Atypische Beschäftigung
Der deutsche Arbeitsmarkt wird zunehmend heterogener. Teilzeitbeschäftigung und Minijobs boomen. Ebenso haben befristete Beschäftigung und Leiharbeit an Bedeutung gewonnen und die Verbreitung von Flächentarifverträgen ist rückläufig. Diese atypischen Erwerbsformen geben Unternehmen mehr Flexibilität.
Was sind die Konsequenzen der zunehmenden Bedeutung atypischer Beschäftigungsformen für Erwerbstätige, Arbeitslose und Betriebe? Welche Bedeutung haben sie für die sozialen Sicherungssysteme, das Beschäftigungsniveau und die Durchlässigkeit des Arbeitsmarktes? Die IAB-Themendossier bietet Informationen zum Forschungsstand.
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
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Atypische Beschäftigung insgesamt
- Gesamtbetrachtungen
- Erosion des Normalarbeitsverhältnisses
- Prekäre Beschäftigung
- Politik, Arbeitslosigkeitsbekämpfung
- Arbeits- und Lebenssituation atypisch Beschäftigter
- Betriebliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Rechtliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Gesundheitliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Beschäftigungsformen
- Qualifikationsniveau
- Alter
- geographischer Bezug
- Geschlecht
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Literaturhinweis
Job polarization and non-standard work: Evidence from France (2024)
Zitatform
Charlot, Olivier, Idriss Fontaine & Thepthida Sopraseuth (2024): Job polarization and non-standard work: Evidence from France. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 88. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102534
Abstract
"Using annual and quarterly data from the French LFS, we investigate the interplay between the extensive and intensive margins of labor adjustment, job polarization, and non-standard work (N S) along the business cycle. We find that the declines in aggregate work hours during economic downturns can primarily be attributed to the reduction in routine standard employment (R, S) during past recessions in France. We then study the dynamics of routine standard employment, highlighting several key findings: (i) The primary drivers of R,S employment are inflows from routine non-standard work (R, N S) and unemployment. (ii) Individuals who lose R, S jobs are more likely to transition to R, N S positions following a brief period of unemployment. (iii) A majority of transitions within this employment category occur within the same employer, resulting in asymmetric adjustments in individual working hours. This often involves a notable increase in hours following either a contractual upgrade or a change in employer. Finally, we draw a comparative analysis between these findings and the United States, where the dynamics of routine employment appear distinct, despite a similar trend in job polarization." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A model of risk sharing in a dual labor market (2024)
Créchet, Jonathan;Zitatform
Créchet, Jonathan (2024): A model of risk sharing in a dual labor market. In: Journal of monetary economics, Jg. 147. DOI:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2024.103591
Abstract
"In OECD countries, the labor market features a coexistence of open-ended, permanent jobs subject to strict employment protection and fixed-term, temporary jobs. This paper studies a search-and-matching model with risk-averse workers and dynamic employment contracts subject to limited commitment. In equilibrium, permanent and temporary jobs coexist when the match quality is sufficiently dispersed: firing costs generate insurance gains implying that permanent contracts are optimal for high-quality matches. Consistent with recent empirical evidence, quantitative analysis of the model shows that temporary contracts crowd out permanent jobs and do not generate employment gains." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Dualisation and part-time work in France, Germany and the UK: Accounting for within and between country differences in precarious work (2024)
Zitatform
Rubery, Jill, Damian Grimshaw, Philippe Mehaut & Claudia Weinkopf (2024): Dualisation and part-time work in France, Germany and the UK: Accounting for within and between country differences in precarious work. In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 30, H. 4, S. 363-381. DOI:10.1177/09596801221120468
Abstract
"By comparing protections for part-time work in France, Germany and the UK, this article contributes to the comparative debate over whether industrial relations actors are mitigating or creating labour market dualisation. Significant variations in incidence and form of part-time work (a ‘spectrum of precariousness’), between and within the three countries, are explained through a theoretical frame that layers the actions of industrial relations actors against a backdrop of welfare and labour market rules and gender relations. This reveals important path dependent differences in part-time work patterns, including in the lines by which part-time work is segmented. The findings call for a more nuanced approach to dualisation that recognises that trade union responses to precarious work, albeit conditioned by their own path dependencies, have involved active efforts to extend protections to part-timers through twin strategies of support for legislative instruments and new forms of organising, albeit with only partial success." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How does institutional context shape work-related functionings for regular and self-employed workers? A contextualised application of the capability approach to Belgium, France and the Netherlands (2023)
Zitatform
Focacci, Chiara Natalie & François Pichault (2023): How does institutional context shape work-related functionings for regular and self-employed workers? A contextualised application of the capability approach to Belgium, France and the Netherlands. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 43, H. 13/14, S. 36-61. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-12-2022-0312
Abstract
"Purpose: According to Sen's theoretical framework of capability (1985), individuals reach their full potential once they have the freedom, intended as the set of functionings at their disposal, to do so. However, many critiques have been developed against the lack of embeddedness of the capability approach in social and political relations and structures. In this article, the authors investigate the influence of three institutional contexts (Belgium, the Netherlands and France) on the respective work-related functionings of self-employed and regular workers, with a focus on human capital investment and institutional support offered to them. Design/methodology/approach Data from the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) are used to highlight similarities and differences in building work-related functionings for regular and self-employed workers. A regression analysis is provided at the country level. Findings In the three labor markets, the authors find that the building of work-related functionings is more successful for regular employees, especially as regards institutional support. Self-employed workers, on the other hand, need to rely on their individual capability as regards employment protection and human capital investment. However, the authors find interesting differences between the three institutional contexts. In both Belgium and France, self-employed workers are subject to higher instability in terms of changes in salary and hours worked, whereas atypical work is better positioned in the Dutch labour market. The Netherlands is also characterized by a less significant gap between regular and self-employed workers with respect to participation in training. Originality/value In this article, the authors contextualise Sen's (1985) theoretical framework by taking into account the institutional differences of labor markets. In particular, the authors provide a novel application of his capability approach to regular and self-employed workers in an economically relevant European area." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Einfluss bürokratischer Hürden auf die grenzüberschreitende Arbeitnehmerentsendung von KMU in Grenzregionen (2023)
Zitatform
Holz, Michael & Annette Icks (2023): Einfluss bürokratischer Hürden auf die grenzüberschreitende Arbeitnehmerentsendung von KMU in Grenzregionen. (IfM-Materialien / Institut für Mittelstandsforschung Bonn 299), Bonn, 91 S.
Abstract
"Auf der Grundlage von Fachgesprächen mit Unternehmerinnen und Unternehmern sowie Expertinnen und Experten untersucht die Studie, inwieweit bürokratische Erfordernisse die grenzüberschreitende Erbringung von Dienstleistungen von deutschen und niederländischen KMU in ausgewählten Grenzregionen be- bzw. verhindern. Großen Verbesserungsbedarf sehen die Befragten insbesondere im Hinblick auf die fehlende Harmonisierung der Entsendevorschriften und -verfahren in den einzelnen EU-Mitgliedstaaten. Auch Erleichterungen bei kurzen bzw. kurzfristigen Entsendungen werden sehr häufig als notwendig erachtet. Ein nicht unerheblicher Teil der KMU in beiden Ländern befolgt einzelne Vorschriften nicht, um den hohen Bürokratieaufwand auf ein – aus ihrer Sicht – verhältnismäßiges Niveau zu begrenzen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Report on mobile seasonal workers and intra-EU labor mobility (2023)
Siöland, Linus; Aouati, Olivia; Hassan, Emmanuel; Viñuales, Clara; Markowska, Agnieszka; Gasperini, Michela; Geraci, Matthew;Zitatform
Siöland, Linus, Emmanuel Hassan, Matthew Geraci, Michela Gasperini, Clara Viñuales, Agnieszka Markowska & Olivia Aouati (2023): Report on mobile seasonal workers and intra-EU labor mobility. Luxemburg, 51 S. DOI:10.2767/093005
Abstract
"Mobile seasonal workers play an important role in the European labor market by increasing the supply of labor in times of the year when there is more work than the domestic market can supply workers for. This allows sectors that are marked by strong seasonality – notably agriculture, hospitality and tourism – to bolster their staff with workers from another country if they are not able to allocate all their work using only domestic applicants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The "Gender Face" of Job Insecurity in France: An Individual- and Organizational-Level Analysis (2022)
Zitatform
Coron, Clotilde & Géraldine Schmidt (2022): The "Gender Face" of Job Insecurity in France: An Individual- and Organizational-Level Analysis. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 36, H. 6, S. 999-1017. DOI:10.1177/0950017021995673
Abstract
"Admittedly, women have a more precarious situation on the job market than men, which would suggest that they feel more insecure. However, literature on subjective job insecurity (JI) is contradictory about the effect of gender on JI. This could be explained by both individual characteristics and labour market gendered segregation – the companies in which women and men work do not have the same characteristics, particularly in terms of strategy and workforce management. Previous literature on JI rarely addresses this phenomenon. We propose to better understand the ‘gender face’ of subjective JI combining individual and organizational characteristics. We utilize data from the 2017 REPONSE survey and generalized linear models, notably multi-level models. Our findings reveal that, although women hold more precarious jobs, they work in more protective organizations. Consequently, while women report an average lower level of JI, this difference disappears when controlling for individual and organizational variables." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Stepping-stone effect of atypical jobs: Could the least employable reap the most benefits? (2021)
Zitatform
Auray, Stéphane & Nicolas Lepage-Saucier (2021): Stepping-stone effect of atypical jobs: Could the least employable reap the most benefits? In: Labour Economics, Jg. 68. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2020.101945
Abstract
"This article estimates the causal impact of atypical work on the probability of finding regular, durable employment and on wage gains. Using a novel administrative dataset on the employment and unemployment history of 1/25th of French workers and the timing-of-events approach, we find a robust stepping-stone effect and no evidence of a lock-in effect. Starting atypical work during unemployment raises the likelihood of finding regular work by 87% in the following months, and has no effect on wage growth. Interestingly, this effect is stronger for workers with weaker ties with the labor market, such as those unemployed for long periods, older individuals or those who worked fewer hours in the year prior to the start of the spell." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2021 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Non-Standard Work and Innovation: Evidence from European industries (2021)
Zitatform
Reljic, Jelena, Armanda Cetrulo, Valeria Cirillo & Andrea Coveri (2021): Non-Standard Work and Innovation: Evidence from European industries. (LEM working paper series / Laboratory of Economics and Management 2021,6), Pisa, 36 S.
Abstract
"Following a market-oriented approach, policies aimed at increasing labour flexibility by weakening employment protection institutions should enable firms to efficiently allocate resources, improve their capability to compete on international markets and adjust to economic cycle. This work documents the rise of non-standard (i.e. temporary and part-time) work in five European countries (Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom) over the period 1994-2016 and investigate the nexus between the use of non-standard work and innovation performance using data for 18 manufacturing and 23 service industries. Contrary to the objectives that market-oriented policy recommendations promised to achieve, we show that there is a significantly negative association between the share of workers employed under non- standard contractual arrangements and the introduction of both product and process innovation. Furthermore, we show that the harmful consequences of the spread of non-standard work on firms' product innovation propensity are more pronounced in high-tech sectors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Atypical work and unemployment protection in Europe (2021)
Zitatform
Xavier Jara, H. & Alberto Tumino (2021): Atypical work and unemployment protection in Europe. In: Journal of Common Market Studies, Jg. 59, H. 3, S. 535-555. DOI:10.1111/jcms.13099
Abstract
"This paper evaluates the degree of income protection the tax-benefit system provides to atypical workers in the event of unemployment. Our approach relies on simulating transitions from employment to unemployment for the entire workforce in EU member states to compare household financial circumstances before and after the transition. Our results show that coverage rates of unemployment insurance are low among atypical workers, who are also more exposed to the risk of poverty, both while in work and in unemployment. Low work intensity employees are characterized by high net replacement rates. However, this is due to the major role played by market incomes of other household members. Finally, we show that in countries where self-employed workers are not eligible for unemployment insurance benefits, extending the eligibility to this group of workers would increase their replacement rates and make them less likely to fall into poverty in the event of unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The resistible rise of the temporary employment industry in France (2020)
Zitatform
Brook, Paul & Christina Purcell (2020): The resistible rise of the temporary employment industry in France. In: Economic and Industrial Democracy, Jg. 41, H. 1, S. 121-144. DOI:10.1177/0143831X17695439
Abstract
"This article is an historical account of the contested growth of the temporary employment agency sector in France. It utilises a variegated capitalism conceptual framework to explain the evolution of a distinctive temporary employment agency sector and regulatory environment under French politico-institutional conditions that was contingent upon global developments. The article charts the role of large agencies in constructing a market for agency labour despite wide-scale cultural, political and trade union opposition. In order to build legitimacy, agencies sought partners in the labour movement from the late 1960s onwards. By the late 1990s, the sector had grown significantly within a gradually more permissive regulatory framework, despite ongoing but fragmenting opposition. The article demonstrates that the growth of agency labour was not an inevitable outcome of global pressure for labour market deregulation. It also reveals how national regulatory institutions alone are not a sufficient bulwark against global labour market pressures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Disclosing 'masked employees' in Europe: job control, job demands and job outcomes of 'dependent self-employed workers' (2020)
Zitatform
Millán, Ana, José María Millán & Leonel Caçador-Rodrigues (2020): Disclosing 'masked employees' in Europe: job control, job demands and job outcomes of 'dependent self-employed workers'. In: Small business economics, Jg. 55, H. 2, S. 461-474. DOI:10.1007/s11187-019-00245-7
Abstract
"In this study, we examine whether job control, job demands and job outcomes of 'dependent self-employed workers', i.e. the workers in this particular grey zone between employment and self-employment, are more similar to those of the self-employed or paid employed. To this end, we use microdata drawn from the 2010 wave of the European Working Conditions Survey for 34 European countries. First, we develop and validate a psychometrically sound multidimensional scale for these 3 key constructs by conducting both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Then, multilevel (hierarchical) linear regressions are used to test the validity of our hypotheses. Our results suggest that these hybrid work relationships are endowed with the least favourable attributes of both groups: lower job control than self-employed workers, higher job demands than paid employees and, overall, worse job outcomes than both." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The dynamism of the new economy: Non-standard employment and access to social security in EU-28 (2019)
Avlijaš, Sonja;Zitatform
Avlijaš, Sonja (2019): The dynamism of the new economy: Non-standard employment and access to social security in EU-28. (LEQS – LSE 'Europe in Question' Discussion Paper Series 141), London, 76 S.
Abstract
"This paper examines the prevalence of non-standard workers in EU-28, rules for accessing social security, and these workers' risk of not being able to access it. It focuses on temporary and part-time workers, and the self-employed, and offers a particularly detailed analysis of their access to unemployment benefits. It focuses on eligibility, adequacy (net income replacement rates) and identifies those workers which are at the greatest risk of either not receiving benefits or receiving low benefits. It offers a special overview of foreign non-standard workers, who may be particularly vulnerable due to the absence of citizenship in the host country. The paper also analyses access to maternity and sickness benefits for these three groups of workers, as well as their access to pensions. Its key contribution is in bringing together the different dimensions of disadvantage that non-standard workers face vis-à-vis access to social protection. This allows us to comprehensively assess the adaptation of national social security systems across EU-28 to the changing world of work over the past 10 years. The paper shows that there is a lot of variation between the Member States, both in the structure of their social security systems, as well as the prevalence of non-standard work. Most notably, the paper concludes that: i) access to unemployment benefits is the most challenging component of welfare state provision for people in non-standard employment; ii) policy reforms vis-à-vis access to social benefits have improved the status of non-standard workers in several countries, while they have worsened it in others, particularly in Bulgaria, Ireland and Latvia; iii) some Eastern European countries can offer lessons to other Member States due to their experiences with labour market challenges during transition and the subsequent adaptations of their social security systems to greater labour market flexibility. The paper also implies that a country's policy towards nonstandard work" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Part-time employment as a way to increase women's employment: (Where) does it work? (2019)
Zitatform
Barbieri, Paolo, Giorgio Cutuli, Raffaele Guetto & Stefani Scherer (2019): Part-time employment as a way to increase women's employment: (Where) does it work? In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Jg. 60, H. 4, S. 249-268. DOI:10.1177/0020715219849463
Abstract
"Part-time employment has repeatedly been proposed as a solution for integrating women into the labor market; however, empirical evidence supporting a causal link is mixed. In this text, we investigate the extent to which increasing part-time employment is a valid means of augmenting women's labor market participation. We pay particular attention to the institutional context and the related characteristics of part-time employment in European countries to test the conditions under which this solution is a viable option. The results reveal that part-time employment may strengthen female employment in Continental Europe and especially in Southern Europe, where an increase in part-time employment - even if it is demand-side driven - leads to greater employment participation among women. We also discuss some policy implications and trade-offs: Although part-time work can lead to higher numbers of employed women, it does so at the cost of increasing gendered labor market segregation. We analyze data from the European Labor Force Survey (EU-LFS) 1992 - 2011 for 19 countries and 188 regions and exploit regional variation over time while controlling for time-constant regional characteristics, time-varying regional labor market features, and (time-varying) confounding factors at the national level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labour market segmentation: Piloting new empirical and policy analyses: labour market change (2019)
Cruz, Irene; Vacas-Soriano, Carlos; Verd, Joan Miquel ; Patrini, Valentina; Paulauskaite, Elma; Molina, Oscar ; Venckutė, Milda; Dumčius, Rimantas;Zitatform
Cruz, Irene, Oscar Molina, Joan Miquel Verd, Elma Paulauskaite, Rimantas Dumčius, Milda Venckutė, Valentina Patrini & Carlos Vacas-Soriano (2019): Labour market segmentation: Piloting new empirical and policy analyses. Labour market change. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, 88 S. DOI:10.2806/751649
Abstract
"This report sets out to describe what labour market segmentation is and why it is problematic for the labour market and society, as well as disadvantaged groups. It takes a broad view of the term to examine the situation that arises when the divergence in working conditions between different groups of workers is attributable to factors other than differentials in human capital levels. The report explores which policies or instruments are most effective in combating labour market segmentation, taking into account specific situational characteristics. The report offers a novel approach to the study of labour market segmentation that combines a quantitative empirical analysis with a policy analysis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The structural determinants of the labor share in Europe (2019)
Dimova, Dilyana;Zitatform
Dimova, Dilyana (2019): The structural determinants of the labor share in Europe. (IMF working paper 2019,67), Washington, DC, 41 S.
Abstract
"The labor share in Europe has been on a downward trend. This paper finds that the decline is concentrated in manufacture and among low- to mid-skilled workers. The shifting nature of employment away from full-time jobs and a rollback of employment protection, unemployment benefits and unemployment benefits have been the main contributors. Technology and globalization hurt sectors where jobs are routinizable but helped others that require specialized skills. High-skilled professionals gained labor share driven by productivity aided by flexible work environments, while low- and mid-skilled workers lost labor share owing to globalization and the erosion of labor market safety nets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Geringqualifizierte in Deutschland: Beschäftigung, Entlohnung und Erwerbsverläufe im Wandel (2019)
Zitatform
Eichhorst, Werner, Paul Marx, Florian Wozny, Carolin Linckh, Tanja Schmidt & Verena Tobsch (2019): Geringqualifizierte in Deutschland. Beschäftigung, Entlohnung und Erwerbsverläufe im Wandel. (IZA research report 91), Bonn, 118 S.
Abstract
"Für gering qualifizierte Personen, so wird oft argumentiert, ist das Risiko besonders groß, im Zuge von Globalisierung und Automatisierung ihren Arbeitsplatz zu verlieren, in Arbeitslosigkeit zu verbleiben oder ein Beschäftigungsverhältnis von nur geringer Qualität aufnehmen zu können. Vor diesem Hintergrund bietet es sich an, empirisch zu untersuchen, wie sich die Erwerbssituation gering qualifizierter Personen in Deutschland und anderen europäischen Ländern verändert hat. Lassen sich Verbesserungen oder Verschlechterungen bei der Erwerbsintegration einerseits und bei der Qualität der Arbeitsverhältnisse andererseits erkennen?
Im ersten empirischen Abschnitt dieser Studie wird die Entwicklung der Erwerbstätigkeit Geringqualifizierter über die Zeit in Ost- und Westdeutschland im Hinblick auf die Kriterien Niveau, Erwerbsformen, Entlohnung und ausgeübter Beruf sowie weitere Variablen untersucht. Darüber hinaus ist es besonders relevant, die Lage gering qualifizierter Personen im Zeitablauf zu verfolgen und nachzuzeichnen, welche typischen Muster es im Erwerbsleben dieser Menschen in der Querschnittsbetrachtung seit den 1980er-Jahren gegeben hat. Der entsprechenden Analyse individueller Erwerbsverläufe widmet sich der dann folgende Abschnitt mithilfe von Sequenzanalysen. Die Rolle von Institutionen des Arbeitsmarkts und des Sozialstaats wird schließlich im internationalen Vergleich genauer untersucht.
Zusammenfassend lässt sich für die Querschnittsbetrachtung festhalten, dass der Rückgang des Anteils der Geringqualifizierten an der Bevölkerung und die zunehmende Erwerbsbeteiligung dieser Personengruppe, insbesondere in Ostdeutschland, zunächst positiv zu bewerten sind. Während jedoch die Anteile der Inaktiven in den letzten 25 bis 30 Jahren bei Geringqualifizierten besonders stark rückläufig waren, ist die Arbeitslosenquote sowohl in West- als auch in Ostdeutschland im Kreis der Geringqualifizierten stärker gestiegen als in dem der Mittelqualifizierten. Niveauunterschiede der Erwerbsbeteiligung zeigen sich zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschland sowohl bei den Gering- als auch bei den Mittelqualifizierten. Der Frauenanteil in der Gruppe der Geringqualifizierten ist im Lauf der Zeit deutlich gesunken. Die vermehrte Teilnahme der Geringqualifizierten am Erwerbsleben geht allerdings mit einem größeren Anteil gering entlohnter Beschäftigung sowie häufigerer Berufstätigkeit im Rahmen von atypischen Verträgen einher. Gleichzeitig haben sich die für Geringqualifizierte erreichbaren Berufsfelder von einfacheren industriellen Tätigkeiten hin zu Hilfstätigkeiten im Dienstleistungssektor verlagert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)Ähnliche Treffer
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Literaturhinweis
Voluntary mobility of employees for better job opportunities given a temporary contract: Insights regarding an age-varying association between the two events (2019)
Zitatform
Mussida, Chiara & Luca Zanin (2019): Voluntary mobility of employees for better job opportunities given a temporary contract. Insights regarding an age-varying association between the two events. In: The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 1-27. DOI:10.1515/bejeap-2018-0143
Abstract
"What mechanisms govern the mobility of employees who voluntarily switch employers for better opportunities, given a temporary contract (TC)? We attempt to answer this question by exploring this issue in Southern and Central European countries. We use cross-sectional data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey for the 2005 - 2016 period. We estimate a flexible simultaneous equation model for binary responses by assuming the presence of an age-varying association between voluntary mobility and having a TC. After accounting for several socio-demographic and economic variables, we find a nonlinear decreasing relation between age and the outcomes, while we detect heterogeneous nonlinear patterns in the association between voluntary mobility and having a TC across countries. These insights can support policy-makers aiming to promote initiatives that facilitate the professional mobility of employees given a TC for an efficient allocation of human capital in the production system." (Author's abstract, © De Gruyter) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Accounting for the permanent vs temporary wage gaps among young adults : Three European countries in perspective (2019)
Zitatform
Regoli, Andrea, Antonella D'Agostino, Thomas Grandner & Dieter Gstach (2019): Accounting for the permanent vs temporary wage gaps among young adults : Three European countries in perspective. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 158, H. 2, S. 337-364. DOI:10.1111/ilr.12075
Abstract
"This article analyses wage differentials between permanent and temporary workers in the 25 - 40 age bracket using the 2010 European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) wave data for France, Germany and Italy. Applying a Recentered Influence Function (RIF) regression and a reweighting estimation technique, we investigate the contribution of personal and job characteristics to wage differentials across the wage distribution. Results point to a large unexplained component of the wage gap across the whole distribution in Italy, while this component is weaker in France among highly paid employees and insignificant in Germany. These findings highlight potential policy considerations and areas for future research." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Challenges and contradictions in the "normalising" of precarious work (2018)
Zitatform
Rubery, Jill, Damian Grimshaw, Arjan Keizer & Mathew Johnson (2018): Challenges and contradictions in the "normalising" of precarious work. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 32, H. 3, S. 509-527. DOI:10.1177/0950017017751790
Abstract
"Precarious work is increasingly considered the new 'norm' to which employment and social protection systems must adjust. This article explores the contradictions and tensions that arise from different processes of normalisation driven by social policies that simultaneously decommodify and recommodify labour. An expanded framework of decommodification is presented that identifies how the standard employment relationship (SER) may be extended and flexibilised to include those in precarious work, drawing examples from a recent study of precarious work across six European countries. These decommodification processes are found to be both partial and, in some cases, coexisting with activation policies that position precarious work as an alternative to unemployment, thereby recommodifying labour. Despite these challenges and contradictions, the article argues that a new vision of SER reform promises greater inclusion than alternative policy scenarios that give up on the regulation of employers and rely on state subsidies to mitigate against precariousness." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Modern working life: A blurring of the boundaries between secondary and primary labour markets? (2017)
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Dekker, Fabian & Romke van der Veen (2017): Modern working life: A blurring of the boundaries between secondary and primary labour markets? In: Economic and Industrial Democracy, Jg. 38, H. 2, S. 256-270. DOI:10.1177/0143831X14563946
Abstract
"Today, there is a widespread suggestion that permanent workers are increasingly subject to precarious working conditions. Due to international competition and declining union density, job qualities of permanent workers are assumed to be under strain. According to proponents of a democratization of risk rationale, low job qualities that were traditionally attached to secondary labour markets are transferred to workers in primary segments of the labour market. In this study, the authors test this theoretical rationale among workers in 11 Western European economies, using two waves of the European Working Conditions Survey. The results do not confirm a democratization of labour market risk. Lower job qualities are highly associated with flexible employment contracts and highlight a clear gap between insiders and outsiders." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Do firms demand temporary workers when they face workload fluctuation?: cross-country firm-level evidence (2017)
Zitatform
Dräger, Vanessa & Paul Marx (2017): Do firms demand temporary workers when they face workload fluctuation? Cross-country firm-level evidence. In: ILR review, Jg. 70, H. 4, S. 942-975. DOI:10.1177/0019793916687718
Abstract
"The growth of temporary employment is one of the most important transformations of labor markets in the past decades. Theoretically, firms' exposure to short-term workload fluctuations is a major determinant of employing temporary workers when employment protection for permanent workers is high. The authors investigate this relationship empirically with establishment-level data in a broad comparative framework. They create two novel data sets by merging 1) data on 18,500 European firms with 2) measures of labor-market institutions for 20 countries. Results show that fluctuations increase the probability of hiring temporary workers by 8 percentage points in countries with strict employment protection laws. No such effect is observed in countries with weaker employment protections. Results are robust to subgroups, subsamples, and alternative estimation strategies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Die Rolle befristeter Beschäftigung in Europa (2016)
Zitatform
Bachmann, Ronald & Julia Bredtmann (2016): Die Rolle befristeter Beschäftigung in Europa. In: Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik, Jg. 65, H. 3, S. 270-298. DOI:10.1515/zfwp-2016-0017
Abstract
"Befristete Verträge werden in vielen Ländern der Europäischen Union als Instrument, Arbeitsmärkte flexibel zu gestalten, eingesetzt. Ein internationaler Vergleich zeigt, dass die befristete Beschäftigung nur bedingt die Durchlässigkeit der Arbeitsmärkte unterstützt. Zwar erleichtert sie teilweise den Arbeitsmarktzugang, führt aber auch zu instabilen Beschäftigungsverhältnissen und segmentierten Arbeitsmärkten, die mit einer geringen Sprungbrettfunktion der befristeten Beschäftigung einhergehen. Um nachhaltige Beschäftigung zu schaffen, erscheinen Reformen des Kündigungsschutzes, die Übergange in reguläre Jobs erleichtern, sowie Investitionen in Aus- und Weiterbildung als sinnvolle Alternativen" (Autorenreferat, © De Gruyter)
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Literaturhinweis
Parenthood, child care, and nonstandard work schedules in Europe (2016)
Zitatform
Bünning, Mareike & Matthias Pollmann-Schult (2016): Parenthood, child care, and nonstandard work schedules in Europe. In: European Societies, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 295-314. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2016.1153698
Abstract
"An increasing proportion of the European labor force works in the evening, at night or on weekends. Because nonstandard work schedules are associated with a number of negative outcomes for families and children, parents may seek to avoid such schedules. However, for parents with insufficient access to formal child care, working nonstandard hours or days may be an adaptive strategy used to manage child-care needs. It enables 'split-shift' parenting, where parents work alternate schedules, allowing one of the two to be at home looking after the children. This study examines the prevalence of nonstandard work schedules among parents and nonparents in 22 European countries. Specifically, we ask whether the provision of formal child care influences the extent to which parents of preschool-aged children work nonstandard schedules. Using data from the European Social Survey and multilevel models, we find evidence that the availability of formal child care reduces nonstandard work among parents. This indicates that access to formal child care enables parents to work standard schedules. To the extent that nonstandard work schedules are negatively associated with child wellbeing, access to formal child care protects children from the adverse effects of their parents' evening and night work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Hanging in, but only just: part-time employment and in-work poverty throughout the crisis (2016)
Zitatform
Horemans, Jeroen, Ive Marx & Brian Nolan (2016): Hanging in, but only just. Part-time employment and in-work poverty throughout the crisis. In: IZA journal of European Labor Studies, Jg. 5, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1186/s40174-016-0053-6
Abstract
"The crisis has deepened pre-existing concerns regarding low-wage and non-standard employment. Countries where unemployment increased most strongly during the crisis period also saw part-time employment increasing, particularly involuntary part-time work. With involuntary part-time workers, as a particular group of underemployed, facing especially high poverty rates, this was accompanied by an increase, on average, in the poverty risk associated with working part-time. However, this was not reflected in a marked increase in the overall in-work poverty rate because full-time work remains dominant and its poverty risk did not change markedly. The household context is of the essence when considering policy implications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The structure of the permanent job wage premium: evidence from Europe (2016)
Zitatform
Kahn, Lawrence M. (2016): The structure of the permanent job wage premium. Evidence from Europe. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 55, H. 1, S. 149-178. DOI:10.1111/irel.12129
Abstract
"Using longitudinal data on individuals from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) for thirteen countries during 1995-2001, I investigate the wage premium for permanent jobs relative to temporary jobs. The countries are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom. I find that among men the wage premium for a permanent vs. temporary job is lower for older workers and native born workers; for women, the permanent job wage premium is lower for older workers and those with longer job tenure. Moreover, there is some evidence that among immigrant men, the permanent job premium is especially high for those who migrated from outside the European Union. These findings all suggest that the gain to promotion into permanent jobs is indeed higher for those with less experience in the domestic labor market. In contrast to the effects for the young and immigrants, the permanent job pay premium is slightly smaller on average for women than for men, even though on average women have less experience in the labor market than men do. It is possible that women even in permanent jobs are in segregated labor markets. But as noted, among women, the permanent job wage premium is higher for the young and those with less current tenure, suggesting that even in the female labor market, employers pay attention to experience differences." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
New forms of employment: developing the potential of strategic employee sharing (2016)
Mandl, Irene;Zitatform
Mandl, Irene (2016): New forms of employment. Developing the potential of strategic employee sharing. (Eurofound research paper), Dublin, 31 S. DOI:10.2806/937385
Abstract
"Although standard employment is still dominant in European labour markets, an increasing range of new employment forms is emerging that differ in their implications for working conditions. This study explores strategic employee sharing, an employment form for companies that have specific HR needs that do not justify a permanent full-time position, but are often recurring, by hiring one or several workers who work on assignments, and whose skills and time are shared among a group of companies. These companies have joint responsibility and liability towards the shared workers who are ensured 'equal pay, equal treatment' with core staff. Yet in spite of the win - win potential of this employment form for both companies and workers, it is not widely known and only marginally used. This report explores the preconditions for a further spread of strategic employee sharing as well as its impact on employers and employees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Kurzfassung -
Literaturhinweis
Financial incentives and labour market duality (2015)
Bersona, Clémence; Ferrari, Nicolas;Zitatform
Bersona, Clémence & Nicolas Ferrari (2015): Financial incentives and labour market duality. In: Labour economics, Jg. 37, H. December, S. 77-92. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2015.10.001
Abstract
"The French labour market is divided between workers in permanent jobs and those who alternate fixed-term contracts with unemployment spells. Among other public policies aiming at reducing this duality, financial incentives could induce employers to lengthen contract duration or favour permanent contracts. This article develops a matching model fitted to the French labour market characteristics and calibrated on French data. A gradual decrease in unemployment contributions or a firing tax reduces the share of short-term contract in total employment but increases market rigidity and lowers labour productivity. However, decreasing unemployment contributions gradually is less favourable for new entrants than a firing tax and lengthens unemployment spells. An additional contribution levied on short-term contracts to finance a bonus for permanent-contract hirings also decreases labour market duality and increases activity by 0.13% but without negative impacts on labour market flexibility and productivity." (Author's abstract, © 2015 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Non-standard employment in post-industrial labour markets: an occupational perspective (2015)
Zitatform
Eichhorst, Werner & Paul Marx (Hrsg.) (2015): Non-standard employment in post-industrial labour markets. An occupational perspective. Cheltenham: Elgar, 435 S. DOI:10.4337/9781781001721
Abstract
"Examining the occupational variation within non-standard employment, this book combines case studies and comparative writing to illustrate how and why alternative occupational employment patterns are formed.
Non-standard employment has grown significantly in most developed economies, varying between countries. Different institutional settings have been deemed accountable for this variation, although inadequate consideration has been given to differences within national labour markets. Through an occupational perspective, this book contends that patterns of non-standard employment are shaped by flexibility in hiring and firing practices and the dispensability of workers' skills. The framework integrates explanations based on labour market regulation, industrial relations and skill supply, filling the gaps in previous scholastic research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
When does the stepping-stone work?: fixed-term contracts versus temporary agency work in changing economic conditions (2015)
Zitatform
Givord, Pauline & Lionel Wilner (2015): When does the stepping-stone work? Fixed-term contracts versus temporary agency work in changing economic conditions. In: Journal of Applied Econometrics, Jg. 30, H. 5, S. 787-805. DOI:10.1002/jae.2394
Abstract
"This paper emphasizes differences among short-term contracts in terms of career prospects. Using French data over the 2002 - 2010 period, we rely on a dynamic model with fixed effects to disentangle state dependence from unobserved heterogeneity. Although fixed-term contracts may provide a 'stepping-stone' to permanent positions, temporary agency work is hardly better than unemployment in this regard. The Great Recession of 2008 has changed the dynamics on the labor market and amplified the difference between fixed-term contracts and temporary agency work. For both types of temporary workers, providing overtime work does not significantly increase the transition to permanent employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Who wants the contrat de travail unique?: social support for labor market flexibilization in France (2014)
Zitatform
Amable, Bruno (2014): Who wants the contrat de travail unique? Social support for labor market flexibilization in France. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 53, H. 4, S. 636-662. DOI:10.1111/irel.12070
Abstract
"In France, a proposal was made to substitute a unique labor contract with a degree of employment protection increasing with tenure to the existing open-end and fixed-term contracts. Using survey data, this paper analyzes the social support for this contrat de travail unique (CTU). Contrary to the prediction of insider/outsider theories, support for the CTU comes from insider groups, whereas most outsider groups oppose it. This result may be the consequence of the job protection increasing with tenure. This mechanism could reinforce certain types of market segmentation instead of abolishing employment precariousness." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Dual labour markets and (lack of) on-the-job training: PIAAC evidence from Spain and other EU countries (2014)
Zitatform
Cabrales, Antonio, Juan J. Dolado & Ricardo Mora (2014): Dual labour markets and (lack of) on-the-job training. PIAAC evidence from Spain and other EU countries. (IZA discussion paper 8649), Bonn, 35 S.
Abstract
"Using the Spanish micro data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), we first document how the excessive gap in employment protection between indefinite and temporary workers leads to large differentials in on-the-job training (OTJ) against the latter. Next, we find that that the lower specific training received by temporary workers is correlated with lower literacy and numeracy scores achieved in the PIAAC study. Finally, we provide further PIAAC cross-country evidence showing that OJT gaps are quite lower in those European labour markets where dualism is less entrenched than in those where it is more extended." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Au sortir du chomage: precaires malgre un contrat a duree indeterminee? (2014)
Lize, Laurence; Prokovas, Nicolas;Zitatform
Lize, Laurence & Nicolas Prokovas (2014): Au sortir du chomage. Precaires malgre un contrat a duree indeterminee? In: Formation Emploi H. 125, S. 89-112.
Abstract
"In dieser Untersuchung werden die Arbeitsplätze, die ehemaligen Erwerbssuchende 2009 fanden, mit den Arbeitsplätzen der Beschäftigten verglichen. Dieses Segment des externen Arbeitsmarkts weist kontrastreiche Merkmale auf: einige Ausstiege aus der Erwerbslosigkeit fanden unter grundsätzlich günstigen Bedingungen statt (gut bezahlte, unbefristete Vollzeitarbeitsverträge, mit denen die Beschäftigten zufrieden sind), andere sind in einen prekären Kontext gestellt. Abgesehen von häufigen, kurzfristigen Verträgen ergibt sich die Präkarität auch zu einem beachtlichen Anteil aus unbefristeten Verträgen. Der Beruf bietet einen schlüssigen Zugang zur Erfassung dieses Phänomens." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Fixed-term contracts, economic conjuncture, and training opportunities: a comparative analysis across European labour markets (2013)
Zitatform
Cutuli, Giorgio & Raffaele Guetto (2013): Fixed-term contracts, economic conjuncture, and training opportunities. A comparative analysis across European labour markets. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 29, H. 3, S. 616-629. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcs011
Abstract
"Our work aims to bring together two research fields: the debate concerning different labour market flexibilization strategies and the determinants of training chances. The purpose of our work is therefore to assess the trade-off between temporary employment and training opportunities in a comparative analysis of three groups of countries characterized by different levels of labour market segmentation and training coverage. Particular attention is paid to the impact of the 2008 economic downturn in shaping training opportunities for contingent workers. Our research questions are investigated using three pooled rounds of the European Social Survey (2004, 2006, and 2008). While regression analyses partially confirm the negative effects of fixed-term contracts (FTCs) on training opportunities, a counterfactual analysis shows a retrenchment in training provisions among temporary workers only in strongly segmented labour markets, where FTCs constitute a more homogeneous marginal group, highly stratified in terms of age, gender, unemployment experience, and social class." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of temporary employment and employment protection on labour productivity: evidence from an industry-level panel of EU countries (2013)
Zitatform
Lisi, Domenico (2013): The impact of temporary employment and employment protection on labour productivity. Evidence from an industry-level panel of EU countries. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 46, H. 2, S. 119-144., 2013-01-01. DOI:10.1007/s12651-013-0127-0
Abstract
"In den letzten Jahren ermöglichten neue, auf Branchenebene verfügbare Daten eine genauere Evaluation des Einflusses der Arbeitsmarktpolitik als frühere ländervergleichende Analysen. In diesem Aufsatz wird ein branchenspezifisches Panel genutzt, um den Einfluss des Kündigungsschutzes auf befristete und unbefristete Arbeitsverhältnisse in den EU-Ländern zu ermitteln. Die Vorteile dieser Datengrundlage sind vielfältig. Die Methode nutzt sowohl die internationale Variation beim Kündigungsschutz für befristete und unbefristete Arbeitsverhältnisse als auch die Variation von Branche zu Branche. Im Unterschied zur bisherigen Literatur wenden wir die Idee der unterschiedlichen Bindungskraft des Kündigungsschutzes nur für unbefristete Beschäftigungsverhältnisse an, während wir für befristete Beschäftigungsverhältnisse eine andere Strategie anwenden, die eine genauere Identifikation des Effekts unbefristeter Beschäftigungsverhältnisse auf die Arbeitsproduktivität ermöglicht. Die theoretische Literatur erlaubt noch keine klare Vorhersage zum Vorzeichen dieses Effekts, da unterschiedliche überzeugende Gründe für Effekte in beide Richtungen bestehen. Daher haben die Ergebnisse der Analyse möglicherweise wichtige politische Implikationen. Unsere Haupterkenntnis ist, dass befristete Verträge einen negativen, wenn auch sehr geringen Effekt auf die Arbeitsproduktivität haben. Desweiteren bestätigt die Analyse, dass Kündigungsschutz bei regulären Arbeitsverträgen das Wachstum der Arbeitsproduktivität in den Branchen drosselt, die auf eine stärkere Beschäftigungsallokation angewiesen sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
L'impact du risque prud'homal sur le recours aux contrats à durée déterminée: une analyse à partir des DMMO (2012)
Bourreau-Dubois, Cécile; Guillot, Olivier; Chaupain-Guillot, Sabine;Zitatform
Bourreau-Dubois, Cécile, Sabine Chaupain-Guillot & Olivier Guillot (2012): L'impact du risque prud'homal sur le recours aux contrats à durée déterminée. Une analyse à partir des DMMO. In: Travail et emploi H. 126, S. 5-16.
Abstract
"Using establishment data from the French DMMO administrative files (2002-2005), this article explores the question of the determinants of the use of fixed-term contracts. The focus is on the impact of the risk of litigation following layoffs. In the context of a choice between fixed-term and open-ended contracts, the fact that layoffs might lead to legal disputes can indeed be seen as a factor that increases the separation costs relating to permanent employees, making the use of temporary contracts more attractive. In the present study, carried out on establishments (with 50 employees or more) that hired in year t, the risk of legal disputes is measured by two indicators (at the local level) : an 'index of conflictuality', linking the number of claims before the local labour courts to the number of layoffs in the area where the plant is located, and a 'rate of judgments', aiming at capturing the probability that a case will end in a judgment. These two indicators are used separately and simultaneously. The cross-sectional estimation results (2005) seem to indicate that the risk of litigation has a positive effect on the use of fixed-term contracts, as expected. However, this effect is rather small. Furthermore, when unobserved factors are taken into account (analysis on panel data), the indicators used appear significant only in regressions with random effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Alternativen zu Mini- und Midijobs? Die Beispiele Frankreich und Vereinigtes Königreich (2012)
Zitatform
Herzog-Stein, Alexander & Werner Sesselmeier (2012): Alternativen zu Mini- und Midijobs? Die Beispiele Frankreich und Vereinigtes Königreich. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 65, H. 1, S. 41-49. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2012-1-41
Abstract
"Mit den 2003 eingeführten Minijobs waren die Zielvorstellungen verbunden, näher an die Normalarbeitsverhältnisse heranzurücken, zudem Übergänge zu diesen zu schaffen, aber auch im Unterschied zu den Normalarbeitsverhältnissen so attraktiv für die Arbeitnehmer zu sein, dass damit schattenwirtschaftliche Tätigkeiten abgebaut würden. Trotz des hohen Umfangs an Minijobs scheint man den damit verbundenen Zielen nicht näher gekommen zu sein. Der Beitrag untersucht vergleichbare Instrumente im Vereinigten Königreich und in Frankreich. In beiden Ländern existieren explizite Lohnzuschüsse, die im Unterschied zu Deutschland im Einkommensteuersystem verankert sind, in Kombination mit Förderschwellen und Mindestlöhnen. Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen deuten darauf hin, dass die Brückenfunktion mit dieser Instrumentenkombination effektiver funktioniert als die Minijob-Regelungen in Deutschland." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Temporary jobs and job search effort in Europe (2012)
Zitatform
Kahn, Lawrence M. (2012): Temporary jobs and job search effort in Europe. In: Labour economics, Jg. 19, H. 1, S. 113-128. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2011.09.001
Abstract
"Using longitudinal data on individuals from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) for eleven countries during 1995 - 2001, I investigate temporary job contract duration and job search effort. The countries are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. I construct a search model for workers in temporary jobs which predicts that shorter duration raises search intensity. Calibration of the model to the ECHP data implies that at least 75% of the increase in search intensity over the life of a 2+ year temporary contract occurs in the last six months of the contract. I then estimate regression models for search effort that control for human capital, pay, local unemployment, and individual and time fixed effects. I find that workers on temporary jobs indeed search harder than those on permanent jobs. Moreover, search intensity increases as temporary job duration falls, and roughly 84% of this increase occurs on average in the shortest duration jobs. These results are robust to disaggregation by gender and by country. These empirical results are noteworthy, since it is not necessary to assume myopia or hyperbolic discounting in order to explain them, although the data clearly also do not rule out such explanations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The European world of temporary employment (2012)
Zitatform
Lancker, Wim Van (2012): The European world of temporary employment. In: European Societies, Jg. 14, H. 1, S. 83-111. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2011.638082
Abstract
"Departing from growing concerns about in-work poverty and the proliferation of flexible employment, we investigate the association between temporary employment and poverty in a European comparative perspective. In doing so, we focus specifically on possible gender dimensions, because some are concerned that the impact of flexible employment on income security will be different for men and women and that gender inequality will increase. By means of a logistic multilevel model, we analyse recent EU-SILC data for 24 European countries. The results show that the temporarily employed have a higher poverty risk vis-à-vis permanent workers, mainly caused by lower wages. However, the risk factors to become working poor are similar. The poorly educated, young workers and those living in a single earner household with dependent children have an increased probability to live in poverty, whether they are employed on temporary or permanent basis. Differences between European welfare regimes demonstrate that policy constellations influence the magnitude of these risk factors. Counter-intuitively, temporary working women have a lower poverty risk than their male counterparts. They are better protected because they are more often secondary earners in a dual earning household, while men are more often primary earners. This article advances knowledge on the linkages between temporary employment, economic insecurity and gender differences in European welfare states." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Domestic work in France and Italy: comparative case studies on the contemporary diffusion of informal employment (2012)
Pernigotti, Elisabetta;Zitatform
Pernigotti, Elisabetta (2012): Domestic work in France and Italy. Comparative case studies on the contemporary diffusion of informal employment. In: Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation, Jg. 6, H. 1, S. 49-61.
Abstract
"The persistence of informal employment and its recent development in Western countries is often disregarded. This article argues that a gendered renewal of informal employment is taking place following global economic restructuring. Furthermore, it shows how informality might be recreated through the very policy initiatives that aimed at combating informality and structuring the highly feminised sector of care and domestic services. In spite of the differences in policy initiatives, qualitative analysis illustrates how the formalisation of these jobs remains partial, in France as in Italy, regardless of the absence or the presence of specific politics of regularisation. Industrial unemployment due to rural deindustrialisation is imposing an working-class women - formerly largely employed in factories - a new form of domesticity through a certain recognition of domestic and care work, between formality, 'grey work' and informality, which confines these same women to a universe that is family-based and precarious." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The unequal incidence of non-standard employment across occupational groups: an empirical analysis of post-industrial labour markets in Germany and Europe (2011)
Zitatform
Marx, Paul (2011): The unequal incidence of non-standard employment across occupational groups. An empirical analysis of post-industrial labour markets in Germany and Europe. (IZA discussion paper 5521), Bonn, 23 S.
Abstract
"The paper addresses an often neglected question in labour market research: to which extent do outcomes aggregated on the national level disguise occupational diversity in employment conditions? In particular, how and why do occupational groups differ with regard to the incidence of non-standard employment? To explore these questions, the paper derives a detailed occupational scheme from the literature, capturing the variety of labour market outcomes within countries. In a second step, the scheme is theoretically linked to the topic of non-standard work. It is argued that different degrees of skill specificity across occupational groups produce diverging incentives for flexible and long-term employment, respectively. This leads to the expectation of (some) service-sector occupations showing stronger tendencies towards non-standard employment than those in the industrial sector. Based on European and German micro data, the categorisation is used to decompose various labour market indicators. The results clearly demonstrate the unequal incidence of non-standard employment along the lines of the suggested categorisation. Moreover, the longitudinal perspective suggests that traditionally functioning occupational groups will be crowded out by more destandardised ones." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Between keeping your head down and trying to get noticed: Agency workers in French car assembly plants (2011)
Zitatform
Purcell, Christina, Paul Brook & Rosemary Lucas (2011): Between keeping your head down and trying to get noticed: Agency workers in French car assembly plants. In: Management Revue, Jg. 22, H. 2, S. 169-187. DOI:10.5771/0935-9915-2011-2-169
Abstract
"Numerical flexibility is commonly promoted as a driver of employment growth. However, contingent work is frequently associated with 'bad jobs', particularly for those in low skilled occupations. Agency work is a common and growing form of contingent work and is often promoted as a tool for facilitating the labour market integration of young workers. In France, young agency workers make up a significant part of the labour force within car assembly plants. Studies have shown that these workers have harsher working conditions than permanent co-workers and are subject to a 'despotic' factory regime. However, the triangular relationship, which frames the agency contract, may give rise to a more complex outcome in which the" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Les trajectoires professionnelles en début de vie active: quel impact des contrats temporaires? (2010)
Zitatform
Blasco, Sylvie & Pauline Givord (2010): Les trajectoires professionnelles en début de vie active. Quel impact des contrats temporaires? In: Economie et Statistique H. 431/432, S. 73-93.
Abstract
"Die Auswirkung der Flexibilität des Arbeitsmarkts auf die Eingliederung der jungen Menschen wird weiterhin kontrovers diskutiert. Auch wenn durch eine Zeitarbeit Berufserfahrung gesammelt werden und dieser Job ein 'Sprungbrett' in eine stabile Beschäftigung darstellen kann, so bleibt das Risiko bestehen, auf einem 'Abstellgleis' zu landen. In dieser Studie wird versucht, empirische Antwortelemente auf die Fragen zu finden, indem die Übergänge zwischen Zeitarbeit, fester Anstellung und Nichtarbeit der Personen zu Beginn ihres Arbeitslebens untersucht werden. Zu diesem Zweck wird die Umfrage Formation et Qualification Professionnelle aus dem Jahr 2003 verwendet, deren Kalender eine präzise Beschreibung der Laufbahnen der befragten Personen über einen Zeitraum von fünf Jahren wiedergibt. Eine Modellkonstruktion 'MultiState Multi-Episode' ermöglicht die Isolierung und Messung der jeweiligen Auswirkung der beobachteten individuellen Eigenschaften, der nicht beobachteten Heterogenität, der Abhängigkeiten von vergangenen und aktuellen Zuständen (die Tatsache die eine oder die andere Arbeit auszuüben, kann Konsequenzen für die späteren Laufbahnen haben) und die Abhängigkeiten von Zeiträumen (die Tatsache, lange Zeit in einem Zustand zu verweilen, hat Auswirkungen auf die Chancen, diesen zu verlassen) auf den Prozess der beruflichen Eingliederung. Schätzungen zeigen den großen Einfluss der individuellen Eigenschaften auf die Übergänge. Sie zeigen auch, dass das Durchlaufen des einen oder anderen Zustands des Arbeitsmarkts eine langfristige Auswirkung auf den beruflichen Werdegang haben kann. Die Beschäftigung in einer zeitlich befristeten Stelle zu Beginn der beruflichen Laufbahn kann also auch langfristige Auswirkungen haben. Präziser ausgedrückt, Zeitarbeit führt häufiger zur Nichtarbeit (Arbeitslosigkeit und Inaktivität) als zu einer festen Beschäftigung. Allerdings entwickeln sich die Übergänge zu einer festen Beschäftigung in nicht linearer Form zur der Zeitspanne, die in der zeitlich befristeten Beschäftigung verbracht wurde. Die nicht beobachteten individuellen Eigenschaften scheinen bei den Männern wenig bedeutsam, bei den Frauen dagegen wichtiger zu sein." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Are mergers and acquisitions accompanied by increasing recourse to THS employment?: a French perspective (2010)
Zitatform
Bunel, Mathieu, Richard Duhautois & Lucie Gonzalez (2010): Are mergers and acquisitions accompanied by increasing recourse to THS employment? A French perspective. In: Economics Bulletin, Jg. 30, H. 1, S. 614-623.
Abstract
"This paper focuses on variations in employment of temporary help services (THS) employment when firms face mergers & acquisitions (M&As). We use an original French dataset in which the stock of temporary workers is isolated from that of other workers. With descriptive statistics, we observe that the number of temporary workers increases in acquiring firms. We use matching difference-in-differences estimators to check whether the use of THS employment increases after M&As. The results show that M&As are accompanied by increasing recourse to THS employment. The effects are quite strong for 1999 and 2000. The effect is weaker for 2001 because from this year the use of THS employment decreased for the first time since the beginning of the 1980's in France." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Not the right job, but a secure one: over-education and temporary employment in France, Italy and Spain (2010)
Ortiz, Luis;Zitatform
Ortiz, Luis (2010): Not the right job, but a secure one: over-education and temporary employment in France, Italy and Spain. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 24, H. 1, S. 47-64. DOI:10.1177/0950017009353657
Abstract
"Recent educational expansion in many OECD countries has renewed interest in over-education. The educational system has often been highlighted as the main source of over-education, whereas the role of the labour market has been neglected. Using European Community Household Panel data on three countries with similar systems of education but different levels of temporary employment, the association between job security and over-education is explored here. The results show that in quite segmented labour markets, where a permanent contract is an especially valuable asset, human capital might be traded off for job security. Over-education thus becomes paradoxically likelier among permanent workers than among temporary ones." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender differences in time availability: evidence from France (2009)
Zitatform
Devetter, Francois-Xavier (2009): Gender differences in time availability. Evidence from France. In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 16, H. 4, S. 429-450. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2009.00439.x
Abstract
"The aim of the article is to examine differences in work time from a gender perspective. To this end, a concept broader than mere duration of work time is constructed. This concept, which we call time availability, encompasses not only the volume of hours worked but also the scheduling and predictability of those hours. It is measured by a synthetic indicator showing the extent to which a given group of workers exceeds the societal time norm. After a presentation of the French context, we show that women seem to have less time availability, particularly at the ages that are most decisive in career terms. But these differences do not concern the same aspects of time availability. Thus the time constraints experienced mainly by women are less socially visible and hence undervalued by employers. This lower visibility comes, for a large part, from the social perception of women professionals." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Pourquoi les travailleurs précaires ne participent-ils pas à la formation professionnelle continue? (2009)
Zitatform
Perez, Coralie (2009): Pourquoi les travailleurs précaires ne participent-ils pas à la formation professionnelle continue? In: Formation Emploi H. 105, S. 5-20.
Abstract
"Europäische Diskurse über die 'Flexicurity', jüngste Ausrichtungen im französischen Fortbildungssystem und Managementpraktiken laufen auf eine größere Verantwortungsübernahme der Beschäftigten bei der Pflege und Erweiterung ihrer Kompetenzen hinaus. In diesem Umfeld soll hier die Einstellung von prekär Beschäftigten zur Weiterbildung untersucht werden. Es soll ausgeleuchtet werden, was ihre (Nicht-)Teilnahme an Fortbildungen bewirkt, indem ihre Antworten auf die offene Frage in der Untersuchung 'Fortbildung 2000' ausgewertet werden, die ergänzend zur Untersuchung 'Beschäftigung' des INSEE und CEREQ durchgeführt wurde. Die Frage lautete: 'Warum haben Sie seit 2 Jahren keine Fortbildung mitgemacht?' Prekäre Beschäftigungen beeinflussen tatsächlich den persönlichen Einsatz bei der Weiterbildung, allerdings in Größenordnungen, die von der 'prekären Laufbahn' abhängen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Temporary work in coordinated market economies: evidence from front-line service workplaces (2009)
Zitatform
Shire, Karen A., Annika Schönauer, Mireia Valverde & Hannelore Mottweiler (2009): Temporary work in coordinated market economies. Evidence from front-line service workplaces. In: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Jg. 62, H. 4, S. 602-617.
Abstract
"The growing use of temporary contracts in Europe raises the question of whether long-term employment relations are eroding in coordinated market economies, where protective regulations are historically strong. This paper, using data from establishment-level surveys conducted in 2003 - 2005, examines the institutional and organizational factors that have shaped the extent of use of temporary contracts in call centers in six European countries: Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Spain, and Sweden. While differences in regulatory regimes appear to have influenced employer behavior in some cases, the exceptions are striking, as the countries with the most stringent restrictions on temporary workers were among the heaviest users of such workers. By contrast, firm-level strategies that retained work in-house and invested in work force skills and training were consistent predictors of the use of long-term contracts as opposed to temporary ones." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Zeitarbeit in europäischen Ländern - Lehren für Deutschland? (2009)
Zitatform
Vanselow, Achim & Claudia Weinkopf (2009): Zeitarbeit in europäischen Ländern - Lehren für Deutschland? (Hans-Böckler-Stiftung. Arbeitspapier 182), Düsseldorf, 68 S.
Abstract
"Die Porträts der Zeitarbeit in Frankreich, Niederlande, Großbritannien, Dänemark. Schweden, Schweiz und Österreich zeigen, dass große Unterschiede in der Regulierung. Sie liefern auch eine Reihe von Anregungen für die deutsche Debatte über eine Re-Regulierung der Leiharbeit. Besonders interessant erscheinen drei Elemente der Regulierung in Frankreich: die auch faktisch wirksame Durchsetzung des Equal Pay-Grundsatzes (ohne die Möglichkeit einer Abweichung durch Tarifvertrag), der Lohnzuschlag in Form einer 'Prekaritätsprämie' und der branchenbezogene Weiterbildungsfonds, aus dem Qualifizierungsmaßnahmen für Zeitarbeitskräfte finanziert werden können. In den Niederlanden haben Zeitarbeitskräfte bei längeren betrieblichen Einsätzen (mehr als sechs Monate) Anspruch auf Equal Pay, was Dauereinsätze für Kundenbetriebe teurer macht und damit die Anreize zur Übernahme in feste Beschäftigung erhöht. In Österreich gibt es tarifliche Mindestlöhne für die Leiharbeit und Zuschläge bei Einsätzen in Hochlohnbranchen. In der Schweiz soll der 2008 abgeschlossene Branchen-Tarifvertrag für allgemeinverbindlich erklärt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Gender and the contours of precarious employment (2009)
Zitatform
Vosko, Leah F., Martha MacDonald & Iain Campbell (Hrsg.) (2009): Gender and the contours of precarious employment. (Routledge IAFFE Advances in feminist economics), Abingdon: Routledge, 280 S.
Abstract
"Precarious employment presents a monumental challenge to the social, economic, and political stability of labour markets in industrialized societies and there is widespread consensus that its growth is contributing to a series of common social inequalities, especially along the lines of gender and citizenship. The editors argue that these inequalities are evident at the national level across industrialized countries, as well as at the regional level within federal societies, such as Canada, Germany, the United States, and Australia and in the European Union. This book brings together contributions addressing this issue which include case studies exploring the size, nature, and dynamics of precarious employment in different industrialized countries and chapters examining conceptual and methodological challenges in the study of precarious employment in comparative perspective. The collection aims to yield new ways of understanding, conceptualizing, measuring, and responding, via public policy and other means - such as new forms of union organization and community organizing at multiple scales - to the forces driving labour market insecurity." (text exerp, IAB-Doku)
Content:
Leah F. Vosko, Martha Macdonald, Iain Campbell: Introduction: Gender and the concept of precarious employment (1-25);
Leah F. Vosko, Lisa F. Clark: Canada: Gendered precariousness and social reproduction (26-42);
Francoise Carre; James Heintz: The United States: Different sources of precariousness in a mosaic of employment arrangements (43-59);
Iain Campbell, Gillian Whithouse, Janeen Baxter: Australia: Casual employment, part-time employment and the resilience of the male-breadwinner model (60-75);
Heidi Gottfried: Japan: The reproductive bargain and the making of precarious employment (76-91);
Julia S. O'Connor: Ireland: Precarious employment in the context of the European Employment Strategy (92-107);
Jacqueline O'reilly, John Macinnes, Tizana Nazio, Jose M. Roche: The United Kingdom: From flexible employment to vulnerable workers (108-126);
Susanne D. Burri: The Netherlands: Precarious employment in a context of flexicurity (127-142);
Jeanne Fagnani, Marie-Therese Letablier: France: Precariousness, gender and the challenges for labour market policy (143-158);
John Macinnes: Spain: Continuity and change in precarious employment (159-176);
Claudia Weinkopf: Germany: Precarious employment and the rise of mini-jobs (177-193);
Inger Jonsson Anita Nyberg: Sweden: Precarious work and precarious unemployment (194-210);
Martha Macdonald. Spatial dimensions of gendered precariousness: Challenges for comparative analysis (211-225);
Sylvia Fuller: investigating longitudinal dimensions of precarious employment: Conceptual and practical issues (226-239);
Wallace Clement, Sophie Mathieu, Steven Prus Emre Uckardesler: Precarious lives in the new economy: Comparative intersectional analysis (240-255);
Pat Armstrong, Hugh Armstrong: Precarious employment in the health-care sector (256-270)
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
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Atypische Beschäftigung insgesamt
- Gesamtbetrachtungen
- Erosion des Normalarbeitsverhältnisses
- Prekäre Beschäftigung
- Politik, Arbeitslosigkeitsbekämpfung
- Arbeits- und Lebenssituation atypisch Beschäftigter
- Betriebliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Rechtliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Gesundheitliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Beschäftigungsformen
- Qualifikationsniveau
- Alter
- geographischer Bezug
- Geschlecht