Pendlerinnen und Pendler am Arbeitsmarkt
Der Anteil der Pendlerinnen und Pendler an den sozialversicherungspflichtig Vollbeschäftigten wächst. Während im Jahr 1995 erst 31 Prozent zur Arbeit pendelten, waren es 2016 bereits 45 Prozent, die einen Arbeitsweg von mehr als 10 km hatten - bei weiter steigender Tendenz. Die IAB-Infoplattform erschließt Informationen zu Pendlerströmen in Ballungsräumen, zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschland und in Grenzregionen.
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Literaturhinweis
Do Commuting Subsidies Drive Workers to Better Firms (2024)
Zitatform
Agrawal, David R., Elke Jutta Jahn & Eckhard Janeba (2024): Do Commuting Subsidies Drive Workers to Better Firms. (LASER discussion papers 149), Erlangen, 55 S.
Abstract
"An unappreciated possible benefit of commuting subsidies is that they can expand the choice set of feasible jobs for workers in a way that facilitates better job match quality. Variation in wages and initial commuting distances, combined with major reforms to the commuting subsidy formula in Germany, generates worker-specific variation in commuting subsidy changes. We study the effect of changes in these subsidies on a worker’s position in the wage distribution. Increases in the generosity of commuting subsidies induce longer commutes and workers to switch to higherpaying jobs. Although increases in commuting subsidies generally induce workers to switch to employers that pay higher wages, commuting subsidies also enhance positive assortativity in the labor market by better matching high-ability workers to higher-productivity plants. Greater assortativity induced by commuting subsidies corresponds to greater earnings inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working from Home Increases Work-Home Distances (2024)
Zitatform
Coskun, Sena, Wolfgang Dauth, Hermann Gartner & Michael Stops (2024): Working from Home Increases Work-Home Distances. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16855), Bonn, 38 S.
Abstract
"This paper examines how the shift towards working from home during and after the Covid-19 pandemic shapes the way how labor market and locality choices interact. For our analysis, we combine large administrative data on employment biographies in Germany and a new working from home potential indicator based on comprehensive data on working conditions across occupations. We find that in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, the distance between workplace and residence has increased more strongly for workers in occupations that can be done from home: The association of working from home potential and work-home distance increased significantly since 2021 as compared to a stable pattern before. The effect is much larger for new jobs, suggesting that people match to jobs with high working from home potential that are further away than before the pandemic. Most of this effect stems from jobs in big cities, which indicates that working from home alleviates constraints by tight housing markets. We find no significant evidence that commuting patterns changed more strongly for women than for men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Räumliche Mobilität der Beschäftigten in Deutschland: Frauen pendeln kürzer als Männer (2024)
Zitatform
Fuchs, Michaela, Ramona Jost & Antje Weyh (2024): Räumliche Mobilität der Beschäftigten in Deutschland: Frauen pendeln kürzer als Männer. (IAB-Kurzbericht 04/2024), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2404
Abstract
"Für einen Großteil der Beschäftigten in Deutschland gehört das Pendeln zwischen Arbeitsort und Wohnort zum Arbeitsalltag. Dabei wenden Frauen weniger Zeit auf als Männer, um ihren Pendelweg zurückzulegen. Mithilfe der geografischen Koordinaten von Wohnort- und Arbeitsortadressen wird eine hypothetische Pendelzeit bestimmt, die Pendlerinnen und Pendler auf dem kürzesten Weg mit dem Auto benötigen. Die Autorinnen untersuchen das Pendelverhalten von sozialversicherungspflichtigen Vollzeitbeschäftigten und diskutieren verschiedene Aspekte, die in Zusammenhang mit der geringeren räumlichen Mobilität von Frauen stehen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
- Aktuelle Daten und Indikatoren: Regionale Unterschiede im Gender Pay Gap in Deutschland 2022
- Pendelzeit der vollzeitbeschäftigten Frauen, Frauenanteil und Pendellücke – nach 14 Berufssegmenten im Jahr 2017
- IAB-Forum-Beitrag: Der Equal Pay Day unter der Lupe
- Verteilung der Pendelzeiten von vollzeitbeschäftigten Frauen und Männern im Jahr 2017
- Pendelzeiten von vollzeitbeschäftigten Frauen und Männern zwischen städtischen und ländlichen Räumen sowie Pendellücke 2017
- Pendelzeiten von vollzeitbeschäftigten Frauen und Männern sowie Pendellücke 2000 bis 2017
- IAB-Forum-Interview: Regionaler Gender Pay Gap: Die Branchenstruktur vor Ort macht den Unterschied
- Pendelzeit und Tagesentgelt vollzeitbeschäftigter Frauen und Männer 2017
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Literaturhinweis
How many gaps are there? Investigating the regional dimension of the gender commuting gap (2024)
Zitatform
Fuchs, Michaela, Ramona Jost & Antje Weyh (2024): How many gaps are there? Investigating the regional dimension of the gender commuting gap. In: Papers in Regional Science online erschienen am 29.02.2024. DOI:10.1016/j.pirs.2024.100005
Abstract
"This paper investigates the gender gap in commuting by differentiating between the place of residence and work in urban and rural regions. Using administrative geo-referenced data for Germany and applying decomposition techniques, we provide evidence for a triple gap in commuting to the disadvantage of women. Apart from the overall gap, the regional disaggregation uncovers a further gap among workers commuting between rather than within regions, with the highest gap among commuters between rural regions. Occupational segregation and establishment size are the most relevant factors for explaining the gender commuting gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Persistence of commuting habits: context effects in Germany (2024)
Zitatform
Jost, Ramona (2024): Persistence of commuting habits: context effects in Germany. In: The Annals of Regional Science, Jg. 72, H. 3, S. 837-862., 2023-05-03. DOI:10.1007/s00168-023-01223-4
Abstract
"In this study, I investigate the commuting behavior of workers in Germany. Using comprehensive geo-referenced administrative employee and form data, I can calculate the exact commuting time and the distance between workers’ residence and workplace locations. Based on a behavioral economic approach (Simonson and Tveresky in J Mark Res 29:281–295, 1992), I show that individual commuting decisions are influenced by wages and individual heterogeneity as well as depending on the context individuals observed in the past. In particular, my results show that previously observed commutes have an impact on subsequent commuting behavior: workers choose longer commuting times in the region they recently moved to when the average commute in the region they left was longer. The results indicate that while selectivity and sorting do not influence the effect of the context, the inclusion of individual fixed effects is crucial." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
'When the Daily Commute Stops': A Long-Distance Commuter's Reflections on Commuting and Telecommuting across the COVID-19 Pandemic (2024)
Zitatform
Trusson, Clive, Gwen K-W. Chen & John Bridger (2024): 'When the Daily Commute Stops': A Long-Distance Commuter's Reflections on Commuting and Telecommuting across the COVID-19 Pandemic. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 38, H. 1, S. 279-290. DOI:10.1177/09500170231188660
Abstract
"This article foregrounds the working experience of a knowledge worker in the United Kingdom across three years (2019–2022) that included periods of ‘lockdown’ and other social restrictions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Across seven separate interview extracts, it offers a longitudinal narrative on the lived experience of substituting a workday comprising a long-distance commute by car to work ‘standard’ hours for an extended workday telecommuting from home. Over time the worker paradoxically recognises that telecommuting entails added pressures of work intensification, extensification and greater domestic responsibility but this is preferable to returning to a long-distance dissatisfying commute. The reflexive narrative reveals how he embraces the pressures of telecommuting through job crafting to re-identify as an autonomous professional and more engaged care-giving parent. The article contributes to the literature on hybrid/flexible forms of work organisation emerging from the pandemic by indicating the importance of micro-level considerations and implications for gender equality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Time Savings When Working from Home (2023)
Aksoy, Cevat Giray; Barrero, José María; Bloom, Nicholas; Dolls, Mathias; Zarate, Pablo ; Davis, Steven J.;Zitatform
Aksoy, Cevat Giray, José María Barrero, Nicholas Bloom, Steven J. Davis, Mathias Dolls & Pablo Zarate (2023): Time Savings When Working from Home. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 113, S. 597-603. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20231013
Abstract
"We quantify the commute time savings associated with work from home, drawing on data for 27 countries. The average daily time savings when working from home are 72 minutes in our sample. We estimate that work from home saved about two hours per week per worker in 2021 and 2022, and that it will save about one hour per week per worker after the pandemic ends. Workers allocate 40 percent of their time savings to their jobs and about 11 percent to caregiving activities. People living with children allocate more of their time savings to caregiving." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The tax treatment of commuting expenses and job-related mobility (2023)
Baumgart, Eike; Hechtner, Frank; Blaufus, Kay;Zitatform
Baumgart, Eike, Kay Blaufus & Frank Hechtner (2023): The tax treatment of commuting expenses and job-related mobility. (Arqus discussion paper / Arbeitskreis Quantitative Steuerlehre 280), Berlin, 62 S.
Abstract
"Amid global climate change concerns, policymakers worldwide are increasingly scrutinizing environmentally harmful subsidies. This study examines the tax-deductibility of job-related commuting expenses, which has faced criticism for promoting longer commutes and congestion. Through a controlled, randomized survey experiment, we confirm that the tax-deductibility of commuting expenses results in longer commutes but does so with minimal economic impact. Increasing the deduction rate by e0.10 leads to an average acceptance of 377-meter-longer commutes. Surprisingly, subjects are inattentive to changes in the tax deduction's size when such changes are presented as tax-deductible expenses rather than as direct cash effects. In contrast, abolishing the tax deductibility significantly reduces average commuting distances by nearly 9 percent. These findings highlight people's responsiveness to the mere presence of the commuter tax break while being less sensitive to its specific size. Policymakers should consider these findings when evaluating the effectiveness of such tax deductions in mitigating climate change or their economic efficiency effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Das Regionalmodell QMORE (2023)
Bernardt, Florian; Parton, Frederik; Ulrich, Philip;Zitatform
Bernardt, Florian, Frederik Parton & Philip Ulrich (2023): Das Regionalmodell QMORE. In: G. Zika, M. Hummel, T. Maier & M. I. Wolter (Hrsg.) (2023): Das QuBe-Projekt: Modelle, Module, Methoden, S. 149-175.
Abstract
"Zusammen mit dem Bundesinstitut für Berufsbildung (BIBB) und dem Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB) erstellt die Gesellschaft für Wirtschaftliche Strukturforschung (GWS) seit 2010 in einem regelmäßigen Turnus („Wellen“) eine Basisprojektion zur langfristigen Entwicklung des Arbeitskräftebedarfs und -angebots nach Qualifikationen und Berufen. Die Übertragung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung in die Regionen erfolgt im Modell QMORE (QuBe – MOnitoring REgional). Es enthält die räumlichen Ebenen der Bundesländer, Raumordnungsregionen sowie Landkreise und kreisfreie Städte. Dabei wird nach 37 Wirtschaftszweigen und 37 Berufshauptgruppen unterschieden, wodurch die Projektion von berufsspezifischen regionalen Fachkräfteengpässen am Arbeitsort möglich wird. Die Regionalmodellierung basiert auf einer detaillierten empirischen Erfassung von regionalen Wirtschaftsstrukturen und einer systematischen Analyse von branchenspezifischen Wachstumsunterschieden zwischen der jeweiligen räumlichen Ebene und der übergeordneten Region. Dabei werden spezifische über- und intraregionale Wirkungs- bzw. Entwicklungszusammenhänge, beispielsweise Einflüsse der Bevölkerungsentwicklung, Pendlerbeziehungen und Lieferbeziehungen innerhalb der Region erfasst. Die Projektionen sind damit in ein konsistentes, gesamtwirtschaftliches Gerüst eingebettet, welches den Entwicklungsvergleich mit anderen (kreisscharf zusammengeschnittenen) Regionen ermöglicht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Being a long distance out-commuter or home employee in a rather peripheral region evidence of a German federal state (2023)
Zitatform
Brunow, Stephan & Ramona Jost (2023): Being a long distance out-commuter or home employee in a rather peripheral region evidence of a German federal state. In: Review of regional research, Jg. 43, H. 2, S. 317-342., 2023-08-07. DOI:10.1007/s10037-023-00194-5
Abstract
"Many firms in Germany are short of qualified workers, whereby East German regions are particularly affected because of the out-migration to West Germany after the reunification. This gives rise to an important debate for regional policy as the shortage of workers is a major challenge for each region and firm. In this context, out-commuters—workers who commute to work in another region—become an important group of employees to potentially satisfy local labour needs. In this study, we take a closer look at out-commuters in a particular eastern German region—the Federal State Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (MV)—and address the question whether out-commuters are a selective group of individuals working in e.g. occupations or industries that are rarely needed for labour market requirements in MV. Further, we focus on the wage differential between out-commuters and workers who are living and working in MV (home employees). The determination of the factors that explain this wage gap can provide new insights and a deeper understanding of the labour market in MV. This can provide a basis to work out potential strategies to attract the group of out-commuters for a workplace in MV to reduce the complained labour shortage. The derived evidence suggests that only few out-commuters can be recalled, as the labour demand in MV and the respective wage level are too low and the economic structure is too weak to sufficiently gain back out-commuters. Especially females suffer from the job-market weakness in MV." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Struktur und Entwicklung der Pendelverflechtungen des Agenturbezirks München (2023)
Zitatform
Böhme, Stefan, Lutz Eigenhüller & Anja Rossen (2023): Struktur und Entwicklung der Pendelverflechtungen des Agenturbezirks München. (IAB-Regional. Berichte und Analysen aus dem Regionalen Forschungsnetz. IAB Bayern 02/2023), Nürnberg, 45 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.REBY.2302
Abstract
"Im Jahr 2022 war die Einpendelquote des Agenturbezirks Münchens mit 41,1 Prozent die höchste in Bayern. Die Auspendlerquote war mit 17 Prozent dagegen eine der niedrigsten im Bundesland. Die Zahl der Pendler*innen ist in den letzten Jahren nahezu kontinuierlich gewachsen. Die Zahl der Einpendler*innen lag 2022 mit rund 499.000 Personen um 33 Prozent höher als 2013. Die Zahl der Auspendler*innen belief sich auf 144.000 und der Zuwachs betrug sogar 43 Prozent. Die meisten Einpendler*innen kommen aus den direkt an den Agenturbezirk München angrenzenden Kreisen. Allerdings zeigen die Daten auch, dass sie immer größere Entfernungen zurücklegen und die Zahl der Fernpendler*innen deutlich zugenommen hat. Erhöht hat sich vor allem die Zahl der Einpendler*innen aus anderen deutschen Großstädten bzw. Zentren. Bei den Auspendler*innen zeigen sich ähnliche Entwicklungen. Die Analyse des Pendelverhaltens nach den Strukturmerkmalen Geschlecht, Arbeitszeit, Anforderungsniveau und Staatsangehörigkeit zeigt meist die erwarteten Muster. Eine Ausnahme sind bspw. die relativ hohen Anteile der Fernpendler*innen auf dem Helferniveau. Deutliche Unterschiede gibt es beim Pendelverhalten nach Wirtschaftszweigen sowohl was die Pendelquoten als auch was den Anteil von Fernpendler*innen angeht. Insgesamt ergibt sich der Eindruck einer immer stärker werdenden Verflechtung des Münchner Arbeitsmarkts sowohl mit dem Umland als auch mit weiter entfernten Regionen. Für Arbeitsmarktakteure kann dies auch bedeuten, dass sich neue Perspektiven auf Personalrekrutierung und -vermittlung ergeben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Gender Differences in Commuting: New Evidence from Spain (2023)
Zitatform
Casado-Díaz, José M., Raquel Simón-Albert & Hipólito Simón (2023): Gender Differences in Commuting: New Evidence from Spain. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 169, H. 3, S. 907-941. DOI:10.1007/s11205-023-03183-w
Abstract
"This article examines the origins of the shorter commutes typically observed for women, a phenomenon that contributes to the poorer work outcomes they typically suffer. The analysis extends previous research on the gender gap in commuting by using econometric decomposition techniques that are novel in this field which, combined with a Spanish nationally representative survey that allows for an exhaustive control of the different elements identified in the literature as possible determinants of gender differences in commuting to work, allows quantifying the specific influence of a wide range of individual, family, territorial and work-related elements. The evidence obtained shows that the gender gap in commuting is not the result of the relative characteristics of women, but of the presence of a systematic pattern of lower mobility that emerges when women are compared with observationally similar men. Yet, this pattern of lower mobility is not observed for certain groups of women whose behavior in the labor market is generally more egalitarian, such as women with higher education, without family responsibilities or without a partner, which is consistent with the presence of cultural or social constraints that tend to limit women's mobility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Lange Arbeits- und Pendelzeiten als Risikofaktoren für eine depressive Symptomatik: Quer- und Längsschnittanalysen (2023)
Zitatform
Dragano, Nico, Hermann Burr, Maren Formazin, Anika Schulz & Uwe Rose (2023): Lange Arbeits- und Pendelzeiten als Risikofaktoren für eine depressive Symptomatik: Quer- und Längsschnittanalysen. In: Das Gesundheitswesen, Jg. 85, H. 11, S. 1016-1026. DOI:10.1055/a-2090-1553
Abstract
"Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Regelmäßige lange Arbeitszeiten und Arbeitswege könnten negative Folgen für die psychische Gesundheit haben. Die Studienergebnisse hierzu sind jedoch nicht eindeutig und variieren nach Ländern. Die vorliegende Analyse prüft für Deutschland Zusammenhänge zwischen langen Pendel- bzw. Arbeitszeiten und depressiver Symptomatik. Methode Die „Studie Mentale Gesundheit bei der Arbeit“ (S-MGA) ist eine Längsschnittuntersuchung einer Zufallsstichprobe sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigter. An der Basiserhebung nahmen 3 413 Personen teil, von denen 2 019 nach 5 Jahren erneut befragt wurden. Wöchentliche Arbeits- und Pendelzeiten sowie Covariaten (Alter, Geschlecht, berufliche Position, psychosoziale Arbeitsbedingungen) wurden zur Basisuntersuchung erhoben. Depressive Symptome wurden zu beiden Messzeitpunkten mit dem Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) erfasst. Um Zusammenhänge zu untersuchen, wurden mittels logistischer Regression Odds Ratios mit 95%-Konfidenzintervallen unter Kontrolle von Covariaten kalkuliert. Es wurden sowohl Querschnitts- (nur Basiserhebung) als auch Längsschnittsanalysen (Basis- und Nacherhebung) durchgeführt. Ergebnisse Zur Basiserhebung hatten 7% der Beschäftigten lange wöchentliche Arbeitszeiten von≥55 Stunden, weitere 8% arbeiteten 49 bis 54 Stunden. Im Querschnitt waren lange Arbeitszeiten mit einer moderaten Erhöhung der depressiven Symptomatik gegenüber der Normalarbeitszeit (35 bis<40 h/Wo) assoziiert. Wenn die nach fünf Jahren neu auftretende depressive Symptomatik betrachtet wurde, war der Zusammenhang für Arbeitszeiten von 55 und mehr Stunden deutlich ausgeprägt (Odds ratio (OR) 2,14; 95% Konfidenzintervall (KI) 1,11;4,12), nicht jedoch für Arbeitszeiten von 49 bis 54 Stunden (OR 1,26, KI 0,65;2,43). Beschäftigte, die wöchentlich zehn Stunden und mehr pendelten, hatten im Querschnitt häufiger eine depressive Symptomatik (OR 1,83; KI 1,13;2,94) im Vergleich zur Referenzgruppe, die<2,5 Stunden pendelte. Dieser Zusammenhang war im Längsschnitt nicht zu beobachten. Schlussfolgerungen Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass überlange Arbeits- und Pendelzeiten mit einer depressiven Symptomatik bei Beschäftigten assoziiert sind, wobei die Effekte bzgl. Pendelzeit nur im Querschnitt zu finden waren. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Bedeutung der Einhaltung von Arbeitszeitregelungen und der Vermeidung überlanger Arbeitszeiten für die Mitarbeitergesundheit. Zur Rolle des Pendelns sind weiterführende Untersuchungen nötig." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
On the road (again): Commuting and local employment elasticities in Germany (2023)
Krebs, Oliver; Pflüger, Michael;Zitatform
Krebs, Oliver & Michael Pflüger (2023): On the road (again): Commuting and local employment elasticities in Germany. In: Regional Science and Urban Economics, Jg. 99. DOI:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2023.103874
Abstract
"This paper develops a quantitative spatial general equilibrium model for the German economy to address two issues. First, we explore the role of commuting for local labor markets and their capacity to absorb productivity shocks. Second, we address the role of housing markets for quantitative analyses. Germany is an exciting laboratory because commuting across local labor markets is pervasive, unique data are available, and because Germany's high degree of trade openness poses a thrilling counterpoint to the United States. Our key findings for German counties are that the employment and resident elasticities associated with local productivity shocks are much above unity, yet disparate (the former larger than the latter), very heterogeneous, and only poorly predicted by simple labor market statistics. Allowing the supply of land/housing to be price elastic increases the elasticities and reinforces our conclusions. The regional heterogeneity of the land/housing shares in Germany turns out to be inessential for our findings, the level of the land/housing share plays an important role, however. We perform a plethora of robustness checks which allow us to gain perspective on extant findings for the United States." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does temporary employment increase length of commuting? Longitudinal evidence from Australia and Germany (2023)
Zitatform
Laß, Inga, Thomas Skora, Heiko Rüger, Mark Wooden & Martin Bujard (2023): Does temporary employment increase length of commuting? Longitudinal evidence from Australia and Germany. In: Transportation online erschienen am 25.02.2023, S. 1-25. DOI:10.1007/s11116-023-10374-4
Abstract
"On average, temporary jobs are far less stable than permanent jobs. This higher instability could potentially lower workers' incentives to relocate towards the workplace, thereby resulting in longer commutes. However, surprisingly few studies have investigated the link between temporary employment and commuting length. Building on the notion that individuals strive to optimize their utility when deciding where to work and live, we develop and test a theoretical framework that predicts commuting outcomes for different types of temporary workers – fixed-term, casual and temporary agency workers – and in different institutional contexts. We estimate fixed-effects regression models using 17 waves of data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey and the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). As expected, the results show that the link between temporary employment and commuting length varies by employment type and institutional context. Agency work is associated with longer commutes than permanent work in both countries, whereas this applies to fixed-term contracts for Germany only. For casual work, the findings suggest no commuting length differential to permanent employment. In terms of policy, our findings suggest lengthy commuting can be a side effect of flexible labour markets, with potentially negative implications for worker well-being, transportation management and the environment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
(In)efficient commuting and migration choices: Theory and policy in an urban search model (2023)
Zitatform
Marchiori, Luca, Julien Pascal & Olivier Pierrard (2023): (In)efficient commuting and migration choices: Theory and policy in an urban search model. In: Regional Science and Urban Economics, Jg. 102. DOI:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2023.103936
Abstract
"We develop an urban search-and-matching model. There is a central city, where all firms and jobs are located, and a continuum of peripheral cities. The population endogenously splits between migrants (who relocate from their hometown to the central city), commuters (who travel every day to work in the central city) and home stayers (who remain in their hometown). We prove that the market equilibrium is usually not optimal: a composition externality may generate under- or over-migration compared to the central planner’s solution, which results in under-investment in job vacancies and therefore production. We calibrate the model to the Greater Paris area and quantify this externality. Results suggest over-migration but policy interventions can help reducing inefficiencies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Endogenous local labour markets, regional aggregation and agglomeration economies (2023)
Zitatform
Meekes, Jordy & Wolter H. J. Hassink (2023): Endogenous local labour markets, regional aggregation and agglomeration economies. In: Regional Studies, Jg. 57, H. 1, S. 13-25. DOI:10.1080/00343404.2022.2050893
Abstract
"We examine the role of spatial unit size in measuring the urban wage premium. Using Dutch administrative data, we define local labour markets (LLMs) based on employees’ commuting outcomes, gender and educational attainment. We show that high-educated employees and male employees have a relatively large LLM. Using a continuum of regional aggregations, we find that urban wage premium estimates increase over the level of aggregation, also for different subgroups of employees. We show that the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) does not explain this pattern, consistent with stronger agglomeration externalities at higher regional aggregation levels." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Commuting time and absenteeism: Evidence from a natural experiment (2023)
Mertens, Arnaud; Kerm, Philippe Van;Zitatform
Mertens, Arnaud & Philippe Van Kerm (2023): Commuting time and absenteeism: Evidence from a natural experiment. (LISER working papers 2023,08), Esch-sur-Alzette, 48 S.
Abstract
"This paper investigates the effect of commuting time on absenteeism using a natural experiment. This relationship is notoriously difficult to assess without exogenous shocks to commuting and with the survey data typically exploited. The study uses detailed administrative data for Luxembourg to measure the impact on work absences of a temporary shock to commuting time caused by large-scale roadworks at the border between Belgium and Luxembourg. The roadworks affected the commuting time of cross-border workers from Belgium, leaving cross-border commuters from France as a natural control group in a difference-in-difference setup. The findings reveal a positive -- but quantitatively relatively small -- effect of commuting time on absenteeism, driven mainly by increased absences due to reported illness or family reasons. Male workers appear to respond more than female workers to the shock in commuting time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Commuting to work and gender norms by sexual orientation (2023)
Zitatform
Oreffice, Sonia & Dario Sansone (2023): Commuting to work and gender norms by sexual orientation. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 85. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102451
Abstract
"We assess the role of gender-conforming social norms in household decision-making and gender inequalities in the labor market with a parsimonious household model that endogenizes commuting time. Using the American Community Survey 2008-2019, we test the model predictions and find that women in same-sex couples have a longer commute to work than working women in different-sex couples, whereas the commute to work of men in same-sex couples is shorter than the one of working men in different-sex couples, even after controlling for demographic characteristics, partner's characteristics, location and urbanicity, fertility, marital status, industry and occupation. These differences among men and women amount to a sizable portion of the gender commuting gap estimated in the literature, and are particularly stark among married couples with children. Within-couple gaps in commuting time are also significantly smaller in same-sex couples, and labor supply disparities mimic the commuting ones. According to our model, these differences are interpreted as gender-conforming social norms leading women in different-sex couples into jobs with a shorter commute and fewer hours worked while their male partners or spouses hold jobs with a longer commute and more hours worked, thus reinforcing gender inequalities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Isolated States of America: Home State Bias and the Impact of State Borders on Mobility (2023)
Wilson, Riley;Zitatform
Wilson, Riley (2023): The Isolated States of America: Home State Bias and the Impact of State Borders on Mobility. (CESifo working paper 10724), München, 44 S.
Abstract
"I document a new fact about mobility within the United States. County-to-county migration and commuting drop discretely at state borders. People are three times as likely to move to a county 15 miles away, but in the same state, than to an equally-distant county across state lines. Standard economic explanations, like differences in amenities or moving costs, have little explanatory power. Experimental evidence suggests many people experience “home state bias” and discount out-of-state moves, independent of whether social ties are present. This pattern has real economic costs, resulting in local labor markets that are less dynamic after negative economic shocks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))