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Sarang, Aitzaz Ahsan Alias, Nicolas Aubert & Xavier Hollandts (2024): Board gender diversity and the cost of equity: What difference does gender quota legislation make? In: International Journal of Finance and Economics, Jg. 29, H. 2, S. 2193-2213. DOI:10.1002/ijfe.2774

Abstract

"This study examines the relationship between women directors and the cost of equity (COE). Investigating the French firm's sample, we find a significant negative effect of women directors on the COE. Our results also document that the effect of women directors on reducing the COE is significant for firms that have a critical mass of at least four women directors. Using the difference-in-difference (DID) and propensity score matching (PSM) approach, we find that the relationship between female directors and lower equity costs is significant for the period following the Copé–Zimmermann gender quota law. The results show that women directors' presence on corporate boards is also supported by economic reasons. The study provides implications in relation to the Copé–Zimmermann law in France." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Sondergeld, Virginia & Katharina Wrohlich (2024): Gender Pay Gap in einem Betrieb sinkt mit mehr Frauen in Führungspositionen. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 91, H. 3, S. 38-43. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2024-3-3

Abstract

"Frauen sind in hohen Führungspositionen privatwirtschaftlicher Unternehmen in Deutschland nach wie vor unterrepräsentiert. In den vergangenen Jahren hat die Politik mehrfach Maßnahmen ergriffen, um den Frauenanteil in Führungspositionen zu erhöhen. Hat ein Betrieb mehr Frauen im Management, kann das positive Wirkungen auf alle Frauen in diesem Betrieb entfalten. Wie die empirischen Analysen in diesem Bericht auf Basis von Linked-Employer-Employee-Daten des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB) zeigen, senkt ein höherer Frauenanteil auf der ersten und zweiten Führungsebene den betriebsspezifischen Gender Pay Gap. Statistisch signifikante Effekte durch den Frauenanteil auf der obersten Führungsebene sind allerdings erst ab einem Drittel zu beobachten – derzeit liegt der Frauenanteil dort im Durchschnitt noch deutlich niedriger. Die Unternehmen sollten also ihre Bemühungen, mehr Frauen in hohe Führungspositionen zu befördern, fortsetzen. Dies könnte die ökonomische Ungleichheit zwischen Frauen und Männern auf allen Hierarchieebenen eines Betriebs vermindern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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(2023): Gender diversity in senior management and firm productivity: Evidence from nine OECD countries. (OECD productivity working papers 34), Paris, 29 S. DOI:10.1787/58ad664a-en

Abstract

"This paper investigates the link between gender diversity in senior management and firm-level productivity. For this purpose, it constructs a novel cross-country dataset with information on firms' senior management group and other firm characteristics, covering both publicly listed and unlisted firms in manufacturing and non-financial market services across nine OECD countries. The main result from the analysis is that productivity gains from increasing gender diversity in senior management are highest among firms with low initial diversity. Increasing the female share to the sample average of 20% in firms with initially lower shares would increase aggregate productivity by around 0.6%. This suggests that improving women's access to senior management positions matters not only for equity but could yield significant productivity gains." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gong, Yundan & Sourafel Girma (2021): Top management gender diversity and performance: in search of threshold effects. In: Cambridge Journal of Economics, Jg. 45, H. 1, S. 109-127. DOI:10.1093/cje/beaa045

Abstract

"The impact of gender diversity on business performance has been featured prominently on the agenda of many politicians and business leaders in recent years. However, empirical results of the impact of gender diversity on firm performance have been ambiguous. This paper contributes to the literature by using propensity score-based estimation techniques on a large sample of UK firms to analyse the performance effect of appointing a first female board director. We look at financial and non-financial performance indicators and document significant effects on firm growth and labour cost efficiency, but rather fragile ones on accounting returns, such as profitability. We also document evidence of another threshold effect; namely, gender diversity appears to have its highest impact (its 'ceiling') when the proportion of female directors is approximately 30%. Carrying out a sensitivity analysis, we conclude that hidden bias must be implausibly high to be able to attribute the beneficial effects of boardroom gender diversity to unmeasured confounding." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lackner, Mario (2021): Gender differences in competitiveness. To what extent can different attitudes towards competition for men and women explain the gender gap in labor markets? (IZA world of labor 236), 10 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.236.v2

Abstract

"In addition to the well-documented gender pay gap, women are globally under-represented in top-level jobs. One obvious explanation for this is discrimination. Differences in attitudes toward competition, which are observed in the empirical literature, offer another explanation. These differences could partly explain the gender gaps in labor market outcomes. A future challenge is to mitigate the negative consequences of these gaps on the way to achieving gender equality in labor markets. Reforms of the educational systems could help to encourage competitive attitudes and affect educational choices of women. One possibility is to consider gender-segregated education in specific subjects. Some evidence suggests that any intervention is most likely to be successful during early ages. In contrast, preferences regarding competitiveness are found to evolve over time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Comi, Simona, Mara Grasseni, Federica Origo & Laura Pagani (2020): Where women make a difference: Gender quotas and firms' performance in three European countries. In: ILR review, Jg. 73, H. 3, S. 768-793. DOI:10.1177/0019793919846450

Abstract

"The authors study the effect of corporate board gender quotas on firm performance in France, Italy, and Spain. The identification strategy exploits the exogenous variation in mandated gender quotas within country and over time and uses a counterfactual methodology. Using firm-level accounting data and a difference-in-difference estimator, the authors find that gender quotas had either a negative or an insignificant effect on firm performance in the countries considered with the exception of Italy, where they find a positive impact on productivity. The authors then focus on Italy. Using a novel data set containing detailed information on board members' characteristics, they offer possible explanations for the positive effect of gender quotas. The results provide an important contribution to the policy debate about the optimal design of legislation on corporate gender quotas." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dixon-Fyle, Sundiatu, Vivian Hunt, Kevin Dolan & Sara Prince (2020): Diversity wins: How inclusion matters. New York, NY, 52 S.

Abstract

"The business case for inclusion and diversity (I&D) is stronger than ever. For diverse companies, the likelihood of outperforming industry peers on profitability has increased over time, while the penalties are getting steeper for those lacking diversity. Progress on representation has been slow, yet a few firms are making real strides. A close look at these diversity winners shows that a systematic, business-led approach and bold, concerted action on inclusion are needed to make progress." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Nguyen, Pascal (2020): Board gender diversity and cost of equity. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 27, H. 18, S. 1522-1526. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2019.1693693

Abstract

"Evidence that women directors provide more effective monitoring suggests that greater board gender diversity is associated with lower cost of equity because of greater confidence in the firm's governance. We test this hypothesis using a sample of French firms over the period 2006-2017. The results show that cost of equity is significantly lower when firms have a higher proportion of women directors. It thus appears that mandatory quotas have allowed women directors to reach the critical mass needed to have significant impact." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Beltran, Arlette (2019): Female leadership and firm performance. In: Prague economic papers, Jg. 28, H. 3, S. 363-377. DOI:10.18267/j.pep.695

Abstract

"This study explores whether companies┐ experience benefits when the firm's CEO and owner are both women. It employs data from the 2009 - 2014 World Bank Enterprise Surveys (WBES) to measure firms' performance through growth in sales and productivity. Potential endogeneity was corrected by using the UN Gender Development Index and the average fertility rate as they comply with the exclusion restrictions. The paper uses the Control Function method with a Probit first stage estimation and an OLS main equation. The findings suggest that a female owner strengthens the female CEO's business skills and leads to better firm performance than when the CEO is a woman and the owner is a man." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Devicienti, Francesco, Elena Grinza, Alessandro Manello & Davide Vannoni (2019): What are the benefits of having more female leaders? Evidence from the use of part-time work in Italy. In: ILR review, Jg. 72, H. 4, S. 897-926. DOI:10.1177/0019793918800287

Abstract

"Using three waves of a representative survey of Italian private firms, the authors explore the impact of female managers on a firm's use of part-time work. Building on a literature that suggests female leaders display relatively more altruistic values compared to their male counterparts, the authors assess whether these differences manifest themselves in relation to working time arrangements offered by firms. Results, robust to controls for several time-varying firm-level characteristics and unobserved fixed firm heterogeneity, indicate that female managers are significantly more likely to limit the employment of involuntary part-time workers and correspondingly make greater use of full-time employees. Female managers also are more prone to grant part-time arrangements to employees who request them. Results also suggest that increasing the number of female business leaders may mitigate the problem of underemployment among involuntary part-time workers and contribute to the work - life balance of workers with child care or elder care activities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bennouri, Moez, Tawhid Chtioui, Haithem Nagati & Mehdi Nekhili (2018): Female board directorship and firm performance. What really matters? In: Journal of Banking and Finance, Jg. 88, H. March, S. 267-291. DOI:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2017.12.010

Abstract

"Using a sample of 394 French firms for the period of 2001 to 2010, we study the relationship between female directorship and firms' accounting (ROA and ROE) and market-based (Tobin's Q) performance. We find that female directorship significantly increases ROA and ROE, and significantly decreases Tobin's Q. We postulate that these relationships are affected by the attributes of female directors. To this end, we collect a set of nine different attributes of female directors capturing their monitoring capabilities and contribution to the board's human capital (demographic and board relational attributes). We find that the positive relationship between accounting performance and female directorship remains when we include these attributes, while the negative relationship between Tobin's Q and female directorship disappears. Interestingly, the different attributes of female directors do not uniformly affect accounting and market-based performance. We explain the different relationships between attributes and firm performance by the tradeoff between the benefits and costs of diversity on board effectiveness, particularly in a low investor protection environment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cuberes, David & Marc Teignier (2018): Macroeconomic costs of gender gaps in a model with entrepreneurship and household production. In: The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, Jg. 18, H. 1, S. 1-15. DOI:10.1515/bejm-2017-0031

Abstract

"This paper examines the quantitative effects of gender gaps in entrepreneurship and workforce participation in an occupational choice model with a household sector and endogenous female labor supply. Gender gaps in workforce participation have a direct negative effect on market, while gender gaps in entrepreneurship affect negatively market output not only by reducing wages and labor force participation but also by reducing the average talent of entrepreneurs and aggregate productivity. We estimate the effects of these gender gaps for 37 European countries, as well as the United States, and find that gender gaps cause an average loss of 17.5% in market output and 13.2% in total output, which also includes household output. Interestingly, the total output loss would be similar (12%) in a model without household sector, since the market output loss is larger when the female labor supply is endogenous. Eastern Europe is the region with the lowest income fall due to gender gaps, while Southern Europe is the region with the largest fall. Northern Europe is the region with the largest productivity fall, which is due to the presence of high gender gaps in entrepreneurship." (Author's abstract, © De Gruyter) ((en))

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De Paola, Maria, Francesca Gioia & Vincenzo Scoppa (2018): Teamwork, Leadership and Gender. (IZA discussion paper 11861), Bonn, 22 S.

Abstract

"We ran a field experiment to investigate whether individual performance in teams depends on the gender of the leader. About 430 students from an Italian University took an intermediate exam that was partly evaluated on the basis of teamwork. Students were randomly matched in teams of three and in each team we randomly chose a leader with the task of coordinating the work of the team. We find a positive and significant effect of female leadership on team performance. This effect is driven by the higher performance of team members in female led teams rather than due to an improvement in the leader's performance. We also find that, in spite of the higher performance of female led teams, male members tend to evaluate female leaders as less effective, whereas female members are more sympathetic towards them." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Green, Colin P. & Swarnodeep Homroy (2018): Female directors, board committees and firm performance. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 102, H. February, S. 19-38. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.12.003

Abstract

"A number of studies have found little economic impact of board gender diversity on firm performance. We return to this issue in the context of large European firms. Our contribution is twofold. First, using information on the gender of CEOs children as a source of exogenous variation in female director appointments, we demonstrate a robust positive effect of female board representation on firm performance. Second, while previous work has considered female representation broadly, we focus on membership of board committees as a proxy for active involvement in corporate governance. We demonstrate economically meaningful positive effects on performance of female representation on board committees. Our evidence is supportive of an economic rationale for increased female representation on corporate boards." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Krug, Gerhard, Jens Stegmaier & Antje Buche (2018): Are there negative consequences of workforce diversity? Investigating the effect of group faultlines on turnover and organizational performance. (SocArXiv Papers), 29 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/j9nc6

Abstract

"There is strong empirical evidence that workforce diversity is beneficial for organizations. The theoretical concept of faultlines stresses, however, that diversity can also have negative consequences. This is the case when the subgroups differ not just with regard to one characteristic but with regard to several characteristics simultaneously. This paper is the first to examine the negative consequences of faultlines with large-scale data on organizations in the public and private sector. Fixed-effects-regressions are used to investigate the impact of functional (working time, tenure, qualification) and demographic (age, gender, nationality) faultlines on turnover and organizational performance. We also consider the interaction between firm size and faultlines. Regarding turnover, we do not find the expected negative effects of demographic and only limited evidence for functional faultlines. The effects of demographic faultlines on performance, in turn, are negative for small organizations and become positive for organizations with more than 10 members." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Smith, Nina (2018): Gender quotas on boards of directors. Gender quotas for women on boards of directors improve female share on boards but firm performance effects are mixed. (IZA world of labor 7), Bonn, 10 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.7.v2

Abstract

"Aus dem Blickwinkel der wirtschaftlichen Effizienz müssen zunächst die Aufstiegschancen für Frauen insgesamt verbessert werden, damit eine ausreichende Zahl qualifizierter weiblicher Führungskräfte für Vorstandsposten und das Top-Management zur Verfügung steht. Die Politik sollte daher ihren Fokus weniger auf Frauenquoten in den obersten Führungsgremien richten, sondern vielmehr ein ausgewogeneres Karrieregleichgewicht innerhalb von Familien fördern, beispielsweise durch zusätzliche Anreize für Väter, Elternzeit zu nehmen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Expectations for corporate directors are rising. Companies are more global and connected - and board oversight is increasingly more complex. Cybersecurity is a top area of focus, and social issues are starting to become part of strategy discussions. Meanwhile, institutional investors continue to push for board diversity. And directors recognize that every board member needs to bring something valuable to the table.
Directors are stepping up and embracing change. PwC's 2018 Annual Corporate Directors Survey shows that directors are listening more, learning more and engaging more. Read on to find out how." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Maceira, Helena Morais (2017): Economic benefits of gender equality in the EU. In: Intereconomics, Jg. 52, H. 3, S. 178-183. DOI:10.1007/s10272-017-0669-4

Abstract

"To analyse how gender equality measures can contribute to economic growth in the EU, the European Institute for Gender Equality studied the impacts of reducing gender inequalities in areas relevant from a macroeconomic perspective: STEM education, labour market activity and pay. It also considered the demographic changes that would take place if these gender gaps are reduced and a more equal distribution of unpaid care work between women and men is achieved. The study is the first of its kind to use a robust econometric model to estimate a broad range of macroeconomic benefits of gender equality at the EU level. The results of the modelling show that improved gender equality would have a largely positive effect on GDP per capita and on employment of women. The positive impacts are due to an increase in productivity and an improvement to the potential productive capacity of the economy.
This article is based on the results, outputs and publications of EIGE's work on the economic benefits of gender equality in the EU; see European Institute for Gender Equality: Economic Benefits of Gender Equality in the European Union, 2017, available at https://eige.europa.eu/gender-mainstreaming/sectoral-areas/economic-and-financial-affairs/economic-benefits-gender-equality. The study was commissioned by EIGE and carried out by ICF, Cambridge Econometrics and Collegio Carlo Alberto." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Shehata, Nermeen, Ahmed Salhin & Moataz El-Helaly (2017): Board diversity and firm performance. Evidence from the U.K. SMEs. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 49, H. 48, S. 4817-4832.

Abstract

"This study examines the relationship between board diversity and firm performance in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the U.K. In particular, we investigate the role of gender and age as two dimensions of diversity. Using a large sample of SMEs (34,798 firms) located in the U.K. and focusing on the period from 2005 to 2013, our results show a significant negative association between each of gender diversity and age diversity, and firm performance. Our evidence yields important insights on the association between board diversity and firm performance, and calls suggestions for increased board diversity into question. A possible explanation for our findings could be due to the fact that our sampled firms are SMEs, whereas those in previous studies have been large enterprises. This research provides insights to entrepreneurs on how to enhance their performance, and to governments and policymakers on the development of rules that would achieve better performance in the SME sector." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Amore, Mario Daniele & Orsola Garofalo (2016): Executive gender, competitive pressures, and corporate performance. In: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Jg. 131, H. November/Pt. A, S. 308-327. DOI:10.1016/j.jebo.2016.09.009

Abstract

"We investigate whether the gender of top executives influences a firm's reaction to competitive pressures. Our empirical approach is based on policy changes that varied the exposure of US banks to competition during the late 1990s. Results suggest that while banks with female executives experience significantly higher financial performance under low competition, they tend to underperform when competition increases. At the same time, we find that the presence of female leaders improves the capital stability of banks subject to greater competition. Overall, our study highlights strong interactions between executive gender and market structures in the determination of business outcomes" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cubel, Maria, Ana Nuevo-Chiquero, Santiago Sanchez-Pages & Marian Vidal-Fernandez (2016): Do personality traits affect productivity? Evidence from the laboratory. In: The economic journal, Jg. 126, H. 592, S. 654-681. DOI:10.1111/ecoj.12373

Abstract

"While survey data supports a strong relationship between personality and labour market outcomes, the exact mechanisms behind this association remain unexplored. We take advantage of a controlled laboratory set-up to explore whether this relationship operates through productivity. Using a real-effort task, we analyse the impact of the Big Five personality traits on performance. We find that more neurotic subjects perform worse, and that more conscientious individuals perform better. These findings suggest that at least part of the effect of personality on labour market outcomes operates through productivity. In addition, we find evidence that gender and university major affect this relationship." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Cuberes, David & Marc Teignier (2016): Aggregate effects of gender gaps in the labor market. A quantitative estimate. In: Journal of Human Capital, Jg. 10, H. 1, S. 1-32.

Abstract

"This paper examines the quantitative effects of gender gaps in entrepreneurship and workforce participation. We simulate an occupational choice model with heterogeneous agents in entrepreneurial ability. Gender gaps in entrepreneurship affect negatively both income and aggregate productivity, since they reduce the entrepreneurs' average talent. Specifically, the expected income loss from excluding 5 percent of women is 2.5 percent, while the loss is 10 percent if they are all employers. We find that gender gaps cause an average income loss of 15 percent in the OECD, 40 percent of which is due to entrepreneurship gaps. Extending the model to developing countries, we obtain substantially higher losses, with significant variation across regions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ferrari, Giulia, Valeria Ferraro, Paola Profeta & Chiara Pronzato (2016): Gender quotas. Challenging the boards, performance, and the stock market. (CESifo working paper 6084), München, 69 S.

Abstract

"In 2011, Italy introduced gender quotas for boards of directors of companies listed on its stock market. Comparing before and after the reform within firms, we find that quotas are associated with a higher share of female board directors, higher levels of education of board members, and a lower share of older members. We then use the reform period as an instrument for the share of female directors and find no significant impact on firms' performance. Interestingly, we find that the share of female directors is associated with a lower variability of stock market prices. We also run event studies on the stock price reaction to the introduction of gender quotas. A positive effect of the quota law on stock market returns emerges at the date of the board's election. Our results are consistent with gender quotas giving rise to a beneficial restructuring of the board, which is positively received by the market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Noland, Marcus, Tyler Moran & Barbara Kotschwar (2016): Is gender diversity profitable? Evidence from a global survey. (Working paper / Peterson Institute for International Economics 2016-03), Washington, DC, 35 S.

Abstract

"Analysis of a global survey of 21,980 firms from 91 countries suggests that the presence of women in corporate leadership positions may improve firm performance. This correlation could reflect either the payoff to non-discrimination or the fact that women increase a firm's skill diversity. Women's presence in corporate leadership is positively correlated with firm characteristics such as size as well as national characteristics such as girls' math scores, the absence of discriminatory attitudes toward female executives, and the availability of paternal leave. The results find no impact of board gender quotas on firm performance, but they suggest that the payoffs of policies that facilitate women rising through the corporate ranks more broadly could be significant." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Die Studie 'Renditepotenziale der NEUEN Vereinbarkeit' stellt die betriebswirtschaftlichen Vorteile einer modernen familienbewussten Personalpolitik für die Unternehmen dar und liefert Daten zur Abschätzung einer 'Vereinbarkeitsrendite': der Rendite auf familienfreundliche Maßnahmen der Unternehmen. Die Studie zeigt, dass bereits heute mit etablierten Angeboten wie Teilzeitmodellen, Home-Office oder Kinderbetreuungsangeboten positive Renditen bis zu 25 Prozent erzielt werden können. Effekte ergeben sich zum Beispiel durch die Reduktion von Fehlzeiten sowie durch schnellere Rückkehr in den Beruf nach einer familienbedingten Auszeit. Setzen Unternehmen die NEUE Vereinbarkeit in ihrer Personalpolitik um und beziehen neue Zielgruppen wie Väter und Beschäftigte mit Pflegeaufgaben mit ein, ergibt sich ein noch deutlich höheres Renditepotenzial." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Buchwald, Achim & Hanna Hottenrott (2015): Women on the board and executive duration. Evidence for European listed firms. (ZEW discussion paper 2015-016), Mannheim, 40 S.

Abstract

"The participation of women in top-level corporate boards (or rather the lack of it) is subject to intense public debate. Several countries are considering legally binding quotas to increase the share of women on boards. Indeed, research on board diversity suggests positive effects of gender diverse boards on corporate governance and even firm performance. The mechanism through which these benefits materialize remain however mostly speculative. We study boards of directors in a large sample of listed companies in 15 European countries over the period 2003-2011 and find that female representation on firms' non-executive boards is associated with reduced turnover and an increase in tenure of executive board members. An increase in the performance-turnover sensitivity of executives suggests that this effect may be explained by better monitoring practices rather than by less effective control or a 'taste for continuity'." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pipke, David & Gert Pönitzsch (2015): Effekte der Frauenquote in Aufsichtsräten. Ein Ausblick für Deutschland. (Kiel policy brief 93), Kiel, 18 S.

Abstract

"Einige Industrieländer der Europäischen Union haben seit 2001 entweder Frauenquoten in Aufsichtsräten (bzw. in äquivalenten Organen) eingeführt oder diskutieren über gesetzliche Regelungen (Storvik & Teigen, 2010). Auch in Deutschland wird es ab dem 1. Januar 2016 eine gesetzliche Frauenquote für Aufsichtsräte geben. Die Folgen der Quote für Unternehmen und Belegschaft lassen sich nur schwer abschätzen, jedoch hat Norwegen bereits seit 2006 eine gesetzliche Quote eingeführt und erste empirische Studien zu deren Effekt liegen vor.
Diese Arbeit beleuchtet die voraussichtlichen Effekte der Einführung einer Frauenquote in Aufsichtsräten anhand der Erfahrungen von Norwegen. Dabei wird sowohl auf Effekte auf Unternehmensseite, wie zum Beispiel Gewinn- und Wertentwicklung, als auch auf Effekte für weibliche Beschäftigte eingegangen, wie deren Karrierechancen und Einkommen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Post, Corinne & Kris Byron (2015): Women on boards and firm financial performance. A meta-analysis. In: Academy of Management Journal, Jg. 58, H. 5, S. 1-57. DOI:10.5465/amj.2013.0319

Abstract

"Despite a large literature examining the relationship between women on boards and firm financial performance, the evidence is mixed. To reconcile the conflicting results, we statistically combined the results from 140 studies and examined whether results vary by firms' legal/regulatory and socio-cultural contexts. We found that female board representation is positively related to accounting returns and that this relationship is more positive in countries with stronger shareholder protections -- perhaps because shareholder protections motivate boards to use the different knowledge, experience, and values that each member brings to the board. Although the relationship between female board representation and market performance is near-zero, the relationship is positive in countries with greater gender parity (and negative in countries with low gender parity) -- perhaps because societal gender differences in human capital may influence investors' evaluations of the future earning potential of firms that have more female directors. Lastly, we found that female board representation is positively related to boards' two primary responsibilities, monitoring and strategy involvement. For both firm financial performance and board activities, we found mean effect sizes comparable to those found in meta-analyses of other aspects of board composition. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our findings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Reinwald, Max, Hendrik Hüttermann, Julia Kröll & Sabine Boerner (2015): Gender Diversity in Führungsteams und Unternehmensperformanz. Eine Meteanalyse. In: Schmalenbachs Zeitschrift für betriebswirtschaftliche Forschung, Jg. 67, H. 3, S. 262-296.

Abstract

"Theoretische und empirische Untersuchungen des Zusammenhangs zwischen Gender Diversity in Führungsteams und Unternehmensperformanz weisen inkonsistente Befunde auf. Vor diesem Hintergrund präsentiert der vorliegende Beitrag die Ergebnisse einer Metaanalyse zu der Frage, wie und in Abhängigkeit von welchen Randbedingungen eine gemischt-geschlechtliche Zusammensetzung von Führungsteams mit Unternehmensperformanz verbunden ist. Basierend auf 38 Einzelstudien kann kein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen Gender Diversity und Unternehmensperformanz insgesamt identifiziert werden. Zudem erweisen sich auch die untersuchten Moderatoren (Größe des Führungsteams, Branche, kultureller Kontext und Performanzkriterium) als nicht signifikant." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Woetzel, Jonathan, Anu Madgavkar, Kweilin Ellingrud, Eric Labaye, Sandrine Devillard, Eric Kutcher, James Manyika, Richard Dobbs & Mekala Krishnan (2015): The power of parity. How advancing women's equality can add $ 12 trillion to global growth. Washington, DC, 155 S.

Abstract

"Gender inequality is not only a pressing moral and social issue but also a critical economic challenge. If women - who account for half the world's working-age population - do not achieve their full economic potential, the global economy will suffer. While all types of inequality have economic consequences, in McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) report, The power of parity: How advancing women's equality can add $12 trillion to global growth, we focus on the economic implications of lack of parity between men and women.
A 'best in region' scenario in which all countries match the rate of improvement of the fastest-improving country in their region could add as much as $12 trillion, or 11 percent, in annual 2025 GDP. In a 'full potential' scenario in which women play an identical role in labor markets to that of men, as much as $28 trillion, or 26 percent, could be added to global annual GDP by 2025. MGI's full-potential estimate is about double the average estimate of other recent studies, reflecting the fact that MGI has taken a more comprehensive view of gender inequality in work.
Even after decades of progress toward making women equal partners with men in the economy and society, the gap between them remains large. We acknowledge that gender parity in economic outcomes (such as participation in the workforce or presence in leadership positions) is not necessarily a normative ideal, as it involves human beings making personal choices about the lives they lead; we also recognize that men can be disadvantaged relative to women in some instances. However, we believe that the world, including the private sector, would benefit by focusing on the large economic opportunity of improving parity between men and women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Azmat, Ghazala (2014): Gender diversity in teams. Greater representation of women on decision-making teams may better represent women's preferences but may not help economic performance. (IZA world of labor 29), Bonn, 10 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.29

Abstract

"Der Erfolg von Maßnahmen für mehr Geschlechterdiversität in Teams hängt davon ab, nach welchen Kriterien er gemessen wird und wie schnell sich die Veränderung vollzieht. Langfristig dürften sich aus der verbesserten Chancengleichheit durchaus Vorteile ergeben. Die bisherigen Erkenntnisse deuten jedoch darauf hin, dass die kurzfristigen Performance-Effekte eher negativ sind. Das liegt zum einen an veränderten Entscheidungsprozessen und neuer Teamdynamik, zum anderen auch an der mangelnden Erfahrung weiblicher (Neu-)Mitglieder im Team. Wenn Geschlechterdiversität zur Norm wird, dürfte sich dieses Problem von selbst lösen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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(2014): Arbeitsqualität und wirtschaftlicher Erfolg. Erste Studienergebnisse. (Monitor Personalführung), Berlin, 17 S.

Abstract

"Die Längsschnittstudie 'Arbeitsqualität und wirtschaftlicher Erfolg' untersucht Instrumente des Personalmanagements und Aspekte der Unternehmenskultur und berücksichtigt dabei sowohl die Unternehmens- als auch die Mitarbeiterebene. Es wird die Wirkung von Personalmaßnahmen auf die Arbeitsqualität der Beschäftigten und den wirtschaftlichen Erfolg von Betrieben untersucht. Für die Untersuchung werden Betriebe und ein Teil ihrer Beschäftigten jeweils zweimal im Abstand von zwei Jahren befragt. Die jetzt vorliegenden Ergebnisse beruhen auf der ersten Befragungswelle von Betrieben mit mindestens 50 sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten des Privatsektors und von Beschäftigten aus diesen Betrieben. Sie zeigen den Status quo in deutschen Betrieben: So hat sich herausgestellt, dass Personalplanung zwar in den meisten Betrieben durchgeführt wird - allerdings sehr häufig nicht langfristig. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass strukturierte Mitarbeitergespräche und geeignete variable Vergütungsmodelle zuverlässige Signale für Zufriedenheit und Bindung der betroffenen Beschäftigten sind. Zudem hat sich gezeigt, dass viele Betriebe mit wenig Anteilen von Frauen in Führungspositionen deren Anteil gezielt erhöhen möchten. Dies soll vor allem mit flexiblen Arbeitszeiten und Teilzeitangeboten erreicht werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Brink, Siegrun, Silke Kriwoluzky, Teita Bijedić, Kerstin Ettl & Friederike Welter (2014): Gender, Innovation und Unternehmensentwicklung. (IfM-Materialien 228), Bonn, 59 S.

Abstract

"Forschungsarbeiten stellen immer wieder fest, dass Frauen im Allgemeinen und Unternehmerinnen im Besonderen weniger innovativ sind als ihre männlichen Pendants. Häufig wird dies auch in Verbindung mit einer schwächeren Unternehmensentwicklung weiblich geführter Unternehmen gebracht. Die vorliegende Studie zeigt, dass dieser Einschätzung ein vornehmlich technologisch geprägtes Innovationsverständnis und die Fokussierung auf Brachen, die von vorneherein als innovativ betrachtet werden, zugrunde liegen. Individuelle (berufliche) Präferenzen und das vorherrschende Bild des männlichen Innovators führen jedoch dazu, dass Frauen weniger innovativ im klassischen, technologischen Sinne sind. Hinzu kommt, dass die institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen eine Teilzeitarbeit auch von selbstständigen Frauen begünstigen. Unternehmen, die in Teilzeit betrieben werden, verfügen jedoch in der Regel über geringere Ressourcen. Die Risiken, die mit einer Innovationstätigkeit verbunden sind, stellen deshalb eine größere Herausforderung dar." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bruckmüller, Susanne, Michelle K. Ryan, Floor Rink & S. Alexander Haslam (2014): Beyond the glass ceiling. The glass cliff and its lessons for organizational policy. In: Social issues and policy review, Jg. 8, H. 1, S. 202-232. DOI:10.1111/sipr.12006

Abstract

"It has been almost 30 years since the metaphor of the 'glass ceiling' was coined to describe the often subtle, but very real, barriers that women face as they try to climb the organizational hierarchy. Here we review evidence for a relatively new form of gender discrimination -- captured by the metaphor of the glass cliff -- that women face when they obtain positions of leadership. Such positions often prove to be more risky and precarious than those of their male counterparts. We summarize evidence demonstrating the existence of glass cliffs in business and politics as well as experimental work that identifies a number of factors contributing to the phenomenon. We then discuss implications for policy and practice, highlighting the importance of understanding women's and men's experiences in the workplace rather than treating gender diversity as merely 'a numbers game.'" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Flabbi, Luca, Mario Macis, Andrea Moro & Fabiano Schivardi (2014): Do female executives make a difference? The impact of female leadership on gender gaps and firm performance. (IZA discussion paper 8602), Bonn, 39 S.

Abstract

"We analyze a matched employer-employee panel data set and find that female leadership has a positive effect on female wages at the top of the distribution, and a negative one at the bottom. Moreover, performance in firms with female leadership increases with the share of female workers. This evidence is consistent with a model where female executives are better equipped at interpreting signals of productivity from female workers. This suggests substantial costs of under-representation of women at the top: for example, if women became CEOs of firms with at least 20% female employment, sales per worker would increase 6.7%." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gagliarducci, Stefano & M. Daniele Paserman (2014): The effect of female leadership on establishment and employee outcomes. Evidence from linked employer-employee data. (IZA discussion paper 8647), Bonn, 38 S.

Abstract

"In this paper we use a large linked employer-employee data set on German establishments between 1993 and 2012 to investigate how the gender composition of the top layer of management affects a variety of establishment and worker outcomes. We use two different measures to identify the gender composition of the top layer based on direct survey data: the fraction of women among top managers, and the fraction of women among working proprietors. We document the following facts: a) There is a strong negative association between the fraction of women in the top layer of management and several establishment outcomes, among them business volume, investment, total wage bill per worker, total employment, and turnover; b) Establishments with a high fraction of women in the top layer of management are more likely to implement female-friendly policies, such as providing childcare facilities or promoting and mentoring female junior staff; c) The fraction of women in the top layer of management is also negatively associated with employment and wages, both male and female, full-time and part-time. However, all of these associations vanish when we include establishment fixed effects and establishment-specific time trends. This reveals a substantial sorting of female managers across establishments: small and less productive establishments that invest less, pay their employees lower wages, but are more female-friendly are more likely to be led by women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Garnero, Andrea, Stephan Kampelmann & François Rycx (2014): The heterogeneous effects of workforce diversity on productivity, wages, and profits. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 53, H. 3, S. 430-477. DOI:10.1111/irel.12064

Abstract

"We estimate the impact of workforce diversity on productivity, wages, and productivity - wage gaps (i.e., profits) using detailed Belgian linked employer - employee panel data. Findings show that educational (age) diversity is beneficial (harmful) for firm productivity and wages. While gender diversity is found to generate significant gains in high-tech/knowledge-intensive sectors, the opposite result is obtained in more traditional industries. Estimates neither vary substantially with firm size nor point to sizeable productivity - wage gaps except for age diversity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gregory-Smith, Ian, Brian G.M. Main & Charles A. O¿Reilly III (2014): Appointments, pay and performance in UK boardrooms by gender. In: The economic journal, Jg. 124, H. 574, S. F109-F128. DOI:10.1111/ecoj.12102

Abstract

"This article uses UK data to examine issues regarding the scarcity of women in boardroom positions. The article examines appointments, pay and any associated productivity effects deriving from increased diversity. Evidence of gender-bias in the appointment of women as non-executive directors is found together with mixed evidence of discrimination in wages or fees paid. However, the article finds no support for the argument that gender diverse boards enhance corporate performance. Proposals in favour of greater board diversity may be best structured around the moral value of diversity, rather than with reference to an expectation of improved company performance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kim, Seon Mi & Margaret Sherraden (2014): The impact of gender and social networks on microenterprise business performance. In: Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, Jg. 41, H. 3, S. 49-69.

Abstract

"Why are some people more successful than others in starting new businesses? Are women more or less successful than men? This study investigates relationships among gender, social networks, and microenterprise business performance. It examines existing theories and research on gender differences in social networks and whether gender differences affect female micro-entrepreneurs' business performance. The purpose of this study is to help U.S. Microenterprise Development Programs create strategies to enhance the ability of female micro-entrepreneurs to gain economic benefits from their social networks. The paper identifies key gaps in theory, proposes an alternative research framework, and suggests directions for future research and policy and program development." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Martín-Ugedo, Juan Francisco & Antonio Minguez-Vera (2014): Firm performance and women on the board. Evidence from Spanish small and medium-sized enterprises. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 20, H. 3, S. 136-162. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2014.895404

Abstract

"This study examines gender diversity on boards of directors in a sample of nonfinancial Spanish small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) for 2003 - 8, finding that the probability of women on the board increases with firm performance, defined as return on assets, and family ownership, but diminishes with corporate ownership and firm risk. It also finds, when examining the full sample, a positive effect of the presence of women board members on firm performance. The study also obtains a similar positive effect in most subsamples, including in firms with corporate ownership, where family connections play less role in the election of board members, and in firms in the secondary and tertiary sectors, which are characterized by having greater proximity to final consumers than those in the primary sector." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Parrotta, Pierpaolo, Dario Pozzoli & Mariola Pytlikova (2014): Labor diversity and firm productivity. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 66, H. February, S. 144-179. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2013.12.002

Abstract

"Using a matched employer - employee data-set, we analyze how workforce diversity associates with the productivity of firms in Denmark, following two main econometric routes. In the first one, we estimate a standard Cobb - Douglas function, calculate the implied total factor productivity and relate the latter to diversity statistics in a second stage. This reduced-form approach allows us to identify which types of labor heterogeneity appear to descriptively matter. In the second approach, we move toward a richer production function specification, which takes different types of labor as inputs and that allows for flexible substitution patterns, and possible quality differences between types. Both methods show that workforce diversity in ethnicity is negatively associated with firm productivity. The evidence regarding diversity in education is mixed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Smith, Nina (2014): Quota regulations of gender composition on boards of directors. In: CESifo DICE report, Jg. 12, H. 2, S. 42-48.

Abstract

"Female representation in boardrooms has increased only slowly in recent decades, despite the fact that an increasing proportion of women have succeeded in climbing at least a few steps of the career ladder within firms. From an economic point of view this evidence may reflect a loss of talent and human capital investments, and may cause an efficiency loss for firms. There are, of course, also other political arguments for a larger proportion of women getting onto boards of directors like fairness and equal opportunity, but this article focuses on the economic arguments for and against quotas on the gender composition of supervisory boards." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ale-Olsen, Harald, Pål Schøne & Mette Verner (2013): Diversity among Norwegian boards of directors. Does a quota for women improve firm performance? In: Feminist economics, Jg. 19, H. 4, S. 110-135. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2013.830188

Abstract

"Exploiting the Norwegian boards of directors' quota reform of 2003, this study evaluates the impact of increased diversity on firm performance. Applying difference-in-difference approaches to accounting data covering the period 2003 - 07, the paper compares the return on assets for non-finance public limited companies (PLCs) and ordinary limited companies (LTDs), whereof only the former were affected by the reform. The impact of the reform on firm performance is negligible. Neither changed return on total assets (ROA) nor changed operating revenues and cost can be attributed to the reform. However, following the reform PLCs have to a larger extent accumulated capital, financed by debt or by a combination of debt and own capital." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Buche, Antje, Monika Jungbauer-Gans, Annekatrin Niebuhr & Cornelius Peters (2013): Diversität und Erfolg von Organisationen. In: Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Jg. 42, H. 6, S. 483-501., 2013-05-27.

Abstract

"Dieser Beitrag untersucht, ob eine heterogene Zusammensetzung der Belegschaften die Leistungsfähigkeit von Organisationen beeinflusst. Konflikttheoretische Argumentationen sprechen für negative Auswirkungen, ressourcenorientierte Ansätze für positive Effekte von Diversität. Diese Überlegungen werden für kulturelle und altersbezogene Diversität mit Daten des IAB-Betriebspanels und des Betriebs-Historik-Panels untersucht. In den Analysen wird nach der Betriebsgröße differenziert und neben der Diversität in der Gesamtbelegschaft auch jene der (hoch-)qualifizierten Beschäftigten betrachtet. Für kulturelle Diversität zeigen sich sowohl positive als auch negative Effekte, die je nach Betriebsgröße und Belegschaftsgruppen unterschiedlich stark ausfallen. Negative Produktivitätseffekte finden sich lediglich bei kleineren Betrieben während positive Wirkungen für alle Betriebsgrößen ermittelt werden. Bei größeren Betrieben ist zudem die Outputwirkung der Heterogenität unter den (hoch-)qualifizierten Arbeitskräften etwas ausgeprägter. Für die Altersdiversität lässt sich dagegen kein Produktivitätseffekt nachweisen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Devillard, Sandrine, Sandra Sancier, Charlotte Werner, Ina Maller & Cécile Kossoff (2013): Gender diversity in top management. Moving corporate culture, moving boundaries. Women matter 2013. Paris, 18 S.

Abstract

"Despite commitment from the top and gender diversity initiatives in place within many companies, women are still underrepresented at the top of corporations. Our new report, Women Matter 2013: Moving corporate culture, moving boundaries, focuses on mindsets and corporate culture to help companies understand how they can make change happen." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Parrotta, Pierpaolo & Nina Smith (2013): Female-led firms. Performance and risk attitudes. (IZA discussion paper 7613), Bonn, 24 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates the relationship between gender of the CEO and composition of the board of directors (female chairman and share of women in the boardroom) and firm's risk attitudes measured as variability in four firm outcome variables (investments, profits, return to equity, and sales). Using a merged employer-employee panel sample of Danish companies with more than 50 employees, we find extensive evidence of a negative association between female CEO and firm's risk attitudes. This finding might be consistent with the theoretical assumption according to which women typically present a substantially higher risk aversion profile and put more effort in monitoring firm activities than men in the financial matter domains. A number of robustness checks corroborate and better explain our main findings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Powell, Gary N. & Kimberly A. Eddleston (2013): Linking family-to-business enrichment and support to entrepreneurial success. Do female and male entrepreneurs experience different outcomes? In: Journal of business venturing, Jg. 28, H. 2, S. 261-280. DOI:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.02.007

Abstract

"This study used survey data from 253 entrepreneurs who founded small to medium sized enterprises (SMEs) to examine how experiences in their family domain may benefit their experiences in their business domain. Specifically, it hypothesized that affective family-to-business enrichment, instrumental family-to-business enrichment, and family-to-business support would be positively related to entrepreneurial success and that each relationship would be more positive for female entrepreneurs than male entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurial success was assessed by economic measures (business performance, growth in employment) and measures of satisfaction with the entrepreneurial experience (satisfaction with status, satisfaction with employee relationships). Results offered substantial support for the notion that female entrepreneurs benefit from the linkages of family-to-business enrichment and support to entrepreneurial success, whereas they offered no support for the notion that male entrepreneurs benefit from these linkages. Female entrepreneurs may experience such benefits because of their relative lack of access to other resources such as human, social, and financial capital and because the female gender role encourages them to pursue work - family synergies. In contrast, male entrepreneurs may fail to experience such benefits because of the relative abundance of other resources available to them and because the male gender role discourages them from pursuing work - family synergies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schmidt, Stefanie (2013): Weibliche Top-Führungskräfte. Auswirkungen auf die Ergebnisqualität? In: Wirtschaftswissenschaftliches Studium, Jg. 42, H. 6, S. 329-332.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der Frage, ob Unternehmen mit weiblichen Top-Führungskräften eine verbesserte Ergebnisqualität aufweisen. Dazu werden Argumente aufgezeigt, welche eine höhere Ergebnisqualität dieser Unternehmen zu erklären versuchen. Weiter folgt eine Zusammenfassung empirischer Studien, die einen Zusammenhang von Ergebnisqualität und weiblicher Partizipation in Führungspositionen untersuchen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Boerner, Sabine, Hannah Keding & Hendrik Hüttermann (2012): Gender Diversity und Organisationserfolg. Eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme. In: Schmalenbachs Zeitschrift für betriebswirtschaftliche Forschung, Jg. 64, H. 1, S. 37-70.

Abstract

"Diversity Management hat sich in der Personalpolitik deutscher Unternehmen als unverzichtbares Element etabliert. Die Motive hierfür sind unterschiedlich und reichen von politisch-normativer Notwendigkeit bis zur Erwartung ökonomischer Vorteile. Vor diesem Hintergrund analysiert der Beitrag die Ergebnisse der aktuellen internationalen Forschung zum Zusammenhang zwischen Gender Diversity und Organisationserfolg. Dabei werden unter anderem erfolgskritische Randbedingungen dieses Zusammenhangs betrachtet, darunter auch Ansätze des Managements von Diversity. Es zeigt sich, dass die einschlägige Forschung derzeit keine Schlüsse auf eine generelle ökonomische Vorteilhaftigkeit von Gender Diversity zulässt; auch konnten bisher nur wenige Randbedingungen als erfolgskritisch identifiziert werden. Defizite der bisherigen Forschung bestehen vor allem in der unzureichenden theoretischen Fundierung und methodischen Heterogenität der empirischen Untersuchungen; überdies sind Studien im Kontext deutschsprachiger Unternehmen ausgesprochen selten. Der Beitrag diskutiert Implikationen für Forschung und Praxis des Managements von Gender Diversity." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Loscocco, Karyn & Sharon R. Bird (2012): Gendered paths. Why women lag behind men in small business success. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 39, H. 2, S. 183-219. DOI:10.1177/0730888412444282

Abstract

"The promise of small business ownership as a route to equality has yet to be realized. The authors draw from social construction perspectives and a detailed data set to model directly the various options individuals must balance - as owners and as family members - in the course of running their businesses. The authors' findings suggest that gendered structural constraints exist not only in the labor markets in which people work before becoming owners but also 'closer to home' in terms of decisions they make about whether to try to use ownership to achieve more work-family balance and how much time and effort to put into growing their businesses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))