat die Einkommensungleichheit in Deutschland leicht abgenommen, was vor allem an den rückläufigen Einkommen bei den Selbstständigen liegen dürfte. Die Pandemie birgt aber die Gefahr, dass durch eine steigende Zahl von Insolvenzen und Arbeitslosen die Einkommen in der Breite wieder sinken. Die Politik sollte die Hilfen an Selbstständige und Unternehmen nicht zu früh einstellen und deren Zielgenauigkeit nachjustieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Second Earners and In-Work Poverty in Europe (2021)
Zitatform
Jara Tamayo, H. Xavier & Daria Popova (2021): Second Earners and In-Work Poverty in Europe. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 50, H. 3, S. 470-492. DOI:10.1017/S0047279420000227
Abstract
"Dual or multiple earnership has been considered an important factor to prevent in-work poverty. The aim of this paper is to quantify the impact of second earnership on the risk of in-work poverty and the role of the tax-benefit system in moderating this risk. Our analysis refers to 2014 and employs EUROMOD, the tax-benefit microsimulation model for the European Union and the United Kingdom. In order to assess the role of second earners in preventing in-work poverty we simulate a counterfactual scenario where second earners become unemployed. Our results show that the effect of net replacement rates (i.e. the ratio of household income before and after the transition of second earners to unemployment) on the probability of in-work poverty is negative and statistically significant, but in relative terms it appears to be small compared to the effects of individual labour market characteristics, such as low pay and part-time employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Worker Beliefs About Outside Options (2021)
Zitatform
Jäger, Simon, Christopher Roth, Nina Roussille & Benjamin Schoefer (2021): Worker Beliefs About Outside Options. (NBER working paper 29623), Cambridge, Mass, 119 S. DOI:10.3386/w29623
Abstract
"Workers wrongly anchor their beliefs about outside options on their current wage. In particular, low-paid workers underestimate wages elsewhere. We document this anchoring bias by eliciting workers' beliefs in a representative survey in Germany and comparing them to measures of actual outside options in linked administrative labor market data. In an equilibrium model, such anchoring can give rise to monopsony and labor market segmentation. In line with the model, misperceptions are particularly pronounced among workers in low-wage firms. If workers had correct beliefs, at least 10% of jobs, concentrated in low-wage firms, would not be viable at current wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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- Theorie
- Politik und Maßnahmen
- Arbeitsmarkt- und Lohnentwicklung
- Arbeitswelt, Personalpolitik
- Personengruppen
- Wirtschaftszweige
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
- Alter