Niedriglohnarbeitsmarkt
Der Ausbau des Niedriglohnsektors sollte Ende der 1990er Jahre die hohe Arbeitslosigkeit reduzieren. Als Niedriglohn gilt ein Arbeitsentgelt, das trotz Vollzeitbeschäftigung keine angemessene Existenzsicherung gewährleistet – die OECD definiert den ihn als einen Bruttolohn, der unterhalb von zwei Dritteln des nationalen Medianbruttolohns aller Vollzeitbeschäftigten liegt. Betroffen von Niedriglöhnen sind überdurchschnittlich häufig Personen ohne beruflichen Abschluss, jüngere Erwerbstätige und Frauen.
Bietet der Niedriglohnsektor eine Chance zum Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt oder ist er eine Sackgasse? Das IAB-Themendossier erschließt Informationen zum Forschungsstand.
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- Theorie
- Politik und Maßnahmen
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Literaturhinweis
Low-wage employment in France: A cross-country perspective (2025)
Barreto, César; Puymoyen, Agnes; Fluchtmann, Jonas ; Pearsall, Eliza-Jane; Georgieff, Alexandre; Carcillo, Stéphane ; Pacifico, Daniele; Hijzen, Alexander;Zitatform
Barreto, César, Stéphane Carcillo, Jonas Fluchtmann, Alexandre Georgieff, Alexander Hijzen, Daniele Pacifico, Eliza-Jane Pearsall & Agnes Puymoyen (2025): Low-wage employment in France. A cross-country perspective. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 313), Paris, 47 S. DOI:10.1787/82539f44-en
Abstract
"This study investigates factors favoring a possible "smicardization" of French workers - the process of an increasing coverage of workers at the minimum wage. First, the minimum wage is relatively high in France compared with other countries, with the result that a large number of workers are close to it. Second, low wages reflect less the characteristics of firms or sectors than the low skills of workers, the resolution of which requires appropriate education and training policies, effective over the long-term. Finally, an analysis of tax and benefit systems highlights the existence of potential low-wage trap mechanisms, which are particularly significant in France compared to other countries. Nevertheless, analysis of individual trajectories shows that it is no more difficult for low-wage workers to climb the wage ladder in France than in the other selected countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Bridging the wage gap: A discussion of wage subsidies to low-paid workers and their costs in Italy (2025)
Bonatti, Luigi; Lorenzetti, Lorenza Alexandra; Traverso, Silvio;Zitatform
Bonatti, Luigi, Lorenza Alexandra Lorenzetti & Silvio Traverso (2025): Bridging the wage gap: A discussion of wage subsidies to low-paid workers and their costs in Italy. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 1552), Essen, 24 S.
Abstract
"This paper discusses the potential introduction of permanent public subsidies to supplement the wages of low-paid workers in Italy, taking inspiration from Edmund Phelps' ideas on supporting the working poor. We consider how a negative taxation scheme for low-wage earners might address structural labor market challenges such as low participation rates, labor market segmentation, and widespread in-work poverty. Using a stylized theoretical model, we illustrate how such subsidies could affect wages, employment, and labor supply-demand dynamics, with a particular focus on potential cost implications under different elasticity assumptions. We also consider how design features - such as targeting full-time workers or integrating the subsidy with broader social and economic reforms - could maximize the measure's impact while mitigating risks related to fraud or uneven coverage. Finally, a scenario analysis based on Italian Labor Force Survey data provides an indication of the policy's likely scale and distributional effects. The paper concludes by reflecting on both opportunities and challenges for implementing wage subsidies in Italy's segmented labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
No one-size-fits-all solution. Effects of social policies on in-work poverty (2025)
Zitatform
Brülle, Jan (2025): No one-size-fits-all solution. Effects of social policies on in-work poverty. In: European Societies, S. 1-29. DOI:10.1162/euso.a.19
Abstract
"The paper studies effects of social policies on in-work poverty risks, distinguishing between measures that either intervene in labor market processes - i.e. predistribution policies - or redistribute towards those with low incomes. The analyses use data from EU-SILC and macro-level indicators from various sources to estimate general as well as household-typespecific effects using longitudinal methods. Results reveal important differences between specific policies: increasing minimum wages contributes to reducing low-wage risks, but has no significant effect on in-work poverty risks. In contrast, there is a negative effect of strict employment protection legislation across almost all household types on in-work poverty, which is consistent with the positive role this measure plays for supporting earnings that are sufficient to provide not only for one person, but also potential dependants in the household. With respect to redistributional policies, both unemployment benefits and benefits to low earners reduce poverty due to their contribution to public poverty-reduction. However, whereas unemployment benefits only reduce in-work poverty among couple households, benefits to low earners mainly contribute to lower poverty risks among employed single parents. Overall, the results underscore that predistributional and redistributional as well as universal and targeted interventions cannot easily substitute each other." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Niedriglohnbeschäftigung 2022 - Deutlicher Rückgang in Westdeutschland (2025)
Kalina, Thorsten;Zitatform
Kalina, Thorsten (2025): Niedriglohnbeschäftigung 2022 - Deutlicher Rückgang in Westdeutschland. (IAQ-Report 2025-03), Duisburg, 17 S. DOI:10.17185/duepublico/83214
Abstract
"Das Niedriglohnrisiko ist in Deutschland zwischen 2021 und 2022 insgesamt um fast zwei Prozentpunkte auf 19 % gesunken. Anders als in früheren Jahren zeigte sich vor allem in Westdeutschland ein deutlicher Rückgang von 19,9 % auf 17,9 %. Von dieser positiven Entwicklung konnten Beschäftigtengruppen mit einem hohen Niedriglohnrisiko, wie etwa Ausländer*innen, Beschäftigte mit Migrationshintergrund oder befristet Beschäftigte, nur zum Teil profitieren. Vielfach reduzierte sich das Niedriglohnrisiko für Beschäftigtengruppen, die im Allgemeinen eher eine überdurchschnittliche Entlohnung haben (Akademiker*innen, Männer, mittlere Altersgruppen). Ferner sank es eher in sozialversicherungspflichtiger Teilzeitbeschäftigung als in Minijobs. Ein Rückgang des Niedriglohnrisikos war für die jeweiligen Gruppen meistens nicht mit Beschäftigungsverlusten verbunden, einzige Ausnahme sind befristet Beschäftigte. Für tarifgebundene Beschäftigte ist das Niedriglohnrisiko mit knapp 11 % deutlich geringer als für nicht tarifgebundene Beschäftigte mit gut 26 %. Maßnahmen zur Stärkung der Tarifbindung könnten helfen, den Niedriglohnsektor weiter zu verkleinern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Low-pay work and the risk of poverty: a dynamic analysis for European countries (2025)
Zitatform
Mussida, Chiara & Dario Sciulli (2025): Low-pay work and the risk of poverty: a dynamic analysis for European countries. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, S. 1-24. DOI:10.1007/s10888-025-09666-9
Abstract
"This paper explores how householders’ and partners' low-pay conditions affect the risk of poverty ofEuropean households. We use 2016–2019 longitudinal European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions data, model poverty and labour market outcomes, and account for possible endogeneity of low-pay work in the poverty equation. Low-pay work is defined on gross hourly wage basis. We find that low-pay work increases the risk of poverty compared to high-pay conditions. Notably, when compared to non-employment, the effect of low-pay work on poverty differs between householders and partners. The effect tends to be stronger for the former and smaller for the latter, which stresses the leading role of householders in income formation and the added-worker role of partners in households. The risk of poverty for low-pay workers is even reinforced by their higher probability of being employed in job positions with fewer annual working hours, such as part-time and temporary contracts. The magnitude of low-pay effects on poverty appears to be associated with institutions capable of sustaining the wage floor, earnings and income inequalities, and the generosity of social transfers. We find evidence of feedback effects from poverty on future labour market outcomes, suggesting a self-reinforcing mechanism between poverty and poor labour conditions, which along with limited upward mobility in the labour markets, may lead societies toward persistent income segmentation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Class, gender and the work of working‐class women amid turbulent times (2025)
Zitatform
Warren, Tracey, Luis Torres, Clare Lyonette & Ruth Tarlo (2025): Class, gender and the work of working‐class women amid turbulent times. In: The British journal of sociology, Jg. 76, H. 1, S. 96-113. DOI:10.1111/1468-4446.13147
Abstract
"The article focuses on the work of working-class women (WCW) amid turbulent times. Its timespan is just prior to and during the Covid-19 pandemic in the UK. The women's work, and the key skills involved, are fundamental to everyday lives, but both have been under-valued and under-rewarded. The pandemic shone a fresh light on the societal importance of this work and highlighted how its under-valuation and the women's systemic low pay and inferior working conditions have serious ramifications not only for individual workers and their families but for the provision of key services. The article centres WCW, at the intersection of classed and gendered disadvantage, to ask about inequalities in work experiences. Analysing nationally representative samples of thousands of workers in the UK prior to and as Covid-19 rolled out, we compare WCW with other workers. We show that the women faced both persistent and new inequalities at work: enduring low earnings, pandemic-led risks to jobs and paid hours, little opportunity to work from home or flexibly, and stressful key working roles. We reveal the heavily classed nature of some of these findings, show that others were more strongly gendered, while still others were classed and gendered outcomes that require intersectional analyses of the women's working lives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum Wage Effects and Monopsony Explanations (2025)
Zitatform
Wiltshire, Justin, Carl McPherson, Michael Reich & Denis Sosinskiy (2025): Minimum Wage Effects and Monopsony Explanations. In: Journal of labor economics, S. 1-46. DOI:10.1086/735551
Abstract
"We present the first causal analysis of a seven-year run-up of minimum wages to $15. Using a novel stacked county-level synthetic control estimator and data on fast-food restaurants, we find substantial pay growth and no disemployment. Our results hold among lower-wage counties and counties without local minimum wages. Minimum wage increases reduce Separation rates and raise wages faster than prices at McDonald’s stores; both findings imply a monopsonistic labor market with declining rents. In the tight post-pandemic labor market, when laborsupply becomes more elastic, we find positive employment effects. These become larger and statistically significant after addressing pandemic-response confounds." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum wages and insurance within the firm (2024)
Adamopoulou, Effrosyni; Rachedi, Omar; Manaresi, Francesco; Yurdagul, Emircan;Zitatform
Adamopoulou, Effrosyni, Francesco Manaresi, Omar Rachedi & Emircan Yurdagul (2024): Minimum wages and insurance within the firm. (ZEW discussion paper 24-021), Mannheim, 66 S.
Abstract
"Minimum wages generate an asymmetric pass-through of firm shocks across workers. We establish this result leveraging employer-employee data on Italian metalmanufacturing firms, which face different wage floors that vary within occupations. In response to negative firm productivity shocks, workers close to the wage floors experience higher job separations but no wage loss. However, the wage of high-paid workers decreases, and more so in firms with higher incidence of minimum wages. A neoclassical model with complementarities across workers with different skills rationalizes these findings. Our results uncover a novel channel that tilts the welfare gains of minimum wages toward low-paid workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Have low-paid jobs increased in the Swedish labor market? Defining low pay in the context of the Nordic model (2024)
Zitatform
Alfonsson, Johan, Tomas Berglund & Patrik Vulkan (2024): Have low-paid jobs increased in the Swedish labor market? Defining low pay in the context of the Nordic model. In: Economic and Industrial Democracy, Jg. 45, H. 4, S. 1090-1111. DOI:10.1177/0143831X231215597
Abstract
"Can the Nordic wage-setting model, where social partners decide wages through collective agreements, counteract a growing low-paid sector? This article tests four definitions of low-paid jobs to analyze whether this sector has grown for the period 2005–2020 in Sweden. Despite policy changes pointing towards growth, all definitions show a slight decrease in low-paid jobs over time. The authors argue that the industrial relations system, with the aim of keeping the industry wage increases in check to aid export competitiveness, also sets a uniform level wage that limits low-paid jobs. It is also found that low pay in the Swedish setting is partly a result of working less than full-time or having unstable employment, and service workers and those with low education are becoming increasingly common in this position." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The U.S. Low-Wage Structure: A McWage Comparison (2024)
Ashenfelter, Orley; Jurajda, Štepán;Zitatform
Ashenfelter, Orley & Štepán Jurajda (2024): The U.S. Low-Wage Structure: A McWage Comparison. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17142), Bonn, 34 S.
Abstract
"Thanks to standardized work protocol and technology of McDonald's restaurants, the hourly wage of McDonald's Basic Crew enables wage comparisons under near-identical skill inputs and hedonic job conditions. McWages capture labor costs in entry-level jobs, while the Big Macs (earned) Per Hour (BMPH) index measures corresponding purchasing power of wages. We document large and growing geographical wage differences in standardized jobs using data covering most U.S. counties during 2016-2023. Before the Covid-19 pandemic, there was no BMPH growth where minimum wages stayed constant, but the pandemic wage increase, which diminished the importance of minimum wages, was stronger in these areas." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
In-work poverty in Western Europe. A longitudinal perspective (2024)
Zitatform
Barbieri, Paolo, Giorgio Cutuli & Stefani Scherer (2024): In-work poverty in Western Europe. A longitudinal perspective. In: European Societies, Jg. 26, H. 4, S. 1232-1264. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2024.2307013
Abstract
"This study investigates levels and determinants of in-work poverty (IWP) in Western Europe using EU-SILC longitudinal data 2004-2019. We compared IWP risk and their dynamics across fourteen countries by examining individual labor market positions, household total labor supplies, and employment patterns. We further explored the social class gradient in exposure to IWP, as well as drivers and patterns of longitudinal accumulation of poverty. Relying on a single (standard) earner is often not enough to keep families out of poverty, confirming the importance of dual-earner household arrangements, even if they entail non-standard employment conditions for one partner. This holds particularly true for countries with high levels of IWP and for less privileged social and occupational groups across all contexts. Analyzing IWP inertia, we examined the interplay between genuine state dependence (GSD) and unobserved heterogeneity in the accumulation of economic disadvantage over time. Previous experiences with IWP can lead to future IWP for some, yet this causal effect appears rather small. Our findings have clear implications for the social stratification of risk and policies designed to combat poverty accumulation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Bringing labour market flexibilization under control? Marginal work and collective regulation in the creative industries in the Netherlands (2024)
Zitatform
Been, Wike & Maarten Keune (2024): Bringing labour market flexibilization under control? Marginal work and collective regulation in the creative industries in the Netherlands. In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 30, H. 4, S. 403-420. DOI:10.1177/09596801221127109
Abstract
"The cultural and creative industries (CCI) is a sector where the workforce is highly educated, yet precarious working conditions are prominent. Although flexible and marginal work is often treated as an overall feature of the sector, this study based on register data on all workers in the sector shows that processes of flexibilization and marginalization are highly divergent between its subsectors. In half of the CCI subsectors, some form of collectively bargained response to the ongoing flexibilization and marginalization has emerged. This first of all shows that creative workers do indeed not only care about expressing their creativity but also about their material working and living conditions. Also how employers’ organizations and trade unions respond to these developments by means of collective agreements varies. Where they disagree, concrete action is postponed. Where they align, either counteracting measures are included, or attempts are made to bridge the divide between employees and the self-employed to some extend in the collective agreement. By doing so, they counteract processes of dualization, paving the road for innovative approaches of industrial relations actors. Still, this counts only for part of the CCI as much of it remains not covered by collective agreements." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A new measurement approach for identifying high-polluting jobs across European countries (2024)
Causa, Orsetta; Soldani, Emilia; Nguyen, Maxime;Zitatform
Causa, Orsetta, Maxime Nguyen & Emilia Soldani (2024): A new measurement approach for identifying high-polluting jobs across European countries. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1795), Paris, 27 S. DOI:10.1787/f5127e4c-en
Abstract
"This paper develops a novel classification of high-polluting occupations for a large sample of European countries. Unlike previous efforts in the literature, the classification exploits country-level data on air polluting emission intensity by industry. The country-level data allows to capture important cross-country differences, due to differences in technology and in production focus. Applying the new classification to European Labour Force Survey data shows that, on average across the countries covered, about 4% of workers are employed in high-polluting jobs, ranging from 9% in Czechia and the Slovak Republic to around 2% in Austria. These shares do not exhibit any clear decreasing trend over the past decade. High-polluting jobs are unequally distributed, being over-represented among men, workers with lower and medium educational attainment and those living in rural areas." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Revisiting Dualism? The Governance of the Low Pay-Low Skill Labour Market in Four European Countries (2024)
Zitatform
Eichhorst, Werner & Gemma Scalise (2024): Revisiting Dualism? The Governance of the Low Pay-Low Skill Labour Market in Four European Countries. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17378), Bonn, 25 S.
Abstract
"The permanent restructuring of the economy, exacerbated by the digital transition and combined with labour market dualization, is progressively increasing semi- and low-skilled workers' risk of marginalization. This article analyses how countries balance employment and equality concerns in core private services sectors and inquires the policy strategy that governments in Germany, France, Italy and Spain have implemented over the last two decades for workers 'at the margins'. The analysis encompasses multiple policy tools – skill upgrading, social benefits, incentives toreduce barriers to employment and wage regulation – and reveals varied trajectories. A common direction is followed by Germany and Spain, which have adopted policies to mitigate long-standing labor market dualism by implementing protective policies that aim at improving job conditions for low-wage and at-risk workers. France is stuck in its protective approach, focusing on job stabilization through subsidies without addressing the need for skill development, which limits long-term labor market mobility. Italy is exacerbating dualism by failing to improve job quality and training opportunities, leading to persistent low productivity and increasing in-work poverty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Low-wage employment in Central and Eastern European Member States (2024)
Fialová, Kamila;Zitatform
Fialová, Kamila (2024): Low-wage employment in Central and Eastern European Member States. (Social situation monitor), Brussels, 70 S. DOI:10.2767/001750
Abstract
"This research note offers a comprehensive view of low-wage employment. It investigates the nature and extent of low-pay persistence in European countries, using longitudinal data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) spanning 2004 to 2019. The study focuses on the overall EU situation while highlighting differences between CEE and WE countries. It contributes to the limited research on low-wage employment in CEE countries, shedding light on the characteristics of low-wage populations across Europe and adding value for shaping social policies to tackle poverty and in-work poverty. It examines the institutional and macroeconomic factors that contribute to the incidence and persistence of low pay. Understanding the identity of low-wage earners and the drivers of low pay is pivotal in developing strategies to raise wages. The latest EU-SILC data only covers wage information to 2019, impeding a direct analysis of recent trends such as increasing energy costs, high inflation, the Ukraine conflict and related migration, digital and green transition, or the long-term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Von der jüngsten Anhebung des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns waren 18 Prozent der Betriebe und 5 Prozent der Beschäftigten betroffen (2024)
Zitatform
Georgieva, Kalina & Christian Hohendanner (2024): Von der jüngsten Anhebung des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns waren 18 Prozent der Betriebe und 5 Prozent der Beschäftigten betroffen. In: IAB-Forum H. 16.05.2024. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20240516.01
Abstract
"Im Jahr 2023 beschloss die Bundesregierung auf Vorschlag der Mindestlohnkommission eine Anhebung des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns zum 1. Januar 2024 von 12,00 auf 12,41 Euro pro Stunde. Davon waren anteilig weniger Betriebe und Beschäftigte betroffen als bei der letzten - deutlich stärkeren - Anhebung von 10,45 auf 12,00 Euro. Besonders stark waren die Auswirkungen, wie schon in den vergangenen Jahren, im Gastgewerbe sowie in der Nahrungs- und Genussmittelbranche. Dort profitierten rund 45 beziehungsweise 30 Prozent der Beschäftigten unmittelbar von der jüngsten Erhöhung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
DIW Berlin: Niedriglohnsektor in Deutschland schrumpft seit 2017 (2024)
Zitatform
Grabka, Markus M. (2024): DIW Berlin: Niedriglohnsektor in Deutschland schrumpft seit 2017. In: DIW-Wochenbericht H. 5, S. 67-76. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2024-5-1
Abstract
"Die letzten zwei Jahrzehnte waren in Deutschland durch verschiedene wirtschaftliche Krisen geprägt. So ist beispielsweise das reale Bruttoinlandsprodukt in der Finanzmarktkrise 2009 um 5,7 Prozent und im ersten Jahr der Coronapandemie 2020 um 3,8 Prozent gesunken.info Diesen starken Einbrüche standen in den Folgejahren zwar starke Zuwächse gegenüber, aber in der längeren Frist fiel die Veränderung des realen Bruttoinlandsprodukts mit gerade einmal einem Prozent im Jahresdurchschnitt zwischen 2011 und 2021 gering aus.info Wie wirken sich diese Entwicklungen auf die Bruttolöhne und Gehälter der Beschäftigten und die Haushaltsnettoeinkommen der Privathaushalte in Deutschland aus? Hierzu werden Einkommensinformationen des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP)info, das in Zusammenarbeit mit infas – Institut für angewandte Sozialwissenschaft erhoben wird, zurückgegriffen (Kasten). Die Angaben der Löhne beziehen sich auf den Zeitraum 1995 bis 2021, die der Haushaltsnettoeinkommen auf den Zeitraum 1995 bis 2020. Das Jahr 1995 wurde als Startjahr gewählt, da zu diesem Zeitpunkt die Transformation der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft nach der Wiedervereinigung nahezu abgeschlossen war. Ergänzt werden diese durch Informationen des Statistisches Bundesamtes." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Precarious employment and associations with socio-demographic characteristics and self-reported health in Wales, UK (2024)
Zitatform
Gray, B.J., M.L. Griffiths, R.G. Kyle, K.R. Isherwood, C. Humphreys & A.R. Davies (2024): Precarious employment and associations with socio-demographic characteristics and self-reported health in Wales, UK. In: Public health, Jg. 236, S. 452-458. DOI:10.1016/j.puhe.2024.08.015
Abstract
"Objectives: The study's aim was to explore the prevalence of precarious employment (PE) in Wales prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and examine associations with PE domains across socio-demographics and self-reported health. Study design: A cross-sectional design was used to explore the prevalence of PE in Wales prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, in February 2020. Methods: Data were collected from a national household survey carried out in May/June 2020, with a sample of 1032 residents in Wales. PE was determined using the Employment Precariousness Scale. Associations between experiencing PE and socio-demographic/health characteristics were examined using Chi-squared tests and logistic regression models (multinomial and binary). Results: Overall, before the pandemic, one in four respondents (26.5%) was in PE, with the most prevalent domains, wages, and disempowerment being experienced by at least 50% of respondents. Worse perceived treatment at work was twice as likely in those reporting pre-existing conditions (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.45 95% confidence interval [CI]: [1.33–4.49]), poorer general health (aOR: 2.33 95% CI: [1.22–4.47]), or low mental wellbeing (aOR: 2.81 95% CI: [1.34–5.88]). Those with high wage precariousness were three times more likely to report low mental wellbeing (aOR 3.12 95% CI [1.54–6.32]). Conclusions: The creation and Provision of secure, adequately paid job opportunities has the potential to reduce the prevalence of PE in Wales. Targeting such employment opportunities to those people currently unwell would have better population health gains." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Early Career Effects of Entering the Labor Market During Higher Education Expansion (2024)
Zitatform
Göhausen, Johannes & Stephan L. Thomsen (2024): Early Career Effects of Entering the Labor Market During Higher Education Expansion. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17487), Bonn, 74 S.
Abstract
"We evaluate the labor market effects of an increasing supply of high-skilled labor, resulting from a higher education expansion at established German universities. Exploiting variation in exposure across regions and cohorts, we estimate early career effects for labor market entrants. We find that high-skilled wages decline initially, particularly in non-graduate jobs, but recover over the first five years of experience. Medium-skilled workers are barely affected, while low-skilled workers benefit from higher wage growth in non-routineintensive jobs. We explain the dynamics of the effects by two countervailing mechanisms: immediate supply effects and gradual technology effects through increasing skilled labor demand." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Data product DOI: 10.5164/IAB.SIAB7517.de.en.v1 -
Literaturhinweis
Niedriglohnbeschäftigung 2021; Langfristiger Rückgang nur in Ostdeutschland (2024)
Kalina, Thorsten;Zitatform
Kalina, Thorsten (2024): Niedriglohnbeschäftigung 2021; Langfristiger Rückgang nur in Ostdeutschland. (IAQ-Report 2024-03), Duisburg ; Essen, 23 S. DOI:10.17185/duepublico/81751
Abstract
"Das Niedriglohnrisiko ist langfristig betrachtet nur in Ostdeutschland gesunken. In Westdeutschland liegt das Niveau seit 2006 weitgehend konstant bei rund 20 %. Deutliche Steigerungen der Löhne im Niedriglohnbereich gab es nur kurz nach der Einführung des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns in den Jahren 2015 und 2016. Anschließend stagnierten die durchschnittlichen Löhne im Niedriglohnbereich und sind 2021 deutlich hinter der allgemeinen Lohnentwicklung zurückgeblieben. Zum Teil erklären Strukturunterschiede zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschland (z.B. weniger Beschäftigte in Großbetrieben), das nach wie vor höhere Niedriglohnrisiko in Ostdeutschland. Zum Teil wirkt sich auch das niedrigere Lohn- und Preisniveau in Ostdeutschland aus. Eine weitere Anhebung des Mindestlohns kann sicher zu einer Annäherung der Ost- und Westlöhne beitragen. Um den Niedriglohnsektor zu verkleinern, wäre aber zugleich eine Stärkung der Tarifbindung notwendig." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Incidence of Poverty in Working-age Population in EU Countries: A Gender Perspective (2024)
Zitatform
Kovářová, Eva & Tereza Vašenková (2024): Incidence of Poverty in Working-age Population in EU Countries: A Gender Perspective. In: Prague Economic Papers, Jg. 33, H. 4, S. 444-477. DOI:10.18267/j.pep.864
Abstract
"Poverty reduction has long been one of the political priorities of the European Union and its member states. Despite the political declarations and measures applied, poverty is still a phenomenon that affects the everyday lives of about 70 million Europeans. Moreover, trends in poverty incidence show how poverty risks are sensitive to overall socio-economic development and how they are more actual for some vulnerable population groups. Following the popular concept of poverty feminization, the analysis presented in the paper aims to identify gender perspective relationship between the poverty incidence and characteristics describing the situation on the labor market or the levels of attained education in EU-27 countries. Attention is paid to poverty incidence among women and men of working age (population aged from 25 to 54 years) and differences are examined in the relationship to the position of both genders on the labor market. Presented findings, based mainly on the results obtained from the panel regression analysis performed for the period 2007–2020, suggest that policymakers should integrate a gender perspective into all policies focused on poverty reduction." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effects of minimum wages on employment and Prices - Evidence from the hairdressing sector (2024)
Kunaschk, Max;Zitatform
Kunaschk, Max (2024): The effects of minimum wages on employment and Prices - Evidence from the hairdressing sector. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 88, 2024-04-04. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102540
Abstract
"This paper provides comprehensive evidence on the labor and product market effects of a high-impact minimum wage introduction in the highly competitive hairdressing sector. Using detailed administrative data, I find negligible overall employment effects, even though the minimum wage substantially increased hourly wages. However, sub-group analyses reveal considerable heterogeneity in the estimated employment effects and suggest shifts away from marginal towards regular employment. Analyses of the price effects suggest that the reform increased output prices considerably, implying that consumers largely paid for the minimum wage." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Elsevier) ((en))
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Kunaschk, Max; -
Literaturhinweis
Home work: Exploring the labor market effects of subsidizing domestic services (2024)
Zitatform
Leduc, Elisabeth & Ilan Tojerow (2024): Home work: Exploring the labor market effects of subsidizing domestic services. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 90. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102595
Abstract
"This paper analyzes subsidies for the domestic services sector, an increasingly popular policy to create employment opportunities for low-skilled workers. Using Belgian administrative data, a differences-in-differences approach, and a shift-share instrumental variable, we estimate the local effects of the policy in targeted industries as well as overall effects on the labor market. We find that domestic service subsidies can increase female employment in the subsidized industries as well as the overall employment rate. This increase in employment is primarily driven by an increase in (formal) labor market participation and, to a lesser extent, a reduction in the rate of participation in unemployment insurance and in other social welfare programs. We also find that these subsidies can lead to an increase in the rate of work incapacity, likely due to the fact they broaden the population that can access the social safety net." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
“Stepping-Stone” versus “Dead-End” Jobs: Occupational Structure, Work Experience, and Mobility Out of Low-Wage Jobs (2024)
Zitatform
Mouw, Ted, Arne L. Kalleberg & Michael A. Schultz (2024): “Stepping-Stone” versus “Dead-End” Jobs: Occupational Structure, Work Experience, and Mobility Out of Low-Wage Jobs. In: American sociological review, Jg. 89, H. 2, S. 298-345. DOI:10.1177/00031224241232957
Abstract
"Does working in a low-wage job lead to increased opportunities for upward mobility, or is it a dead-end that traps workers? In this article, we examine whether low-wage jobs are “stepping-stones” that enable workers to move to higher-paid jobs that are linked by institutional mobility ladders and skill transferability. To identify occupational linkages, we create two measures of occupational similarity using data on occupational mobility from matched samples of the Current Population Survey (CPS) and data on multiple dimensions of job skills from the O*NET. We test whether work experience in low-wage occupations increases mobility between linked occupations that results in upward wage mobility. Our analysis uses longitudinal data on low-wage workers from the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY) and the 1996 to 2008 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). We test the stepping-stone perspective using multinomial conditional logit (MCL) models, which allow us to analyze the joint effects of work experience and occupational linkages on achieving upward wage mobility. We find evidence for stepping-stone mobility in certain areas of the low-wage occupational structure. In these occupations, low-wage workers can acquire skills through work experience that facilitate upward mobility through occupational changes to skill and institutionally linked occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Non-take-up of in-work benefits: determinants, benefit erosion and indexing (2024)
Zitatform
Muñoz-Higueras, Diego, Stephan Köppe, Rafael Granell & Amadeo Fuenmayor (2024): Non-take-up of in-work benefits: determinants, benefit erosion and indexing. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 58, H. 1. DOI:10.1186/s12651-024-00385-8
Abstract
"Non-take-up of welfare schemes is a key concern of policy effectiveness. Building on studies that have shown the low take-up of minimum income schemes, our case study of Ireland’s Working Family Payment is the first to analyse non-take-up of an in-work benefit and its determinants with a special focus on labor market factors. Based on EU-SILC (2014–2019) we estimate a non-take-up rate between 63 and 76%, which poses a major obstacle for effective poverty prevention. Moreover, we stress that non-take-up of in-work benefits differs to minimum income schemes. We provide new evidence on how labor market characteristics play an important role in explaining non-take-up, especially self-employment and the interaction with unemployment benefits. Benefit erosion is a key factor in declining eligibility, which should be addressed by indexing wages and prices. Furthermore, we propose policy reforms around automatic enrolment or tax credits to mitigate non-take-up and alleviate in-work poverty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
More than Money? Job Quality and Food Insecurity among Employed Lone Mother Households in the United States (2024)
Zitatform
Sheely, Amanda (2024): More than Money? Job Quality and Food Insecurity among Employed Lone Mother Households in the United States. In: Social Policy and Society, Jg. 23, H. 1, S. 35-52. DOI:10.1017/S1474746421000877
Abstract
"This article examines the relationship between food insecurity and the uncertainty and inadequate financial resources associated with low quality work among lone mother households in the United States. Food insecurity has increased since the start of the Great Recession and is particularly high among lone mother households. Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, I find that mothers who have been employed part-time involuntarily and experienced job loss have an increased likelihood of experiencing food insecurity. This relationship holds even after controlling for multiple measures of household income, suggesting the relationship between low quality work and food insecurity is not solely determined by low financial resources. Results suggest that, to reduce food insecurity among lone mother families, policymakers must address both the low wages and uncertainty associated with low quality employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of global value chains on wages, employment, and productivity: a survey of theoretical approaches (2024)
Zitatform
Szymczak, Sabina (2024): The impact of global value chains on wages, employment, and productivity: a survey of theoretical approaches. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 58. DOI:10.1186/s12651-024-00367-w
Abstract
"This study presents a systematic literature review to provide a collection of theories explaining the impact of global value chains (GVCs) on labor market outcomes. Due to the complex nature of GVCs and the interconnectedness of wages, employment, and productivity, many direct and indirect effects are at play. To ensure a transparent and systematic flow of the review process, I follow the PRISMA guide. Eventually, 36 records out of 1221 results from Scopus database were selected. This review may be useful for theorists, empirical economists, and policy makers as an overview of theoretical developments and convenient map of potential outcomes expected from involvement in GVCs. It identifies and systematizes a number of effects existing in the literature under various names. The results show that the predictions from the theory are ambiguous. The positive effects which may emerge regardless the characteristics of the GVC are the productivity-enhancing effect and the cross-effect, especially important considering growing servicification of manufacturing. Here lies the critical role of the state and policies to assure that the losses will not exceed the gains in the aggregate terms. One of the main factors shaping the outcome is the power distribution among the GVC’s firms. Additionally, this paper shows the shortcomings of the existing theories. Less aggregated levels of analysis could be a great input to the discussion, as well as addressing different GVCs’ dimensions and types of organization. The understanding of relation between GVC position and labor market is especially worth exploration as the existing evidence adopt different and even contradicting perspectives on the definition of upgrading the GVC position." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Financial hardship while working: A comparison of standard and non-standard workers across Europe (2024)
Zitatform
Visser, Mark, Marleen Damman & Gerbert Kraaykamp (2024): Financial hardship while working: A comparison of standard and non-standard workers across Europe. In: Economic and Industrial Democracy. DOI:10.1177/0143831x241287649
Abstract
"This study examines differences between non-standard (here: temporary employees and solo self-employed people) and standard workers (here: permanent employees) in financial hardship. It also examines whether these differences are conditional on the country context. To this aim, multilevel regression analysis was applied to European Social Survey data, covering 32 countries and the time period 2002–2018. The results show that temporary employees and the solo self-employed report more financial hardship compared to permanent employees, and that temporary employees experience more financial hardship than the solo self-employed. Both macroeconomic decline and higher levels of social protection generally enlarge the gap in financial hardship between non-standard and standard workers. Furthermore, solo self-employed persons are hit harder by macroeconomic adversity and they are not or less entitled to social benefits than temporary employees, reflected by smaller differences in financial hardship between these groups of non-standard workers. The findings are mostly in line with labor market dualization theories." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Persistent or temporary? Effects of social assistance benefit sanctions on employment quality (2024)
Wolf, Markus;Zitatform
Wolf, Markus (2024): Persistent or temporary? Effects of social assistance benefit sanctions on employment quality. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 22, H. 3, S. 1531-1557., 2023-12-11. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwad073
Abstract
"This article analyzes the effects of sanctions for unemployed recipients of the social assistance benefit in Germany. I conduct an analysis using administrative data from 2012 to 2018, applying a dynamic entropy balancing approach. In contrast to most previous analyses of benefit sanction effects, I analyse outcomes over a longer period and assess effects on various dimensions of employment quality, including education (mis)match. The results show, in line with previous research, that benefit sanctions increase the employment probability in the first months after treatment. In the long run, the employment probability and employment quality of sanctioned benefit recipients are lower than those for the comparison group of non-sanctioned benefit recipients, indicating long-lasting negative effects. The negative consequences of benefit sanctions for employment quality are hence not temporary, but persistent." (Authors Abstract, IAB-Doku, © Oxford Acacemic)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Wolf, Markus; -
Literaturhinweis
Structural transformation, the knowledge economy, and the geography of low-income work (2024)
Zitatform
von Borries, Alvaro, Markus Grillitsch & Karl-Johan Lundquist (2024): Structural transformation, the knowledge economy, and the geography of low-income work. In: Journal of economic geography, Jg. 24, H. 2, S. 285-308. DOI:10.1093/jeg/lbad038
Abstract
"The structural transformation toward the knowledge economy is often credited with increasing polarization and precarization of the low end of the labor market. Little is known, however, about the geography of low-income work since the literature has largely ignored sub-national variation. This article explores how the knowledge economy as the main driver of the transformation has affected the concentration of low-income work throughout the Swedish regional system for the last 30+ years. We propose a model where the knowledge economy affects the prevalence of low-income work through three mechanisms: polarization, upgrading, and labor market tightening. We find that the prevalence of low-income work in Sweden has decreased, and regions have converged under this metric over time. The penetration of the knowledge economy is, moreover, associated with lower levels of low-income work, and even though the knowledge economy is related to increasing polarization and, through it, an expansion of the low-income sector, the opposite effects of upgrading and tightening outweigh it. We discuss these findings in relation to studies conducted in different contexts and argue that institutional embeddedness, in particular (but not exclusively) labor market institutions, matters greatly in shaping these outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum Wage and Skills - Evidence from Job Vacancy Data (2023)
Andrieu, Elodie; Kuczera, Malgorzata;Zitatform
Andrieu, Elodie & Malgorzata Kuczera (2023): Minimum Wage and Skills - Evidence from Job Vacancy Data. (TPI working papers / The Productivity Institute 034), Manchester, 62 S.
Abstract
"Low-wage occupations tend to be populated by workers with low levels of education. An increase in the minimum wage, while designed to protect workers in the lower part of the wage distribution, might result in unintended consequences for those same workers. In this paper, we study firms’ reaction to higher minimum wages, exploiting a change to the minimum-wage policy in the UK in 2016. We document how an increase in the minimum wage affects the labour hiring for different education and technical skill levels of workers. The results show that an increase in the minimum wage compressed both the demand for low educated workers and the demand for workers with low levels of technical skills (tech workers) for graduates in low and middle skilled occupations. Using a difference-in-differences framework, we find that a large and unexpected change to the minimum wage led to a 11 percentage point decrease in the proportion of non-graduate vacancies and a 15 percentage point decline in the share of low-tech ads. There is evidence for labour-labour substitution at the low-end of the skill distribution and labour-technology substitution for more educated workers as a way to compensate for labour costs increases." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Posted work as an extreme case of hierarchised mobility (2023)
Zitatform
Arnholtz, Jens & Nathan Lillie (2023): Posted work as an extreme case of hierarchised mobility. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 49, H. 16, S. 4206-4223. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2023.2207341
Abstract
"This article draws on a range of case studies to explain how worker posting can cause hierarchised labour mobility, involving nationality-based hierarchies in pay and conditions between workers in the same labour markets or work sites. This hierarchisation is most apparent on large construction sites, where companies systematically use posting for labour cost advantage, but it is also found on smaller sites and in other sectors besides construction. The article outlines three features of this low-wage posting system – worker hypermobility and dependency, transnational enforcement challenges, and multifaceted employer arbitrage strategies – that conspire to maintain posting as a form of hierarchised mobility. We argue that posting undermines many countervailing forces that typically mediate hierarchisation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Escaping from low-wage employment: The role of co-worker networks (2023)
Zitatform
Baranowska-Rataj, Anna, Zoltán Elekes & Rikard Eriksson (2023): Escaping from low-wage employment: The role of co-worker networks. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 83. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2022.100747
Abstract
"Low-wage jobs are often regarded as dead ends in the labour market careers of young people. Previous research focused on disentangling to what degree the association between a low-wage job at the start of working life and limited chances of transitioning to better-paid employment is causal or spurious. Less attention has been paid to the factors that may facilitate the upward wage mobility of low-wage workers. We focus on such mechanisms, and we scrutinize the impact of social ties to higher-educated co-workers. Due to knowledge spillovers, job referrals, as well as firm-level productivity gains, having higher-educated co-workers may improve an individual's chances of transitioning to a better-paid job. We use linked employer-employee data from longitudinal Swedish registers and panel data models that incorporate measures of low-wage workers' social ties to higher-educated co-workers. Our results confirm that having social ties to higher-educated co-workers increases individual chances of transitioning to better-paid employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Is working enough to escape poverty? Evidence on low-paid workers in Italy (2023)
Zitatform
Bavaro, Michele & Michele Raitano (2023): Is working enough to escape poverty? Evidence on low-paid workers in Italy. (ECINEQ working paper series / Society for the Study of Economic Inequality 656), Verona, 32 S.
Abstract
"We investigate the dynamics of incidence, intensity and persistence of low pay in Italy from 1990 to 2018 by exploiting a large administrative sample of employees in the private sector. We refer to various relative and absolute low pay thresholds and assess workers' conditions according to annual earnings, weekly wages and full-time-equivalent (FTE) weekly wages, to depurate low pay dynamics from the influence of changes in worked weeks and hours. Regardless of the chosen threshold, we find that the incidence of low pay is high and steeply increased in the last decades when the focus is on annual earnings and weekly wages. A flat trend emerges instead when low pay is assessed according to FTE weekly wages, signalling that a major role in the low pay dynamics is played by the reduction in the number of hours worked by low-paid individuals because of the increasing spread of part-time contracts. Nevertheless, the share of low-paid workers is rather high even when the focus is on FTE weekly wages. Furthermore, low pay is a persistent status for a large and rising share of workers. These findings reveal a clear worsening of workers' conditions at the bottom of the earnings distribution in Italy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gesellschaftliche Erfolge wahrnehmen – Chancen anerkennen – Brücken nutzen (2023)
Baykal, Benjamin;Zitatform
Baykal, Benjamin (2023): Gesellschaftliche Erfolge wahrnehmen – Chancen anerkennen – Brücken nutzen. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 72, H. 2, S. 171-188. DOI:10.3790/sfo.72.2.171
Abstract
"Die Wahrnehmung gesellschaftlicher Entwicklungen ist ein zentraler Bestandteil der politischen Willensbildung. Allerdings ist eine verzerrte Wahrnehmung gesellschaftlicher Entwicklungen feststellbar, weshalb Handlungsbedarf besteht. Beispielsweise indem arbeitsmarkt- oder verteilungspolitische Themen sachlich und anhand der Datenlage diskutiert werden. Vor der Corona-Pandemie erreichten viele Menschen den (Wieder-)Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt. Außerdem ist die Zahl der „Aufstocker“ rückläufig und der Niedriglohnbereich so klein wie seit rund 15 Jahren nicht mehr. „Flexible Beschäftigungsformen“ verdrängten keine „Normalarbeitsverhältnisse“. Hinzukommen Studienergebnisse, die zeigen, dass Beschäftigte mit einem befristeten Vertrag ein schnellerer Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt gelingen kann und sie nach drei Jahren ein höheres Einkommen erzielen können. Einstiegs- und Aufstiegschancen eines umfassenden Arbeitsmarkts sind anzuerkennen und erzielte Erfolge zu würdigen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Aktuelle Entwicklungen bei der Verteilung der Arbeitseinkommen und Kompetenzen (Podium) (2023)
Bellmann, Lutz ; Dustmann, Christian ; Biewen, Martin ; Fanfani, Bernardo ; Oberfichtner, Michael ; Fitzenberger, Bernd ; Caldwell, Sydnee; Ostermann, Kerstin ; Spitz-Oener, Alexandra; Müller, Steffen ;Zitatform
Bellmann, Lutz; Christian Dustmann, Martin Biewen, Bernardo Fanfani, Michael Oberfichtner, Bernd Fitzenberger, Sydnee Caldwell, Kerstin Ostermann, Alexandra Spitz-Oener & Steffen Müller (sonst. bet. Pers.) (2023): Aktuelle Entwicklungen bei der Verteilung der Arbeitseinkommen und Kompetenzen (Podium). In: IAB-Forum H. 30.10.2023 Nürnberg. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20231030.01
Abstract
"Zu einem besseren Verständnis der Lohnfindung und Lohnverteilung sowie der beruflichen Qualifikationen beizutragen – das war das Ziel der internationalen Konferenz „Recent Developments in Wage Determination, Distribution, and Job Skills“ am IAB." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Bellmann, Lutz ; Dustmann, Christian ; Oberfichtner, Michael ; Fitzenberger, Bernd ; Ostermann, Kerstin ; Spitz-Oener, Alexandra;Ähnliche Treffer
also released in English -
Literaturhinweis
Labor income inequality and in-work poverty: a comparison between euro area countries (2023)
Zitatform
Bovini, Giulia, Emanuele Ciani, Marta De Philippis & Stefania Romano (2023): Labor income inequality and in-work poverty: a comparison between euro area countries. (Questioni di economia e finanza (Occasional papers) / Banca d'Italia 2023,806), Rom, 35 S.
Abstract
"We study inequality in gross labor income among the working-age population, comparing Italy to the other main euro area countries. We use EU-SILC data between 2008 and 2018, the longest period without time breaks. We show that inequality in individual labor income is higher in Italy than in France and Germany. This is mainly a consequence of the lower employment rate, i.e. of the higher share of working-age individuals with no labor income, rather than of wider earnings disparities among workers. Inequality in equivalised household labor income is also higher in Italy than in France in Germany because a lower employment rate translates into a larger share of single or no-earner households. In line with these findings, while in Italy low-earning workers are relatively few, they face a greater risk of poverty than in France or Germany, since they more often live in households where other members are not employed or have low-work-intensity jobs. These results stress the importance of jointly considering earnings and employment dynamics when analyzing labor income inequality, low-pay work, and in-work poverty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Energiepreiskrise: Die geplanten finanziellen Entlastungen dürften das Arbeitsangebot nur wenig beeinflussen (2023)
Zitatform
Bruckmeier, Kerstin & Jürgen Wiemers (2023): Energiepreiskrise: Die geplanten finanziellen Entlastungen dürften das Arbeitsangebot nur wenig beeinflussen. In: IAB-Forum H. 16.01.2023 Nürnberg. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20230116.01
Abstract
"Anfang September 2022 hat sich die Regierungskoalition mit dem dritten Entlastungspaket auf weitere Maßnahmen verständigt, um Haushalte und Betriebe angesichts des Energiepreisschocks zu unterstützen. Haushalte mit geringem Einkommen dürften vor allem durch das höhere Bürgergeld und die Wohngeldreform überproportional profitieren. In der öffentlichen Debatte wird häufig die Befürchtung geäußert, dass durch das höhere Leistungsniveau im Bürgergeld ein hinreichender Lohnabstand nicht mehr gegeben ist, sodass sich Arbeit für Geringverdienende nicht mehr lohnt. Simulationsrechnungen zeigen jedoch, dass sich das höhere Bürgergeld im Zusammenspiel mit anderen Maßnahmen nicht negativ auf das Arbeitsangebot von Geringverdienenden auswirkt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Automation, digitalization and decarbonization in the European automotive industry: a roadmap towards a just transition (2023)
Zitatform
Cetrulo, Armanda, Giovanni Dosi, Angelo Moro, Linnea Nelli & Maria Enrica Virgillito (2023): Automation, digitalization and decarbonization in the European automotive industry: a roadmap towards a just transition. (LEM working paper series / Laboratory of Economics and Management 2023,36), Pisa, 30 S.
Abstract
"This position paper outlines the characteristics of the trends at stake in affecting the twin transition in the European automotive industry, and the political economy of the actors behind such transition. We first describe the automation and digitalization processes in the automotive sector and their effects on employment. Possible scenarios are analysed, illustrating actual cases of electrification conversion of some European plants of the key OEMs companies as practical examples to understand the employment effects. We then consider the role of the regulatory push in fostering the transition of the automotive sector towards electrification, highlighting the non-neutrality of the process and the risk of a quite limited space for decarbonization. Finally, we discuss the space and capacity of trade unions' actions to orient the twin transition toward social and climate justice." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Italy and the trap of GVC downgrading: labour dependence in the European geography of production (2023)
Zitatform
Cresti, Lorenzo, Giovanni Dosi, Federico Riccio & Maria Enrica Virgillito (2023): Italy and the trap of GVC downgrading: labour dependence in the European geography of production. (LEM working paper series / Laboratory of Economics and Management 2023,15), Pisa, 31 S.
Abstract
"How does Italy position inside the European structure of trade relationships? How labour bilateral flows have changed over time? Which type of employment activity has been outsourced? Which insourced? Focusing on a three-country perspective, what are the employment bilateral relationships between Italy-Germany-Poland (descending periphery-core-ascending periphery)? To address these questions we develop a novel set of bilateral labour dependence indicators inside I-O production networks. Overall, we provide evidence of the reconfiguration of Italy as falling into the trap of GVC downgrading, with an increasing number of trade relationships in employment requirements, particularly in the most strategic productions, as insourced from abroad. The offshoring strategy conducted so far has resulted in a weakening of its internal production capacity and employment absorption, even more harshly when compared to other European countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Human capital formation and changes in low pay persistence (2023)
Zitatform
Dasgupta, Kabir & Alexander Plum (2023): Human capital formation and changes in low pay persistence. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 55, H. 56, S. 6583-6604. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2022.2161989
Abstract
"This study presents new empirical evidence on the role of time trends in low pay persistence. We utilize population-wide tax records to track monthly labour market trajectories of initially low-paid workers. By performing age- and qualification-specific regressions, we find that low pay persistence reduces with time. However, the magnitude is highly heterogeneous across workforce characteristics. For a qualified worker in their early 20s, the risk of staying on low-pay declines by, on average, 5–10% points after one year. For a worker in their 50s, persistence remains almost unchanged regardless of their qualification level. We conclude that policy initiatives need to be more nuanced than a simple one-size-fits-all approach by accounting for time trends in low-pay persistence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employer Wage Subsidy Caps and Part-Time Work (2023)
Zitatform
Elvery, Joel A., C. Lockwood Reynolds & Shawn M. Rohlin (2023): Employer Wage Subsidy Caps and Part-Time Work. In: ILR review, Jg. 76, H. 1, S. 189-209. DOI:10.1177/00197939221102865
Abstract
"Using tract-level US Census data and triple-difference estimators, the authors test whether firms increase their use of part-time workers when faced with capped wage subsidies. By limiting the maximum subsidy per worker, such subsidies create incentives for firms to increase the share of their payroll that is eligible for the subsidy by increasing use of part-time or low-wage workers. Results suggest that firms located in federal Empowerment Zones in the United States responded to the program’s capped wage subsidies by expanding their use of part-time workers, particularly in locations where the subsidy cap is likely to bind. Results also show a shift toward hiring lower-skill workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Low-wage mobility in Central Europe (2023)
Zitatform
Gerbery, Daniel & Tomáš Miklošovič (2023): Low-wage mobility in Central Europe. In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Jg. 64, H. 5, S. 509-527. DOI:10.1177/00207152231156436
Abstract
"The article provides analyses of the mobility and resilience to mobility among low-wage earners in four Central European (CE) countries. It examines transitions into higher-paid jobs, unemployment/inactivity, and the stability of low-wage status. In addition to standard transition matrices and summary mobility indices, it employs multinomial logit models with the aim of identifying individual determinants of low-wage earners’ prospects. The findings show that the CE countries do not represent a homogeneous group in terms of presence of low wages when the period of 2010–2016 is considered. In regard to future prospects, low-wage employees in the countries with higher incidence of low pay are more likely to reproduce their status, as compared with countries with lower incidence. Upward mobility is more likely among younger, high-educated employees and among those who work in “better” occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
To Redistribute or to Predistribute? The Minimum Wage versus Income Taxation When Workers Differ in Both Wages and Working Hours (2023)
Gerritsen, Aart;Zitatform
Gerritsen, Aart (2023): To Redistribute or to Predistribute? The Minimum Wage versus Income Taxation When Workers Differ in Both Wages and Working Hours. (CESifo working paper 10734), München, 53 S.
Abstract
"I consider the case for the minimum wage alongside (optimal) income taxes when workers differ in both wages and working hours, such that a given level of income corresponds to multiple wage rates. The minimum wage is directly targeted at the lowest-wage workers, while income taxes are at most targeted at all low-income workers, regardless of their hourly wage rates. This renders the minimum wage unambiguously desirable in a discrete-type model of the labor market. Desirability of the minimum wage is a priori ambiguous in a continuous-type model of the labor market. Compared to the minimum wage, income taxes are less effective in compressing the wage distribution but more effective in redistributing income. Desirability of the minimum wage depends on this trade-off between the “predistributional advantage” of the minimum wage and the “redistributional advantage” of the income tax. I derive a desirability condition for the minimum wage and write it in terms of empirical sufficient statistics. A numerical application to the US suggests a strong case for a higher federal minimum wage – especially if social preferences for the lowest-wage workers are relatively strong and the wage elasticity of labor demand relatively small." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
In-work poverty and family policy in Italy: from a frozen to a thawing landscape? (2023)
Zitatform
Giuliani, Giovanni Amerigo & Nicola De Luigi (2023): In-work poverty and family policy in Italy: from a frozen to a thawing landscape? In: Community, work & family, S. 1-21. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2023.2282356
Abstract
"The article investigates in-work poverty (IWP) in Italy through the lens of family policies. Adopting a longitudinal perspective, the work scrutinizes whether and to what extent the configuration of family policy tools - family allowances, leave and ECEC (Early Childhood Care and Education) - has been effective in contrasting IWP in Italy. Furthermore, it probes whether the Italian family policy has reconfigured over time as a tool for countering IWP. The study shows that family policy can be useful both directly - by providing income support for the most disadvantaged families - and indirectly - by fostering the transition to a dual-earner family model. However, the analysis of the Italian case shows that such positive effects are only potential, and not automatic. In Italy, historically, family policy has been scarcely effective. Nevertheless, in the last few years a pattern of slow change has initiated, and its effectiveness as a device to tackle IWP appears to have increased." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Decent wage floors in Europe: Does the minimum wage directive get it right? (2023)
Zitatform
Haapanala, Henri, Ive Marx & Zachary Parolin (2023): Decent wage floors in Europe: Does the minimum wage directive get it right? In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 33, H. 4, S. 421-435. DOI:10.1177/09589287231176977
Abstract
"The Directive on Adequate Minimum Wages represents a watershed initiative adding substance to the EU’s social dimension. It contains two ambitious objectives: establishing the minimum level of statutory minimum wages at 60% of the gross median wage, and increasing collective bargaining coverage (CBC) to at least 80% of workers. In this article, we assess how statutory minimum wages and collective bargaining coverage are associated with the likelihood of low pay. Using a time series cross-section of EU-SILC for income years 2004–2019, we identify and assess the absolute and relative size of ‘effective wage floors’ for full-time employees in 30 countries. We specify multilevel, random effects within-between regression models to assess the individual and joint associations of SMW and collective bargaining coverage with wage floors. Our results indicate that SMWs and CBC both have distinct roles in establishing the effective wage floor. First, higher collective bargaining coverage is on average associated with a lower share of workers earning below 60% gross median wages. Second, higher SMWs are strongly associated with higher effective wage floors. Third, both collective bargaining coverage and union density are strongly associated with higher wage floors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Niedriglohnbeschäftigung 2020 - Rückgang des Anteils von Niedriglöhnen in den letzten Jahren (2023)
Zitatform
Kalina, Thorsten & Claudia Weinkopf (2023): Niedriglohnbeschäftigung 2020 - Rückgang des Anteils von Niedriglöhnen in den letzten Jahren. (IAQ-Report 2023-02), Duisburg ; Essen, 16 S. DOI:10.17185/duepublico/77382
Abstract
"Der Anteil der Niedriglohnbeschäftigten ist in Deutschland in den letzten Jahren zwar zurückgegangen, lag 2020 mit rund 20 % für Deutschland insgesamt aber immer noch deutlich über dem EU-Durchschnitt von 15 %. Die absolut meisten Niedriglohnbeschäftigten waren im Einzelhandel, im Gesundheitswesen, in der Gastronomie, in der Gebäudebetreuung sowie im Bereich Erziehung und Unterricht beschäftigt. In den aktuellen Tarifverhandlungen konnten in typischen Niedriglohnbranchen (Gastgewerbe, Handel, Gebäudereinigung) Lohnerhöhungen um bis zu 30 % erzielt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Prekäre Beschäftigung - prekäre Teilhabe: Ausländische Arbeitskräfte im deutschen Niedriglohnsektor (2023)
Loschert, Franziska; Kolb, Holger; Schork, Franziska;Zitatform
Loschert, Franziska, Holger Kolb & Franziska Schork (2023): Prekäre Beschäftigung - prekäre Teilhabe. Ausländische Arbeitskräfte im deutschen Niedriglohnsektor. (SVR-Studie / Sachverständigenrat für Integration und Migration 2023-1), Berlin, 118 S.
Abstract
"Ausländische Arbeitskräfte sind in vielen Branchen der deutschen Wirtschaft längst unverzichtbar geworden. Dazu zählen auch solche Sektoren, in denen prekäre Arbeitsverhältnisse, die durch geringe Entlohnung und harte Arbeitsbedingungen gekennzeichnet sind, oftmals nicht die Ausnahme, sondern die Regel sind. Der SVR untersucht im Rahmen einer qualitativen Interviewstudie die Ursachen und Folgen von Prekaritätsverhältnissen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt, die ausländische Arbeitskräfte betreffen. Die Studie gibt praxisorientierte Handlungsempfehlungen für Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Unjust income inequality prevails across 29 countries (2023)
Zitatform
Moya, Cristóbal, Jule Adriaans & Carsten Sauer (2023): Unjust income inequality prevails across 29 countries. (SocArXiv papers), [Charlottesville, VA], 9 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/8e4q3
Abstract
"This visualization aims to describe justice evaluations of income inequality from a cross-country perspective for more than 72,000 respondents in 29 countries. The analyses were based on data from two large, cross-country survey programs. The International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) asked for an evaluation of the overall income distribution, and the European Social Survey (ESS) asked for justice evaluations of both bottom and top incomes. We find that injustice of the income distribution prevails in all studied countries except Denmark, and that injustice of bottom incomes prevails in all countries. Moreover, in the countries included in both ISSP and ESS, the share of respondents evaluating the overall income distribution as just always falls between the share evaluating bottom and top incomes as just. Our results suggest that, depending on the country context, different parts of the distribution (top and bottom incomes) influence its overall evaluation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Is multidimensional precarious employment higher for women? (2023)
Zitatform
Murillo-Huertas, Inés P., Raul Ramos, Hipólito Simón & Raquel Simón-Albert (2023): Is multidimensional precarious employment higher for women? In: The Journal of Industrial Relations, Jg. 65, H. 1, S. 44-71. DOI:10.1177/00221856221128873
Abstract
"This article examines the relative employment situation of female employees from a novel perspective based on the construction of multidimensional indicators of employment precariousness that allow examining its scale and nature. The evidence obtained for Spain shows that both the intensity and incidence of precarious employment are significantly higher for women, to the point that half of the women are multidimensionally precarious (with an incidence which is 40% higher than that of men) and precarious females simultaneously suffer on average from nearly three deficiencies in their jobs. Although female employment precariousness is highly persistent over time, it also exhibits significant oscillations plausibly linked to changes in the economy's cyclical position and in labor market regulations. Moreover, it exhibits a great heterogeneity by subgroups (it has even an extreme nature for certain subgroups of females) and by individuals (25% of women suffer between three and six job deficiencies, which compares with 24% of women having jobs without any type of deficiency). Finally, although the greater labor precariousness of women is largely explained by their observed characteristics, particularly by their greater presence in part-time jobs, women still have a greater probability of being precarious than observationally similar men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
International Trade Responses to Labor Market Regulations (2023)
Muñoz, Mathilde;Zitatform
Muñoz, Mathilde (2023): International Trade Responses to Labor Market Regulations. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 31876), Cambridge, Mass, 61 S.
Abstract
"This paper studies how differences in labor market regulations shape countries' comparative advantage in the cross-border provision of labor-intensive services, using administrative data in Europe for the last two decades. I exploit exogenous variation in labor taxes and minimum wages faced by exporting firms engaged in a large European trade program. Firms from different countries compete to supply the same physical service in the same location but their employees are subject to different payroll taxes and minimum wages. These rules varied across countries, sectors, and over time. Reduced-form country case-studies as well as model-implied gravity estimates show evidence of large trade responses to lower labor taxes and minimum wages, with an elasticity that is around one. The Bolkestein directive, by exempting foreign firms from all labor regulations in the destination country, would have doubled exports of physical services from Eastern European countries, rationalizing the wave of protests in high-wage countries that led to the withdrawal of the proposal." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Migration and labour unrest during the pandemic: Studies from Germany and Austria (2023)
Zitatform
Neuhauser, Johanna & Peter Birke (2023): Migration and labour unrest during the pandemic: Studies from Germany and Austria. In: The Economic and Labour Relations Review, Jg. 34, S. 426-443. DOI:10.1017/elr.2023.31
Abstract
"This paper presents the results of research, which highlights the situation during the pandemic in sectors characterized by low wages and a high turnover of workers. The empirical basis is formed by company case studies in the meat industry, postal services, and mask production in Germany and Austria. This paper discusses the significance of different locations (at and beyond the workplace) and forms (‘exit’ and ‘voice’) of labor unrest in sectors of the economy that are characterized by a predominance of the use of migrant labor. It questions how conflicts over migrant labor have been articulated and possibly changed in the pandemic, and what factors may have contributed not only to an upsurge but also to the containment, regulation, and repression, of labor unrest." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Auswirkungen des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns auf Geschlechterungleichheiten bei Arbeitszeiten und Verdiensten (2023)
Zitatform
Ohlert, Clemens (2023): Auswirkungen des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns auf Geschlechterungleichheiten bei Arbeitszeiten und Verdiensten. In: Soziale Welt, Jg. 74, H. 4, S. 562-588. DOI:10.5771/0038-6073-2023-4-562
Abstract
"Der Aufsatz geht der Frage nach, ob die Einführung des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns zu einer Reduzierung von Geschlechterungleichheiten nicht nur bei Stundenlöhnen, sondern auch bei Arbeitszeiten und monatlichen Verdiensten beigetragen hat. Anhand der Verdienststrukturerhebung 2014 und der Verdiensterhebung 2015 wurden ein Panel-Datensatz generiert und Differenz-in-Differenzen-Analysen auf der Betriebsebene durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine bis zu 3,6 Prozentpunkte stärkere Reduzierung des durchschnittlichen Gender Pay Gap der Stundenlöhne in vom Mindestlohn betroffenen Betrieben als in nicht betroffenen Betrieben. Die Stundenlohneffekte des Mindestlohns auf Frauen und Männer im Niedriglohnbereich fielen jedoch gleich hoch aus. Zudem ergäbe sich keine Verringerung des Gender Pay Gap durch den Mindestlohn, wenn Frauen und Männer gleich auf Vollzeit-, Teilzeit- und geringfügige Beschäftigung verteilt wären. Der Gender Time Gap verringerte sich in vom Mindestlohn betroffenen Betrieben im Durchschnitt um rund 2,4 Prozentpunkte und für Beschäftigte im Niedriglohnbereich um rund 3,9 Prozentpunkte stärker als in nicht betroffenen Betrieben. Durch den Mindestlohn kam es zu einer deutlichen Verringerung des durchschnittlichen Gender Earnings Gap der monatlichen Bruttoverdienste. Dieser reduzierte sich in vom Mindestlohn betroffenen Betrieben bei Betrachtung aller Beschäftigten um bis zu 6,1 Prozentpunkte und bei Niedriglohnbeschäftigten um bis zu 4,6 Prozentpunkte stärker als in nicht betroffenen Betrieben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Regulating low wages: cross-national policy variation and outcomes (2023)
Zitatform
Pedersen, Siri Hansen & Georg Picot (2023): Regulating low wages: cross-national policy variation and outcomes. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 21, H. 4, S. 2093-2116. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwad019
Abstract
"This article provides a comparative analysis of three central policies to regulate low wages: statutory minimum wages, state support for collective bargaining and topping up low wages with public transfers (in-work benefits). We map the variation of these policies across 33 OECD countries and analyze the incidence of low-wage employment they are associated with. We find three approaches to regulating low wages. In the first, 'wage scale protection', states put most emphasis on supporting collective bargaining. In the second, 'bare minimum', there is not much else than the statutory minimum wage. In the third, 'state pay', the statutory minimum wage is supplemented by sizeable public financial support for low earners. When analyzing policy outcomes, 'wage scale protection' is associated with least low-wage employment. For 'bare minimum', much depends on the level of the statutory minimum wage. Although 'state pay' props up workers' disposable income, many workers receive low gross pay." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working Poor – empirische Einblicke und sozialstaatstheoretische Überlegungen (2023)
Ritter, Bettina;Zitatform
Ritter, Bettina (2023): Working Poor – empirische Einblicke und sozialstaatstheoretische Überlegungen. In: Soziale Passagen, Jg. 15, H. 2, S. 381-397. DOI:10.1007/s12592-023-00486-0
Abstract
"Working Poor bezeichnet ein (nicht nur) in Deutschland weit verbreitetes Phänomen: Menschen erzielen zwar durch eigene Erwerbstätigkeit ein Einkommen, welches aber so gering ist, dass sie ihren Lebensunterhalt damit nicht bestreiten können. Eine solche sogenannte Erwerbsarmut ist angesichts ihrer dauerhaften und steigenden Existenz längst zur bundesdeutschen Normalität zu zählen. Der plakative Slogan „Arm trotz Arbeit“, mit dem diese Lebenslage in politischen Debatten problematisiert (Meiser 2022) oder offiziell betitelt wird (Statistisches Bundesamt 2022), drückt demgegenüber aus, dass es sich um eine abzulehnende Abweichung von – zumindest für Westeuropa geltenden – normalen Arbeits- und Lebensverhältnissen handelt, da Arbeit eigentlich vor Armut schützen solle (Pradella 2015). Der vorliegende Beitrag geht dieser Annahme mit Blick auf empirische Realitäten und unter Rückgriff auf sozialstaatstheoretische Perspektiven sowie einige marxistisch-feministische Grundannahmen nach und kommt zu einem kritischen Urteil: Zwar stellt sich die Lage bezüglich der einzelnen arbeitenden und von Armut betroffenen Person als „arm trotz Arbeit“ dar, ihre Armut begründet sich gesamtgesellschaftlich allerdings eher „wegen Arbeit“. Zunächst werden das Phänomen und seine Verbreitung in Deutschland beschrieben und zwei Varianten von Betroffenheit genauer in den Blick genommen: Elternschaft und Behinderung. Anschließend wird dem sozialpolitischen Charakter des Phänomens nachgegangen, bevor daraus ableitend Überlegungen zur gesellschaftskonstituierenden Rolle des Sozialstaats sowie eine gesellschaftstheoretische Begründung von Working Poor umrissen werden. Anschließend werden Implikationen bezüglich sozialer Dienste formuliert, bevor ein Fazit den Beitrag abschließt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)
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Literaturhinweis
How Replaceable Is a Low-Wage Job? (2023)
Rose, Evan K.; Shem-Tov, Yotam;Zitatform
Rose, Evan K. & Yotam Shem-Tov (2023): How Replaceable Is a Low-Wage Job? (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 31447), Cambridge, Mass, 104 S.
Abstract
"We study the long-run consequences of losing a low-wage job using linked employer-employee wage records and household surveys. For full-time workers earning $15 per hour or less, job loss due to an idiosyncratic, firm-wide contraction generates a 13% reduction in earnings six years later and over $40,000 cumulative lost earnings. Most of the long-run decrease stems from reductions in employment and hours as opposed to wage rates: job losers are twice as likely to report being unemployed and looking for work. By contrast, workers initially earning $15-$30 per hour see comparable long-run earnings losses driven primarily by reductions in hourly wages. Calibrating a dynamic job ladder model to the estimates implies that the rents from holding a full-time $15 per hour job relative to unemployment are worth about $20,000, more than seven times monthly earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Job market polarization and American poverty (2023)
Zitatform
Siddique, Abu Bakkar (2023): Job market polarization and American poverty. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 57. DOI:10.1186/s12651-023-00356-5
Abstract
"The article posits that the puzzles of stagnating poverty rates amidst high growth and declining unemployment in the United States can be substantially explained by polarized job markets characterized by job quality and job distribution. In recent decades, there has been an increased number of poor-quality jobs and an unequal distribution of jobs in the developed world, particularly in the United States. I have calculated measures of uneven job distribution indices that account for the distribution of jobs across households. A higher value of the uneven job distribution indices implies that there are relatively large numbers of households with multiple employed people and households with no employed people. Similarly, poor-quality jobs are those jobs that do not offer full-time work. Two-way fixed-effect models estimate that higher uneven job distribution across households worsens aggregated poverty at the state level. Similarly, good-quality jobs help households escape poverty, whereas poor-quality jobs do not. This paper suggests that eradicating poverty requires the government to direct labor market policies to be tailored more toward distributing jobs from individuals to households and altering bad jobs into good jobs, rather than merely creating more jobs in the economy. This paper contributes by elaborating on relations of employment and poverty, addressing employment quality and distribution, and providing empirical evidence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Research note: The persistent risk of in-work poverty following the birth of a first, second, and third child across the life course (2023)
Zitatform
Struffolino, Emanuela & Zachary Van Winkle (2023): Research note: The persistent risk of in-work poverty following the birth of a first, second, and third child across the life course. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 35, S. 372-392. DOI:10.20377/jfr-910
Abstract
"Objective: The association between a first, second, and third childbirth and in-work poverty in the short- and medium-term were assessed across age groups in the US and Germany. Background: Previous research on in-work poverty has concentrated on structural and ascriptive characteristics, while family processes – especially childbirths – received less attention. This gap was filled by adopting a processual life course approach. Method: Longitudinal data from the US and Germany were applied to between-within random effects models to estimate within-individual change in the probability of in-work poverty up to six years following a first, second, and third childbirth across age groups. Results: First, second, and third birth were associated with an immediate increase in the probability of in-work poverty (up to 10 and 5 percentage points in the US and in Germany, respectively). Among US adults aged 30 and younger probabilities increased in the medium term (from 9 to 15 percentage points for a first, 6 to 15 for a second, and 9 to 18 for a third birth), but remained unchanged for older adults in the US and all adults in Germany. Conclusion: There was no recovery in risk of in-work poverty in the medium-term following childbirth in the US and Germany. Increasing the labor market participation of adult household members via more and low-cost childcare options remains crucial. However, higher levels of income support and child benefits may be needed to avoid poverty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Assessing the impact of technological change on similar occupations: Implications for employment alternatives (2023)
Zitatform
Torosyan, Karine, Sicheng Wang, Elizabeth A. Mack, Jenna A. Van Fossen & Nathan Baker (2023): Assessing the impact of technological change on similar occupations: Implications for employment alternatives. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 18. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0291428
Abstract
"Background: The fast-changing labor market highlights the need for an in-depth understanding of occupational mobility impacted by technological change. However, we lack a multidimensional classification scheme that considers similarities of occupations comprehensively, which prevents us from predicting employment trends and mobility across occupations. This study fills the gap by examining employment trends based on similarities between occupations. Method: We first demonstrated a new method that clusters 756 occupation titles based on knowledge, skills, abilities, education, experience, training, activities, values, and interests. We used the Principal Component Analysis to categorize occupations in the Standard Occupational Classification, which is grouped into a four-level hierarchy. Then, we paired the occupation clusters with the occupational employment projections provided by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. We analyzed how employment would change and what factors affect the employment changes within occupation groups. Particularly, we specified factors related to technological changes. Results: The results reveal that technological change accounts for significant job losses in some clusters. This poses occupational mobility challenges for workers in these jobs at present. Job losses for nearly 60% of current employment will occur in low-skill, low-wage occupational groups. Meanwhile, many mid-skilled and highly skilled jobs are projected to grow in the next ten years. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate the utility of our occupational classification scheme. Furthermore, it suggests a critical need for skills upgrading and workforce development for workers in declining jobs. Special attention should be paid to vulnerable workers, such as older individuals and minorities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Aufstocker: Die Kerngruppe der Erwerbsarmut (2023)
Zitatform
Walwei, Ulrich (2023): Aufstocker: Die Kerngruppe der Erwerbsarmut. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 72, H. 2, S. 131-151., 2023-03-01. DOI:10.3790/sfo.72.2.131
Abstract
"Erwerbsarmut beschreibt eine Situation, in der Menschen trotz eines Erwerbseinkommens vielfältige Einschränkungen im alltäglichen Leben in Kauf nehmen müssen. Ihre Messung erfolgt zumeist mit Hilfe spezifischer Verteilungsmaße, mit denen eine Relation zwischen niedrigen und durchschnittlichen Einkommen von Haushalten hergestellt wird. Sie kann auch an der Notwendigkeit des Bezugs bedarfsorientierter Leistungen von erwerbstätigen Personen festgemacht werden. Im hierzulande geltenden System der Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende handelt es sich in diesem Zusammenhang um erwerbstätige Leistungsberechtigte oder um sogenannte „Aufstocker/-innen“. Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der quantitativen Bedeutung dieser Gruppe und fragt danach, welche wesentlichen Faktoren für deren Status verantwortlich sind und welche arbeitsmarktpolitischen Ansatzpunkte sich daraus ergeben. Die empirische Analyse verdeutlicht, dass die Gruppe der erwerbstätig Leistungsbeziehenden quantitativ mit rund 2% der Erwerbstätigen deutlich kleiner ausfällt als das relative Maß für Erwerbsarmut (rd. 9%). Der Personenkreis ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass er selbst bzw. auch im Haushaltskontext allein durch Erwerbsarbeit nicht das soziokulturelle Existenzminimum erreicht. Er kann damit als Kern der Erwerbsarmut hierzulande betrachtet werden. Die vorliegende Untersuchung zeigt, dass Alleinstehende und alleinerziehende Personen in der Gruppe der erwerbstätigen Leistungsberechtigten überrepräsentiert sind. Zudem werden Aufstocker-/Aufstockerinnen hierzulande vor allem durch ein hohes Niveau an Teilzeitbeschäftigung und niedrige Stundenlöhne geprägt. Mögliche Reformen sollten in der Summe auf eine umfassende Stärkung der Arbeitsanreize im Niedriglohnbereich und eine verbesserte soziale Infrastruktur für einkommensschwache Haushalte setzen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Niedriglohn - Einstieg in Aufstieg (2023)
Zitatform
(2023): Niedriglohn - Einstieg in Aufstieg. (Position / vbw – Vereinigung der Bayerischen Wirtschaft e. V. Februar 2023), München, 12 S.
Abstract
"Trotz vielfältiger Krisen entwickelt sich der Arbeitsmarkt in Deutschland und Bayern weiterhin positiv. Insbesondere mit Blick auf den sich verschärfenden Arbeitskräfte- und Fachkräftemangel müssen alle Arbeitspotenziale ausgeschöpft werden. Um eine Beteiligung möglichst vieler Menschen am Arbeitsleben sicherzustellen, braucht es gerade für Geringqualifizierte und Langzeitarbeitslose eine faire, niederschwellige Chance auf Teilhabe. Ein flexibler Niedriglohnbereich schafft Aufstiegschancen: Ein flexibler Niedriglohnbereich schafft Chancen für einen niedrigschwelligen Einstieg und ist insbesondere für Geringqualifizierte und Langzeitarbeitslose der Weg in eine Erwerbstätigkeit. Arbeitslosigkeit ist das größte Armutsrisiko, Beschäftigung und Bildung sind der Schlüssel zur Armutsvermeidung. Marktgerechte Rahmenbedingungen begleiten den Strukturwandel mit einem Produktivitätszuwachs und schaffen neue Arbeitsplätze. Chance Teilqualifizierung: Neue Chancen für Geringqualifizierte oder Arbeitsuchende: Durch ihren modularen Aufbau bieten Teilqualifizierungen die Möglichkeit, sich auch berufsbegleitend in Teilbereichen der Facharbeitertätigkeit weiterzubilden und das berufliche Einsatzfeld für An- und Ungelernte Stück für Stück zu erweitern. Wer alle Bausteine durchläuft, hat anschließend sogar die Möglichkeit, sich für die externe Facharbeiterprüfung anzumelden. So können insbesondere auch für An- und Ungelernte Teilqualifizierungen eine gute Chance bieten. Niedriglohn – Einstieg in Aufstieg: Unser Positionspapier beleuchtet, welche Chancen der Niedriglohnbereich für Beschäftigte und Unternehmen bietet. Ziel muss stets sein, noch mehr Menschen in Arbeit zu bringen und den Einstieg in den Aufstieg wirkungsvoll und durch passgenaue Weiterqualifizierung zu unterstützen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Trade Unions, Bargaining Coverage and Low Pay: A Multilevel Test of Institutional Effects on Low-Pay Risk in Germany (2022)
Zitatform
Benassi, Chiara & Tim Vlandas (2022): Trade Unions, Bargaining Coverage and Low Pay: A Multilevel Test of Institutional Effects on Low-Pay Risk in Germany. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 36, H. 6, S. 1018-1037. DOI:10.1177/09500170211024467
Abstract
"Employment relations scholars argue that industrial relations institutions reduce low pay among the workforce, while the insider-outsider literature claims that unions contribute to increase the low-pay risk among non-union members. This article tests these expectations by distinguishing, respectively, between the individual effect of being a union member or covered by collective agreements and the sectoral effect of strong trade unions or encompassing collective agreements. Findings from multilevel logistic regression analyses of the German Socio-Economic Panel reveal that unions and bargaining coverage have distinct effects at individual and sectoral level. The analysis of their cross-level interactions provides partial support to both the insider-outsider approach, since non-union members are more exposed to the risk of low pay in highly unionized sectors, and to the power resource perspectives, since the probability of being in low pay in sectors with encompassing collective agreements decreases also for those workers who are not covered by them." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Inclusive Monetary Policy: How Tight Labor Markets Facilitate Broad-Based Employment Growth (2022)
Zitatform
Bergman, Nittai K., David Matsa & Michael Weber (2022): Inclusive Monetary Policy: How Tight Labor Markets Facilitate Broad-Based Employment Growth. (CESifo working paper 9512), München, 45 S.
Abstract
"This paper analyzes the heterogeneous effects of monetary policy on workers with differing levels of labor force attachment. Exploiting variation in labor market tightness across metropolitan areas, we show that the employment of populations with lower labor force attachment—Blacks, high school dropouts, and women—is more responsive to expansionary monetary policy in tighter labor markets. The effect builds up over time and is long lasting. We develop a New Keynesian model with heterogeneous workers that rationalizes these results. The model shows that expansionary monetary shocks lead to larger increases in the employment of less attached workers when the central bank follows an average inflation targeting rule and when the Phillips curve is flatter. These findings suggest that, by tightening labor markets, the Federal Reserve’s recent move from a strict to an average inflation targeting framework especially benefits workers with lower labor force attachment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Servitization, Inequality, and Wages (2022)
Zitatform
Boddin, Dominik & Thilo Kroeger (2022): Servitization, Inequality, and Wages. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 77, H. August. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2021.102011
Abstract
"This paper studies the effect of servitization, i.e., within-establishment changes in the labor force composition towards higher shares of workers with service occupations, on within-establishment wage inequality. We identify servitization as being a main driver of increasing within-establishment wage inequality. Servitization accounts for roughly 7% of the observed increase in the within-establishment wage inequality in manufacturing industries between 1994 and 2017. Higher servitization of an establishment’s labor force is associated with, on average, a lower wage level for otherwise equal workers across the majority of occupations. The wage decrease is particularly pronounced for workers in low-skilled manufacturing occupations and workers at the lower end of the wage distribution. These heterogeneous wage effects explain the increase in within-establishment wage inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Berufsabschluss durch Weiterbildung: Zur Wirksamkeit beruflicher Nachqualifizierung (2022)
Bönke, Timm; Hügle, Dominik; Hammer, Luisa;Zitatform
Bönke, Timm, Luisa Hammer & Dominik Hügle (2022): Berufsabschluss durch Weiterbildung. Zur Wirksamkeit beruflicher Nachqualifizierung. Gütersloh, 37 S. DOI:10.11586/2022049
Abstract
"Einen Berufsabschluss nachzuholen, zahlt sich aus. Auch wer erst im Alter von über 25 seinen Berufsabschluss macht, verbessert damit seine Berufsperspektiven. Ist es ein erster Berufsabschluss, erhöht sich die Chance auf Beschäftigung und ein höheres Einkommen deutlich – und das sogar langfristig. Ein zweiter Berufsabschluss kann das Einkommen noch weiter verbessern. Bei nachgeholten Berufsabschlüssen handelt es sich nicht notwendigerweise um vollständige Berufsausbildungen. Auch abschlussbezogene Weiterbildungen wie Umschulungen oder Teilqualifikationen führen zu einem Berufsabschluss. Mit jährlich 30.000 bis 50.000 Teilnehmenden ist die Umschulung bei einem Träger die mit Abstand meistbesuchte abschlussorientierte Maßnahme. Teilqualifikationen (TQ) sind eine attraktive Alternative dazu ebenso wie zur klassischen Berufsausbildung. TQ-Module dauern meist nur wenige Monate und sind dadurch deutlich günstiger als beispielsweise die zumeist zweijährigen Umschulungen: Nach unseren Berechnungen aus den Bundes-Durchschnittskostensätzen (Bundesagentur für Arbeit, 2020) und Experteninterviews kostet eine Teilqualifikation je nach Zielberuf und Rahmenbedingungen durchschnittlich 5.000 bis 9.000 Euro pro Teilnehmenden. Für eine Umschulung fallen dagegen im Schnitt 25.000 bis 40.000 Euro an. Trotzdem zeigen die Teilnehmenden der Teilqualifikationen ähnliche Eingliederungsquoten wie die Teilnehmenden der Umschulungen. Aktuelle Fördermöglichkeiten (wie beispielsweise durch das Qualifizierungschancengesetz) ermöglichen derartige Formen der berufsbegleitenden Qualifizierung. Arbeitsentgelte und Kosten der Maßnahmen werden dabei von der Bundesagentur für Arbeit oder dem Jobcenter übernommen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Hammer, Luisa; -
Literaturhinweis
Young retail shift workers (not) planning their future: working with customers in the 24/7 service society in the transition to adulthood (2022)
Zitatform
Dordoni, Annalisa (2022): Young retail shift workers (not) planning their future: working with customers in the 24/7 service society in the transition to adulthood. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 42, H. 13/14, S. 66-80. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-02-2022-0060
Abstract
"Purpose: The retail sector is not largely studied in Italy. The study offers a comparison between youth retail shift work in Milan and London. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the debate on the one hand on youth work and on the other hand to the debate on agency and structural factors in life planning, representation of the future and the transition to adulthood, observed in the United Kingdom's and Italian labour market. Even if the second one is a Southern European Country, these contexts are both characterised by a service-oriented economy and the widespread of precarious and flexible jobs. Design/methodology/approach: Qualitative methods were used: one year of ethnographic observation, 50 interviews and two focus groups were carried out between 2015 and 2018 with retail workers and trade unionists. The contexts are Corso Buenos Aires in Milan, Italy, and Oxford Street in London, United Kingdom. Analysing young workers' discourses, the author identifies narratives that allow to grasp their present agency and imagined future. Findings: Observing the crisis of the narrative (Sennett, 2020) allows to highlight the social consequences of working times on young workers' everyday life and future. The author argues that young workers struggle with the narrative of their present everyday life and the representation of the future. This relates to the condition of time alienation due to the flexible schedules and the fast pace of work in retail, both affecting the work-life balance. Originality/value: The social consequences of flexible schedules in retail and fast fashion sector, which are new issues not yet sufficiently explored, are here investigated from the perspective of young workers. The study is focussed on the representations of young people working with customers in social and economic contexts characterised by flexible schedules and the deregulation of shop openings, the so-called 24/7 service society, not largely investigated in the sociological scientific literature, above all in the Italian context." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Would Broadening the UI Tax Base Help Low-Income Workers? (2022)
Zitatform
Duggan, Mark, Audrey Guo & Andrew C. Johnston (2022): Would Broadening the UI Tax Base Help Low-Income Workers? (IZA discussion paper 15020), Bonn, 12 S.
Abstract
"The tax base for state unemployment insurance (UI) programs varies significantly in the U.S., from a low of $7,000 annually in California to a high of $52,700 in Washington. Previous research has provided surprisingly little guidance to policy makers regarding the tradeoffs associated with this variation. In this paper, we use 37 years of data for all 50 states and Washington, D.C. to estimate the impact of the UI tax base on labor-market outcomes. We find that the low tax base that exists in California and many other states (and the necessarily higher tax rates that accompany these) negatively affects labor market outcomes for part-time and other low-earning workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Firm-to-Firm Trade: Imports, Exports, and the Labor Market (2022)
Eaton, Jonathan; Kramarz, Francis; Kortum, Samuel S.;Zitatform
Eaton, Jonathan, Samuel S. Kortum & Francis Kramarz (2022): Firm-to-Firm Trade: Imports, Exports, and the Labor Market. (NBER working paper 29685), Cambridge, Mass, 65 S. DOI:10.3386/w29685
Abstract
"Customs data reveal heterogeneity and granularity of relationships among buyers and sellers. A key insight is how more exports to a destination break down into more firms selling there and more buyers per exporter. We develop a quantitative general equilibrium model of firm-to-firm matching that builds on this insight to separate the roles of iceberg costs and matching frictions in gravity. In the cross section, we find matching frictions as important as iceberg costs in impeding trade, and more sensitive to distance. Because domestic and imported intermediates compete directly with labor in performing production tasks, our model also fits the heterogeneity of labor shares across French producers. Applying the framework to the 2004 expansion of the European Union, reduced iceberg costs and reduced matching frictions contributed equally to the increase in French exports to the new members. While workers benefitted overall, those competing most directly with imports gained less, even losing in some countries entering the EU." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum wage and tolerance for inequality (2022)
Zitatform
Fazio, Andrea & Tommaso Reggiani (2022): Minimum wage and tolerance for inequality. (MUNI ECON working paper 2022-07), Brno, 19 S.
Abstract
"We suggest that people advocate for equality also because they fear income losses below a given reference point. Stabilizing their baseline income can make workers more tolerant of inequality. We present evidence of this attitude in the UK by exploiting the introduction of the National Minimum Wage (NMW), which institutionally set a baseline pay reducing the risk of income losses for British workers at the bottom of the income distribution. Based on data from the British Household Panel Survey, we show that workers that benefited from the NMW program became relatively more tolerant of inequality and more likely to vote for the Conservative party." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Was halten Geringverdienende vom Mindestlohn?: Eine qualitative Untersuchung im Auftrag des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) (2022)
Heiden, Marleen von der; Himmelreicher, Ralf;Zitatform
Heiden, Marleen von der & Ralf Himmelreicher (2022): Was halten Geringverdienende vom Mindestlohn? Eine qualitative Untersuchung im Auftrag des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP). (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 1158), Berlin, 15 S.
Abstract
"Im Zentrum dieses Beitrags steht die Frage, wie Geringverdienende die Einführung des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns in Deutschland wahrnehmen. Auf Grundlage einer qualitativen Erhebung mit 31 Befragten im Rahmen von sechs Fokusgruppengesprächen, die im Sommer 2015 durchgeführt wurden, konnten vertiefte Einsichten gewonnen werden. Zunächst zeigte sich, dass Geringverdienende oftmals mit Beschäftigungshemmnissen konfrontiert sind. Häufig und auch kumulativ genannte Einschränkungen waren Krankheiten, die Pflege von Angehörigen, Kindererziehung und ein höheres Alter. Diese führten entweder zu Nichtbeschäftigung oder zu reduzierten wöchentlichen Arbeitszeiten; einige waren lediglich geringfügig beschäftigt. Die Einführung des Mindestlohns wurde als Schritt in die richtige Richtung zur Unterbindung von Lohndumping und mehr Anerkennung der Beschäftigten bezeichnet. Der zum Zeitpunkt der Untersuchung bestehende gesetzliche Mindestlohn von 8,50 Euro wird jedoch als zu gering eingeschätzt, um als gerechter Lohn wahrgenommen zu werden. Leistungen würden nicht anerkannt und finanzielle Bedarfe, etwa für die Miete vor allem in Städten, könnten oftmals nicht abgedeckt werden. Auch bei der Einhaltung und Kontrolle des Mindestlohns wird Verbesserungsbedarf gesehen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Uncovered workers in plants covered by collective bargaining: Who are they and how do they fare? (2022)
Zitatform
Hirsch, Boris, Philipp Lentge & Claus Schnabel (2022): Uncovered workers in plants covered by collective bargaining: Who are they and how do they fare? (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Lehrstuhl für Arbeitsmarkt- und Regionalpolitik. Diskussionspapiere 123), Nürnberg, 28 S.
Abstract
"In Deutschland zahlen Arbeitgeber traditionell den gleichen Tariflohn für Gewerkschaftsmitglieder und -nichtmitglieder im selben Betrieb, um letztere von einem Gewerkschaftsbeitritt abzuhalten. Mit aktuellen Daten aus der Verdienststrukturerhebung untersuchen wir, welche Arbeitnehmer in tarifgebundenen Betrieben heute noch individuell von tariflich vereinbarten Gewerkschaftslöhnen profitieren, welche Arbeitnehmer davon nicht mehr abgedeckt werden, und was dies für deren Entlohnung bedeutet. Wir zeigen, dass ungefähr 9 Prozent der Arbeitskräfte in tarifgebundenen Betrieben keine individuelle Abdeckung (und damit keinen Gewerkschaftslohn) mehr erfahren. Ökonometrische Analysen mit unbedingten Quantilsregressionen und Firmenfixe-Effekte-Schätzungen machen deutlich, dass das Fehlen einer individuellen Abdeckung durch Tarifverträge für die meisten Arbeitskräfte substanzielle Auswirkungen auf ihre Entlohnung hat. Nicht gewerkschaftlich organisierte Niedriglöhner und solche auf unteren Hierarchieebenen leiden besonders, weil ihre Arbeitgeber davon absehen, die Tariflöhne auf sie anzuwenden, um geringere Löhne zahlen zu können. Dieses Vorgehen gefährdet das gewerkschaftliche Ziel, alle benachteiligten Arbeitskräfte zu schützen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Why are Low-Wage Workers Signing Noncompete Agreements? (2022)
Zitatform
Johnson, Matthew S. & Michael Lipsitz (2022): Why are Low-Wage Workers Signing Noncompete Agreements? In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 57, H. 3, S. 689-724. DOI:10.3368/jhr.57.3.0619-10274R2
Abstract
"Policymakers are concerned by evidence that noncompete agreements (NCAs) are widely used in low-wage jobs. We show that firms that would otherwise not use NCAs are induced to use one in the presence of frictions to adjusting wages downward. Using a new survey of salon owners, we find that declines in the terms of trade for employees and increases in the minimum wage lead to higher NCA use, but only at firms for which the employee's cost of an NCA likely exceeds the employer's benefit. Furthermore, minimum wage increases have a negative effect on employment only where NCAs are unenforceable." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Why Do Sectoral Employment Programs Work?: Lessons from WorkAdvance (2022)
Katz, Lawrence F.; Schaberg, Kelsey; Hendra, Richard; Roth, Jonathan;Zitatform
Katz, Lawrence F., Jonathan Roth, Richard Hendra & Kelsey Schaberg (2022): Why Do Sectoral Employment Programs Work? Lessons from WorkAdvance. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 40, H. S1, S. S249-S291. DOI:10.1086/717932
Abstract
"This paper examines the evidence from randomized evaluations of sector-focused training programs that target low-wage workers and combine up-front screening, occupational and soft-skills training, and wraparound services. The programs generate substantial and persistent earnings gains (12%–34%) following training. Theoretical mechanisms for program impacts are explored for the WorkAdvance demonstration. Earnings gains are generated by getting participants into higher-wage jobs in higher-earning industries and occupations, not just by raising employment. Training in transferable and certifiable skills (likely underprovided from poaching concerns) and reductions of employment barriers to high-wage sectors for nontraditional workers appear to play key roles." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Helfertätigkeiten werden nicht nur von Ungelernten ausgeübt (Interview mit Barbara Schwengler, Holger Seibert und Doris Wiethölter) (2022)
Keitel, Christiane; Schwengler, Barbara; Seibert, Holger; Wiethölter, Doris;Zitatform
Keitel, Christiane; Barbara Schwengler, Holger Seibert & Doris Wiethölter (interviewte Person) (2022): Helfertätigkeiten werden nicht nur von Ungelernten ausgeübt (Interview mit Barbara Schwengler, Holger Seibert und Doris Wiethölter). In: IAB-Forum H. 19.07.2022 Nürnberg. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20220719.01
Abstract
"Ein aktueller IAB-Kurzbericht (14/2022) widmet sich den Helfertätigkeiten, die im Schnitt vergleichsweise niedrig entlohnt sind. Dies trifft aber nicht für alle diese Tätigkeiten zu. In bestimmten Konstellationen können ausgebildete Fachkräfte auf Helfertätigkeiten höhere Verdienste erzielen als im erlernten Beruf. Die Redaktion des IAB-Forum hat dazu bei Holger Seibert, Barbara Schwengler und Doris Wiethölter nachgefragt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Supermagd : Arbeitsaneignung im Niedriglohnsektor im Ländervergleich (2022)
Zitatform
Kupfer, Antonia (2022): Supermagd : Arbeitsaneignung im Niedriglohnsektor im Ländervergleich. In: Arbeits- und industriesoziologische Studien, Jg. 15, H. 1, S. 26-39.
Abstract
"Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein Konzept der Arbeitsaneignung vorgestellt, das die Subjektperspektive Beschäftigter eingebettet in soziale Kontexte erfasst und analysiert. Damit geraten strukturelle Einflüsse auf die Art und Weise wie Beschäftigte ihre Arbeit wahrnehmen, bewerten und bewältigen in den Blick. Am Beispiel von Supermarktverkäufer_innen in Deutschland und den USA wird das Konzept mit seinen drei Dimensionen sozialer Status der Tätigkeit, Gebrauchswert und Tätigsein entfaltet. Ihr Beschäftigtenanteil ist hoch und – nicht erst in der Corona-Pandemie – systemrelevant. Auf der Grundlage zweier kontrastierender Fälle werden Thesen zur unterschiedlichen Arbeitsaneignung in einem ausgewählten Niedriglohnsektor vorgestellt. Im Ergebnis wird deutlich, dass Arbeitsaneignung in Deutschland im Vergleich zu den USA arbeitnehmerinnenfreundlicher stattfindet. Für eine Verbesserung von Lebensverhältnissen sind daher politische Veränderungen und nicht subjektive Anrufungen erforderlich." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Monopsony power and the demand for low-skilled workers (2022)
Zitatform
Kölling, Arnd (2022): Monopsony power and the demand for low-skilled workers. In: The Economic and Labour Relations Review, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 377-395. DOI:10.1177/10353046211042427
Abstract
"This study analyses firms’ labour demand when employers have at least some monopsony power. It is argued that without taking into account (quasi-)monopsonistic structures of the labour market, wrong predictions are made about the effects of minimum wages. Using switching fractional panel probit regressions with German establishment data, I find that slightly more than 80% of establishments exercise some degree of monopsony power in their demand for low-skilled workers. The outcome suggests that a 1% increase in payments for low-skilled workers would, in these firms, increase employment for this group by 1.12%, while firms without monopsony power reduce the number of low-skilled, by about 1.63% for the same increase in remuneration. The study can probably also be used to explain the limited employment effects of the introduction of a statutory minimum wage in Germany and thus leads to a better understanding of the labour market for low-skilled workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © SAGE) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Informal employment and wages in Poland (2022)
Zitatform
Liwiński, Jacek (2022): Informal employment and wages in Poland. In: International Journal of Manpower, Jg. 44, H. 6, S. 1196-1220. DOI:10.1108/IJM-03-2021-0196
Abstract
"Purpose: This paper tries to identify the wage gap between informal and formal workers and tests for the two-tier structure of the informal labor market in Poland. Design/methodology/approach the author employs the propensity score matching (PSM) technique and use data from the Polish Labor Force Survey (LFS) for the period 2009–2017 to estimate the wage gap between informal and formal workers, both at the means and along the wage distribution. The author uses two definitions of informal employment: (1) employment without a written agreement and (2) employment while officially registered as unemployed at a labor office. In order to reduce the bias resulting from the non-random selection of individuals into informal employment, he uses a rich set of control variables representing several individual characteristics. Findings after controlling for observed heterogeneity, the author finds that on average informal workers earn less than formal workers, both in terms of monthly earnings and hourly wage. This result is not sensitive to the definition of informal employment used and is stable over the analyzed time period (2009–2017). However, the wage penalty to informal employment is substantially higher for individuals at the bottom of the wage distribution, which supports the hypothesis of the two-tier structure of the informal labor market in Poland. Originality/value the main contribution of this study is that it identifies the two-tier structure of the informal labor market in Poland: informal workers in the first quartile of the wage distribution and those above the first quartile appear to be in two partially different segments of the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working conditions in essential occupations and the role of migrants (2022)
Zitatform
Nivorozhkin, Anton & Friedrich Poeschel (2022): Working conditions in essential occupations and the role of migrants. In: Economic analysis and policy, Jg. 74, S. 250-261., 2022-02-09. DOI:10.1016/j.eap.2022.02.002
Abstract
"Following a national lockdown in response to the Covid-19 pandemic, state governments in Germany published lists of “essential” occupations that were considered necessary to maintain basic services such as health care, social care, food production and transport. This paper examines working conditions in these essential occupations and identifies clusters of similar jobs. Differences across clusters are highlighted using detailed data on job characteristics including tasks, educational requirements and working conditions. Two clusters with favourable or average working conditions account for more than three-quarters of jobs in essential occupations. Another two clusters, comprising 20% of jobs in essential occupations, are associated with unfavourable working conditions such as low pay, job insecurity, poor prospects for advancement and low autonomy. These latter clusters exhibit high shares of migrants. An Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition is used to investigate which individual characteristics explain why migrants are more likely to have unfavourable working conditions. The results suggest that lacking proficiency in the host-country language is the main barrier to improving migrants’ working conditions." (Author's abstract, © 2022 Economic Society of Australia, Queensland) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The U.S. tax-transfer system and low-income households: Savings, labor supply, and household formation (2022)
Zitatform
Ortigueira, Salvador & Nawid Siassi (2022): The U.S. tax-transfer system and low-income households: Savings, labor supply, and household formation. In: Review of Economic Dynamics, Jg. 44, S. 184-210. DOI:10.1016/j.red.2021.02.010
Abstract
"Eligibility and benefits for anti-poverty income transfers in the U.S. are based on both the means and the household characteristics of applicants, such as their filing status, living arrangement, and marital status. In this paper we develop a dynamic structural model to study the effects of the U.S. tax-transfer system on the decisions of non-college-educated workers with children. In our model workers face uninsurable idiosyncratic risks and make decisions on savings, labor supply, living arrangement, and marital status. We find that the U.S. anti-poverty policy distorts the cohabitation/marriage decision of single mothers, providing incentives to cohabit. We also find quantitatively important effects on savings, and on the labor supply of husbands and wives. Namely, the model yields a U-shaped relationship between the earnings of one spouse and the labor supply of the other spouse, a result that we also find in the data. We show that these U-shaped relationships stem in part from the current design of anti-poverty income programs, and that the introduction of an EITC deduction on the earnings of secondary earners—as proposed in the 21st Century Worker Tax Cut Act—would increase the employment rate of the spouses of workers earning between $15K and $35K, especially of female spouses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Family demographic processes and in-work poverty: A systematic review (2022)
Zitatform
Polizzi, Antonino, Emanuela Struffolino & Zachary Van Winkle (2022): Family demographic processes and in-work poverty: A systematic review. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 52. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2022.100462
Abstract
"This article reviews ever published quantitative evidence on in-work poverty and family demographic processes in OECD and EU-28 countries. Despite the increasing attention to in-work poverty in Europe and beyond, a comprehensive and critical review on how family demographic processes shape in-work poverty risks is still missing. In this systematic review, we first provide a quantitative review of results from analyses that estimated the association between in-work poverty and parental home leaving, union formation, marriage, parenthood, and dissolution of non-marital and marital unions. This allows us to formulate tentative conclusions about whether and in which direction family demographic processes are associated with in-work poverty. Second, we discuss in detail conceptual and methodological advances in in-work poverty research, such as longitudinal analytical designs or attempts to make in-work poverty research more sensitive to policy context, gender, and the life course. Our review highlights theoretical and methodological challenges for future studies linking in-work poverty and family demography." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Berufsspezifische Lohnunterschiede: In einigen Helferjobs verdienen Fachkräfte mehr als in ihrem erlernten Beruf (2022)
Seibert, Holger; Schwengler, Barbara; Wiethölter, Doris;Zitatform
Seibert, Holger, Barbara Schwengler & Doris Wiethölter (2022): Berufsspezifische Lohnunterschiede: In einigen Helferjobs verdienen Fachkräfte mehr als in ihrem erlernten Beruf. (IAB-Kurzbericht 14/2022), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2214
Abstract
"Auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt dominieren Tätigkeiten mit mittleren und hohen Qualifikationsanforderungen. Daneben existiert im Helfersegment eine Reihe einfacher Tätigkeiten, die im Schnitt vergleichsweise niedrig entlohnt werden. Das trifft aber nicht für alle Helfertätigkeiten zu. In bestimmten Konstellationen können ausgebildete Fachkräfte auf Helferniveau höhere Verdienste erzielen als im erlernten Beruf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
- Die 15 Berufsgruppen mit den niedrigsten Entgelten für Fachkräfte und die 15 Berufsgruppen mit den höchsten Entgelten für Helfer
- Berufliche Bildungsabschlüsse von Beschäftigten in Helfertätigkeiten im Vergleich zu den Beschäftigten ohne Helfertätigkeiten
- Entgeltverteilung von Vollzeitbeschäftigten nach Anforderungsniveau
- Ein begleitendes Interview zu diesem Kurzbericht finden Sie im Online-Magazin IAB-Forum.
- Berufliche Wechsel und Anforderungsniveau der Tätigkeit von Beschäftigten nach Entgelthöhe im erlernten Beruf
- Berufliche Wechsel und Anforderungsniveau der Tätigkeit sowie erzieltes Entgelt von Beschäftigten mit Ausbildungsberufen mit besonders niedrigen Entgelten für Fachkräfte
- Erzielte monatliche Entgelte von Vollzeitbeschäftigten in Abhängigkeit von Berufswechseln und dem aktuellen Anforderungsniveau der Tätigkeit
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Literaturhinweis
Der untere Entgeltbereich (2022)
Seils, Eric; Baumann, Helge;Zitatform
Seils, Eric & Helge Baumann (2022): Der untere Entgeltbereich. (WSI Policy Brief / Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut 65), Düsseldorf, 12 S.
Abstract
"Die Bundesagentur für Arbeit hat erstmals nicht nur fachlich, sondern auch regional tief gegliederte Daten zum unteren Entgeltbereich herausgegeben (Bundesagentur für Arbeit 2021a). In Verbindung mit weiteren Sonderauswertungen der Bundesagentur liefern diese Kennziffern detaillierte Informationen über Menschen, die trotz Vollzeitbeschäftigung am Ende des Monats wenig Lohn haben. Diese Daten sollen im Hinblick auf die folgenden Fragen ausgewertet werden: Wer sind die Geringverdiener und wo arbeiten sie? Wie hat sich der untere Entgeltbereich entwickelt? Welche regionalen Unterschiede bestehen und wie lassen sich diese erklären? Zunächst soll jedoch auf methodische Aspekte eingegangen werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Erwerbsarmut in Österreich aus Geschlechterperspektive (2022)
Zitatform
Siegert, Christina (2022): Erwerbsarmut in Österreich aus Geschlechterperspektive. In: Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Jg. 47, H. 4, S. 511-535.
Abstract
"Der Beitrag widmet sich anhand österreichischer EU-SILC-Querschnittsdaten (2017—2019) der Frage, ob und wie sich unselbständig beschäftigte Frauen und Männer hinsichtlich ihres Erwerbsarmutsrisikos auf Basis des Personeneinkommens unterscheiden. Dazu werden auf Basis der individuellen Beschäftigungssituation, des gestaffelten Personeneinkommens (Erwerbseinkommen, andere Personeneinkommen, anteilige Haushaltseinkommen) und haushaltsspezifischer Armutsschwellen Erwerbsarmutsquoten für Frauen und Männer ausgewiesen. Ausgehend von Überlegungen zur Arbeitsmarktbenachteiligung und finanzieller Abhängigkeit von Frauen stehen geschlechts- und haushaltsspezifische Beschäftigungsstrategien, erfasst durch Beschäftigungsausmaß und Lohnhöhe, und deren Konsequenzen für das individuelle Erwerbsarmutsrisiko im Zentrum der Analyse. Potenzielle Zusammenhänge werden mit Hilfe von Kontingenz- und logistischen Regressionsanalysen überprüft, womit dieser Beitrag neue Erkenntnisse über die haushalts- und geschlechterspezifische Situation unselbständig beschäftigter working poor in Österreich liefert. Die Resultate weisen darauf hin, dass Frauen häufiger teilzeit- und niedriglohnbeschäftigt sind und in Paarhaushalten mehrheitlich nur einen Zuverdienst zum Haushaltseinkommen leisten, während Männer überwiegend Allein- oder Hauptverdiener sind. Frauen sind stärker als Männer auf Einkommenskomponenten jenseits des eigenen Erwerbseinkommens angewiesen, um Erwerbsarmut zu vermeiden. Aber nicht Frauen per se, sondern ausschließlich (die überwiegend teilzeitbeschäftigten) Mütter sind gegenüber Männern einem erhöhten Erwerbsarmutsrisiko ausgesetzt. Könnten Mütter nur auf ihr Erwerbseinkommen oder andere Personeneinkommen zurückgreifen, wäre mindestens jede Zweite von ihnen working poor." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Employment and wage effects of extending collective bargaining agreements: Sectoral collective contracts reduce inequality but may lead to job losses among workers with earnings close to the wage floors (2022)
Zitatform
Villanueva, Ernesto & Effrosyni Adamopoulou (2022): Employment and wage effects of extending collective bargaining agreements. Sectoral collective contracts reduce inequality but may lead to job losses among workers with earnings close to the wage floors. (IZA world of labor 136), Bonn, 12 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.136.v2
Abstract
"Der Gesamteffekt der Allgemeinverbindlichkeit von Tarifverträgen hängt davon ab, wie viele Arbeitsplätze aufgrund der tariflich geregelten Lohnuntergrenzen und sonstigen Arbeitsbedingungen abgebaut werden. Um die Auswirkungen auf Löhne und Beschäftigung bewerten zu können, müssen Informationen über Tarifverträge mit Längsschnittdaten zu Arbeitgebern und Arbeitnehmern verknüpft werden. Neue Erkenntnisse der Forschung zeigen, dass negative Effekte meist auf Arbeitnehmer mit Verdiensten in der Nähe der Mindestlöhne beschränkt sind. Öffnungsklauseln und Repräsentativitätserfordernisse können dem entgegenwirken." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
deutsche Kurzfassung -
Literaturhinweis
The standard of living among the poor across Europe. Does employment make a difference? (2022)
Zitatform
Wolf, Fridolin, Henning Lohmann & Petra Böhnke (2022): The standard of living among the poor across Europe. Does employment make a difference? In: European Societies, Jg. 24, H. 5, S. 548-579. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2022.2076892
Abstract
"Employment does not always guarantee sufficient income and a decent standard of living anymore. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between income poverty and material deprivation for employed and unemployed individuals across Europe. To do so, we focus on relevant mechanisms at the individual and institutional levels. We examine how economic, structural and institutional factors shape the relationship between employment, poverty and deprivation. We explore our subject using EU-SILC data from 2015 and cross-national macro-level data from the OECD, Eurostat and UNECE. According to our findings, employment is associated with a higher standard of living even among the poor and when controlling for savings and income level, which may point to the non-monetary benefits of employment. At the macro level, we show that the impact of employment on the living standard of the poor varies according to economic conditions and institutional settings. Our results suggest that policies that promote integration into the labour market without taking into account the quality of jobs and working conditions devalue gainful employment in terms of maintaining a decent standard of living." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Geographies of Low-Income Jobs: The concentration of low-income jobs, the knowledge economy and labor market polarization in Sweden, 1990-2018 (2022)
Zitatform
von Borries, Alvaro, Markus Grillitsch & Karl-Johan Lundquist (2022): Geographies of Low-Income Jobs: The concentration of low-income jobs, the knowledge economy and labor market polarization in Sweden, 1990-2018. (Papers in innovation studies / CIRCLE, Lund University 2022,04), Lund, 31 S.
Abstract
"In this paper we explore the (changing) spatial concentration of low-income jobs throughout the last 30 years in Sweden, a period that has been characterized by the rise of what has become known as the knowledge economy. In particular, we describe (map) and try to understand what drives the concentration of low-income jobs in certain regions and how that has changed in time. We observe an overall decrease of the prevalence of low-income jobs during the last three decades. Moreover, regions have also converged, meaning that the great differentiator between places is less and less about how many low-income jobs they host, but how many very well paid there are. We also find that labor market polarization does not seem to lead to a greater incidence of low-income jobs when measured against a threshold related to the national income distribution, but, as expected, it does when we move towards a regional threshold, thus accounting for regional income differences. Finally, regions with a larger knowledge economy have tended to have a lower incidence of low-income jobs, both measured with respect to the national and to the regional income. This points towards the knowledge economy being a source of regional prosperity either through the upgrading of jobs or rising the wages of low- income workers. Despite all the discourse about the degradation of the Nordic model, we provide some evidence for it to be still working in Sweden under this new and complex knowledge-dominated era." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Escaping from Low-Wage Employment: The Role of Co-worker Networks (2021)
Zitatform
Baranowska-Rataj, Anna, Zoltán Elekes & Rikard Eriksson (2021): Escaping from Low-Wage Employment. The Role of Co-worker Networks. (CERS-IE working papers 2021,22), Budapest, 29 S.
Abstract
"Low-wage jobs are often regarded as dead-ends in the labour market careers of young people. Previous research focused on disentangling to what degree the association between a low-wage job at the start of working life and limited chances of transitioning to better-paid employment is causal or spurious. Less attention has been paid to the channels that may facilitate the upward wage mobility of low-wage workers. We focus on such mechanisms, and we scrutinize the impact of social ties to higher-educated co-workers. Due to knowledge spillovers, job referrals, as well as firm-level productivity gains, having higher-educated co-workers may improve an individual's chances of transitioning to a better-paid job. We use linked employer-employee data from longitudinal Swedish registers and panel data models that incorporate measures of low-wage workers' social ties to higher-educated co-workers. Our results confirm that having social ties to higher-educated co-workers increases individual chances of transitioning to better-paid employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Trade, technology, and the channels of wage inequality (2021)
Borrs, Linda; Knauth, Florian;Zitatform
Borrs, Linda & Florian Knauth (2021): Trade, technology, and the channels of wage inequality. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 131. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103607
Abstract
"We use a large sample of German workers to analyse whether low-wage competition with China and Eastern Europe (the East) affects the wage structure within German manufacturing industries. In order to identify the channels through which trade and technology affect wage inequality, we decompose wages into firm and worker components. We find that the rise of market access and the competitiveness of the East has a substantial impact on inequality via the worker-wage component. While we find no large effect of the firm effect and assortative matching on overall inequality we find that trade induced matching is relevant for high-tech industries. We also account for exposure to technological change and do not find an effect on the dispersion of wage components. Overall, trade explains around 15% of the recent increase in wage inequality." (Author's abstract, © 2021 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The role of low earnings in differing trends in male earnings volatility (2021)
Carr, Michael D.; Wiemers, Emily E.;Zitatform
Carr, Michael D. & Emily E. Wiemers (2021): The role of low earnings in differing trends in male earnings volatility. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 199. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109702
Abstract
"Trends in male earnings volatility vary across studies. Volatility is flat or increasing in most studies using survey data but falling in recent studies using administrative data. This paper uses Survey of Income and Program Participation data linked to administrative earnings histories from the Detailed Earnings Records to investigate the effect of the treatment of low earnings on earnings volatility. We show that volatility trends are sensitive to the treatment of low earnings: when low earnings are treated as is typically done with survey data, volatility is flat or increasing slightly, but when low earnings are treated as in recent studies using administrative earnings data, volatility declines." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2021 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Offshoring, computerization, labor market polarization and top income inequality (2021)
Zitatform
Cavenaile, Laurent (2021): Offshoring, computerization, labor market polarization and top income inequality. In: Journal of macroeconomics, Jg. 69. DOI:10.1016/j.jmacro.2021.103317
Abstract
"This paper proposes a model of occupational choice with heterogeneous agents in terms of human capital to quantify the role of offshoring and computerization in labor market polarization and increased top income inequality. We find that both offshoring and computerization played a major role regarding labor market polarization in the US over the period 1975–2008. We further show that the last decades can be decomposed into two subperiods. Computerization is the main driver of labor market polarization from 1975 to the mid 1990s, after which globalization (through decreased costs of offshoring) explains more than 70% of job and wage polarization. Our model can also explain around 40% of the observed increase in top income inequality since 1975." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2021 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Bottom Incomes and the Measurement of Poverty: A Brief Assessment of the Literature (2021)
Zitatform
Ceriani, Lidia, Vladimir Hlasny & Paolo Verme (2021): Bottom Incomes and the Measurement of Poverty: A Brief Assessment of the Literature. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 914), Maastricht, 17 S.
Abstract
"The paper discusses the main issues related to negative and zero incomes that are relevant for the measurement of poverty. It shows the prevalence of non-positive incomes in high- and middle-income countries, provides an analysis of the sources and structure of these incomes, outlines the various approaches proposed by scholars and statistical agencies to treat non-positive incomes, and explains how non-positive incomes and alternative correction methods impact the measurement of standard poverty indexes. It is argued that negative and zero incomes cannot be treated equally in terms of household well-being and that standard methods used by practitioners fail to recognize this fact likely resulting in overestimations of poverty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: Working Papers, 589 -
Literaturhinweis
When two (or more) do not equal one: an analysis of the changing nature of multiple and single jobholding in Europe (2021)
Zitatform
Conen, Wieteke & Paul de Beer (2021): When two (or more) do not equal one: an analysis of the changing nature of multiple and single jobholding in Europe. In: Transfer, Jg. 27, H. 2, S. 165-180. DOI:10.1177/10242589211002630
Abstract
"Ausmaß und Struktur multipler Arbeitsverhältnisse und ihre Konsequenzen für Menschen in Mehrfachbeschäftigung ändern sich in zahlreichen westlichen Volkswirtschaften. Zurzeit stehen nur begrenzte quantitative empirische Erkenntnisse über die sich ändernden Merkmale multipler Arbeitsverhältnisse und über die Frage zur Verfügung, ob sich die ökonomisch prekäre Lage von Menschen im Laufe der Zeit geändert hat. In dem vorliegenden Artikel befassen wir uns in erster Linie mit der Situation von Menschen in Mehrfachbeschäftigung und den für sie geltenden Trends im Vergleich zum „klassischen” Arbeitnehmer oder Arbeitnehmerin in Europa mit nur einem Arbeitsplatz. Dazu untersuchen wir die Arbeitszeiten und gehen außerdem den Fragen nach, ob Arbeitnehmer:innen gern längere Arbeitszeiten hätten und ob sie trotz ihrer Beschäftigung von Armut bedroht sind. Zu diesem Zweck untersuchen wir Daten, die seit Anfang der 2000er Jahre im Rahmen der EU-Arbeitskräfteerhebung und der EU-Statistik über Einkommen und Lebensbedingungen erfasst wurden. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass multiple Arbeitsverhältnisse ein signifikantes und um sich greifendes Phänomen in den Arbeitsmärkten zahlreicher hoch entwickelter Volkswirtschaften sind, wobei sich die Merkmale ständig ändern. Das gilt zum Beispiel für die geschlechtsspezifische Verteilung und Kombination dieser Arbeitsverträge. Die Armutsgefährdung von Erwerbstätigen ist in atypischen Arbeitsverhältnissen relativ hoch, aber die Ergebnisse belegen keinen negativen Trend. Armut trotz Erwerbstätigkeit scheint bei Single-Arbeitnehmer:innen und Arbeitnehmer:innen in atypischen Beschäftigungsverhältnissen zuzunehmen, dies gilt sowohl für Beschäftigte mit nur einem Job als auch für Mehrfachbeschäftigte." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Trade and Inequality in Europe and the US (2021)
Zitatform
Dorn, David & Peter Levell (2021): Trade and Inequality in Europe and the US. (IZA discussion paper 14914), Bonn, 65 S.
Abstract
"The share of low-income countries in global exports nearly tripled between 1990 and 2015, driven largely by the rapid emergence of China as an exporting powerhouse. While research in economics had long acknowledged that trade with lower-income countries could raise income inequality in Europe and the US, empirical estimates indicated only a modest contribution of trade to growing national skill premia. However, if workers are not highly mobile across firms, industries and locations, then the unequal impacts of trade can manifest along different margins. Recent evidence from countries across Europe and the US shows that growing import competition from China differentially reduced earnings and employment rates for workers in more trade-exposed industries, and for the residents of more trade-exposed geographic regions. These adverse impacts were often largest for lower-skilled individuals. We show that domestic manufacturing employment declined much more in countries that saw a large growth of net imports from China (such as the UK and the US), than in countries that maintained relatively balanced trade with China (such as Germany and Switzerland). Drawing on a new analysis for the UK, we further show that trade with China contributed to job loss in manufacturing, but also to substantial declines in consumer prices. However, while the adverse labour market impacts were concentrated on specific groups of workers and regions, the consumer benefits from trade were widely dispersed in the population, and appear similarly large for high-income and low-income households. Globalisation has thus created pockets of losers, and recent evidence indicates that in addition to financial losses, residents of regions with greater exposure to import competition also suffer from higher crime rates, a deterioration of health outcomes, and a dissolution of traditional family structures. We argue that new import tariffs such as those imposed by the US in 2018 and 2019 are unlikely to help the losers from globalisation. Instead, displaced workers may be better supported by a combination of transfers to avert financial hardship, skills training that facilitate reintegration into the labour market, and place-based policies that stimulate job creation in depressed locations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Cumulative risks in a segmented labour market: Working-time patterns of low-wage workers (2021)
Zitatform
Dütsch, Matthias & Oliver Bruttel (2021): Cumulative risks in a segmented labour market: Working-time patterns of low-wage workers. (baua: Fokus), Dortmund, 27 S. DOI:10.21934/baua:focus20210505
Abstract
"Basierend auf einem repräsentativen Datensatz, der Informationen zu rund 20.000 Personen enthält, geben wir Einblicke in die spezifischen Arbeitszeitmuster von Niedriglohnbeschäftigten hinsichtlich der Dauer der Arbeit, atypischer Arbeitszeiten und ihrer Arbeitszeitautonomie. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Niedriglohnbeschäftigte im Durchschnitt signifikant längere tatsächliche Arbeitszeiten haben als besser verdienende Beschäftigte. Sie berichten von höheren durchschnittlichen wöchentlichen Überstunden und einer größeren Anzahl von unbezahlten Stunden. Niedriglohnbeschäftigte sind häufiger atypischen Arbeitszeiten ausgesetzt: Sie arbeiten häufiger an Wochenenden und leisten mehr rotierende Tagschichtarbeit. Zudem haben Niedriglohnbeschäftigte weniger Einfluss auf den Beginn oder das Ende ihres Arbeitstages sowie auf Pausen. Schließlich arbeiten sie häufiger auf Abruf und ihre Arbeitszeiten ändern sich häufiger aus betrieblichen Gründen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The minimum wage and annual earnings inequality (2021)
Zitatform
Engelhardt, Gary V. & Patrick J. Purcell (2021): The minimum wage and annual earnings inequality. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 207. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2021.110001
Abstract
"We estimate the impact of the minimum wage on U.S. male annual earnings inequality, using administrative Social Security earnings records from 1981-2015. The minimum wage reduces inequality in the bottom quartile of the earnings distribution, and especially in the bottom decile." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2021 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Who Does the Earned Income Tax Credit Benefit?: A Monopsony View (2021)
Farmand, Aida; Davis, Owen;Zitatform
Farmand, Aida & Owen Davis (2021): Who Does the Earned Income Tax Credit Benefit? A Monopsony View. (Working paper / Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis 2021-02), New York, NY, 45 S.
Abstract
"The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) targets refundable tax credits to low-income workers, incentivizing labor supply and raising the incomes of tens of millions of Americans. One possible consequence of subsidizing low-wage work, however, is to reduce wage growth. A monopsony model of the EITC is developed in order to analyze its impacts on labor market outcomes, which are identified by exploiting variation in state EITC supplements. A first set of results focused on the food service industry find that the EITC increases employment and reduces turnover among young women. Further results suggest that the EITC reduces wages for workers without college degrees. These findings prompt a reconsideration of the redistributive effects of the EITC, particularly for groups like older low-wage workers who face slower wage growth as a result of the policy but do not receive the same level of benefits on average." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Der ungleiche Wert geringqualifizierter Arbeit. Erwerbschancen in der Bau- und Reinigungsbranche (2021)
Zitatform
Gonon, Anna & Anna John (2021): Der ungleiche Wert geringqualifizierter Arbeit. Erwerbschancen in der Bau- und Reinigungsbranche. In: Industrielle Beziehungen, Jg. 28, H. 3, S. 260-282. DOI:10.3224/indbez.v28i3.03
Abstract
"Fehlende formale Qualifikationen wirken sich negativ auf Erwerbschancen aus, insbesondere für Frauen. Während die Forschung bisher vor allem makrostrukturelle Faktoren beleuchtete, nimmt dieser Beitrag die Mesoebene in den Blick und fragt danach, wie die Erwerbschancen Geringqualifizierter durch branchenspezifische Formen der Beschäftigung und Arbeitsorganisation beeinflusst werden. Durch den Vergleich zweier geschlechtersegregierter Branchen, dem Bau- und Reinigungsgewerbe in der Schweiz, wird aufgezeigt, wie Systeme der kollektiven Lohnverhandlung, Strategien des Personaleinsatzes sowie Regeln und Praktiken der Beförderung und Weiterbildung zu ungleichen Erwerbschancen beitragen. Analytisch knüpft der Artikel an die Theorie der Unterschätzung von Frauenarbeit an und konzipiert Erwerbschancen als Resultat unterschiedlicher Konstruktionen des Werts von Arbeit. Als empirische Grundlage dienen qualitative Interviews mit Arbeitgebenden, geringqualifizierten Arbeitskräften und Gewerkschaftsvertretern. Zudem wurden die Kollektivverträge der beiden Branchen analysiert. Der Fokus liegt auf Generalunternehmen der Baubranche und auf der Unterhaltsreinigung. Während sich Erstere durch hohe Mindestlöhne sowie institutionalisierte Aufstiegsmöglichkeiten auszeichnen, ist Letztere durch niedrige Löhne, Unterbeschäftigung und mangelnde Möglichkeiten der beruflichen Weiterentwicklung geprägt. Der Beitrag belegt die Vielschichtigkeit der Faktoren, die auf der Ebene von Branchen und Betrieben die Erwerbschancen von Geringqualifizierten beeinflussen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Einkommensungleichheit stagniert langfristig, sinkt aber während der Corona-Pandemie leicht (2021)
Zitatform
Grabka, Markus M. (2021): Einkommensungleichheit stagniert langfristig, sinkt aber während der Corona-Pandemie leicht. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 88, H. 18, S. 307-316. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2021-18-1
Abstract
"Sowohl Löhne als auch bedarfsgewichtete Haushaltseinkommen sind im Zeitraum 2013 bis 2018 real um gut zehn Prozent gestiegen. Hiervon profitierten alle Einkommensgruppen. Die Ungleichheit der Löhne ist seit mehreren Jahren rückläufig und liegt wieder auf dem Niveau wie zu Beginn der 2000er Jahre. Parallel dazu ist der Niedriglohnsektor um zwei Prozentpunkte geschrumpft. Anders verhält es sich bei den Haushaltseinkommen, bei denen sich die Ungleichheit seit vielen Jahren kaum verändert hat. Auch die Niedrigeinkommensquote stagniert. Allerdings ist der Anteil der Personen, die von essentiellem Mangel (materieller Deprivation) betroffen sind, auf ein im europäischen Vergleich niedriges Niveau gesunken. Seit Ausbruch der Covid-19-Pandemie hat die Einkommensungleichheit in Deutschland leicht abgenommen, was vor allem an den rückläufigen Einkommen bei den Selbstständigen liegen dürfte. Die Pandemie birgt aber die Gefahr, dass durch eine steigende Zahl von Insolvenzen und Arbeitslosen die Einkommen in der Breite wieder sinken. Die Politik sollte die Hilfen an Selbstständige und Unternehmen nicht zu früh einstellen und deren Zielgenauigkeit nachjustieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Basisarbeit: Mittendrin und außen vor (2021)
Große-Jäger, André; Zwingmann, Bruno; Stiegler, Franziska; Merfert, Matthias; Lauenstein, Oliver; Hauser, Renate; May-Schmidt, Jana;Zitatform
Große-Jäger, André, Renate Hauser, Oliver Lauenstein, Jana May-Schmidt, Matthias Merfert, Franziska Stiegler & Bruno Zwingmann (Hrsg.) (2021): Basisarbeit. Mittendrin und außen vor. Bonn: Synergie VertriebsDienstleistung GmbH, 432 S.
Abstract
"„Einfacharbeit“ und „Geringverdienende“: Diese Begriffe orientieren sich am Qualifikationsniveau und der Entlohnung und sind seit langem etabliert. Basisarbeit wird dagegen von der jeweiligen Tätigkeit her definiert. In den meisten Fällen bedarf es dafür keiner formalen Qualifikation, sondern nur einer Einarbeitung on the Job. Obwohl es sich hier um eine heterogene Beschäftigtengruppe handelt, gibt es für Basisarbeiter*innen hinsichtlich ihrer Lage und ihrer Arbeitsbedingungen eine Reihe von Gemeinsamkeiten. So fehlt es vielen von ihnen u. a. an Arbeitsplatzsicherheit und sozialer Absicherung, an sicheren und gesunden Arbeitsbedingungen sowie an Anerkennung und Wertschätzung – materiell ebenso wie immateriell. Dass diese Tatsachen bislang nicht klar fokussiert wurden, ist umso erstaunlicher, als Basisarbeiter*innen mit ihrer Tätigkeit und ihrem Engagement die Arbeitsgesellschaft am Laufen halten und in vielerlei Hinsicht überhaupt erst die Grundlage für Wohlstand und Fortschritt schaffen. Bei den Debatten über die Zukunft der Arbeit werden den Auswirkungen für Beschäftigte im „Maschinenraum der Arbeitsgesellschaft“ jedoch bisher nur wenig Beachtung geschenkt. Diese Tatsache ins Bewusstsein zu rücken, für Verbesserungen zu sorgen und einen entsprechenden politischen Handlungsrahmen aufzusetzen, ist das Anliegen der Initiative „Gute Basisarbeit“. Ein Baustein dafür ist die Dialogreihe „Basisarbeit – mittendrin und außen vor“, die im März 2021 mit der Diskussion des neuen Begriffs „Basisarbeit“ startete. In einer eigenen Veranstaltung wurden Basisarbeit als Chance zur Teilhabe am Beispiel von Migrant*innen und die Gestaltung von Ankommensarbeit thematisiert." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Redistribution across Europe: How much and to whom? (2021)
Zitatform
Hammer, Bernhard, Michael Christl & Silvia De Poli (2021): Redistribution across Europe: How much and to whom? (JRC working papers on taxation and structural reforms 2021-14), Seville, 28 S.
Abstract
"Governments face a potential trade-off between provision for the growing population in retirement and the support of working-age households with low income. Using EUROMOD-based microdata from 28 countries, we (a) quantify the redistribution to the pensioner and non-pensioner populations, (b) study the position of net beneficiaries in the overall income distribution and (c) analyse how taxes and benefits affect the working-age population with low income. Our results provide novel insights into the distributive role of tax-benefit systems across Europe. Interestingly, a strong overall redistribution between households is associated with generous pensions for a portion of the retirees but negatively related to support for low-income households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
- Theorie
- Politik und Maßnahmen
- Arbeitsmarkt- und Lohnentwicklung
- Arbeitswelt, Personalpolitik
- Personengruppen
- Wirtschaftszweige
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
- Alter