Auswirkungen der Covid-19-Pandemie auf Wirtschaft und Arbeitsmarkt in Deutschland
Wirtschaft und Arbeitsmarkt stehen seit der Ausbreitung des Coronavirus vor großen Herausforderungen. Zur Unterstützung von Beschäftigten und Unternehmen hatte der Bundestag im Eilverfahren u.a. einen leichteren Zugang zum Kurzarbeitergeld beschlossen. Dieses Themendossier stellt Einschätzungen aus Forschung und Politik zu den Auswirkungen der Pandemie auf den Arbeitsmarkt, die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und notwendige Maßnahmen in Deutschland zusammen.
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Auswirkungen auf Wirtschaft, Arbeitsmarkt und Soziales in Deutschland
- Wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und Maßnahmen
- Exit-Strategien zur Beendigung des Lockdowns
- Kurzarbeit - Regelungen und Inanspruchnahme während der Pandemie
- Homeoffice/mobiles Arbeiten
- Auswirkungen auf Betriebe
- Beschäftigung, Arbeitslosigkeit und Grundsicherung nach SGB II
- Einkommenseffekte
- Einzelne Berufe und Branchen
- Berufsausbildung/Lehrstellenmarkt
- Zukunftsszenarien: Wird die Wirtschaft nach Corona nachhaltiger?
- Soziale und gesundheitliche Aspekte
- Corona und Care
- Weiterbildung
- Konjunkturpaket zur Förderung der Wirtschaft
- Personengruppen
- Regionale Aspekte
- Internationale Arbeitsmärkte / Auswirkungen der Globalisierung
- Bundesländer
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Literaturhinweis
Mismatch unemployment during COVID-19 and the post-pandemic labor shortages (2025)
Zitatform
Birinci, Serdar, Yusuf Mercan & Kurt See (2025): Mismatch unemployment during COVID-19 and the post-pandemic labor shortages. In: Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Jg. 178. DOI:10.1016/j.jedc.2025.105142
Abstract
"We examine the extent to which mismatch unemployment—employment losses relative to an efficient allocation where the planner can costlessly reallocate unemployed workers across sectors to maximize output—shaped labor market dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent recovery episode characterized by labor shortages. We find that, for the first time in our sample, mismatch unemployment turned negative at the onset of the pandemic. This result suggests that the efficient allocation of job seekers would involve reallocating workers toward longer-tenure and more-productive jobs, even at the expense of fewer hires. We show that sectoral differences in job separations were the main driver behind this result, while differences in vacancies caused positive mismatch unemployment during the recovery episode. We also establish an empirical link between mismatch unemployment and the surge in the labor cost during the recovery, documenting that sectors with larger mismatch unemployment experienced higher employment cost growth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Deutschlands Rettungsausgaben während der Covid-19-Pandemie waren im internationalen Vergleich eher unterdurchschnittlich (2025)
Zitatform
Fitzenberger, Bernd & Christian Kagerl (2025): Deutschlands Rettungsausgaben während der Covid-19-Pandemie waren im internationalen Vergleich eher unterdurchschnittlich. In: IAB-Forum H. 04.08.2025, 2025-08-04. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20250804.01
Abstract
"Während der Covid-19-Pandemie versuchten die Regierungen in den Jahren 2020 und 2021 den negativen Auswirkungen auf Wirtschaft und Beschäftigte mit umfangreichen finanziellen Mitteln entgegenzuwirken. Einige Länder führten in dieser Zeit das deutsche Modell des Kurzarbeitergeldes ein oder weiteten dessen Nutzung deutlich aus. Im internationalen Vergleich zeigen sich jedoch erhebliche Unterschiede – sowohl beim Umfang der staatlichen Rettungsausgaben für den Arbeitsmarkt als auch beim Mix der gewählten Maßnahmen. Rückblickend wird deutlich: Deutschland wendete insgesamt weniger Mittel für die Rettungsprogramme auf als andere Industrieländer, hielt aber die intensive Nutzung von Kurzarbeit im Schnitt länger aufrecht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Old and New Welfare States Retaining Older Workers in the Face of Crisis: The Case of COVID-19 in Europe (2025)
Zitatform
Lee, Kun (2025): Old and New Welfare States Retaining Older Workers in the Face of Crisis: The Case of COVID-19 in Europe. (LISER working papers 2025-03), Esch-sur-Alzette, 36 S.
Abstract
"The Coronavirus pandemic was a unique crisis in Europe as an unprecedented health and labour market shock barely disrupted long-term trends toward active ageing. We study the role of social policy responses and pre-existing welfare state institutions in moderating older workers’ exit from work following the crisis. Using a cross-national panel survey and exploiting institutional variations across Europe, we examine the association between older workers’ exit outcomes during COVID-19 and a set of macro-institutional indicators, net of the economic shock and pre-pandemic activation levels. Results show that the use of novel job retention schemes was systematically related to the retention of older workers, whereas extended unemployment insurance likely had a limited influence. Higher retirement ages and greater reliance on private pensions were associated with lower exit rates but mostly among lower-educated workers. Our findings highlight the significance of welfare states managing the crisis-driven economic shock and offer useful policy implications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Balancing Timeliness, Efficiency and Effectiveness: An Assessment of Targeted Social Policies in Challenging Times (2025)
Zitatform
Wizan, Maisarah & Sarah Marchal (2025): Balancing Timeliness, Efficiency and Effectiveness: An Assessment of Targeted Social Policies in Challenging Times. In: Social Policy and Administration. DOI:10.1111/spol.13156
Abstract
"Timely support is evidently vital when people face sudden income shocks. Nevertheless, most contemporary social policy research on the effectiveness of targeted income support adopts an annual focus. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the timeliness of social support became especially salient. Labor market incomes varied largely month-to-month, and governments reacted with both old and newly designed social policy measures. The latter were designed in a profoundly different policy-making context, in which it was difficult to foresee their effectiveness and cost, while the organization and implementation of timely income protection measures gained new precedence. In Belgium, the COVID-19 pandemic prompted a multitude of new or substantially changed targeted income support measures across its different regions. This heterogeneity enables an in-depth analysis of the relationship between targeting design features and the effectiveness and timeliness of social policies. Using the EU-SILC and EUROMOD, we assess the impact of social measures on monthly net disposable incomes derived from nowcasted labor market transitions. We evaluate the timeliness of policies from an intra-year perspective, exploring the link between targeting design, implementation, and outcomes, and do so for the interesting case of social crisis measures in a turbulent period. We find that large pre-existing job retention and categorical income replacement schemes were crucial and timely in maintaining living standards and preventing poverty, while smaller, purpose-designed lump-sum benefits played only a supplementary role. Interestingly, targeting choices designed to expedite benefit payments, such as passporting on existing beneficiary status, did not substantially improve timeliness." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Lieferketten nach Corona: Welche Prioritäten setzen deutsche Unternehmen? (2024)
Zitatform
Aksoy, Cevat Giray, Andreas Baur, Lisandra Flach & Beata Javorcik (2024): Lieferketten nach Corona: Welche Prioritäten setzen deutsche Unternehmen? In: ifo Schnelldienst digital, Jg. 5, H. 1, S. 1-4.
Abstract
"Auch nach dem Abklingen der Corona-Pandemie hat die große Mehrheit der deutschen Unternehmen zusätzliche Maßnahmen getroffen, um das Risiko von Lieferkettenstörungen zu reduzieren. Im Rahmen der ifo Konjunkturumfragen im November 2023 gaben 75% der Industrieunternehmen an, die Lieferkettenresilienz durch eine veränderte Beschaffungsstrategie gestärkt zu haben. Die Diversifizierung von Lieferbeziehungen war dabei die am häufigsten genannte Maßnahme (58%). Der Anteil der Unternehmen, die ihre Lagerbestände erhöht haben, ist im Vergleich zum Vorjahr dagegen deutlich gesunken und lag bei 45%. Einige Unternehmen planen weitere Anpassungsmaßnahmen innerhalb eines Jahres. So beabsichtigt jeder dritte Hersteller, die Anzahl seiner Zulieferer zu erhöhen. Im Vergleich zur Vorjahresumfrage ist der Anteil der Unternehmen, die ihre Lagerbestände erhöhen wollen, deutlich gesunken und lag bei 12%." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Monetary compensation schemes during the COVID-19 pandemic: implications for household incomes, liquidity constraints and consumption across the EU (2024)
Christl, Michael ; Figari, Francesco ; De Poli, Silvia ; Papini, Andrea ; Hufkens, Tine ; Tumino, Alberto; Leventi, Chrysa ;Zitatform
Christl, Michael, Silvia De Poli, Francesco Figari, Tine Hufkens, Chrysa Leventi, Andrea Papini & Alberto Tumino (2024): Monetary compensation schemes during the COVID-19 pandemic: implications for household incomes, liquidity constraints and consumption across the EU. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 22, H. 2, S. 411-431. DOI:10.1007/s10888-023-09596-4
Abstract
"This paper analyses the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on household disposable income and household demand in the European Union (EU) during 2020, making use of the EU microsimulation model EUROMOD and nowcasting techniques. We show evidence of heterogeneity in the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the labour markets in EU Member States, with some countries hit substantially harder than others. Most EU Member States experience a large drop in market incomes, with poorer households bearing the brunt. Tax-benefit systems cushioned significantly the transmission of the shock to the disposable income and the household demand, with monetary compensation schemes playing a major role. Additionally, we show that monetary compensation schemes prevent a significant share of households from becoming liquidity constrained during the pandemic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
What Caused the Beveridge Curve to Shift Higher in the United States During the Pandemic? (2024)
Kindberg-Hanlon, Gene; Girard, Michael;Zitatform
Kindberg-Hanlon, Gene & Michael Girard (2024): What Caused the Beveridge Curve to Shift Higher in the United States During the Pandemic? (IMF working papers / International Monetary Fund 2024,08), Washington, DC, 42 S.
Abstract
"The Beveridge curve shifted substantially higher in the United States following the start of the COVID pandemic. In 2022, vacancies reached record highs across all sectors while unemployment fell to pre-pandemic lows. At the same time, the pandemic has resulted in severe labor shortages, and we estimate that the labor force was approximately 2 million below trend at the start of 2023. We exploit state-level data in the United States to find that lower immigration, higher excess mortality due to COVID, and falling older-worker labor force participation were associated with larger upward shifts in the Beveridge curve. We also find that states that had a larger employment concentration in contact-intensive sectors had larger upward shifts in their Beveridge curve. While the effect of sectoral reallocation and rehiring has been shown in theoretical models to lift the Beveridge curve, we show that worker shortages also result in an upward shift in the Beveridge curve if they increase the marginal product of labor. This result holds in a search and matching model with on-the-job search, but does not hold without on-the-job search." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Why Does Working from Home Vary Across Countries and People? (2024)
Zarate, Pablo ; Davis, Steven J. ; Aksoy, Cevat Giray ; Dolls, Mathias ; Barrero, José María; Bloom, Nicholas ;Zitatform
Zarate, Pablo, Mathias Dolls, Steven J. Davis, Nicholas Bloom, José María Barrero & Cevat Giray Aksoy (2024): Why Does Working from Home Vary Across Countries and People? (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 32374), Cambridge, Mass, 42 S. DOI:10.3386/w32374
Abstract
"We use two surveys to assess why work from home (WFH) varies so much across countries and people. A measure of cultural individualism accounts for about one-third of the cross-country variation in WFH rates. Australia, Canada, the UK, and the US score highly on individualism and WFH rates, whereas Asian countries score low on both. Other factors such as cumulative lockdown stringency, population density, industry mix, and GDP per capita also matter, but they account for less of the variation. When looking across individual workers in the United States, we find that industry mix, population density and lockdown severity help account for current WFH rates, as does the partisan leaning of the county in which the worker resides. We conclude that multiple factors influence WFH rates, and technological feasibility is only one of them." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unemployment and COVID-19: an analysis of change in persistence (2023)
Zitatform
Bermejo, Lorenzo, Maria Malmierca-Ordoqui & Luis Alberiko Gil-Alana (2023): Unemployment and COVID-19: an analysis of change in persistence. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 55, H. 39, S. 4511-4521. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2022.2129574
Abstract
"This paper examines the degree of persistence in monthly unemployment rates for a group of 24 European countries along with the global rate for the Euro area, the European Union, the G7 and the OECD countries. For this purpose, fractionally integrated methods are employed. Using data from January 2010 to November 2020, our results indicate that fractional integration is present in all countries examined, with the orders of integration of the series ranging in the (0, 1) interval. Comparing the data before COVID-19 with those including it, the significant time trend coefficient and the mean reverting property disappear in most cases when COVID-19 data are considered. This implies that governments should consider that, after the pandemic, shocks on the labour market will have permanent effects. Thus, policies should address unemployment accordingly. Our work, however, does not focus on the analysis of nonlinearities, what could provide a more complete understanding of the series behaviour." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employer reallocation during the COVID-19 pandemic: Validation and application of a do-it-yourself CPS (2023)
Zitatform
Bick, Alexander & Adam Blandin (2023): Employer reallocation during the COVID-19 pandemic: Validation and application of a do-it-yourself CPS. In: Review of Economic Dynamics, Jg. 49, S. 58-76. DOI:10.1016/j.red.2022.11.002
Abstract
"Economists have recently begun using independent online surveys to collect national labor market data. Questions remain over the quality of such data. This paper provides an approach to address these concerns. Our case study is the Real-Time Population Survey (RPS), a novel online survey of the US built around the Current Population Survey (CPS). The RPS replicates core components of the CPS, ensuring comparable measures that allow us to weight and rigorously validate our results using a high-quality benchmark. At the same time, special questions in the RPS yield novel information regarding employer reallocation during the COVID-19 pandemic. We estimate that 26% of pre-pandemic workers were working for a new employer one year into the COVID-19 outbreak in the US, at least double the rate of any previous episode in the past quarter century. Our discussion contains practical suggestions for the design of novel labor market surveys and highlights other promising applications of our methodology." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employment dynamics across firms during COVID-19: The role of job retention schemes (2023)
Calligaris, Sara; Ciminelli, Gabriele ; Desnoyers-James, Isabelle; Criscuolo, Chiara ; Costa, Hélia; Demmou, Lilas ; Franco, Guido; Verlhac, Rudy;Zitatform
Calligaris, Sara, Gabriele Ciminelli, Hélia Costa, Chiara Criscuolo, Lilas Demmou, Isabelle Desnoyers-James, Guido Franco & Rudy Verlhac (2023): Employment dynamics across firms during COVID-19: The role of job retention schemes. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1788), Paris, 67 S. DOI:10.1787/33388537-en
Abstract
"This paper analyses employment dynamics across firms during the COVID-19 pandemic and the role of job retention schemes (JRS) in shaping these dynamics. It relies on a novel collection of high-frequency harmonised micro-aggregated statistics, computed using administrative data on employment and wages from electronic payroll records across 12 countries linked to monthly information on policy support during COVID-19, as well as on a new indicator of JRS de-jure generosity. The analysis highlights four key findings: i) the employment adjustment margins varied over time, adjusting mainly through the intensive margin in 2020, while both the intensive and the extensive margins contributed to employment changes in 2021; ii) the reallocation process remained productivity enhancing, although to a lower extent on average compared to 2019; iii) JRS were successful in their purpose of cushioning the effect of the crisis on employment growth and firm survival; iv) JRS support did not distort the productivity-enhancing nature of reallocation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Heterogeneous Labor Market Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic (2023)
Zitatform
Cortes, Guido Matias & Eliza C. Forsythe (2023): Heterogeneous Labor Market Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic. In: ILR review, Jg. 76, H. 1, S. 30-55. DOI:10.1177/00197939221076856
Abstract
"The authors study the distributional consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on employment, both during the onset of the pandemic and over subsequent months. Using cross-sectional and matched longitudinal data from the Current Population Survey, they show that the pandemic has exacerbated pre-existing inequalities. Although employment losses have been widespread, they have been substantially larger—and more persistent—in lower-paying occupations and industries. Hispanics and non-White workers suffered larger increases in job losses, not only because of their over-representation in lower-paying jobs but also because of a disproportionate increase in their job displacement probability relative to non-Hispanic White workers with the same job background. Gaps in year-on-year job displacement probabilities between Black and White workers have widened over the course of the pandemic recession, both overall and conditional on pre-displacement occupation and industry. These gaps are not explained by state-level differences in the severity of the pandemic nor by the associated response in terms of mitigation policies. In addition, evidence suggests that older workers have been retiring at faster rates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Time Use, College Attainment, and The Working-from-Home Revolution (2023)
Cowan, Benjamin W.;Zitatform
Cowan, Benjamin W. (2023): Time Use, College Attainment, and The Working-from-Home Revolution. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 31439), Cambridge, Mass, 34 S.
Abstract
"I demonstrate that the profound change in working from home (WFH) in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic is concentrated among individuals with college degrees. Relative to 2015-19, the number of minutes worked from home on fall 2021 weekdays increased by over 90 minutes for college graduates; for non-graduates, it was 17 minutes. The share of work done at home (for those who worked at all) increased by 21% for graduates and 6% for non-graduates. Average minutes worked changed little for either group. Daily time spent traveling (e.g., commuting) fell by 24 minutes for college graduates but did not change for non-graduates. I examine how time-use patterns change for college graduates relative to non-graduates over the same period. Preliminary evidence suggests that time spent with children has risen for college graduates relative to non-graduates, potentially a sign that gaps in children's outcomes by college attainment will be exacerbated by the WFH revolution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Has the crisis disrupted thirty-somethings' career trajectories? (2023)
Zitatform
Dupray, Arnaud, Zora Mazari & Alexie Robert (2023): Has the crisis disrupted thirty-somethings' career trajectories? (Training & employment 159), Marseille, 3 S.
Abstract
"How have the working lives of young people in their thirties, the “hard core” of the economically active population in employment, been affected by the health crisis of 2020? The results of the Génération survey: Covid et après? (After Covid what?) serve to document the varied situations of these economically active individuals in the face of the crisis. Whether they were in stable or precarious employment, whether they were working in sectors exposed to or unaffected by the crisis, whether or not they had children, how did these young employees or self-employed workers get through the crisis?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Inflation and wage growth since the pandemic (2023)
Zitatform
Jordà, Òscar & Fernanda Nechio (2023): Inflation and wage growth since the pandemic. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 156. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2023.104474
Abstract
"Following the worst of the COVID-19 pandemic, inflation surged to levels last seen in the 1980s. Motivated by vast differences in pandemic support across countries, we investigate the subsequent response of inflation and its feedback to wages. We exploit the differences in pandemic support to identify the effect that these programs had on inflation and the passthrough to wages. Our empirical approach focuses on a novel dynamic difference-in-differences method based on local projections. Our estimates suggest that an increase of 5 percentage points in direct transfers (relative to trend) translates into about a peak 3 percentage points boost to inflation and wage growth. Moreover, higher inflation accentuates the role of inflation expectations on wage-setting dynamics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Local labor market effects of global value chain disruptions - evidence from the COVID-19 crisis (2023)
Zitatform
Meisiek, Anne, Moritz Meister, Annekatrin Niebuhr & Meike Rudolph (2023): Local labor market effects of global value chain disruptions - evidence from the COVID-19 crisis. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 10/2023), Nürnberg, 53 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2310
Abstract
"Diese Studie untersucht die Bedeutung der Integration von Produktionsprozessen in globale Wertschöpfungsketten (GVC) für die Entwicklung regionaler Arbeitsmärkte in Deutschland während der COVID-19 Pandemie. Die COVID-19 Pandemie ist eine globale Krise. Dennoch ist sie durch starke geografische Unterschiede gekennzeichnet, unter anderem bezüglich der Infektionsraten, aber auch mit Blick auf die Intensität der ergriffenen Eindämmungs- und Hilfsmaßnahmen und der zu beobachtenden Verhaltensänderungen. Eine rasch wachsende Zahl von Studien liefert Belege für die heterogenen räumlichen Effekte der COVID-19 Pandemie, wobei sich die meisten Untersuchungen auf den anfänglichen Schock und die Auswirkungen von Lockdowns und wirtschaftspolitischen Unterstützungsmaßnahmen konzentrieren. Die vorliegende Studie betrachtet die Folgen der COVID-19 Pandemie aus einer anderen Perspektive als die bisherige Forschung zu den regionalwirtschaftlichen Auswirkungen der Krise. Wir betrachten die Effekte der Störung globaler Wertschöpfungsketten durch die Pandemie und untersuchen, ob das Ausmaß der Integration von Produktionsprozessen in globale Wertschöpfungsketten die Stärke des anfänglichen Schocks und die anschließende Erholung lokaler Arbeitsmärkte in Deutschland bis Dezember 2021 beeinflusst hat. Unsere Analyse konzentriert sich dabei auf die bilateralen Handelsbeziehungen zwischen China und Deutschland, da die beiden Länder wichtige Akteure in globalen Wertschöpfungsketten sind. Zudem war China sehr früh und sehr stark von der Pandemie betroffen, was Anfang 2020 zu einem erheblichen Rückgang der Produktion und der Exporte des Landes führte. Um die Integration von Wirtschaftszweigen und Regionen in globale Wertschöpfungsketten zu messen, verwenden wir die länderübergreifenden Input-Output-Tabellen (ICIO) der OECD von 2021, die detaillierte Informationen über den Handel mit Vorleistungsgütern zwischen 45 Branchen und 66 Ländern bis zum Jahr 2018 enthalten. Anhand dieser Daten zum internationalen Handel mit Zwischenprodukten berechnen wir verschiedene Indikatoren für die Integration deutscher Branchen über Importe und Exporte von Vorleistungsgütern. Um die Integration lokaler Arbeitsmärkte in globale Wertschöpfungsketten zu messen, quantifizieren wir die regionalen Unterschiede im Handel mit Zwischenprodukten anhand der Unterschiede in der sektoralen Spezialisierung zwischen den Arbeitsmarktregionen. Unsere zentrale Ergebnisvariable ist der regionale Anteil der Beschäftigten in Kurzarbeit an der Gesamtbeschäftigung. Die intensive Nutzung von Kurzarbeit war ein Grund für den relativ moderaten Anstieg der Arbeitslosigkeit während der COVID-19 Pandemie in Deutschland. Daher verwenden wir den Kurzarbeitsanteil anstelle von regionalen Arbeitslosenquoten, um die Arbeitsmarkteffekte der durch die COVID-19 Krise verursachten Störungen globaler Wertschöpfungsketten zu messen. Als zweite Ergebnisvariable betrachten wir die regionale Beschäftigung. Unsere deskriptiven Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass insbesondere Regionen in Süddeutschland stark in globale Wertschöpfungsketten integriert sind. Die räumliche Ballung im Süden des Bundesgebiets scheint für den Handel mit Zwischenprodukten mit China etwas stärker zu sein als für den Vorprodukt-Handel mit dem Rest der Welt. Im Gegensatz dazu weisen viele Regionen im Nordosten des Landes eine unterdurchschnittliche Einbindung in globale Wertschöpfungsketten auf. Eine Zerlegung des Zwischenprodukthandels in Importe und Exporte zeigt, dass die Exportkomponente in Deutschland fast doppelt so groß ist wie die Importkomponente. Die Export- und Importmaße korrelieren jedoch stark, was darauf hindeutet, dass eine Region in der Regel sowohl über Im- als auch Exporte von Vorleistungen stark in globale Wertschöpfungsketten integriert ist. Unseren Ergebnissen zufolge hat die Kurzarbeit im Jahr 2020 insbesondere in denjenigen Regionen sehr stark zugenommen hat, die ökonomisch sehr eng mit China verflochten sind. Wir stellen signifikante Effekte sowohl einer Integration durch Exporte als auch durch Importe von Vorleistungsgütern fest, wobei die Auswirkungen über die Importverbindung mit China etwas stärker sind. Die Effekte, die wir für die Integration mit China beobachten, sind jedoch nur temporärer Natur und laufen bereits in der zweiten Hälfte des Jahres 2020 schnell aus. Regionen, die stark mit dem Rest der Welt integriert sind, heben sich dagegen nicht von anderen lokalen Arbeitsmärkten in Deutschland ab, wenn es um die Auswirkungen der COVID-19 Krise geht. Für die rasche Erholung der Regionen, die eine hohe Integration mit China aufweisen, gibt es verschiedene mögliche Erklärungsansätze. Zunächst einmal unterscheidet sich China im zweiten Jahr der Pandemie nicht mehr so sehr von anderen wichtigen Handelspartnern Deutschlands was die Störung internationaler Handelsströme betrifft. Darüber hinaus lassen die Befunde erster Studien vermuten, dass Unternehmen ihre Produktionsprozesse und die Beschaffung von Vorleistungen als Reaktion auf Störungen der Wertschöpfungsketten während der COVID-19-Krise angepasst haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Die Ausgaben für das australische JobKeeper-Programm haben die staatlichen Gesamtausgaben in den ersten sechs Monaten um ein Viertel erhöht (Serie Kurzarbeit: Internationale Erfahrungen während der Covid-19-Krise ): (Interview mit Bob Gregory) (2023)
Schludi, Martin; Gregory, Bob;Zitatform
Schludi, Martin; Bob Gregory (interviewte Person) (2023): Die Ausgaben für das australische JobKeeper-Programm haben die staatlichen Gesamtausgaben in den ersten sechs Monaten um ein Viertel erhöht (Serie Kurzarbeit: Internationale Erfahrungen während der Covid-19-Krise ). (Interview mit Bob Gregory). In: IAB-Forum H. 31.10.2023 Nürnberg. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20231031.01
Abstract
"Während der Covid-19-Krise führte Australien groß angelegte und leicht umzusetzende Lohnkostenzuschüsse ein. Dieses „JobKeeper-Programm” sollte Entlassungen verhindern. Die Unterschiede zu den europäischen Kurzarbeitsprogrammen sind jedoch frappierend. Im Interview für das IAB-Forum gibt Bob Gregory, emeritierter Professor der Australian National University, Einblicke in den australischen Ansatz und skizziert mögliche Lehren für andere Länder." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Schludi, Martin;Ähnliche Treffer
auch in Englisch erschienen -
Literaturhinweis
The first six months expenditure for the Australian JobKeeper scheme lifted total national government expenditure by one quarter (Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic): (Interview with Bob Gregory) (2023)
Schludi, Martin; Gregory, Bob;Zitatform
Schludi, Martin; Bob Gregory (interviewte Person) (2023): The first six months expenditure for the Australian JobKeeper scheme lifted total national government expenditure by one quarter (Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic). (Interview with Bob Gregory). In: IAB-Forum H. 31.10.2023 Nürnberg. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20231031.02
Abstract
"Während der Covid-19-Krise führte Australien groß angelegte und leicht umzusetzende Lohnkostenzuschüsse ein. Dieses „JobKeeper-Programm” sollte Entlassungen verhindern. Die Unterschiede zu den europäischen Kurzarbeitsprogrammen sind jedoch frappierend. Im Interview für das IAB-Forum gibt Bob Gregory, emeritierter Professor der Australian National University, Einblicke in den australischen Ansatz und skizziert mögliche Lehren für andere Länder." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Schludi, Martin;Ähnliche Treffer
auch deutschsprachig erschienen -
Literaturhinweis
Inequalities in the disruption of paid work during the Covid-19 pandemic: A world systems analysis of core, semi-periphery, and periphery states (2023)
Zitatform
Valizade, Danat, Manhal Ali & Mark Stuart (2023): Inequalities in the disruption of paid work during the Covid-19 pandemic: A world systems analysis of core, semi-periphery, and periphery states. In: Industrial Relations, Jg. 62, H. 2, S. 189-213. DOI:10.1111/irel.12310
Abstract
"This article reveals the extent of international inequalities in the immediate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on participation in paid work. Drawing on World Systems Theory (WST) and a novel quasi-experimental analysis of nationally representative household panel surveys across 20 countries, the study finds a much sharper increase in the likelihood of dropping out of paid work in semi-periphery and periphery states relative to core states. We establish a causal link between such international disparities and the early trajectories of state interventions in the labor market. Further analysis demonstrates that within all three world systems delayed, less stringent interventions in the labor market were enabled by right-wing populism but mitigated by the strength of active labor market policies and collective bargaining." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Global labor market debates in the ILO publications in the COVID-19 era (2023)
Zitatform
Özdemir, M. Çağlar, Hakan Mete, Cihan Selek Öz & V. Çağrı Arik (2023): Global labor market debates in the ILO publications in the COVID-19 era. In: Monthly labor review H. September. DOI:10.21916/mlr.2023.20
Abstract
"The COVID-19 pandemic, which began in 2020, significantly changed the dynamics of working life. To help capture these changing dynamics, we examined publications that the International Labour Organization published during this period. This article aims to determine what kind of discussions are made within the framework of these publications in the context of COVID-19 by period and region. Thus, we researched the most intense discussion themes and tried to discover the global agendas of the labor markets. Within the scope of this article, we downloaded, classified, and examined a total of 1,062 publications (reports, webinars, and bulletins) published between January 2020 and April 2021. As a result of the analysis, we saw that the themes of working hours, informal workers, vulnerable workers, decent work, social protection, remote working, skills development, social dialogue, and labor standards were dominant." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
OECD Employment Outlook 2022: Building Back More Inclusive Labour Markets (2022)
Zitatform
(2022): OECD Employment Outlook 2022. Building Back More Inclusive Labour Markets. (OECD employment outlook), Paris, 347 S. DOI:10.1787/1bb305a6-en
Abstract
"Two years into the pandemic, economic activity has recovered faster than expected. However, the labour market recovery is still uneven across sectors and is threatened by the economic fallout from Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, which has generated the fastest growing humanitarian crisis in Europe since World War II, sending shockwaves throughout the world economy. The 2022 edition of the OECD Employment Outlook reviews the key labour market and social challenges for a more inclusive post-COVID‑19 recovery. It also examines the policies to address these challenges and the outlook ahead. Particular attention is given to frontline workers and groups lagging behind in this recovery (young people, workers with less education, and racial/ethnic minorities). The Outlook also addresses a number of long-standing structural issues that have a key relevance for labour market inclusiveness, such as employer market power and its labour market consequences, the role of firms in wage inequality, and the effect of working time policies on well-being and economic outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of labour market shocks on mental health: evidence from the COVID-19 first wave (2022)
Zitatform
Bogliacino, Francesco, Cristiano Codagnone, Frans Folkvord & Francisco Lupiáñez-Villanueva (2022): The impact of labour market shocks on mental health. Evidence from the COVID-19 first wave. (SocArXiv papers), 33 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/wx9d4
Abstract
"In this study, we estimate the effect of a negative labour market shock on individuals’ levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. We use a dataset collected during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, on a representative sample of citizens from Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom, interviewed on three occasions. We measure stress, anxiety and depression and labour shocks using validated scales. Our research design is a standard differences-in-differences model: we leverage the differential timing of shocks to identify the impact on mental health. In our estimations, a negative labour shock increases the measure of stress, anxiety, and depression by 16% of a standard deviation computed from the baseline." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Sozialwissenschaftliche Perspektiven auf die Corona-Pandemie (2022)
Bonora, Caterina; Meyerhuber, Sylke; Tils, Feline; Ritter, Sabine; Kruse, Mara; Quaas, Alexandra;Zitatform
Bonora, Caterina, Mara Kruse, Sylke Meyerhuber, Alexandra Quaas, Sabine Ritter & Feline Tils (2022): Sozialwissenschaftliche Perspektiven auf die Corona-Pandemie. (IPW working paper 5), Bremen, 200 S.
Abstract
"In der 5. Ausgabe der IPW-Working-Paper-Reihe präsentieren wir die Ergebnisse des Workshops zur Corona-Pandemie, den wir am 9. Juni 2021 auf Fachbereichsebene abgehalten haben. Die Beiträge reflektieren die Pandemie aus unterschiedlichen disziplinären, analytischen und politischen Perspektiven." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Living and working in Europe 2021 (2022)
Burke, Helen;Zitatform
Burke, Helen (2022): Living and working in Europe 2021. (Eurofound yearbook : living and working in Europe), Dublin, 97 S. DOI:10.2806/880965
Abstract
"The COVID-19 pandemic continued to be a defining force in the lives and work of Europeans for a second year in 2021, and Eurofound continued its work of examining and recording the many and diverse impacts across the EU Member States. Living and working in Europe 2021 provides a snapshot of the changes to employment, work and living conditions in Europe, as gathered by Eurofound’s research activities in 2021. This yearbook also summarises the Agency’s findings on other challenging aspects of social and economic life – including gender equality in employment, wealth inequality and labour shortages – that will have a significant bearing on recovery from the pandemic, resilience in the face of the war in Ukraine, and a successful transition to a green and digital future. Eurofound’s research on working and living conditions in Europe provides a bedrock of evidence for input into social policymaking and achieving the Agency’s vision ‘to be Europe’s leading knowledge source for better life and work’." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Infrastrukturen der Globalisierung: Entwicklungsprozesse und Akteurskonstellationen in der maritimen Wirtschaft (2022)
Buss, Klaus-Peter;Zitatform
Buss, Klaus-Peter (2022): Infrastrukturen der Globalisierung. Entwicklungsprozesse und Akteurskonstellationen in der maritimen Wirtschaft. (SOFI-Arbeitspapier 27), Göttingen, 47 S.
Abstract
"Die Globalisierung ist in der Krise. Im Zentrum des Papers steht mit der maritimen Wirtschaft ein zentraler, trotzdem aber wenig wahrgenommener gesellschaftlicher Ankerpunkt der globalen Wirtschaft. Auch wenn maritime Transportprozesse sich heute weitgehend außerhalb der Lebenswelt der meisten Menschen abspielen, würden die globalen Wertschöpfungsverflechtungen, die wir heute als Globalisierung verstehen, ohne sie kaum bestehen. Die maritimen Transportnetze sind zugleich Vorbedingung und Ausdruck globaler Wertschöpfungsketten und Produktionsnetzwerke und damit von zentraler volkswirtschaftlicher Bedeutung. Der vorliegende Text fragt vor diesem Hintergrund nach der historischen Entwicklung und nach aktuellen Veränderungsprozessen in der maritimen Transportwirtschaft. Er zeigt, wie diese Infrastrukturen der Globalisierung von den Akteuren des privaten und des öffentlichen Sektors in den verschiedenen historischen Phasen gemeinsam geschaffen werden und sich dabei von lokalen Infrastrukturen zu Knotenpunkten in globalen Transportnetzwerken entwickeln." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The post-COVID-19 rise in labour shortages (2022)
Zitatform
Causa, Orsetta, Michael Abendschein, Nhung Luu, Emilia Soldani & Chiara Soriolo (2022): The post-COVID-19 rise in labour shortages. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1721), Paris, 29 S. DOI:10.1787/e60c2d1c-en
Abstract
"The labour market recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic has been strong among advanced countries, partly reflecting massive and unprecedented policy support to workers and firms. This paper provides evidence and stylised facts about labour market tightening and labour shortages since the onset of the pandemic. Labour shortages have been widespread across countries, yet particularly in Australia, Canada and the United States; and across industries, yet particularly in contact-intensive ones like accommodation and food, but also manufacturing. This picture is to a good extent driven by cyclical factors: in tight labour markets, workers are more likely to switch for better job opportunities. But this paper argues, based on illustrative evidence, that other factors beyond the economic cycle may also play a role: the post-COVID-19 increase in labour shortages may partly reflect structural changes, in particular changes in preferences, as some workers may no longer accept low-pay and poor or strenuous working conditions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Role of Employment Protection Legislation Regimes in Shaping the Impact of Job Disruption on Older Workers' Mental Health in Times of COVID-19 (2022)
Zitatform
Di Novi, Cinzia, Paolo Paruolo & Stefano Verzillo (2022): The Role of Employment Protection Legislation Regimes in Shaping the Impact of Job Disruption on Older Workers' Mental Health in Times of COVID-19. (JRC working papers in economics and finance 2022,02), Brüssel, 32 S.
Abstract
"This study exploits individual data from the 8th wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the SHARE Corona Survey to investigate the mental health consequences of COVID-19 job disruption across different European countries. It focuses on older workers (aged 50 and over) who were exposed to a higher risk of infection from COVID-19 and were also more vulnerable to the risk of long-term unemployment and permanent labour market exits during economic downturns. The relationship between job disruption in times of COVID-19 and older workers' mental health is investigated using differences in country-level employment legislation regimes in the EU. European countries are clustered into three macro-regions with high, intermediate and low employment regulatory protection regulations, using the Employment Protection Legislation (EPL) aggregate score proposed by the OECD. Results reveal a clear EPL gradient: job disruption has a positive and significant impact on older workers' psychological distress especially in those countries where EPL is more binding. The present findings suggest possible mitigating measures for older unemployed in the EU countries with higher Employment Protection legislation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How do employees cope with mandatory working from home during COVID-19? (2022)
Zitatform
Dicu, Andreea, Irma Rybnikova & Thomas Steger (2022): How do employees cope with mandatory working from home during COVID-19? In: German Journal of Human Resource Management, Jg. 36, H. 3, S. 300-324. DOI:10.1177/23970022221079049
Abstract
"How do employees who are coerced to work from home during COVID-19 cope with this unprecedented situation? Drawing upon the job-demands-resources (JD-R) model and upon the literature on coping, we analyse empirical qualitative material which stems from two-stage interviews with and online diaries prepared by 15 white-collar employees in Romania. We identify four initial coping types in relation to mandatory working from home: ‘explorers’, ‘statics’, ‘chaotics’ and ‘irremediables’. In the follow-up stage of the field work, the ‘chaotic’ type of coping disappears. These findings in relation to the unique pandemic situation represent a significant contribution to the literature on working from home as well as on coping with stress." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Macroeconomic Impacts of the Covid-19 Pandemic in Some European Union Countries: A Counterfactual Analysis (2022)
Duarte, António Portugal; Murta, Fátima Sol;Zitatform
Duarte, António Portugal & Fátima Sol Murta (2022): Macroeconomic Impacts of the Covid-19 Pandemic in Some European Union Countries: A Counterfactual Analysis. (GEE papers 161), Lisboa, 25 S.
Abstract
"The aim of this paper is to analyze the macroeconomic impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic in the European Union (27 countries) and, particularly, in four of its economies - Germany, Spain, Italy and Portugal. For this purpose, a counterfactual analysis was conducted based on an ARIMA forecasting model through which the behavior of a set of macroeconomic variables (Gross Domestic Product, public debt, inflation rate, public deficit, and unemployment rate) is examined in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic against a hypothetical scenario without pandemic. In general, the results point to a significantly better performance of all variables in the four countries and in the European Union if the Covid-19 pandemic had not existed. In a scenario without the Covid-19 pandemic, all countries would have achieved higher product levels, showing, however, relatively weaker economic growth rates when compared to the pandemic situation, namely in 2021 and 2022. The results also point to budget surpluses in Germany and Portugal, in 2020, 2021 and 2022, as well as a sharp reduction (over 20 percentage points) in Spanish public debt. In 2021 and 2022, there is also a lower inflationary pressure for the European Union, Germany, Spain and Italy, after a very sharp rise in prices in 2020. Regarding the labor market, with the exception of Germany and European Union, where the unemployment rate would be relatively higher, especially in 2022, the remaining countries would register lower unemployment rates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Cui bono – business or labour? Job retention policies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe (2022)
Zitatform
Ebbinghaus, Bernhard & Lukas Lehner (2022): Cui bono – business or labour? Job retention policies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. In: Transfer, Jg. 28, H. 1, S. 47-64. DOI:10.1177/10242589221079151
Abstract
"Während der COVID-19-Pandemie musste Europa zahlreiche Herausforderungen bewältigen und auch eine Antwort auf die Frage finden, wie Beschäftigung und Erwerbseinkommen gesichert werden sollen. In unserer vergleichenden Analyse erforschen wir das Ausmaß, in dem europäische Wohlfahrtsstaaten dazu beigetragen haben, diese Krise durch Stabilisierung von Beschäftigung und Arbeitseinkommen zu meistern. Während Kurzarbeit als Instrumentarium bereits teilweise während der Großen Rezession 2008/2009 zum Einsatz gekommen ist, wurden Maßnahmen zur Arbeitsplatzsicherung 2020 in Europa als Antwort auf die Pandemie erweitert oder neu eingeführt. Allerdings existieren in den europäischen Wohlfahrtsstaaten unterschiedliche Vorgehensweisen in der Ausgestaltung und Durchführung dieser Maßnahmen, die mehr oder weniger auf das Halten der Arbeitskräfte abzielen und auf diese Weise Massenenarbeitslosigkeit während der Beschäftigungskrise vermeiden. Wir unterscheiden zwischen einer Logik der Unterstützung von Unternehmen und einer Logik der Unterstützung von Arbeitnehmer:innen, um die unterschiedlichen Strategien des Arbeitsplatzerhalts in Europa zu erklären. Nach unseren Erkenntnissen haben kontinentale, südeuropäische und liberale Wohlfahrtsstaaten mehr unternommen, um durch Kurzarbeit Weiterbeschäftigung zu fördern, als die nordischen oder die mittel- und osteuropäischen Länder." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Job Retention Schemes during COVID-19: A Review of Policy Responses (2022)
Zitatform
Eichhorst, Werner, Paul Marx, Ulf Rinne & Johannes Brunner (2022): Job Retention Schemes during COVID-19: A Review of Policy Responses. (IZA policy paper 187), Bonn, 33 S.
Abstract
"This policy brief provides an update on job retention policies in a sample of 20 countries representing the main world regions as well as the diverse types of job retention schemes, in particular short-time work, furlough and wage subsidy schemes as they have been implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We show the diversity of these policies as well as the available information about their (re-)design as the pandemic evolved up to the most recent period. The policy brief raises main issues regarding the implementation and adaptation of job retention policies and illustrated this with four case studies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Has the Willingness to Work Fallen during the COVID Pandemic? (2022)
Zitatform
Faberman, Jason, Andreas I. Mueller & Ayşegül Şahin (2022): Has the Willingness to Work Fallen during the COVID Pandemic? (IZA discussion paper 15086), Bonn, 50 S.
Abstract
"We examine the effect of the Covid pandemic on willingness to work along both the extensive and intensive margins of labor supply. Special survey questions in the Job Search Supplement of the Survey of Consumer Expectations (SCE) allow us to elicit information about individuals' desired work hours for the 2013-2021 period. Using these questions, along with workers' actual labor market participation, we construct a labor market underutilization measure, the Aggregate Hours Gap (AHG), following Faberman et al. (2020). The AHG captures changes in labor market underutilization for the full population along both the extensive and intensive margins using data on desired work hours as a measure of their potential labor supply. We find that the sharp increase in the AHG during the Covid pandemic essentially disappeared by the end of 2021. We also document a sharp decline in desired work hours during the pandemic that persists through the end of 2021 and is roughly double the drop in the labor force participation rate. Ignoring the decline in desired hours overstates the degree of underutilization by 2.5 percentage points (12.5%). Our findings suggest that, as of 2021Q4, the labor market is tighter than suggested by the unemployment rate and the adverse labor supply effect of the pandemic is more pronounced than implied by the labor force participation rate. These discrepancies underscore the importance of taking into account the intensive margin for both labor market underutilization and potential labor supply." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Auswirkungen der Corona-Krise auf den Arbeitsmarkt: Was lehrt uns der Blick auf andere Länder? (Podium) (2022)
Zitatform
Fitzenberger, Bernd (2022): Auswirkungen der Corona-Krise auf den Arbeitsmarkt: Was lehrt uns der Blick auf andere Länder? (Podium). In: IAB-Forum H. 10.10.2022 Nürnberg, 2022-10-06. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20221010.01
Abstract
"Die Corona-Krise hat nicht nur Deutschland, sondern auch andere Länder vor immense wirtschafts-, arbeitsmarkt- und sozialpolitische Herausforderungen gestellt. Die politischen Antworten darauf fielen jedoch von Land zu Land unterschiedlich aus. Zu diesem Fazit gelangte eine hochkarätig besetzte internationale Tagung, die vom 31. August bis 4. September 2022 in Italien stattfand." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Will COVID-19 Have Long-Lasting Effects on Inequality? Evidence from Past Pandemics (2022)
Zitatform
Furceri, Davide, Prakash Loungani, Jonathan D. Ostry & Pietro Pizzuto (2022): Will COVID-19 Have Long-Lasting Effects on Inequality? Evidence from Past Pandemics. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 20, H. 4, S. 811-839. DOI:10.1007/s10888-022-09540-y
Abstract
"This paper provides evidence on the impact of major epidemics from the past two decades on income distribution. The pandemics in our sample, even though much smaller in scale than COVID-19, have led to increases in the Gini coefficient, raised the income share of higher-income deciles, and lowered the employment-to-population ratio for those with basic education compared to those with higher education. We provide some evidence that the distributional consequences from the current pandemic may be larger than those flowing from the historical pandemics in our sample, and larger than those following typical recessions and financial crises." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Should We Insure Workers or Jobs during Recessions? (2022)
Zitatform
Giupponi, Giulia, Camille Landais & Alice Lapeyre (2022): Should We Insure Workers or Jobs during Recessions? In: The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Jg. 36, H. 2, S. 29-54. DOI:10.1257/jep.36.2.29
Abstract
"What is the most efficient way to respond to recessions in the labor market? To this question, policymakers on the two sides of the pond gave diametrically opposed answers during the COVID-19 crisis. In the United States, the focus was on insuring workers by increasing the generosity of unemployment insurance. In Europe, instead, policies were concentrated on saving jobs, with the expansion of short-time work programs to subsidize labor hoarding. Who got it right? In this article, we show that far from being substitutes, unemployment insurance and short-time work exhibit strong complementarities. They provide insurance to different types of workers and against different types of shocks. Short-time work can be effective at reducing socially costly layoffs against large temporary shocks, but it is less effective against more persistent shocks that require reallocation across firms and sectors. We conclude that short-time work is an important addition to the labor market policy-toolkit during recessions, to be used alongside unemployment insurance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
'You Can't Eat Soap': Reimagining COVID-19, Work, Family and Employment from the Global South (2022)
Zitatform
Jaga, Ameeta & Ariane Ollier-Malaterre (2022): 'You Can't Eat Soap': Reimagining COVID-19, Work, Family and Employment from the Global South. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 36, H. 4, S. 769-780. DOI:10.1177/09500170211069806
Abstract
"This article problematises the assumptions regarding work, family and employment that underlie the World Health Organization (WHO)’s COVID-19 guidelines. The scientific evidence grounding sanitary and social distancing recommendations is embedded in conceptualisations of work as skilled jobs in the formal economy and of family as urban and nuclear. These are Global North rather than universal paradigms. We build on theories from the South and an intersectional analysis of gender and class inequalities to highlight contextual complexities currently neglected in responses to COVID-19. We argue that building on both science and local knowledge can help democratise workable solutions for a range of different work, family and employment realities in the Global South. Finally, we propose a research agenda calling for strengthened North–South dialogue to provincialise knowledge, account for differences in histories, locality and resource-availability, and foster greater local participation in policy formulation regarding sanitary measures and vaccination campaigns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Covid-19 pandemic and international supply chains (2022)
Zitatform
Kleifgen, Eva, Duncan Roth & Ignat Stepanok (2022): The Covid-19 pandemic and international supply chains. (IAB-Discussion Paper 05/2022), Nürnberg, 23 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.DP.2205
Abstract
"Die Covid-19 Pandemie hatte einen beträchtlichen Einbruch des internationalen Handels zur Folge, wodurch auch Fragen zur Zukunft internationaler Handelsketten aufgeworfen wurden. Anhand eines Betriebs-Surveys, welches mit administrativen Daten verbunden werden konnte, untersuchen wir, wie Betriebe in Deutschland ihre Lieferketten aufgrund von pandemiebedingten Störungen angepasst haben. Unseren Ergebnissen zu folge weisen Betriebe, bei denen es aufgrund der Pandemie zu Einschränkungen im Bezug von Vorleistungen oder Zwischenprodukten gekommen ist, im Vergleich zu Betrieben ohne solche Beeinträchtigungen eine signifikant höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit auf, einen oder mehrere Lieferanten ausgetauscht zu haben. Dies ist insbesondere dann der Fall, wenn es zu Problemen beim Bezug aus dem Ausland gekommen ist. Betriebe, die von solchen Einschränkungen betroffen sind, haben darüber hinaus eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit, weiter entfernte Lieferanten mit näher gelegenen ersetzt zu haben. Den Ergebnissen zufolge handelt es sich dabei jedoch um temporäre Anpassungen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Zwei Jahre Pandemie: Wer sind die Gewinner und Verlierer? (2022)
Obst, Thomas; Schläger, Dan;Zitatform
Obst, Thomas & Dan Schläger (2022): Zwei Jahre Pandemie: Wer sind die Gewinner und Verlierer? (IW-Kurzberichte / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2022,16), Köln, 3 S.
Abstract
"Die weltweite Konjunkturerholung setzt sich trotz des Wiederauflebens der Pandemie weiter fort. Doch dahinter verbergen sich große Unterschiede. Die Corona-Krise hat Gewinner und Verlierer hervorgebracht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Corporate Training and Skill Gaps: Did COVID-19 Stem EU Convergence in Training Investments? (2022)
Pouliakas, Konstantinos; Wruuck, Patricia;Zitatform
Pouliakas, Konstantinos & Patricia Wruuck (2022): Corporate Training and Skill Gaps: Did COVID-19 Stem EU Convergence in Training Investments? (IZA discussion paper 15343), Bonn, 38 S.
Abstract
"European firms have increasingly invested in training of employees but differences across countries and types of firms remain – and the Covid-19 shock may have exacerbated them. This report analyses European firms' investment in training over the last six years examining trends, factors supporting training investment as well as the impact of the Covid-19 shock. We base the empirical analysis on a unique dataset, the European Investment Bank's Investment Survey (EIBIS), which allows tracking corporate training investment on a yearly basis. To understand dynamics underpinning firms' decision to invest in their workforce, we examine transition patterns and employ dynamic panel data estimation. Finally, we analyze the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on firms' investment in workforce training and transitions in and out of training. We find that despite a slow upward trend in training investment observed in recent years, supported by labour market recovery, differences across firms and countries have persisted. The pandemic risks aggravating these, through its asymmetric impact on labour markets and differences in corporate innovation, firm structure and resilience. While firm training can be an important element for firms and their workforce to adjust to the post-pandemic environment, asymmetries in training investment could make it harder for those already lagging. The paper concludes with a discussion of policy implications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Inequalities in the Times of a Pandemic (2022)
Stantcheva, Stefanie;Zitatform
Stantcheva, Stefanie (2022): Inequalities in the Times of a Pandemic. (NBER working paper 29657), Cambridge, Mass, 51 S. DOI:10.3386/w29657
Abstract
"This paper summarizes the research on some of the major inequalities that have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic across OECD countries. It reviews findings related to inequalities across the income distribution, sectors and regions, gender, and inequalities in education inputs for children from different socioeconomic backgrounds." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Gendered Impact of the COVID-19 Recession on the US Labor Market (2021)
Zitatform
Albanesi, Stefania & Jiyeon Kim (2021): The Gendered Impact of the COVID-19 Recession on the US Labor Market. (NBER working paper 28505), Cambridge, MA, 37 S. DOI:10.3386/w28505
Abstract
"The economic crisis associated with the emergence of the novel corona virus is unlike standard recessions. Demand for workers in high contact and inflexible service occupations has declined, while parental supply of labor has been reduced by lack of access to reliable child care and in-person schooling options. This has led to a substantial and persistent drop in employment and labor force participation for women, who are typically less affected by recessions than men. We examine real time data on employment, unemployment, labor force participation and gross job flows to document the gendered impact of the pandemic. We also discuss the potential long-term implications of this crisis, including the role of automation in depressing the recovery of employment for the worst hit service occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Auswirkungen der Corona-Pandemie auf die Berufsbildung: Blitzlichter aus acht Ländern (2021)
Allais, Stephanie Matseleng; Dęmbowski, Horacy; Fluixá, Fernando Marhuenda; Eiríksdóttir, Elsa; Teräs, Marianne; Saldaña, Rolando López; Vantuch, Juraj; Ha, Pham Viet;Zitatform
Allais, Stephanie Matseleng, Horacy Dęmbowski, Elsa Eiríksdóttir, Rolando López Saldaña, Fernando Marhuenda Fluixá, Marianne Teräs, Juraj Vantuch & Pham Viet Ha (2021): Auswirkungen der Corona-Pandemie auf die Berufsbildung. Blitzlichter aus acht Ländern. In: Berufsbildung in Wissenschaft und Praxis, Jg. 50, H. 2, S. 10-14.
Abstract
"Das Coronavirus hält die Welt in Atem. Kontaktbeschränkungen, wirtschaftliche Einbrüche und die Ungewissheit über die weiteren Entwicklungen stellen auch die Berufsbildung vor große Herausforderung. In welcher Weise hat die COVID-19-Pandemie die Berufsbildung getroffen? Welche bildungspolitischen Maßnahmen oder praktischen Lösungen wurden initiiert und welche Entwicklungen werden die Berufsbildung nachhaltig prägen? Diese Fragen haben wir Berufsbildungsexpertinnen und -experten aus acht Ländern gestellt, darunter fünf Mitgliedern der European Research Review Group. Mit ihren Blitzlichtern geben sie Eindrücke in das aktuelle Geschehen weltweit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
From Mancession to Shecession: Women's Employment in Regular and Pandemic Recessions (2021)
Zitatform
Alon, Titan, Sena Coskun, Matthias Doepke, David Koll & Michèle Tertilt (2021): From Mancession to Shecession: Women's Employment in Regular and Pandemic Recessions. (IZA discussion paper 14223), Bonn, 104 S.
Abstract
"We examine the impact of the global recession triggered by the Covid-19 pandemic on women's versus men's employment. Whereas recent recessions in advanced economies usually had a disproportionate impact on men's employment, giving rise to the moniker "mancessions," we show that the pandemic recession of 2020 was a "shecession" in most countries with larger employment declines among women. We examine the causes behind this pattern using micro data from several national labor force surveys, and show that both the composition of women's employment across industries and occupations as well as increased childcare needs during closures of schools and daycare centers made important contributions. While many countries exhibit similar patterns, we also emphasize how policy choices such as furloughing policies and the extent of school closures shape the pandemic's impact on the labor market. Another notable finding is the central role of telecommuting: gender gaps in the employment impact of the pandemic arise almost entirely among workers who are unable to work from home. Nevertheless, among telecommuters a different kind of gender gap arises: women working from home during the pandemic spent more work time also doing childcare and experienced greater productivity reductions than men. We discuss what our findings imply for gender equality in a post-pandemic labor market that will likely continue to be characterized by pervasive telecommuting." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Covid-19 and Income Inequality: Evidence from Monthly Population Registers (2021)
Zitatform
Angelov, Nikolay & Daniel Waldenström (2021): Covid-19 and Income Inequality: Evidence from Monthly Population Registers. (CESifo working paper 9178), München, 35 S.
Abstract
"We measure the distributional impact of the COVID-19 pandemic using newly released population register data in Sweden. Monthly earnings inequality increased during the pandemic, and the key driver is income losses among low-paid individuals while middle- and high-income earners were almost unaffected. The pandemic had a larger negative impact on private-sector workers and on women. Using data on individual take-up of government COVID-19 support, we show that policy significantly dampened the inequality increase, but did not fully offset it. Annual total market income inequality, which also includes capital income and taxable transfers, shows similar patterns of increasing inequality during the pandemic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How Does Exposure to COVID-19 Influence Health and Income Inequality Aversion? (2021)
Asaria, Miqdad; Cowell, Frank A.; Costa-Font, Joan;Zitatform
Asaria, Miqdad, Joan Costa-Font & Frank A. Cowell (2021): How Does Exposure to COVID-19 Influence Health and Income Inequality Aversion? (IZA discussion paper 14103), Bonn, 47 S.
Abstract
"We study whether exposure to COVID-19 has affected individual aversion to health and income inequality in the UK, Italy, and Germany, as well as the effect of personal shocks on employment (redundancies, government replacement salary and unemployment), income and health directly linked to COVID-19. We find that conditioned on risk aversion and relevant covariates (income, education, demographics), individuals who have experienced either a health or an financial shock during the COVID-19 pandemic, exhibit lower inequality aversion in terms of health and income, compared to those who have not experienced these shocks. Comparing levels of health and income inequality aversion in the UK between the years 2016 and 2020 we find a significant increase in inequality aversion from 2016 to 2020 in both health (17.3%) and income domains (8.8%). However, our difference-in-differences (DiD) for treatment (risk) groups defined in terms of age, region and personal exposure to health and income shocks in 2020 compared to 2016, does not indicate any additional difference in inequality aversion. The exception being individuals who are both in a high-risk age group and at the same time also experienced a health shock in 2020 compared to 2016, which are significantly more inequality averse in both health and income domains." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Tracking the impact of COVID-19 on economic inequality at high frequency (2021)
Aspachs, Oriol; Reynal-Querol, Marta; Montalvo, Jose G. ; Mestres, Josep ; Graziano, Alberto ; Durante, Ruben ;Zitatform
Aspachs, Oriol, Ruben Durante, Alberto Graziano, Josep Mestres, Marta Reynal-Querol & Jose G. Montalvo (2021): Tracking the impact of COVID-19 on economic inequality at high frequency. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 16, H. 3. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0249121
Abstract
"Pandemics have historically had a significant impact on economic inequality. However, official inequality statistics are only available at low frequency and with considerable delay, which challenges policymakers in their objective to mitigate inequality and fine-tune public policies. We show that using data from bank records it is possible to measure economic inequality at high frequency. The approach proposed in this paper allows measuring, timely and accurately, the impact on inequality of fast-unfolding crises, like the COVID-19 pandemic. Applying this approach to data from a representative sample of over three million residents of Spain we find that, absent government intervention, inequality would have increased by almost 30% in just one month. The granularity of the data allows analyzing with great detail the sources of the increases in inequality. In the Spanish case we find that it is primarily driven by job losses and wage cuts experienced by low-wage earners. Government support, in particular extended unemployment insurance and benefits for furloughed workers, were generally effective at mitigating the increase in inequality, though less so among young people and foreign-born workers. Therefore, our approach provides knowledge on the evolution of inequality at high frequency, the effectiveness of public policies in mitigating the increase of inequality and the subgroups of the population most affected by the changes in inequality. This information is fundamental to fine-tune public policies on the wake of a fast-moving pandemic like the COVID-19." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
What Shifts Did Covid-19 Year 2020 Bring To The Labour Market In Europe? (2021)
Zitatform
Baert, Stijn (2021): What Shifts Did Covid-19 Year 2020 Bring To The Labour Market In Europe? (Working paper / Ghent University. Faculty of Economics and Business Administration 2021,1014), Gent, 15 S.
Abstract
"This article discusses the evolution of key labour market indicators in the EU-27 countries between 2019 and 2020, i.e. between the year before the covid-19 crisis broke out and the year in which it impacted the economy heavily. Whereas earlier policy-oriented studies have dealt with the evolution of unemployment in 2020, often country by country, this article focuses on the evolution of unemployment as well as inactivity across European countries. Indeed, previous crises have typically lead not only to more unemployment but also to larger numbers of discouraged unemployed and thus more inactivity. It appears that the Southern European countries, in particular, recorded increases in inactivity, while the Baltic States experienced higher unemployment. In many other countries, unemployment and inactivity remained remarkably stable despite covid-19." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Social protection and inclusion Policy responses to the COVID-19 crisis: An analysis of policies in 35 countries (2021)
Baptista, Isabel; Spasova, Slavina; Peña-Casas, Ramón; Fronteddu, Boris; Marlier, Eric; Ghailani, Dalila; Sabato, Sebastiano; Regazzoni, Pietro ;Zitatform
Baptista, Isabel, Eric Marlier, Slavina Spasova, Ramón Peña-Casas, Boris Fronteddu, Dalila Ghailani, Sebastiano Sabato & Pietro Regazzoni (2021): Social protection and inclusion Policy responses to the COVID-19 crisis. An analysis of policies in 35 countries. Brussels, 192 S. DOI:10.2767/10153
Abstract
"This report from the European Social Policy Network (ESPN) examines (sub)national social protection and inclusion policy responses to the COVID-19 crisis in the 27 EU Member States, the UK, and the 7 candidate and potential candidate countries. It reveals an overall rapid reaction through the introduction of (mostly) temporary measures - primarily relaxing eligibility conditions, increasing benefit levels and creating new ad hoc social and job protection schemes. These emergency measures helped avert a massive social crisis and some would have seemed impossible one year previously. Yet they also highlighted the weaknesses and gaps in existing social protection and inclusion policies, and the pressing need to address these. Although these measures were the main tools used to tackle the socio-economic impact of the pandemic, the report underlines their limited transformative potential for countries’ social protection systems. It proposes a series of specific actions that could usefully be considered at national and/or EU level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Country report: Germany -
Literaturhinweis
After-Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Prospects for Medium-Term Economic Damage (2021)
Barrett, Philip; Wingender, Philippe; Magistretti, Giacomo; Das, Sonali; Pugacheva, Evgenia;Zitatform
Barrett, Philip, Sonali Das, Giacomo Magistretti, Evgenia Pugacheva & Philippe Wingender (2021): After-Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Prospects for Medium-Term Economic Damage. (IMF working paper 2021,203), Washington, DC, 23 S.
Abstract
"The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a severe global recession with differential impacts within and across countries. This paper examines the possible persistent effects (scarring) of the pandemic on the economy and the channels through which they may occur. History suggests that deep recessions often leave long-lived scars, particularly to productivity. Importantly, financial instabilities—typically associated with worse scarring—have been largely avoided in the current crisis so far. While medium-term output losses are anticipated to be lower than after the global financial crisis, they are still expected to be substantial. The degree of expected scarring varies across countries, depending on the structure of economies and the size of the policy response. Emerging market and developing economies are expected to suffer more scarring than advanced economies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender and employment in the COVID-19 recession: Cross-country evidence on “she-cessions” (2021)
Zitatform
Bluedorn, John, Francesca Caselli, Niels-Jakob Hansen, Ippei Shibata & Marina M. Tavares (2021): Gender and employment in the COVID-19 recession: Cross-country evidence on “she-cessions”. In: Covid economics H. 76, S. 87-109.
Abstract
"Early evidence on the pandemic’s effects pointed to women’s employment falling disproportionately, leading observers to call a “she-cession.” This paper documents the extent and persistence of this phenomenon in a quarterly sample of 38 advanced and emerging market economies. We show that there is a large degree of heterogeneity across countries, with over half to two-thirds exhibiting larger declines in women’s than men’s employment rates. These gender differences in COVID-19’s effects are typically short-lived, lasting only a quarter or two on average. We also show that she-cessions are strongly related to COVID-19’s impacts on gender shares in employment within sectors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Auswirkungen auf Wirtschaft, Arbeitsmarkt und Soziales in Deutschland
- Wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und Maßnahmen
- Exit-Strategien zur Beendigung des Lockdowns
- Kurzarbeit - Regelungen und Inanspruchnahme während der Pandemie
- Homeoffice/mobiles Arbeiten
- Auswirkungen auf Betriebe
- Beschäftigung, Arbeitslosigkeit und Grundsicherung nach SGB II
- Einkommenseffekte
- Einzelne Berufe und Branchen
- Berufsausbildung/Lehrstellenmarkt
- Zukunftsszenarien: Wird die Wirtschaft nach Corona nachhaltiger?
- Soziale und gesundheitliche Aspekte
- Corona und Care
- Weiterbildung
- Konjunkturpaket zur Förderung der Wirtschaft
- Personengruppen
- Regionale Aspekte
- Internationale Arbeitsmärkte / Auswirkungen der Globalisierung
- Bundesländer