Atypische Beschäftigung
Der deutsche Arbeitsmarkt wird zunehmend heterogener. Teilzeitbeschäftigung und Minijobs boomen. Ebenso haben befristete Beschäftigung und Leiharbeit an Bedeutung gewonnen und die Verbreitung von Flächentarifverträgen ist rückläufig. Diese atypischen Erwerbsformen geben Unternehmen mehr Flexibilität.
Was sind die Konsequenzen der zunehmenden Bedeutung atypischer Beschäftigungsformen für Erwerbstätige, Arbeitslose und Betriebe? Welche Bedeutung haben sie für die sozialen Sicherungssysteme, das Beschäftigungsniveau und die Durchlässigkeit des Arbeitsmarktes? Die IAB-Themendossier bietet Informationen zum Forschungsstand.
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
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Atypische Beschäftigung insgesamt
- Gesamtbetrachtungen
- Erosion des Normalarbeitsverhältnisses
- Prekäre Beschäftigung
- Politik, Arbeitslosigkeitsbekämpfung
- Arbeits- und Lebenssituation atypisch Beschäftigter
- Betriebliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Rechtliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Gesundheitliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Beschäftigungsformen
- Qualifikationsniveau
- Alter
- geographischer Bezug
- Geschlecht
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Literaturhinweis
Feeling disadvantaged? Type of employment contract and political attitudes (2025)
Zitatform
Gatskova, Kseniia, Michal Pilc & Maciej Beresewicz (2025): Feeling disadvantaged? Type of employment contract and political attitudes. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 23, H. 2, S. 787-811., 2024-02-05. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwae011
Abstract
"We tested the theory of relative deprivation in the context of the Polish labour market during the post-crisis period from 2009 to 2015. This period witnessed the highest incidence of temporary contracts in the European Union, providing novel evidence on the causal relationship between the type of employment contract and political attitudes. Our findings suggest that temporary workers are more supportive of income redistribution but less supportive of democracy. Additionally, a shift from permanent to temporary contracts among prime-aged employees leads to a decrease in their support for democracy. Although this effect is modest in magnitude, the article points to an important mechanism influencing shifts in political attitudes. Our findings suggest that the effect of temporary employment on political attitudes is more pronounced among socio-demographic groups less accustomed to unstable employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Oxford Academic) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Towards a Reserve Army of Highly Skilled Labour? The Politics of Solo Self-Employment in the Knowledge Economy (2023)
Borg, Maxime;Zitatform
Borg, Maxime (2023): Towards a Reserve Army of Highly Skilled Labour? The Politics of Solo Self-Employment in the Knowledge Economy. (SocArXiv papers), 46 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/yq2f6
Abstract
"Prevailing political economic theories on the segmentation of the labor market all rely on the assumption that workers with tertiary education possess significant bargaining power in the knowledge economy due to the strategic importance of their human capital for firms. This paper argues that this empowerment thesis is not empirically founded. The surplus of interchangeable workers equipped with general skills in the knowledge economy actually reinforces employers in the labor-capital power dynamics. This context allows employers to reduce labor costs by imposing subcontracting and flexible work arrangements on highly skilled workers. Until now, these practices were believed to be prevalent only among low-skilled workers. This paper investigates this transformation through the lens of solo self-employment. Drawing on data obtained from 22 European countries spanning from 2014 to 2021, this article presents findings suggesting that the transition to the knowledge economy incentivises employers to adopt a new division of labor predicated on the development of networks of subcontracting and flexible highly skilled workers, particularly in economies with strict employment protection legislation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Extending social protection to informal economy Workers: Lessons from the Key Indicators of Informality based on Individuals and their Household (KIIbIH) (2023)
Kolev, Alexandre; La, Justina; Manfredi, Thomas;Zitatform
Kolev, Alexandre, Justina La & Thomas Manfredi (2023): Extending social protection to informal economy Workers: Lessons from the Key Indicators of Informality based on Individuals and their Household (KIIbIH). (OECD Development Centre working papers 350), Paris, 39 S. DOI:10.1787/ca19539d-en
Abstract
"This paper exploits the information available in the OECD Key Indicators of Informality based on Individuals and their Household (KIIBIH) to shed light on several elements that could help inform national strategies for the extension of social protection to workers in the informal economy. It provides an assessment of current social protection coverage of informal workers throughout a large sample of developing and emerging economies and proposes a statistical framework to examine country-specific data, upon which a strategy for extending social protection to informal workers could be articulated. While the paper does not intend to provide detailed country-level recommendations, it highlights a number of important findings and policy directions as regards the way to extend non-contributory and contributory schemes to informal workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Report on mobile seasonal workers and intra-EU labor mobility (2023)
Siöland, Linus; Aouati, Olivia; Hassan, Emmanuel; Viñuales, Clara; Markowska, Agnieszka; Gasperini, Michela; Geraci, Matthew;Zitatform
Siöland, Linus, Emmanuel Hassan, Matthew Geraci, Michela Gasperini, Clara Viñuales, Agnieszka Markowska & Olivia Aouati (2023): Report on mobile seasonal workers and intra-EU labor mobility. Luxemburg, 51 S. DOI:10.2767/093005
Abstract
"Mobile seasonal workers play an important role in the European labor market by increasing the supply of labor in times of the year when there is more work than the domestic market can supply workers for. This allows sectors that are marked by strong seasonality – notably agriculture, hospitality and tourism – to bolster their staff with workers from another country if they are not able to allocate all their work using only domestic applicants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
"Working While Feeling Awful Is Normal": One Roma's Experience of Presenteeism (2022)
Zitatform
Collins, Helen, Susan Barry & Piotr Dzuga (2022): "Working While Feeling Awful Is Normal": One Roma's Experience of Presenteeism. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 36, H. 2, S. 362-371. DOI:10.1177/0950017021998950
Abstract
"This article presents an account of a young Roma man’s lived experience of working in the agricultural sector while sick, and shines a spotlight on the impact of precarious work, low pay and eligibility, and access to sick pay, with particular emphasis on Roma, and how these factors interconnect to foster presenteeism. The repercussions of presenteeism, relayed through Piotr’s personal narrative and reflections about his work, family role, ambition and daily survival, enrich public sociology about this under explored area of migrant Roma’s working life." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Kalkulierte Mobilität: Ökonomische und biographische Perspektiven auf Saisonarbeit (2021)
Schmidt, Judith;Zitatform
Schmidt, Judith (2021): Kalkulierte Mobilität. Ökonomische und biographische Perspektiven auf Saisonarbeit. (Arbeit und Alltag 20), Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 281 S.
Abstract
"Saisonarbeit ist eine bedeutende Variable der meisten volkswirtschaftlichen Kreisläufe westlicher Industrienationen. Die Ausübung temporärer Arbeit ermöglicht unter anderem ein Nahrungssystem, an das sich die beteiligten Staaten längst gewöhnt haben: Wir alle erwarten, jederzeit frisches Obst und Gemüse kaufen zu können. Dieses Angebot stellen vor allem saisonal eingesetzte Arbeitskräfte aus dem Ausland sicher. Wie gestaltet sich die Zusammenarbeit dieser Arbeitskräfte mit den arbeitgebenden Landwirten? In einem Forschungsfeld, das sich zwischen Rumänien und Rheinland-Pfalz erstreckt, beleuchtet Judith Schmidt die ökonomischen Perspektiven und Lebensgeschichten beider Akteursgruppen. Deutlich wird, dass frische Nahrung nur durch ein enges Beziehungsgeflecht von wechselseitigen Abhängigkeiten auf unseren Tischen landet." (Autorenreferat, © 2021 - Campus Verlag)
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Literaturhinweis
The Moral Boundary Drawing of Class: Social Inequality and Young Precarious Workers in Poland and Germany (2021)
Zitatform
Trappmann, Vera, Alexandra Seehaus, Adam Mrozowicki & Agata Krasowska (2021): The Moral Boundary Drawing of Class: Social Inequality and Young Precarious Workers in Poland and Germany. In: Sociology, Jg. 55, H. 3, S. 451-468. DOI:10.1177/0038038520985791
Abstract
"This article explores the relational and moral aspects of the perception of class structure and class identifications by young people in objectively vulnerable labour market conditions in Poland and Germany. Drawing on 123 biographical interviews with young people in both countries, it demonstrates that young precarious Poles and Germans tend to identify themselves against the ‘middle class’ – understood variously in the two countries – and attribute the sources of economic wealth and social status in their societies to individual merits and entrepreneurship. Positioning oneself in the broad middle and limited identification with the precariat is explained by the youth transition phase, country-specific devaluation of class discourses and the effects of individualisation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Atypical work and unemployment protection in Europe (2021)
Zitatform
Xavier Jara, H. & Alberto Tumino (2021): Atypical work and unemployment protection in Europe. In: Journal of Common Market Studies, Jg. 59, H. 3, S. 535-555. DOI:10.1111/jcms.13099
Abstract
"This paper evaluates the degree of income protection the tax-benefit system provides to atypical workers in the event of unemployment. Our approach relies on simulating transitions from employment to unemployment for the entire workforce in EU member states to compare household financial circumstances before and after the transition. Our results show that coverage rates of unemployment insurance are low among atypical workers, who are also more exposed to the risk of poverty, both while in work and in unemployment. Low work intensity employees are characterized by high net replacement rates. However, this is due to the major role played by market incomes of other household members. Finally, we show that in countries where self-employed workers are not eligible for unemployment insurance benefits, extending the eligibility to this group of workers would increase their replacement rates and make them less likely to fall into poverty in the event of unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
"Der deutsche Staat gibt vor, dass wir nicht existieren“: Die Arbeits- und Rechtssituation von ukrainischen Care-Migrantinnen in Deutschland (2020)
Goncharuk, Tetiana;Zitatform
Goncharuk, Tetiana (2020): "Der deutsche Staat gibt vor, dass wir nicht existieren“: Die Arbeits- und Rechtssituation von ukrainischen Care-Migrantinnen in Deutschland. In: Migration und Soziale Arbeit, Jg. 42, H. 3, S. 243-250. DOI:10.3262/MIG2003243
Abstract
"Der Pflegebedarf für ältere Menschen in Deutschland steigt jährlich. Trotzdem gibt es zahlreiche strukturelle Probleme bei der Organisation der häuslichen Altenpflege, die vom Staat ignoriert werden. All dies führt zur Etablierung eines alternativen Versorgungssystems bzw. Arbeitsmarktes mit prekären Arbeitsbedingungen, das Care-Arbeiterinnen aus Osteuropa und insbesondere aus der Ukraine betrifft." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Disclosing 'masked employees' in Europe: job control, job demands and job outcomes of 'dependent self-employed workers' (2020)
Zitatform
Millán, Ana, José María Millán & Leonel Caçador-Rodrigues (2020): Disclosing 'masked employees' in Europe: job control, job demands and job outcomes of 'dependent self-employed workers'. In: Small business economics, Jg. 55, H. 2, S. 461-474. DOI:10.1007/s11187-019-00245-7
Abstract
"In this study, we examine whether job control, job demands and job outcomes of 'dependent self-employed workers', i.e. the workers in this particular grey zone between employment and self-employment, are more similar to those of the self-employed or paid employed. To this end, we use microdata drawn from the 2010 wave of the European Working Conditions Survey for 34 European countries. First, we develop and validate a psychometrically sound multidimensional scale for these 3 key constructs by conducting both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Then, multilevel (hierarchical) linear regressions are used to test the validity of our hypotheses. Our results suggest that these hybrid work relationships are endowed with the least favourable attributes of both groups: lower job control than self-employed workers, higher job demands than paid employees and, overall, worse job outcomes than both." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The dynamism of the new economy: Non-standard employment and access to social security in EU-28 (2019)
Avlijaš, Sonja;Zitatform
Avlijaš, Sonja (2019): The dynamism of the new economy: Non-standard employment and access to social security in EU-28. (LEQS – LSE 'Europe in Question' Discussion Paper Series 141), London, 76 S.
Abstract
"This paper examines the prevalence of non-standard workers in EU-28, rules for accessing social security, and these workers' risk of not being able to access it. It focuses on temporary and part-time workers, and the self-employed, and offers a particularly detailed analysis of their access to unemployment benefits. It focuses on eligibility, adequacy (net income replacement rates) and identifies those workers which are at the greatest risk of either not receiving benefits or receiving low benefits. It offers a special overview of foreign non-standard workers, who may be particularly vulnerable due to the absence of citizenship in the host country. The paper also analyses access to maternity and sickness benefits for these three groups of workers, as well as their access to pensions. Its key contribution is in bringing together the different dimensions of disadvantage that non-standard workers face vis-à-vis access to social protection. This allows us to comprehensively assess the adaptation of national social security systems across EU-28 to the changing world of work over the past 10 years. The paper shows that there is a lot of variation between the Member States, both in the structure of their social security systems, as well as the prevalence of non-standard work. Most notably, the paper concludes that: i) access to unemployment benefits is the most challenging component of welfare state provision for people in non-standard employment; ii) policy reforms vis-à-vis access to social benefits have improved the status of non-standard workers in several countries, while they have worsened it in others, particularly in Bulgaria, Ireland and Latvia; iii) some Eastern European countries can offer lessons to other Member States due to their experiences with labour market challenges during transition and the subsequent adaptations of their social security systems to greater labour market flexibility. The paper also implies that a country's policy towards nonstandard work" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The structural determinants of the labor share in Europe (2019)
Dimova, Dilyana;Zitatform
Dimova, Dilyana (2019): The structural determinants of the labor share in Europe. (IMF working paper 2019,67), Washington, DC, 41 S.
Abstract
"The labor share in Europe has been on a downward trend. This paper finds that the decline is concentrated in manufacture and among low- to mid-skilled workers. The shifting nature of employment away from full-time jobs and a rollback of employment protection, unemployment benefits and unemployment benefits have been the main contributors. Technology and globalization hurt sectors where jobs are routinizable but helped others that require specialized skills. High-skilled professionals gained labor share driven by productivity aided by flexible work environments, while low- and mid-skilled workers lost labor share owing to globalization and the erosion of labor market safety nets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work must pay: Does it? Precarious employment and employment motivation for low-income households (2019)
Zitatform
Trlifajová, Lucie & Jakob Hurrle (2019): Work must pay: Does it? Precarious employment and employment motivation for low-income households. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 29, H. 3, S. 376-395. DOI:10.1177/0958928718805870
Abstract
"One of the core dilemmas of current welfare politics is the question of how to ensure social protection while providing incentives to seek employment at the same time. A way to address this dilemma is to base policies and policy models on the principle notion that 'work must pay'; in other words, income from employment should be higher than the social support of the unemployed. However, how accurately do these approaches and models represent the reality of benefit recipients, particularly in the context of increased employment precariousness? In this article, we use the cases of two disadvantaged regions in Czech Republic in order to contrast the presumptions of 'making work pay' policies with the everyday experience of welfare recipients. As we show, their situations are strongly shaped by current changes in the labour market, particularly the precarious character of accessible employment and high levels of indebtedness. The modelling of financial employment incentives and the public policies based on these calculations often do not correspond with the reality of welfare recipients that are often cycling in and out of precarious forms of employment. However, the authors' main claim is that the very idea of the 'work must pay' approach focuses on the wrong question. A truly functioning financial incentive would need to focus not solely on the difference in income between those who work and those who do not work, but rather should analyse what type of arrangements allow working households to rise permanently above the poverty line." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The new normal of working lives: critical studies in contemporary work and employment (2018)
Zitatform
Taylor, Stephanie & Susan Luckman (Hrsg.) (2018): The new normal of working lives. Critical studies in contemporary work and employment. (Dynamics of virtual work), Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 356 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-66038-7
Abstract
"This critical, international and interdisciplinary edited collection investigates the new normal of work and employment, presenting research on the experience of the workers themselves. The collection explores the formation of contemporary worker subjects, and the privilege or disadvantage in play around gender, class, age and national location within the global workforce.
Organised around the three areas of: creative working, digital working lives, and transitions and transformations, its fifteen chapters examine in detail the emerging norms of work and work activities in a range of occupations and locations. It also investigates the coping strategies adopted by workers to manage novel difficulties and life circumstances, and their understandings of the possibilities, trajectories, mobilities, identities and potential rewards of their work situations." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Inhalt: Stephanie Taylor, Susan Luckman Collection Introduction: The 'New Normal' of Working Lives (1-15);
Part I Creative Working ;
Susan Luckman, Jane Andrew: Online Selling and the Growth of Home-Based Craft Micro-enterprise: The 'New Normal' of Women's Self-(under)Employment (19-39);
Ana Alacovska: Hope Labour Revisited: Post-socialist Creative Workers and Their Methods of Hope (41-63);
Karen Cross: From Visual Discipline to Love-Work: The Feminising of Photographic Expertise in the Age of Social Media (65-85);
Frédérick Harry Pitts: Creative Labour, Before and After 'Going Freelance': Contextual Factors and Coalition-Building Practices (87-107);
Frédérik Lesage: Searching, Sorting, and Managing Glut: Media Software Inscription Strategies for 'Being Creative' (109-126);
Part II Digital Working Lives ;
Katariina Mäkinen: Negotiating the Intimate and the Professional in Mom Blogging (129-146);
Daniel Ashton, Karen Patel: Vlogging Careers: Everyday Expertise, Collaboration and Authenticity (147-169);
Johanna Koroma, Matti Vartiainen: From Presence to Multipresence: Mobile Knowledge Workers' Densified Hours (171-200);
Iva Josefssonn: Affectual Demands and the Creative Worker: Experiencing Selves and Emotions in the Creative Organisation (201-217);
Silvia Ivaldi, Ivana Pais, Giuseppe Scaratti: Coworking(s) in the Plural: Coworking Spaces and New Ways of Managing (219-241);
Part III Transitions and Transformations ;
Kori Allan: 'Investment in Me': Uncertain Futures and Debt in the Intern Economy (245-263);
Hanna-Mari Ikonen: Letting Them Get Close: Entrepreneurial Work and the New Normal (265-283);
Elin Vadelius: Self-Employment in Elderly Care: A Way to Self-Fulfilment or Self-Exploitation for Professionals? (285-308);
Ingrid Biese, Marta Choroszewicz: Creating Alternative Solutions for Work: Expertences of Women Managers and Lawyers in Poland and the USA (309-325);
Stephanie Taylor: Beyond Work? New Expectations and Aspirations (327-345). -
Literaturhinweis
The temporary employed in Poland: beneficiaries or victims of the liberal labour market? (2017)
Pilc, Michal;Zitatform
Pilc, Michal (2017): The temporary employed in Poland. Beneficiaries or victims of the liberal labour market? In: Economic and Industrial Democracy, Jg. 38, H. 3, S. 400-424. DOI:10.1177/0143831X15574113
Abstract
"Poland has had the highest incidence of temporary employment among the EU countries since 2009. However, due to a lack of proper data, only a few empirical studies have been devoted to analyse the consequences of temporary employment for future career and economic prospects on the Polish labour market. In this study the data from the Social Diagnosis panel study for the years 2009 - 2013 are used in order to analyse these consequences. The results reveal that although the chances for the temporary employed of finding a permanent job increase and the risk of being unemployed decreases over time, the negative consequences of temporary employment for income and its perceived stability do not seem to diminish." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Fixed-term employment and occupational position in Poland: the heterogeneity of temporary jobs (2016)
Zitatform
Kiersztyn, Anna (2016): Fixed-term employment and occupational position in Poland. The heterogeneity of temporary jobs. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 32, H. 6, S. 881-894. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcw044
Abstract
"Occupational heterogeneity in non-standard employment is an important and policy-relevant topic of investigation, and one which has not received sufficient attention. The main thesis of this article is that the function of fixed-term contracts, which in turn affects the situation and career prospects of employees, is dependent on occupation. Using data from European Survey of Income and Living Conditions, 2005 - 2008, I investigate the heterogeneities among fixed-term employees in various occupational categories in Poland, by analysing differences in (i) the demographic and socio-economic composition of temporary workers, (ii) the size of the wage penalty for fixed-term employment, and (iii) the chances of transition from fixed-term into open-ended employment. The results suggest that in managerial and professional occupations temporary contracts are more likely to be used during trial periods for newly hired workers and may serve as stepping stones to stable jobs, as reflected by the higher rates of mobility into open-ended employment. Temporary jobs in low-status service and manual occupations appear to result mainly from employers' attempts to facilitate worker dismissal rather than their need to verify the skills of new employees, and are more likely to become a dead end for workers. However, although fixed-term workers in higher-status occupations seem to be better off than their counterparts in services, trade, and manual labour, the evidence does not support the claim that the former resemble the so-called 'boundaryless' employees, who suffer no negative consequences of their fixed-term status." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
New forms of employment: developing the potential of strategic employee sharing (2016)
Mandl, Irene;Zitatform
Mandl, Irene (2016): New forms of employment. Developing the potential of strategic employee sharing. (Eurofound research paper), Dublin, 31 S. DOI:10.2806/937385
Abstract
"Although standard employment is still dominant in European labour markets, an increasing range of new employment forms is emerging that differ in their implications for working conditions. This study explores strategic employee sharing, an employment form for companies that have specific HR needs that do not justify a permanent full-time position, but are often recurring, by hiring one or several workers who work on assignments, and whose skills and time are shared among a group of companies. These companies have joint responsibility and liability towards the shared workers who are ensured 'equal pay, equal treatment' with core staff. Yet in spite of the win - win potential of this employment form for both companies and workers, it is not widely known and only marginally used. This report explores the preconditions for a further spread of strategic employee sharing as well as its impact on employers and employees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Kurzfassung -
Literaturhinweis
Dualization or liberalization?: Investigating precarious work in eight European countries (2016)
Zitatform
Prosser, Thomas (2016): Dualization or liberalization? Investigating precarious work in eight European countries. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 30, H. 6, S. 949-965. DOI:10.1177/0950017015609036
Abstract
"A recent upsurge in the incidence of precarious work in Europe necessitates fresh examination of the origins of this trend. On the basis of field research in eight European countries and with reference to theories of liberalization and dualization, the factors that drive precarious work in discrete European labour markets are thus investigated. It is discovered that, while a structural-demographic factor such as non-compliance with labour law is a notable progenitor of precarious work, the deregulatory strategies of public authorities are particularly significant drivers. In conclusion it is asserted that although the theory of dualization helps explain developments in conservative-corporatist countries, in Anglophone and Mediterranean countries liberalization theory is generally more apposite. Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries emerge as a hybrid case." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Low-skilled jobs and student jobs: employers' preferences in Slovakia and the Czech Republic (2015)
Zitatform
Kureková, Lucia Mýtna & Zuzana Zilincíková (2015): Low-skilled jobs and student jobs. Employers' preferences in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. (IZA discussion paper 9145), Bonn, 39 S.
Abstract
"Massification of tertiary education, growing share of student workers on labour market and consequently increased competition for low-skilled jobs gave rise to the theory of crowding out of the less educated workers. This paper contributes to better understanding of temporary skills-qualifications mismatch typical for student workers by analysing the preferences of employers in low-skilled jobs and student jobs. We take labour market demand perspective and carry out exploratory analysis of job offers posted online in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. The results show that the student labour market is quite diverse as student job offers can be found in low-skilled, but also medium-skilled positions. We also find that although student vacancies require, on average, fewer skills than non-student positions, there is strong correlation between formal sophistication of a job vacancy and the required minimum educational level, as well as required skills for both student and non-student positions. It appears that low-educated workers and student workers do not compete for the limited number of positions, but rather fill employers' demands for different types of hard (e.g. language skills) and soft (e.g. flexibility, adaptability) skills. These results support the complementarity view of the coexistence of student employment and low-skilled employment rather than the crowding out theory." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Flexiblework and immigration in Europe (2015)
Zitatform
Raess, Damian & Brian Burgoon (2015): Flexiblework and immigration in Europe. In: BJIR, Jg. 53, H. 1, S. 94-111. DOI:10.1111/bjir.12022
Abstract
"Immigration has risen substantially in many European economies, with farreaching if still uncertain implications for labour markets and industrial relations. This article investigates such implications, focusing on employment flexibility, involving both 'external flexibility' (fixed-term or temporary agency and/or involuntary part-time work) and 'internal flexibility' (overtime and/or balancing-time accounts). The article identifies reasons why immigration should generally increase the incidence of such flexibility, and why external flexibility should rise more than internal flexibility. The article supports these claims using a dataset of establishments in 16 European countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Non-standard contracts, flexibility and employment adjustment: empirical evidence from Russian establishment data (2015)
Zitatform
Smirnykh, Larisa & Andreas Wörgötter (2015): Non-standard contracts, flexibility and employment adjustment. Empirical evidence from Russian establishment data. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1253), Paris, 34 S. DOI:10.1787/5jrw7j0mdlnt-en
Abstract
"This paper examines the use of two forms of non-standard work contracts in Russia with data from an enterprise survey for the years 2009 to 2011. Non-standard work contracts are less costly and more flexible for employers. Internal adjustment in form of wage cuts or unpaid leave is not covered by the Labour Code and earlier practices to impose such measures are less tolerated. Therefore more firms use non-standard work contracts for external flexibility. Statistical analysis shows that companies using non-standard work contracts have similar unobserved characteristics and consider fixed-term contracts and agency work as complements. The main concern for policy is the growing danger of duality following the asymmetric distribution of adjustment costs for workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Non-standard employment in Europe: paradigms, prevalence and policy responses (2013)
Koch, Max ; Ibanez Rojo, Rafel; Holst, Hajo; Horemans, Jeroen; Fritz, Martin ; Rodríguez, Carlos J. Fernández; Barbier, Jean-Claude; Koch, Max ; Dörre, Klaus; Kretsos, Lefteris ; Furäker, Bengt; Lancker Van, Wim; Alonso, Luis Enrique; Martinez Lucio, Miguel; Fritz, Martin ; Marx, Ive ; Buchner-Jeziorska, Anna; Matkovic, Teo; Sola, Jorge; O'Connor, Julia S.;Zitatform
Koch, Max & Martin Fritz (Hrsg.) (2013): Non-standard employment in Europe. Paradigms, prevalence and policy responses. (Work and welfare in Europe), Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 246 S.
Abstract
"'Non-standard' employment is becoming more common. Fewer people are working full-time and/or have permanent employment contracts; more are working part-time, have fixed-term contracts or are self-employed. Many scholars have pointed to the negative consequences of this development, including 'precarious' forms of employment and in-work poverty. This volume provides a thorough theoretical and empirical analysis of these processes by understanding the 'destandardization' of employment in Europe and the associated modifications in socio-economic regulation both at national and EU level. The book provides country studies of the UK, Spain, Germany, Poland, Croatia, and the Nordic countries and offers comparative European analyses of part-time and fixed-term employment in relation to in-work poverty, exclusion and anomie. Emphasis is on 'best practice' in the governance of non-standard employment. Is there evidence for a new and socially inclusive European employment standard?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Informal employment in Russia: definitions, incidence, determinants and labour market segmentation (2013)
Zitatform
Lehmann, Hartmut & Anzelika Zaiceva (2013): Informal employment in Russia. Definitions, incidence, determinants and labour market segmentation. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1098), Paris, 46 S. DOI:10.1787/5k3v1tqzmzg7-en
Abstract
"This paper takes stock of informal employment in Russia analysing its incidence and determinants. Using the regular 2003-11 waves and an informality supplement of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) it develops several measures of informal employment and demonstrates that the incidence varies widely across the different definitions. We also show that the determinants of informal employment are roughly stable across the different measures: workers who are males, relatively young, unskilled and employed in construction and trade and related services have a higher likelihood to have an informal job. We also take a look at the issue of labour market segmentation along the informal-formal divide by estimating an informal-formal wage gap at the means and across the entire wage distributions. We find only weak evidence for labour market segmentation in Russia when estimating an informal-formal wage gap for salaried workers at the mean. The results of quantile regressions show a wage penalty in the lower half of the distribution and no gap in the upper half for informal employees. In contrast, informal self-employed and entrepreneurs have conditional mean wages that are higher than the mean wages for the formally employed. Across the entire wage distribution, however, we find a negative wage gap in the lowest quartile and a strongly positive wage gap in the highest quartile, pointing to a segmented informal sector with a lower free entry tier and an upper rationed tier. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of the Russian Federation (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/russia)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Why do Russian firms use fixed-term and agency work contracts? (2013)
Zitatform
Smirnykh, Larisa & Andreas Wörgötter (2013): Why do Russian firms use fixed-term and agency work contracts? (OECD Economics Department working papers 1014), Paris, 34 S. DOI:10.1787/5k4dlf1ctsbv-en
Abstract
"This study looks into the use of fixed term contracts and agency work in Russia during and shortly after the crisis 2009-10 with the help of an enterprise survey. The results of variance analysis show that the use of fixed-term or agency work contracts is not uniform across sectors, size and skill requirements. Probit analysis reveals that the use of fixed term contracts also increases the likelihood of using agency work, but not the other way around. The increase of temporary and agency work contracts increases the turnover on the labour market and contributes to an increase in dualisation, but may also help to prevent a larger increase in unemployment during crisis periods." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Are temporary workers discriminated against?: evidence from Europe (2012)
Zitatform
Comi, Simona & Mara Grasseni (2012): Are temporary workers discriminated against? Evidence from Europe. In: The Manchester School, Jg. 80, H. 1, S. 28-50. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9957.2011.02231.x
Abstract
"We analyse the wage gap between temporary and permanent jobs in nine European countries using a semiparametric approach and evaluate the wage gap across the entire wage distribution. We show that in some countries the fixed-term wage gap decreases as higher quantiles are considered, and that having a fixed-term contract penalizes more workers located at the bottom of the earnings distribution. We find also that workers with the same characteristics as temporary workers would receive higher wages if they worked on permanent contracts in almost all the countries considered, and that this finding is stable across the entire wage distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Capacities and vulnerabilities in precarious work: the perspective of employees in European low wage work. Synthesis report on employees' experiences and work trajectories for Workpackage 7 of the walqing project (2012)
Hohnen, Pernille;Zitatform
Hohnen, Pernille (2012): Capacities and vulnerabilities in precarious work. The perspective of employees in European low wage work. Synthesis report on employees' experiences and work trajectories for Workpackage 7 of the walqing project. Wien, 174 S.
Abstract
"The report discusses work and life quality in new and growing jobs from an individual perspective. The empirical data on which the analysis is based consists of 22 country reports investigating elderly care, cleaning, catering, waste collection and construction in 11 different countries (4-5 countries per sector, see the matrix table below). Each country report is based on 20-25 individual semi-structured interviews with employees working in the selected sector and business functions.
The report consists of this introduction, five chapters, each focusing on one sector, and a conclusion. The chapters follow the same structure by starting with a brief introduction of the main characteristics of work in the sector. The remaining part of each chapter is organized into four sections. The first concentrates on workers' perceptions of the main quality of work and life issues. Then follows a section on agency, career trajectories and career options. The next section examines vulnerability in work and processes of vulnerabilization in the sector. Finally, the last section discusses workers' aspirations and capacities to aspire, followed by a summary and conclusion. The last concluding chapter discusses cross-sector findings in terms of the impact of new and growing jobs on individual lives, and highlights some trends in the present labour market and their possible implications for vulnerability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Temporary employment in Russia: why mostly men? (2012)
Zitatform
Karabchuk, Tatiana (2012): Temporary employment in Russia: why mostly men? In: European Journal of Comparative Economics, Jg. 9, H. 2, S. 279-303.
Abstract
"The paper deals with temporary employment in the Russian labour market. The main focus is the gender difference regarding determinants of temporary employment. Unlike most European countries, where women are more likely to have temporary work, in Russia men predominantly have this status, comparable to the situation in many developing countries. This paper seeks to understand why this is the case. The household survey of NOBUS (held in 2003 by State Statistical Centre with World Bank participation) is used to answer this question: the results suggest that gender differences in temporary employment do exist, and that the main factors that explain these differences are education, and marital status." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The European world of temporary employment (2012)
Zitatform
Lancker, Wim Van (2012): The European world of temporary employment. In: European Societies, Jg. 14, H. 1, S. 83-111. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2011.638082
Abstract
"Departing from growing concerns about in-work poverty and the proliferation of flexible employment, we investigate the association between temporary employment and poverty in a European comparative perspective. In doing so, we focus specifically on possible gender dimensions, because some are concerned that the impact of flexible employment on income security will be different for men and women and that gender inequality will increase. By means of a logistic multilevel model, we analyse recent EU-SILC data for 24 European countries. The results show that the temporarily employed have a higher poverty risk vis-à-vis permanent workers, mainly caused by lower wages. However, the risk factors to become working poor are similar. The poorly educated, young workers and those living in a single earner household with dependent children have an increased probability to live in poverty, whether they are employed on temporary or permanent basis. Differences between European welfare regimes demonstrate that policy constellations influence the magnitude of these risk factors. Counter-intuitively, temporary working women have a lower poverty risk than their male counterparts. They are better protected because they are more often secondary earners in a dual earning household, while men are more often primary earners. This article advances knowledge on the linkages between temporary employment, economic insecurity and gender differences in European welfare states." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Estimating the income gain of seasonal labour migration (2012)
Liebensteiner, Mario;Zitatform
Liebensteiner, Mario (2012): Estimating the income gain of seasonal labour migration. (WIFO working papers 430), Wien, 38 S.
Abstract
"In recent years, a new trend of seasonal labour migration from Armenia to Russia has emerged. Based on a novel household survey, this paper analyses how successful seasonal migrants are in increasing their incomes. Applying matching operators allows addressing endogenous self-selection to migration. We identify negative selection based on education, employment and pre-migration income. This is reflected by a premium for low skills in Russia relative to Armenia, luring seasonal migrants into low-skill jobs, mainly in the construction sector. The income gain for a migrant is estimated at $ 480 relative to the approximately $ 50 that the same individual would have earned in Armenia. The results are robust to various matching techniques and specifications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unruly entrepreneurs: Russian worker responses to insecure formal employment (2012)
Zitatform
Morris, Jeremy (2012): Unruly entrepreneurs: Russian worker responses to insecure formal employment. In: Global Labour Journal, Jg. 3, H. 2, S. 217-236.
Abstract
"The article adds to research on in-work poverty, 'precarious' work and informal economic activity. It provides ethnographic data on mobility between formal and informal work in Russia; industrial 'normative' employment is seen as precarious due to on-the-job insecurity (Standing 2011). Insecurity is understood through the prism of low-wages, lack of control over work processes, but above all the imperative on workers to become flexible, self-regulating subjects of the reformed neoliberal Russia. The discourse of self-governmentality is contrasted by informants to interpretations of more benign production regimes under socialism (Burawoy 1992). Exit strategies from, and discourses of resistance to, the new strictures of waged employment are then examined. These are sustained by access to an embedded blue-collar identity, and the social networks that support and reinforce such ties." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Atypische Beschäftigung in Europa 1996-2009 (2012)
Schmeißer, Claudia; Stuth, Stefan ; Budras, Robert; Behrend, Clara; Giesecke, Johannes ; Hipp, Lena ; Leuze, Kathrin ;Zitatform
Schmeißer, Claudia, Stefan Stuth, Clara Behrend, Robert Budras, Lena Hipp, Kathrin Leuze & Johannes Giesecke (2012): Atypische Beschäftigung in Europa 1996-2009. (WZB discussion paper P / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Forschungsgruppe der Präsidentin 2012-001), Berlin, 174 S.
Abstract
"Um die Wirkung atypischer Beschäftigungsverhältnisse auf Struktur und Ausmaß sozialer Ungleichheit abschätzen zu können, zeichnet das Discussion Paper für 20 europäische Länder nach, wie sich atypische Beschäftigung im Vergleich zu regulären Beschäftigungsverhältnissen sowie Arbeitslosigkeit und Inaktivität entwickelt hat. Der Beobachtungszeitraum erstreckt sich von 1996 bis einschließlich 2009. Mit befristeten Beschäftigungsverhältnissen, Soloselbstständigkeit sowie substanzieller und marginaler Teilzeitarbeit werden vier Arten atypischer Beschäftigung unterschieden. Weil Arbeitsmarktrisiken ungleich zwischen verschiedenen Gruppen verteilt sind, betrachten wir die Beschäftigungsentwicklung getrennt nach Geschlecht, Alter und Bildung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The role of fixed-term contracts at labour market entry in Poland: stepping stones, screening devices, traps or search subsidies? (2011)
Zitatform
Baranowska, Anna, Michael Gebel & Irena E. Kotowska (2011): The role of fixed-term contracts at labour market entry in Poland. Stepping stones, screening devices, traps or search subsidies? In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 25, H. 4, S. 777-793. DOI:10.1177/0950017011419705
Abstract
"Poland has become an interesting outlier in Europe in terms of employment flexibility, with an extremely high incidence of fixed-term contracts, particularly at labour market entry. In this article, detailed retrospective data from the Polish School Leavers Survey are used to analyse the dynamics of entry and exit from fixed-term contracts. The results show that neither firm-based vocational training nor diplomas from more selective tertiary education institutions provide graduates better access to secure entry positions. Regarding exit dynamics, transition patterns from fixed-term contracts into unemployment suggest that the timing of exits often coincides with the date of becoming eligible to collect unemployment benefits. The results also imply that, in Poland, fixed-term contracts might serve employers by helping them to identify the best workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Non-standard employment in Europe: its development and consequences for the European Employment Strategy (2011)
Schmid, Günther;Zitatform
Schmid, Günther (2011): Non-standard employment in Europe. Its development and consequences for the European Employment Strategy. In: German Policy Studies, Jg. 7, H. 1, S. 171-210.
Abstract
"The last decades have seen an erosion of the traditionally defined 'standard employment relationship' through part-time work, fixed-term contracts, temp-agency work and self-employment. Whereas many welcome this development as a blessing for flexible labour markets, others are highly critical hinting to disastrous intended or unintended side-effects such as low or volatile income, dead-end jobs instead of stepping stones, high job insecurity, and poverty in old-age. The European Commission tried to bridge these two opposing views by conceptualising 'flexicurity' as the objective of the European Employment Strategy, aimed at 'balancing' flexibility and security. Although this oxymoron became common parlance in the meantime, the concept is still quit ambiguous, leading often to cheap talk or being captured by various political interests. Furthermore, one of its main goals, the growth of employment by further increasing labour force participation under the condition of reducing unemployment and labour market segmentation has not been achieved and is now even far out of sight due to the recent economic crisis. The aim of this essay, therefore, is to test the actual and potential role of non-standard employment in view of the 'flexicurity' concept through systematic descriptive work and conceptual reflections: first by comparing the development of non-standard employment in 24 EU member states from 1998 to 2008; second by relating this development to the dynamics of labour force participation; third by exploring the main (structural, institutional and behavioural) determinants of this development; and fourth by discussing - in the light of the Post-Lisbon process - the policy consequences aimed at ensuring a complementary relationship between flexibility and security rather than trading-off one against the other." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Die neuen Sachsengänger: Pendelmigration polnischer Erntehelfer nach Deutschland (2010)
Zitatform
Glorius, Birgit (2010): Die neuen Sachsengänger: Pendelmigration polnischer Erntehelfer nach Deutschland. In: Migration und Soziale Arbeit, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 110-117. DOI:10.3262/MIG1002110
Abstract
Die Verfasserin stellt zunächst die Entwicklung des polnisch-deutschen Arbeitsmigrationssystems dar. Sie beschreibt den rechtlichen Rahmen zur Rekrutierung und zum Aufenthalt ausländischer Saisonarbeitnehmer und unterstreicht die Bedeutung ausländischer Saisonarbeitnehmer für die deutsche Landwirtschaft. Eine Fallstudie polnischer Erntehelfer im sächsischen Obstland zeigt exemplarisch die Funktionsweise des saisonalen Arbeitsmigrationssystems. Durch die Rekrutierung der transformationsbedingt freigesetzten Arbeitskräfte werden die Sozialkassen der Entsendeländer entlastet und die individuellen Lebensbedingungen verbessert. Soziale und institutionelle Netzwerke haben eine große Bedeutung für den Rekrutierungsprozess der Saisonarbeitnehmer. Die meisten Befragten nehmen eine Saisonarbeit aus ökonomischen Gründen auf. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Migration als Ressource: Zur Pendelmigration polnischer Frauen in Privathaushalte der Bundesrepublik (2010)
Metz-Göckel, Sigrid; Münst, Senganata; Kalwa, Dobrochna;Zitatform
Metz-Göckel, Sigrid, Senganata Münst & Dobrochna Kalwa (2010): Migration als Ressource: Zur Pendelmigration polnischer Frauen in Privathaushalte der Bundesrepublik. Opladen: Budrich, 366 S.
Abstract
"Die Arbeitsmigrantinnen pendeln in unterschiedlichen Rhythmen zwischen ihrem Heimatort in Polen und den Arbeitsplätzen in Deutschland. Hier arbeiten sie ungeschützt in prekären Beschäftigungsverhältnissen in Privathaushalten und organisieren weiterhin ihren Haushalt in Polen. In den meisten Fällen nutzen sie ein informelles Netzwerk für die Arbeits- und Wohnungsakquise, sehr viel seltener informelle Vermittlungsagenturen. Die Grundlage bilden Interviews mit 20 Pendlerinnen im Ruhrgebiet und 20 Pendlerinnen in Polen. Die interviewten Frauen sind vorwiegend in der Altenbetreuung und Reinigung beschäftigt. Im Alter, Bildungsstand, Berufserfahrungs- und Migrationserfahrung sind sie sehr heterogen. Die größte Gruppe bilden ältere Frauen mit Kindern. Welche Motive ihrem Pendeln zugrunde liegen, und welche Auswirkungen dies auf die Geschlechterbeziehungen in Deutschland sowie auf die Familien bzw. Haushalte in Polen hat, wird aus einer intersektionalen Perspektive analysiert." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Decent work: indexing European working conditions and imposing workplace tax (2009)
Zitatform
Tangian, Andranik (2009): Decent work. Indexing European working conditions and imposing workplace tax. In: Transfer, Jg. 15. No. 3/4, S. 527-556.
Abstract
"In diesem Beitrag wird auf der Grundlage der Daten der vierten Europäischen Erhebung über Arbeitsbedingungen (2005) eine Reihe von Indizes für Arbeitsbedingungen erstellt, die zu dreierlei Zwecken dienen: Erstens wird ein Benchmarking der Länder und sozialen Gruppen vorgenommen. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die Qualifizierungs- und beruflichen Aufstiegsmöglichkeiten gering und die Einkommen bescheiden sind. Für Arbeitnehmer in atypischen Beschäftigungsverhältnissen sind die Arbeitsbedingungen weniger gut als für diejenigen, die eine unbefristete Vollzeitbeschäftigung haben. Dies zeigt, dass Europa noch weit entfernt ist von der Schaffung 'besserer Arbeitsplätze', die von der Lissabon Agenda unterstützt wird. Zweitens wird das von der Europäischen Kommission vorgeschlagene Flexicurity-Konzept analysiert. Unsere Studie widerlegt die Behauptung, dass die europäischen Arbeitnehmer weniger interessiert seien, bei dem gleichen Arbeitgeber zu bleiben, aber mehr Flexibilität benötigen, die mit einer 'Mobilität nach oben' und lebenslangem Lernen kombiniert werden sollte. Darüber hinaus mangelt es in Europa an Ausbildungsmöglichkeiten, und die Arbeitnehmer sind unterschwellig eher widerwillig, zu lernen. Die Grundlage für die Förderung der Flexicurity, wie sie von der Kommission befürwortet wird, erscheint somit fraglich. Drittens wird eine 'Arbeitsplatzsteuer' für schlechte Arbeitsbedingungen vorgeschlagen. Ebenso wie 'grüne Steuern' würde die Arbeitsplatzsteuer die Arbeitgeber ermutigen, die Arbeitsbedingungen zu verbessern. Die Indexierung individueller Arbeitsbedingungen unter Bezugnahme auf eine Checkliste, wie in diesem Beitrag beschrieben, könnte als Prototyp für die Messung der 'sozialen Belastung' dienen, um den Betrag der Arbeitsplatzsteuer zu bestimmen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Temporary employment in Central- and Eastern Europe: individual risk patterns and institutional context (2008)
Zitatform
Baranowska, Anna & Michael Gebel (2008): Temporary employment in Central- and Eastern Europe. Individual risk patterns and institutional context. (Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung. Arbeitspapiere 106), Mannheim, 30 S.
Abstract
"This article uses data from the European Union Labour Force Survey (EULFS) 2004 for a comparative analysis of individual and contextual determinants of temporary employment contracts in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. Descriptive analyses reveal that temporary contracts are more often involuntary by nature and associated with relatively lower occupational status than permanent contracts in CEE countries compared to Western European average. Individual-level logistic regressions show that the general determinants of temporary employment are rather similar in both parts of Europe, but vary in their strength between countries. To evaluate the impact of macro-level influences on these cross-country differences in temporary employment risks, we focus on the risk of young people as one group of potential labour market outsiders. In general, young persons have a higher temporary employment risk, but their relative risk varies between countries. We use multi-level models implemented in a two-step estimation procedure and try to explain this cross-country variation with the intervening role of institutional influences under control of macro-structural conditions. Comparing CEE countries and Western European countries shows that neither employment protection of regular contracts nor its interaction with the level of employment protection of temporary contracts affects the young people's risk. Instead, we find a positive association between collective bargaining coverage as a measure of insider-outsider cleavages and the relative temporary employment risk of young persons." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Flexibility in action: The temporary staffing industry in the Czech Republic and Poland (2008)
Zitatform
Coe, Neil M., Jennifer Johns & Kevin Ward (2008): Flexibility in action: The temporary staffing industry in the Czech Republic and Poland. In: Environment and Planning. A, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Jg. 40, H. 6, S. 1391-1415. DOI:10.1068/a39165
Abstract
"Since the 1990s the largest transnational temporary staffing agencies have progressively expanded the geographical extent of their operations. Moving beyond the established Dutch, French, UK, and US markets in which the majority are headquartered, and encouraged by supportive supranational and national reregulation, they have entered a number of countries in Southeast Asia, Southern Europe, and Latin America. Moreover, in the run-up to, and since, the accession of ten new member states to the EU on 1 May 2004, the leading transnational agencies have turned their attentions to establishing and expanding operations in Central and Eastern Europe. This paper offers an initial assessment of the state of temporary staffing and its regulation in two leading markets in the region, the Czech Republic and Poland. It explores how temporary staffing markets are being forged through the interactions between regulators, transnational agencies, local agencies, trade bodies, and inward investors. Both countries legalized temporary staffing in 2004, having begun the legalization process prior to accession. Rather than these developments heralding the start of a period of sustained growth, however, our research suggests that there are still significant constraints on expansion in markets where the pressure to neoliberalize labour markets intersects with postsocialist expectations, norms, and economic structures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Flexibilisierung: Folgen für Arbeit und Familie (2008)
Szydlik, Marc;Zitatform
Szydlik, Marc (Hrsg.) (2008): Flexibilisierung. Folgen für Arbeit und Familie. (Sozialstrukturanalyse), Wiesbaden: VS, Verl. für Sozialwissenschaften, 333 S.
Abstract
"Die Arbeitswelt befindet sich in Bewegung. Dem alten Bild vom sicheren Normalarbeitsverhältnis stehen neue Anforderungen und Lebensmuster gegenüber. Was bedeutet die Flexibilisierung der Arbeit? Die Beiträge des Bandes behandeln wachsende Unsicherheiten, flexible Lebensläufe und Arbeitsmarktübergänge im internationalen Vergleich. Flexible Fälle werden in Form von Alleinselbständigen, weltweiten Projektarbeitenden, Tagesmüttern und atypisch Beschäftigten unter die Lupe genommen. Weitere Aufsätze untersuchen die Folgen für die Familiengründung und für Familienzeiten aus Sicht von Eltern und Kindern. Zudem: Welche Erwartungen existieren zu Geschlechterrollen und Politik, wer sind die Gewinner und Verlierer?" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Osteuropäische Leiharbeiter in Deutschland: zukünftige Grundlagen der Internationalen Arbeitnehmerüberlassung (2008)
Utschig, Michael;Zitatform
Utschig, Michael (2008): Osteuropäische Leiharbeiter in Deutschland. Zukünftige Grundlagen der Internationalen Arbeitnehmerüberlassung. Hamburg: IGEL-Verl., 194 S.
Abstract
"Ob Wunderwaffe oder Sklavenhandel, die Arbeitnehmerüberlassung ist eine der umstrittensten Arbeitsformen in Deutschland. Doch immer mehr Unternehmen greifen seit den jüngsten gesetzlichen Änderungen auf diese Art der Beschäftigung zurück. Dabei werden nicht nur Hilfskräfte und Produktionspersonal nachgefragt. Die Suche nach geeigneten Fachkräften und Ingenieuren verläuft immer häufiger über die Leiharbeitsunternehmen. Doch je qualifizierter die Arbeitnehmer sein sollen, desto schwieriger gestaltet sich die Suche. Trotz hoher Arbeitslosigkeit herrscht in manchen Regionen und Qualifikationen eine Knappheit an gut ausgebildeten Arbeitskräften. Durch die Osterweiterung der Europäischen Union im Jahre 2004 werden in naher Zukunft auch Arbeitnehmer aus den östlichen EU-Staaten die Erlaubnis haben, frei und ohne Einschränkungen in Deutschland tätig zu werden. Da gerade hier noch ein hohes Lohngefälle herrscht, könnte Deutschland als Arbeitsort viele Vorteile für osteuropäische Arbeitnehmer bieten. Aber auch deutsche Unternehmen dürften durch die Erweiterung weitaus stärker profitieren als bisher. Der Personalbeschaffungsmarkt könnte auf diese neuen Gebiete ausgeweitet werden und somit erhebliches Potential hervorbringen. Dies ist allerdings nur möglich, wenn die osteuropäischen Arbeitnehmer auch gewillt sind, im westlichen Ausland zu arbeiten. Hierzu wurde im Rahmen dieser Untersuchung eine Umfrage in Deutschland, Polen und Tschechien durchgeführt. Hintergrund für die Auswahl war die Tatsache, dass in Deutschland bereits viele polnische und tschechische Bürger leben, und arbeiten und dass Polen und Tschechien direkte Nachbarstaaten zu Deutschland sind. Darüber hinaus ist das Wissen über die Affinität von polnischen und tschechischen Arbeitnehmern zur Arbeitnehmerüberlassung gerade für Leiharbeitsunternehmen wichtig. Leiharbeitsunternehmen könnten als europäische Personalbeschaffer tätig werden und somit ihren Kunden geeignetes Fachpersonal aus ganz Europa, vor allem aus den östlichen Staaten, anbieten. Auch dieser Tatbestand soll in dieser Untersuchung geklärt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The rise and fall of temporary foreign worker policies: lessons for Poland (2007)
Zitatform
Plewa, Piotr (2007): The rise and fall of temporary foreign worker policies. Lessons for Poland. In: International migration, Jg. 45, H. 2, S. 3-36. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2435.2007.00402.x
Abstract
"This essay reflects upon post-World War II and post-Cold War admissions of low-skilled temporary foreign workers to North America and Europe. The author's hope is that lessons from history can help Polish (and other new European Union immigration states) develop well-informed labour migration policy. The lessons from North America and Europe suggest that admissions of low-skilled temporary foreign workers lead to short-term economic benefits and long-term economic, political, and social costs. This, in turn, makes coherent and humane statecraft difficult to achieve. Considering the complexity of temporary foreign worker admissions, Polish policymakers would be better off avoiding them like the United States, France, and Switzerland have largely done in the post-Cold War period after learning the lessons from the post-war era. The alleged labour shortages and illegal migration pressure could be addressed through settlement-oriented policies which are more likely to prevent unexpected outcomes since they allow greater economic, social, and political integration of admitted immigrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Nonstandard forms and measures of employment and unemployment in transition: a comparative study of Estonia, Romania, and Russia (2006)
Brown, David J.; Gimpelson, Vladimir ; Lehmann, Hartmut ; Kapeliushnikov, Rostislav ; Visan, Ruxandra; Earle, John S. ; Vantu, Irina; Voicu, Alexandru; Telegdy, Álmos ;Zitatform
Brown, David J., John S. Earle, Vladimir Gimpelson, Rostislav Kapeliushnikov, Hartmut Lehmann, Álmos Telegdy, Irina Vantu, Ruxandra Visan & Alexandru Voicu (2006): Nonstandard forms and measures of employment and unemployment in transition. A comparative study of Estonia, Romania, and Russia. (IZA discussion paper 1961), Bonn, 36 S.
Abstract
"Studies of transition economy labor markets have typically relied on standard, publicly available employment and unemployment statistics. This paper analyzes microdata on detailed labor force survey responses in Russia, Romania, and Estonia to measure nonstandard, boundary forms and alternative definitions of labor force status. Our estimates show that measured employment and unemployment rates are quite sensitive to definition, particularly in the treatment of household production (subsistence agriculture), unpaid family helpers, and discouraged workers; while the categories of part-time work and other forms of marginal attachment are still relatively unimportant. We find that tweaking the official definitions can produce alternative employment rates that are sharply higher in Russia but much lower in Romania and slightly lower in Estonia, and alternative unemployment rates that are sharply higher in Romania and moderately higher in Estonia and Russia." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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auch erschienen als: Upjohn Institute staff working paper , 06-127
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- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
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Atypische Beschäftigung insgesamt
- Gesamtbetrachtungen
- Erosion des Normalarbeitsverhältnisses
- Prekäre Beschäftigung
- Politik, Arbeitslosigkeitsbekämpfung
- Arbeits- und Lebenssituation atypisch Beschäftigter
- Betriebliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Rechtliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Gesundheitliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Beschäftigungsformen
- Qualifikationsniveau
- Alter
- geographischer Bezug
- Geschlecht